1791:
1665:
be offered incentives such as Trade
Associations and additional training in order to keep, or to attract them to Russia. Russian German schools and universities should also be reopened. A third idea is to establish a financial institution that would motivate individuals to buy homes, and start farms or small businesses. Unfortunately, proposed initiatives have not gained traction and have not been instituted due to corruption, incompetency and inexperience. The Association for Germans Abroad (VDA) contracted with the business Inkoplan, to move families from Central Asia at vastly inflated costs. This resulted in VDA and Inkoplan personnel pocketing the difference. Examples of incompetency and inexperience included: VDA falsely projected the idea all Russian Germans wanted to leave their present homes and lives and move to the Volga region where they would start over. The Home Office was not fluent in the Russian language or familiar with foreign cultures abroad and this created many misunderstandings between various groups. Because of these actions by the Home Office, the migration back to Germany continues. Over 140,000 individuals migrated to Germany from CIS in 1990 and 1991, and almost 200,000 people migrated in 1992.
1917:
1275:
548:
1627:
Independent States (CIS). Although ethnic
Germans were no longer persecuted, their pre-Bolshevik lives and villages were not re-founded. Many Germans integrated into Soviet society where they now continue to live. The displaced Germans are unable to return to their ancestral lands in the Volga River Valley or the Black Sea regions, because in many instances, those villages no longer exist after being destroyed during Stalin's regime. In 1990, approximately 45,000 Russian Germans, or 6% of the population, lived in the former German Volga Republic. During the late twentieth century, three-quarters of Russian Germans were living in Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan), South-West Siberia and Southern Urals.
356:, as they are in the gradual process of assimilation. As such, many may not necessarily be fluent in German. Consequently, Germany has recently strictly limited their re-patriation. A decline in the number of Germans in the Russian Federation has moderated as they are no longer emigrating to Germany. In addition, Kazakhstan Germans from Kazakhstan are moving to Russia rather than Germany. As conditions for Germans in Russia generally deteriorated in the late 19th-century and early 20th-century during the period of unrest and revolution, many ethnic Germans migrated from Russia to the Americas and elsewhere. They became collectively known as Germans from Russia.
1653:(Renaissance) was founded in 1989 to encourage Russian Germans to move back to, and restore the Volga Republic. This plan was not successful because Germany interfered with the discussions and created diplomatic friction, which resulted in Russian opposition to this project. A couple of those problems were the two sides could not put aside their differences and agree on certain principles such as the meaning of the word "rehabilitation". They also neglected the economic reasons why Russia wanted to entice Russian Germans back to the Volga. In 1992, Russian Germans and Russian officials finally agreed on a plan, but Germany did not approve it.
1790:
1826:
district, they formed only 1.54% of the total population. The federal subjects with largest ethnic German populations were Altay Krai (79,502), Omsk Oblast (76,334), Novosibirsk (47,275), Kemerovo (35,965), Chelyabinsk (28,457), Tyumen (27,196), Sverdlovsk (22,540), Krasnodar (18,469), Orenburg (18,055), Volgograd (17,051), Tomsk (13,444), Saratov (12,093) and Perm Krai (10,152). Although emigration to
Germany is no longer common, and some Germans move from Kazakhstan to Russia, the number of Germans in Russia continues to fall. The number of Germans in Russia fell further to 195,256 according to the 2021 Russian Census.
1021:
classrooms, and they could practice their faith in peace. However, when Czar
Alexander II came to power he changed this. In 1871 he rescinded most of the freedoms the Germans had been granted by Catherine II and Alexander I since first settling. Military service was required of all men of a certain age starting in 1874. This left the colonists with the loss of their men and reduce income, reducing their socioeconomic level down to the level of Russian Peasants. As Czar Alexander III came to power, this move toward “Russification” of the Germans continued with his work to eliminate the use of the German language.
672:
1635:
Embassy certain documents, such as a family Bible, as proof that their ancestors were originally from
Germany. This meant if a family member stayed in the Soviet Union, but then decided to leave later, they would be unable to because they would no longer have the necessary paperwork. Also, Russian German villages were pretty much self-sustaining so if an individual that was necessary for that community, such as a teacher, mechanic or blacksmith left, then the entire village might disappear because it was hard to find a replacement for these vital community members.
884:
1411:. Because of the provisions of the Yalta Agreement, all former Soviet citizens living in Germany at war's end had to be repatriated, most by force. More than 200,000 German Russians were deported, against their will, by the Allies and sent to the Gulag. Thus, shortly after the end of the war, more than one million ethnic Germans from Russia were in special settlements and labor camps in Siberia and Central Asia. It is estimated that 200,000 to 300,000 died of starvation, lack of shelter, over-work, and disease during the 1940s.
1396:
Germans, potential fifth columnists. On 12 August 1941, the
Central Committee of the Communist Party decreed the expulsion of the Volga Germans, allegedly for treasonous activity, from their autonomous republic on the lower Volga. On 7 September 1941, the Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was abolished and about 438,000 Volga Germans were deported. In subsequent months, an additional 400,000 ethnic Germans were deported to Siberia from their other traditional settlements such as Ukraine and the Crimea.
