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258:, placed a greater onus on the spread of syphilis through sexual activity. The sexual habits of the Buryats, beginning early in life, being casual and short term, were more significant. The researchers also took note of the economic and social conditions affecting Buryat society and saw potential for change. According to Francine Hirsch, "Both research groups portrayed the "Buryats as a 'primitive' people with a 'backward' culture who were in danger of extinction."
261:
The German theory that syphilitic
Buryats were different to syphilitic Europeans was not demonstrated as the treatment with salvarsan showed no difference in efficacy between the two peoples. The expedition was seen as essentially two expeditions with two agendas and it ended after only three months.
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The researchers used questionnaires and interviews to gather information about the sexual activity of the
Buryats as well as matters such as alcoholism and classifying people according to age and marital status. The resulting information was translated and transcribed as many of the respondents were
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of the
Institute of Advanced Medical Studies for Physicians in Leningrad wrote that before 1917 there were no planned methods of syphilis control in Russia despite the disease being widespread there. After the Russian Revolution the Soviet government started a large-scale programme to monitor the
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Previously, the cause of syphilis in the Buryat people was felt to be primarily "non-venereal", that is, not thought to be transmitted through sexual contact. The Soviet researchers determined, contrary to expectations, that in the case of the
Buryats, the disease was mainly transmitted through
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A pilot study was conducted in 1926 and the full expedition took place in 1928. It comprised eight medical researchers from each country and its purpose was to investigate endemic syphilis in the Kul’skoe region and to determine the efficacy of the anti-syphilis drug
709:
196:
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The expedition provoked disputes as the
Soviets and Germans had different motives for participating which was reflected in difficulties preparing the joint report of the expedition.
234:, whose religion prohibited bathing, were chosen as subjects because they were seen as a "primitive race" within which the disease was known to be widespread. German dermatologist
207:(now Ulan-Ude). The degree of syphilis in the area had been mapped out over the previous few years and found to have a prevalence of between 42 and 63% of the population.
119:. The expedition concluded, contrary to expectations, that although affected by poor sanitation and lifestyle, the spread of syphilis in the area was caused primarily by
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650:"Soviet Eugenics for National Minorities: Eradication of Syphilis in Buriat-Mongolia as an Element of Social Modernisation of a Frontier Region 1923–1928"
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Solomon, Susan Gross (1993). "The Soviet-German
Syphilis Expedition to Buryat Mongolia, 1928: Scientific Research on National Minorities".
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expedition that took place in 1928. It comprised eight medical researchers from each country and its purpose was to investigate endemic
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disease, using "expeditions" to remote regions to gather information. There were more than 1,000 "expeditions" between 1917 and 1940.
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Brzezińska-Wcisło, Ligia; Szeremeta-Bazylewicz, Grazyna; Lis, Anna; Rogala-Poborska, Iwona; Suwała-Jurczyk, Bozena (May 2003). "".
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sexual activity. They did not discount the influence of poor sanitation and lifestyle, but with their methods on
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to the right of the wagon, all outside the State
Venereological Institute. Photographed by Dr Karl Wilmanns.
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Planning for the Soviet–German
Syphilis Expedition started in 1924, one year after Buryatia became an
656:
Baltic
Eugenics: Bio-Politics, Race and Nation in Interwar Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania 1918–1940
218:, the commissariat for public health service (Department of Venereal Disease) of the USSR and the
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501:"Infertile Soil: Heinz Zeiss and the Import of Medical Geography to Russia, 1922-1930"
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Empire of
Nations: Ethnographic Knowledge and the Making of the Soviet Union
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The Lilly Library hold six volumes of photographs from the expedition.
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in Siberia and to determine the efficacy of the anti-syphilis drug
610:"The Soviet German Syphilis Expedition to Buriat Mongolia in 1928"
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Soviet and German syphilis researchers at Kul'skoe, Summer 1928.
565:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 121–130 (p. 127).
507:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 240–290 (p. 274).
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Soviet anti-syphilis propaganda, Moscow, 1926. Image shows Dr
636:
Lilly Library News & Notes. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
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Doing Medicine Together: Germany and Russia Between the Wars
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by Susan Gross Solomon in Susan Gross Solomon (Ed.) (2006).
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Salvarsan treatment kit for syphilis, Germany, 1909–1912.
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causing syphilis was identified in 1905 by dermatologist
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Björn M. Felder & Paul J. Weindling. (Eds.) (2013).
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Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of the Soviet Union
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Salvarsan treatment kit for syphilis, Germany, 1909–1912
357:"Organization of Syphilis Control in the Soviet Union*"
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Traditional Buryat yurt. Ethnographic Museum, Ulan Ude.
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by Susan Gross Solomon in Rosalind Marsh (Ed.) (1996)
559:"Innocence and Sexuality in Soviet Medical Discourse"
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Epidemics and Genocide in Eastern Europe, 1890–1945
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477:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 193.
355:Kozhewnikov, Pyotr Vasilievich (December 1956).
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284:Wellcome Collection. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
658:. Amsterdam, N.Y.: Rodopi. pp. 261–286.
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680:Soviet-German Syphilis Expedition- libraries
210:The expedition was jointly organised by the
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203:, was 200 kilometers north of the capital,
710:Germany–Soviet Union relations (1918–1941)
212:Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft
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159:for syphilis and the anti-syphilis drug
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238:took a leading role in the expedition.
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450:"Syphilis Research in Asiatic Russia"
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361:British Journal of Venereal Diseases
113:Buryat-Mongolian Autonomous Republic
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720:Expeditions from the Soviet Union
97:Soviet–German Syphilis Expedition
30:Soviet-German Syphilis Expedition
18:Soviet-German Syphilis Expedition
111:in the Kul’skoe region of the
41:Buryatia within Russia in 2008
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168:Pyotr Vasilievich Kozhewnikov
588:. Cornell University Press.
563:Women in Russia and Ukraine
426:Women in Russia and Ukraine
423:Marsh, Rosalind J. (1996).
220:Russian Academy of Sciences
163:were developed soon after.
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715:Health in the Soviet Union
526:Polski Merkuriusz Lekarski
582:Hirsch, Francine (2014).
458:, Vol. 14 (1928), p. 431.
455:Journal of Social Hygiene
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705:1928 in the Soviet Union
652:by Vsevolod Bashkuev in
471:Weindling, Paul (2000).
344:(subscription required)
246:Conclusions and legacy
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216:Friedrich Schmidt-Ott
199:. The chosen target,
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58:Efficacy of
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236:Max Jessner
689:Categories
619:21 October
269:References
214:headed by
127:Background
538:1426-9686
381:0007-134X
339:156660997
228:Salvarsan
166:In 1956,
161:Salvarsan
117:Salvarsan
60:salvarsan
55:Objective
700:Syphilis
695:Buryatia
546:12939830
399:13383183
201:Kul’skoe
145:organism
109:syphilis
78:Duration
70:Location
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230:. The
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81:1928 –
335:S2CID
327:JSTOR
660:ISBN
621:2018
590:ISBN
567:ISBN
542:PMID
534:ISSN
509:ISBN
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143:The
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385:PMC
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