1206:. North Dakota and South Dakota attracted primarily Odesa (Black Sea area) Germans from Russia while Nebraska and Kansas attracted mainly Volga Germans from Russia. The majority of Volhynia Germans chose Canada as their destination with significant numbers later migrating to the United States. Smaller settlement pockets also occurred in other regions such as Volga and Volhynian Germans in southwestern Michigan, Volhynian Germans in Wisconsin, and Congress Poland and Volhynian Germans in Connecticut.
1783:
2026:
2051:
365:
130:
1476:
166:
1537:
4420:
112:
2037:
1341:
148:
415:(reigned 1682-1725). His efforts to transform Russia into a more modern European state are believed to have derived in large part from his experiences among Russia's established Germans. By the late 17th-century, foreigners were no longer so rare in Russian cities, and Moscow's German Quarter had lost its ethnic character by the end of that century.
339:'s reign (1762–1796), ethnic Germans were also already strongly represented amongst royalty and aristocracy, as the European nobility was highly interrelated. In addition, Germans had become prominent among large land-owners, military officers, and the upper echelons of the imperial service, engineers, scientists, artists, physicians, and the
36:
935:. Another major difference between the Germans here and in other parts of Russia is that the other Germans tended to settle in larger communities. The Germans in Volhynia were scattered about in over 1400 villages. Though the population peaked in 1900, many Germans had already begun leaving Volhynia in the late 1880s for North and South America.
587:
imposed on native
Russians) and from most taxes. It placed the new arrivals outside of Russia's feudal hierarchy and granted them considerable internal autonomy. Moving to Russia gave German immigrants political rights that they would not have possessed in their own lands. Religious minorities found these terms very agreeable, particularly
1657:
Republic of Volga, thus encouraging
Russian Germans to immigrate back to Russia. It would also guarantee the national and cultural identity of Russian Germans would be preserved, such as their culture, language and religion. At the same time, it would not block or regulate their right to leave if they decide to do so at a later point.
1642:(exiles from former German territories or of German descent) which gave them instant German citizenship, the right to vote, unlimited work permit, the flight from Moscow to Frankfurt (with all of their personal belongings and household possessions), job training, and unemployment benefits for three years.
1971:(1700–1721), but left the local German nobility in control. Until the Russification policies of the 1880s, the Baltic German community and its institutions were intact and protected under the Russian Empire. The Baltic German nobility were very influential in the Russian Tsar's army and administration.
1664:
In early 1990, a few ideas offered to the
Officer of Exiles (the bureau in charge of emigrants after arriving in Germany) in order to retain Russian Germans, or to promote their return included the suggestion that the necessary important village specialists (mechanics, teachers, doctors, etc.) should
1634:
During
Perestroika in the 1980s, the Soviet borders were opened and the beginnings of a massive migration of Germans from the Soviet Union occurred. Entire families, and even villages, would leave their homes and relocate together in Germany or Austria. This was because they needed to show the German
1626:
Since migrating to Russia in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Germans had adopted many of the Slavic traits and cultures and formed a special group known as "rossiskie nemtsy", or Russian Germans. Recently, Russian Germans have become of national interest to Germany and to the Commonwealth of
1395:
As a result of the German invasion of the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, Stalin decided to deport the German Russians to internal exile and forced labor in Siberia and Central Asia. It is evident that, at this point, the regime considered national minorities with ethnic ties to foreign states, such as
586:
German immigration was motivated in part by religious intolerance and warfare in central Europe, as well as by frequently difficult economic conditions, particularly among the southern principalities. Catherine II's declaration freed German immigrants from requirements for military service (which was
343:
in general, because there was strong education among some of the German peoples. The Germans of Russia did not necessarily speak Russian; many spoke German, while French was often used as the language of the high aristocracy. Depending on geography and other circumstances, many Russian Germans spoke
1978:
replaced many of the traditional privileges of the German nobility with elected local governments and more uniform tax codes. Schools were required to teach Russian, and the Russian nationalist press began targeting segregated Germans as unpatriotic and "insufficiently Russian". Baltic Germans also
899:
from a short distance west of Kiev to the border with Poland) occurred under significantly different conditions than those described above. By the end of the 19th century, Volhynia had more than 200,000 German settlers. Their migration began was encouraged by local noblemen, often Polish landlords,
1825:
Minister of Economics and Trade of Russia from 2000 to 2007. Out of the 597,212 Germans enumerated in 2002, 68% lived in Asian federal districts and 32% lived in European federal districts. The Siberian Federal District, at 308,727 had the largest ethnic German population. But even in this federal
570:
in Poland). After gaining her power, she proclaimed open immigration for foreigners wishing to live in the Russian Empire on 22 July 1763, marking the beginning of a wave of German migration to the Empire. She wanted German farmers to redevelop farmland that had been fallow after conflict with the
1630:
Starting in the 1970s, a push-pull effect began that would influence where Russian Germans would eventually live. Because of a bad economy, tensions increased between autochthonous groups and recently settled ethnic minorities living in Central Asia. This strain worsened after the Afghanistan War
938:
Between 1911 and 1915, a small group of Volhynian German farmers (36 families - more than 200 people were relocated to Eastern Siberia. They also were instructed that they would now be official citizens of Russia, including the requirement of military service and contribution of taxes. They were
1660:
Events for a separate territory proceeded differently in Siberia, because financially stable Russian German settlements already existed. Siberian officials were economically driven to keep their skilled Russian German citizens and not see them leave for other republics or countries. In the late
348:
of 1803-1815. The large numbers of farmers and village tradesmen who arrived following Catherine the Great's invitation were allowed to settle in German-only villages and to keep their German language, religion, and culture until the 1920s. She was seeking to repopulate some areas devastated by
1656:
On 21 February 1992, Boris Yeltsin, President of the Russian Federation, signed a German-Russian Federation agreement with Germany to restore citizenship to Russian Germans. This Federal Program intended to gradually restore the homeland of Russian Germans, and their descendants, in the former
1294:
In the chaos of the Russian Revolution and the civil war that followed it, many ethnic Germans were displaced within Russia or emigrated from Russia altogether. The chaos surrounding the Russian Civil War was devastating to many German communities, particularly to religious dissenters like the
1024:
Many Germans, discouraged by the elimination of privileges they had been promised, chose to emigrate. The Germans from Russia who emigrated to different countries of the Americas at the end of the 19th century, unlike those who remained in the Russian Empire, were able to avoid Russification,
1407:, was able to deport only 35% of the ethnic Germans from Ukraine. Thus in 1943, the Nazi German census registered 313,000 ethnic Germans living in the occupied territories of the Soviet Union. With the Soviet re-conquest, the Wehrmacht evacuated about 300,000 German Russians and brought them
1020:
Prior to the 1870s, the Germans in Russia had enjoyed a unique ability to preserve their heritage and independence. Along with the freedoms from military service or taxes from Russian, their colonies continued to speak in their mother tongue of German, their children were taught in German
1140:
The Russian nationalism that took root under Alexander II served as a justification for eliminating in 1871 the bulk of the tax privileges enjoyed by Russian Germans, and after 1874 they were subjected to military service. Only after long negotiations, Mennonites, traditionally a pacifist
1213:
in school and lost all their remaining special privileges. Many Germans remained in Russia, particularly those who had done well as Russia began to industrialise in the late 19th century. Russian Germans were disproportionately represented among Russia's engineers, technical tradesmen,
2995:"gms - 50. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Medizinische Informatik, Biometrie und Epidemiologie (gmds) 12. Jahrestagung der Deutschen Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Epidemiologie (dae) - External causes of death in a cohort of Aussiedler from the former Soviet Union, 1990-2002"
1414:
On 26 November 1948, Stalin made the banishment permanent, declaring that Russia's Germans were permanently forbidden from returning to Europe, but this was rescinded after his death in 1953. Many Russian Germans returned to European Russia, but quite a few remained in Soviet Asia.
1145:
and the medical corps. The resulting disaffection motivated many Russian Germans, especially members of traditionally dissenting Protestant churches, to migrate to the United States and Canada, while many Catholics chose Brazil and Argentina. They moved primarily to the American
667:
in the Russian Empire in 1861 created a shortage of labour in agriculture. The need for workers attracted new German immigration, particularly from the increasingly crowded central European states. There was no longer enough fertile land there for full employment in agriculture.
1418:
Although the post-Stalin Soviet state no longer persecuted ethnic Germans as a group, their Soviet republic was not re-founded. Many Germans in Russia largely assimilated and integrated into Russian society. There were some 2 million ethnic Germans in the Soviet Union in 1989.
323:
in 1991, many ethnic Germans had emigrated (mainly to Germany) and the population fell by half to roughly 1 million. 597,212 Germans self-identified as such in the 2002 Russian census, making Germans the fifth-largest ethnic group in the Russian Federation. There were 353,441
1322:'s position became more secure, many Russian Germans simply took advantage of the end of the fighting to emigrate to the Americas. Emigration from the Soviet Union came to a halt in 1929 by Stalin's decree, leaving roughly one million Russian Germans within Soviet borders.
1137:. In 1871, he repealed the open-door immigration policy of his ancestors, effectively ending any new German immigration into the Empire. Although the German colonies continued to expand, they were driven by natural growth and by the immigration of Germans from Poland.
900:
who wanted to develop their significant land-holdings in the area for agricultural use. Probably 75% or more of the Germans came from Congress Poland, with the balance coming directly from other regions such as East and West Prussia, Pomerania, Posen, Württemberg, and
1059:
says that "etween 1873 and 1914 approximately 115,000 German Russians immigrated to the United States and about 150,000 to western Canada" and "it is estimated that by 1910 approximately 44 percent of all German settlers in western Canada were Germans from Russia".
1271:. Although some Russian Germans were very wealthy, others were quite poor and sympathised strongly with their Slavic neighbours. Educated Russian Germans were just as likely to have leftist and revolutionary sympathies as the ethnically Russian intelligentsia.
1916:
517:
from Eastern Europe, particularly those who had maintained their German language and separate religions. The Russians and Poles blamed them for being allies of the Nazis and the reason that Nazi Germany had invaded the East in its program of
1453:
has lost well over half of its roughly one million Germans. The drop in the Russian Federation's German population was smaller but still significant. A very few Germans returned to one of their ancestral provinces: about 6,000 settled in
1392:, like nearly all religious affiliations in Russia, was ruthlessly suppressed under Stalin. But, for the 600,000-odd Germans living in the Volga German ASSR, German was the language of local officials for the first time since 1881.
505:
During World Wars I and II, the eastern front was fought over in this area. The Soviet government increased conscription of young men. The rate of Vistula Germans' migrations to this area from Congress Poland increased. Some became
3134:"Germany-Russian Federation: Protocol of Collaboration on the Gradual Restoration of Citizenship to Russian Germans, with Decree of the Russian Federation," International Legal Materials, Vol. 31, No. 6 (November 1992): 1301, 1302
2017:'s Soviet Union had invaded and occupied Latvia and Estonia in 1940–1941. Only a few hundred Baltic Germans remained under the Soviet rule after 1945, mainly among those few who had refused Hitler's call to leave for Germany.
3152:
Björn Arp, International Norms and Standards for the Protection of National Minorities: Bilateral and Multilateral Texts for Commentary, (Leiden, Boston, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2008), 288. "Germany-Russian Federation:"
498:. Many Germans continued to live in this central region, maintaining their middle-German Prussian dialect, similar to the Silesian dialect, and their Protestant and Catholic religions. (The Russian population was primarily
1645:
Russian Germans from South-West Siberia received a completely different treatment than the Germans living in Central Asia. Local authorities were persuading Germans to stay by creating two self-governing districts.
459:
settled its valley beginning at the sea coast and gradually moving further south to the interior. Eventually, Prussia acquired most of the Vistula's watershed, and the central portion of then-Poland became
529:, major population transfers were agreed to by the allies. The deportees generally lost all their property and were often attacked during their deportations. Those who survived joined millions of other
863:
In 1939, around 60,000 of the 1.1 million inhabitants of Crimea were ethnic German. Two years later, following the end of the alliance and the Nazi German invasion of the Soviet Union, the government
404:), as they provided essential technical skills in the capital. Gradually, this policy extended to a few other major cities. In 1682, Moscow had about 200,000 citizens; some 18,000 were classified as
275:
The German minority population in Russia, Ukraine, and the Soviet Union stemmed from several sources and arrived in several waves. Since the second half of the 19th century, as a consequence of the
1423:
revealed in 1989 that 49% of the German minority named German their mother tongue. According to the 1989 Soviet census, 957,518 citizens of German origin, or 6% of the total population, lived in
1805:, 394,138 Germans were enumerated, down from 597,212 in 2002, making Germans the 20th largest ethnic group in Russia. There are approximately 300,000 Germans living in Siberia. In addition, the
656:, Germans responded in great number, fleeing their wartorn land. The Tsar's administration eventually imposed minimum financial requirements on new immigrants, requiring them to have either 300
687:(1772–1795) dismantled the Polish-Lithuanian state, dividing it between Austria, Prussia and Russia. Many Germans already living in those parts of Poland transferred to Russia, dating back to
4488:
3883:
1631:
began in 1979. Germans and other Europeans felt culturally and economically pressured to leave these countries, and moved to the Russian Republic. This migration continued into the 1990s.
603:, made life under the Prussians very difficult for them. Nearly all of the Prussian Mennonites emigrated to Russia over the following century, leaving no more than a handful in Prussia.
1085:
and other Germans from Russia to populate his territory. From then on, waves of German immigrants settled in the states of São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina and Río Grande do Sul.
1119:, etc.) in which they welcome the rest of the country's population. The total number of Volga German descendants in Argentina is estimated at more than 2,000,000 inhabitants.
1605:
1236:
by the Tsar's government as enemies of the state - generally without trial or evidence. In 1916, an order was issued to deport the Volga Germans to the east as well, but the
2925:
Ulrich Merten, Voices from the Gulag, the Oppression of the German Minority in the Soviet Union, (American Historical Society of Germans from Russia, Lincoln, Nebraska,2015)
1577:
344:
Russian as their first or second language. During the 19th century many of the early immigrants began to identify primarily as Russians, particularly during and after the
822:. They settled roughly 30 miles northeast of Odesa (city) in Ukraine, forming several enclaves that quickly expanded, resulting in daughter colonies springing up nearby.
2541:
1353:
2006:
711:, it ceased to be a source of German emigration to Russia, but by then many hundreds of thousands of Germans had already settled in enclaves across the Russian Empire.
1584:
4375:
1274:
514:
4408:
4792:
1591:
951:, where they became known as the "Bug Hollanders". They apparently were not using the German language any more, but rather spoke Ukrainian and Polish. They used
1554:
1496:
1306:
This period was also one of regular food shortages, caused by famine and the lack of long-distance transportation of food during the fighting. Coupled with the
1296:
1047:
Most of the people on the Great Plains of North America with German heritage had ancestors who emigrated from the Russian Empire, and not modern-day Germany.
1573:
4787:
3935:
2710:
2122:
3302:
1547:
547:
1399:
The Soviets were not successful in deporting all German settlers living in the Western and Southern Ukraine, however, due to the rapid advance of the
915:, and Germans began to flood into the area by the thousands. By 1900 they numbered about 200,000. The vast majority of these Germans were Protestant
875:
in the late 1980s that the government granted surviving ethnic Germans and their descendants the right to return from Central Asia to the peninsula.
53:
45:
2945:
307:), where they founded many towns. In 1914, an estimate put the remaining number of ethnic Germans living in the Russian Empire at 2,416,290. During
1128:
2526:
864:
525:
The Germans were also held to have abused the native populations in internal warfare, allied with the Germans during their occupation. Under the
703:
added a new wave of German emigration from Poland to those who had already moved east, and led to the founding of extensive German colonies in
4493:
4053:
2930:
1598:
1314:
of the early 1920s, as many as a third of Russia's Germans may have perished. Russian German organisations in the Americas, particularly the
2521:
2010:
871:
in the Soviet Union's program of population transfers. Conditions were harsh and many of the deportees died. It was not until the period of
4291:
3847:
2106:
2029:
379:, which they called Peterhof. In 1229, German merchants at Novgorod were granted certain privileges that made their positions more secure.
4386:
2747:
2729:
4401:
4296:
3897:
3856:
4797:
4777:
2903:
1921:
1661:
1980s, 8.1% of Russian Germans lived in the county of Altay in South-West Siberia and they controlled one-third of profitable farms.
1485:
4018:
3566:
3424:
2506:
2233:
1638:
Legal and economic pull factors contributed to Russian Germans decision to move to Germany. They were given special legal status of
1518:
390:, Grand Prince of Moscow, from 1505 to 1533. A handful of German and Dutch craftsmen and traders were allowed to settle in Moscow's
1833:
included ethnic Germans living in the former republics of USSR, under the federal program for the return of compatriots to Russia.
3220:
1325:
The Soviet Union seized the farms and businesses of Russian Germans, along with all other farms and businesses, when Stalin ended
4782:
2491:
2097:
2091:
1879:
1053:
states simply: "Canada's main source of Germans was Russia — especially from the Volga, the Black Sea coast and Volhynia." The
2815:
2608:
1434:
320:
3276:
4394:
4261:
2511:
2417:
1941:
1562:
1252:
727:
683:
Furthermore, a sizable portion of Russia's ethnic Germans migrated into Russia from its Polish possessions. The 18th-century
486:'s victories ended the short existence of South Prussia. The French Emperor incorporated that and other territories into the
1809:
found that there are 2.9 million citizens who understand the German language (although many of these are ethnic Russians or
1889:
4669:
4515:
4086:
3867:
3506:
1433:
opened the Soviet borders and witnessed the beginnings of a massive emigration of Germans from the Soviet Union. With the
4802:
2501:
2486:
1334:
2516:
1997:
and "repatriated" to the areas that Nazi Germany had conquered a few weeks before in western Poland (especially in the
1243:
The loyalties of Russian Germans during the revolution varied. While many supported the royalist forces and joined the
4740:
2366:
1315:
1055:
319:. In 1989, the Soviet Union declared to have an ethnic German population of roughly 2 million. By 2002, following the
4266:
3246:
1840:. According to the most recent census data (1999), there were 21,472 Germans in Kyrgyzstan. The German population in
3015:
Helmut Kluter, "People of German Descent in CIS States – Areas of Settlement, Territorial Autonomy and Emigration,"
671:
595:
valley. Their unwillingness to participate in military service, and their long tradition of dissent from mainstream
4575:
4043:
3724:
2561:
1856:
1237:
883:
4664:
4540:
4322:
3966:
3915:
3523:
2865:
1142:
1049:
802:
territory, and a chain of ethnic German colonies resulted. The first German settlers arrived in 1787, first from
507:
3862:
1489:
468:
agricultural settlements within its earlier borders. By contrast, most Polish were Roman Catholics. Some German
4631:
2407:
4478:
907:
Shortly after 1800, the first German families started moving into the area. A surge occurred after the first
4697:
4621:
4167:
3729:
2583:
2385:
1975:
615:
4715:
4626:
4616:
3787:
3622:
3609:
2078:
1311:
1264:
1199:
1187:
1134:
1098:
1093:
Germans from Russia, especially Volga Germans, founded many colonies in Argentina. Mainly in the South of
607:
4565:
4099:
2942:
1867:
Several German international schools for expatriates living in the former Soviet Union are in operation.
691:
and later migrations. Many Germans in Congress Poland migrated further east into Russia between then and
4530:
4520:
4458:
4424:
4317:
4155:
3797:
3792:
3772:
3417:
3338:
2847:
2430:
2421:
2291:
1806:
1795:
1195:
1094:
970:. Their descendants, many with German surnames, continue to live in the district into the 21st century.
943:
of 1906–1911. They settled in three villages (Pikhtinsk, Sredne-Pikhtinsk, and Dagnik) in what is today
742:
325:
259:
4179:
4143:
3741:
2002:
4570:
4116:
4601:
4580:
4505:
4468:
4463:
4201:
4133:
4121:
3910:
3604:
2860:
1980:
1899:
1874:
1802:
1438:
1420:
684:
491:
400:
387:
4339:
4611:
4606:
4545:
4483:
4473:
4438:
4286:
4160:
4126:
4001:
3812:
3777:
2572:
2531:
2269:
2128:
2118:
2025:
1848:
1782:
1352:
had, to some degree, restored the institutions of Russian Germans in some areas. In July 1924, the
1330:
1224:, and Russian Germans were quickly suspected of having enemy sympathies. The Germans living in the
944:
784:
772:
657:
559:
551:
336:
2790:
4730:
4650:
4560:
4525:
4312:
4281:
4271:
4065:
4028:
3986:
3802:
3746:
3681:
3632:
3599:
3587:
3582:
3554:
3518:
2693:
2496:
2476:
2413:
2313:
2307:
2301:
2245:
1968:
1455:
1283:
1248:
1078:
911:
but by 1850, Germans still numbered only about 5000. The largest migration came after the second
762:
194:
3947:
2215:
2176:
1813:-speaking Jews who had learned the language). Prominent ethnic Germans in modern Russia include
3266:
As transliterated from Russian, in German, his name would probably be written as Hermann Graef.
2744:
490:. After Napoleon's defeat in 1815, however, the Duchy was divided. Prussia annexed the western
4720:
4674:
4645:
4596:
4555:
4451:
4060:
3996:
3976:
3971:
3920:
3905:
3852:
3824:
3807:
3751:
3691:
3686:
3592:
3296:
2926:
2885:
2726:
2685:
2536:
2275:
2087:
2082:
1990:
the start of World War II), the majority of the Baltic German community in Latvia and Estonia
1967:'s rule, the Russian Empire gained control over most of Latvia and Estonia from Sweden in the
1377:
1268:
1203:
1191:
1183:
1102:
993:
928:
908:
849:
758:
696:
588:
580:
530:
526:
464:. Its existence was brief - 1793 to 1806, but by its end many German settlers had established
412:
4735:
4710:
4690:
4550:
4276:
4256:
4234:
4138:
4048:
4033:
4023:
4006:
3961:
3953:
3925:
3829:
3782:
3767:
3701:
3669:
3642:
3637:
3547:
3410:
2870:
2677:
2397:
2343:
2319:
2239:
2188:
2146:
2050:
1957:
1852:
1810:
1210:
1074:
979:
912:
901:
776:
700:
649:
606:
Other German minority churches took advantage of Catherine II's offer as well, particularly
499:
369:
353:
190:
1956:) in the early 13th century. In 1237, the Brothers of the Sword were incorporated into the
4725:
4705:
4535:
4094:
3991:
3981:
3942:
3614:
3528:
3511:
3484:
2994:
2949:
2819:
2751:
2733:
2263:
2251:
2134:
1964:
1442:
1389:
1038:
1034:
963:
940:
916:
853:
807:
792:
723:
653:
572:
495:
487:
469:
424:
345:
267:
242:
219:
198:
186:
2622:"Главная страница проекта "Арена" : Некоммерческая Исследовательская Служба "Среда""
2182:
1279:
3316:
2607:
Gerhard Reichling estimated that out of 1,400,000 Germans deported from the USSR in the
1940:
when traders and missionaries started arriving from central Europe. The German-speaking
614:. Although Catherine's declaration forbade them from proselytizing among members of the
477:
364:
4510:
3734:
3719:
3696:
3652:
3618:
3559:
3456:
3224:
2448:
2370:
2360:
2227:
2194:
2140:
2072:
1911:
1408:
1373:
1326:
1221:
989:
948:
857:
831:
788:
676:
513:
During the last year and after World War II, many ethnic Germans fled or were forcibly
391:
284:
280:
263:
238:
1303:
in Ukraine particularly responsible for large-scale violence against their community.
1105:. These colonies maintain their culture to this day and organize different festivals (
439:
acquired an increasing amount of northern, western, and central Polish territory. The
328:
and 21,472 in Kyrgyzstan (1999); while 33,300 Germans lived in Ukraine (2001 census).
4771:
4756:
4637:
4498:
4446:
4189:
4072:
3664:
3647:
3626:
3472:
2960:
2832:
2812:
2481:
2452:
2391:
2337:
2325:
2257:
2204:
2152:
2101:
2054:
1830:
1357:
1349:
1300:
1260:
1082:
1001:
835:
814:
area. Also many Germans, beginning in 1803, immigrated from the northeastern area of
766:
746:
634:
592:
542:
461:
440:
296:
276:
255:
4038:
3540:
3397:
3280:
2436:
2426:
2403:
2349:
2331:
2281:
2221:
2200:
2044:
2040:
1994:
1818:
1814:
1500:
1459:
1319:
1175:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1115:
959:
868:
803:
456:
332:
316:
312:
308:
1318:, organised famine relief in Russia in the late 1920s. As the chaos faded and the
579:
area almost immediately afterward. These early colonies were attacked during the
4683:
4368:
3816:
2764:"GRIN - Russlanddeutsche Schamkultur im Konflikt mit der deutschen Schuldkultur"
2442:
2209:
2164:
2158:
2112:
2066:
1945:
1937:
1822:
1536:
1430:
1232:
in 1915 when Russia started losing the war. Many Russian Germans were exiled to
1229:
1217:
872:
819:
735:
708:
692:
629:, but other areas also received immigrants. Many settled in the area around the
626:
596:
576:
494:
region, and what is now central Poland became the Russian client-state known as
340:
230:
214:
2791:"Medieval Sourcebook: Privileges Granted to German Merchants at Novgorod, 1229"
1141:
denomination, were allowed to serve alternative service in the form of work in
4172:
4109:
3533:
3016:
2375:
2285:
2170:
1933:
1841:
1837:
1450:
1446:
1424:
1244:
1009:
997:
920:
845:
642:
520:
465:
444:
430:
135:
17:
2689:
1360:
some autonomous German language institutions. Several ethnic German national
411:
The international community located in the German Quarter greatly influenced
3930:
3463:
3382:
3377:
2381:
2036:
1998:
1925:
1400:
1340:
1256:
1129:
Soviet–German relations before 1941 § Volksdeutsche in the Soviet Union
1042:
780:
630:
600:
480:
shows the distribution of German settlements in what became central Poland.
472:
also entered the region from the southwest, especially the area of Prussian
304:
3387:
2803:
Karl Stumpp, "The Emigration From Germany to Russia in the Years 1763-1862"
2248:(Karl Kasimir Theodor Meyerhold), (1874–1940), actor & theatre director
923:
from the lower Vistula River region settled in the south part of Volhynia.
452:
448:
718:
from the beginning of the 19th century and in the 1850s expanded into the
315:
were persecuted and many were forcibly resettled to other regions such as
4194:
4184:
2973:
2161:(Andre Geim) (born 1958), Physics Nobel Laureate for his work on graphene
1381:
1225:
1171:
1167:
1159:
985:
952:
932:
924:
892:
841:
715:
704:
688:
611:
567:
483:
376:
288:
234:
2697:
2665:
2643:
2212:(born 1961), statesman, writer, mathematician, economist and businessman
1133:
The decline of the Russian German community started with the reforms of
939:
able to also make use of the resettlement subsidies of the government's
583:, which was centred on the Volga area, but they survived the rebellion.
4249:
4244:
4239:
4216:
4206:
3433:
2763:
2681:
2058:
1949:
1437:, large numbers of Russian Germans took advantage of Germany's liberal
1385:
1365:
1287:
1278:
1920, a German farmer couple from the Volga region in the refugee camp
1233:
1179:
1005:
1004:
ordered all inhabitants with a German father to be deported, mostly to
967:
896:
731:
664:
660:
in cash or special skills in order to be accepted for entry to Russia.
563:
473:
436:
331:
Emigrants from Germany first arrived in Kievan Rus during the reign of
171:
117:
3317:"Калужская область готова принять немцев, переселившихся из стран СНГ"
2378:(1886–1962), wrote the Etymological dictionary of the Russian language
919:(in Europe they were referred to as Evangelicals). Limited numbers of
4656:
4419:
4332:
4327:
4104:
4011:
2014:
1953:
1369:
1361:
1307:
1163:
1016:
Mass emigration of Germans from Russia to the Americas 1870s to 1910s
815:
811:
719:
638:
619:
383:
300:
292:
153:
2316:(Alexey Ridiger) (1929–2008), primate of the Russian Orthodox Church
2914:
2666:"The Persecution of Ethnic Germans in the USSR during World War II"
2400:(1886–1932) – Pastor, official representative of Black Seas Germans
2143:(born 1984), singer, dancer, entertainer, TV presenter and actress.
810:
and Southwestern Germany (including Roman Catholics), and from the
4148:
2035:
1915:
1836:
According to the 1989 census there were 100,309 Germans living in
1789:
1781:
1339:
1273:
955:
799:
546:
363:
2848:
History of Germans from Russia. Who are the Germans from Russia?
2001:). The "legal basis" for this had been agreed in the August 1939
798:
The area of settlement did not develop as compact as that of the
4344:
4211:
3402:
2458:
2013:" of ethnic Germans (and their family members) continued after
1687:
1404:
1220:
was the first time Russia went to war against Germany since the
840:
From 1783 onward the Crown initiated a systematic settlement of
745:
in 1897, about 1.8 million respondents reported German as their
4390:
3406:
1530:
1469:
787:
had gained this land for Russia through her two wars with the
783:
in present-day Ukraine in the late 18th and the 19th century.
29:
2788:
Translation of the grant of privileges to merchants in 1229:
1574:"History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine, and the Soviet Union"
3362:
1682:
1344:
Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, 1924-1941
360:
Germans in Imperial Russia (partitioned Poland and Caucasus)
3383:
Manifesto of the Empress Catherine II issued July 22, 1763
2394:(1903–1992), an accordionist, bandleader and TV impresario
2115:(born 1963), governor of Kaliningrad Oblast, 2005 to 2010.
1855:
communities outside of the former Soviet Union along with
1794:
Areas inhabited by the Germans in Russia according to the
3388:
Vistula Germans - history and map settlements by religion
2621:
2340:(1867–1906), Russian naval officer and 1905 revolutionary
2075:(1873–1905), Russian revolutionary of the Bolshevik Party
1427:, and 841,295 Germans lived in Russia including Siberia.
984:
A German minority of about 100,000 people existed in the
2711:
Bonn Urges Russia to Restore Land for Its Ethnic Germans
1403:(German Army from 1935 to 1945). The secret police, the
3392:
3372:
1558:
1228:
area were deported to the German colonies in the lower
707:. When Poland reclaimed its independence in 1918 after
57:
3367:
2218:(1846–1940), meteorologist, climatologist and botanist
779:- settled the territories of the northern bank of the
408:, which means either "German" or "western foreigner".
2451:- politician who has served as the fifth Governor of
2328:(born 1937), governor of Sverdlovsk Oblast, 1995–2009
2363:(Vasiliy Ulrich) (1889–1951), Soviet political judge
1267:- fought on all sides in the Russian Revolution and
4749:
4589:
4431:
4359:
4305:
4227:
4085:
3896:
3876:
3840:
3760:
3712:
3575:
3499:
3492:
3483:
3440:
3393:
Germans from Volhynia - genealogy, culture, history
2611:
1,119,000 were Protestant and 254,000 were Catholic
2224:(born 1948) governor of Tomsk Oblast, 1991 to 2012.
1209:After 1881, Russian Germans were required to study
554:- the most famous Russian Empress of German descent
510:, however, and their descendants remain in Poland.
249:
204:
180:
162:
144:
126:
108:
103:
91:
3373:American Historical Society of Germans from Russia
1214:industrialists, financiers and large land owners.
856:) in order to dilute the native population of the
675:Geographic distribution of German language in the
2542:Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
2465:, record producer, DJ, musician & songwriter.
1932:The German presence on the eastern shores of the
1354:Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
722:. In the 1890s new German colonies opened in the
652:, reissued her proclamation. In the chaos of the
730:). German colonial areas continued to expand in
279:policies and compulsory military service in the
1263:'s. Russian Germans - including Mennonites and
375:German merchants established a trading post at
3197:
3195:
3121:
3119:
3082:
3080:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3027:
3025:
2155:(1974–2015), singer, model, actress, socialite
502:, which was the established national church.)
4402:
4070:
3418:
2356:Jordin Sparks (born 1989), singer and actress
8:
4366:
3538:
3470:
3454:
3447:
2961:KAZAKHSTAN: Special report on ethnic Germans
2813:The Germans from Volhynia and Russian Poland
2230:(1870–1924), Soviet Chairman of Soviet Union
2185:(born 1964), Minister of Economics and Trade
2179:(Reinhold Ernst Glier) (1875–1956), composer
2007:German–Soviet Boundary and Friendship Treaty
1673:
1563:introducing citations to additional sources
1441:to leave the harsh conditions of the Soviet
625:German colonization was most intense in the
443:flows south to north, with its mouth on the
82:
4376:Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)
2123:Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp
1674:Historical Russian/Soviet German population
1025:preserving their ancestral German culture.
791:(1768–1774) and from the annexation of the
435:Through wars and the partitions of Poland,
4409:
4395:
4387:
3496:
3489:
3425:
3411:
3403:
1979:became the target of emerging Latvian and
1880:German International School St. Petersburg
1851:, who have established one of the largest
1672:
1499:. Please do not remove this message until
81:
2997:. 8 September 2005. pp. Doc05gmds038
1519:Learn how and when to remove this message
2915:The Volga Germans and the Famine of 1921
2272:(born 1966), football player and manager
2203:-Chekhova (1868–1959), actress, wife of
2173:(born 1954), football player & coach
2069:(1903–1971), Soviet intelligence officer
2049:
2024:
1553:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1495:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1337:and liquidation of large land holdings.
1194:; and to Argentina, especially South of
882:
670:
633:, and the Mennonites favoured the lower
3956:(including German, Swiss and Austrians)
3950:(including German, Swiss and Austrians)
2943:Germans from Russia Heritage Collection
2904:Centro Argentino Cultural Wolgadeutsche
2859:Bassler, Gerhard P. (22 January 2018).
2554:
2527:Population transfer in the Soviet Union
2352:(born 1979), mixed martial arts fighter
2334:(1891–1956), geophysicist and statesman
2298:) (1846–1904), Minister of the Interior
1786:Distribution of Germans in Russia, 2010
1364:were all so set up in the 1920s in the
1240:prevented this from being carried out.
753:Black Sea Germans (Moldova and Ukraine)
695:, particularly in the aftermath of the
3301:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3294:
3019:, Vol. 31, No. 4 (December 1993): 421.
2109:(1872–1918), Empress Consort of Russia
879:Volhynian Germans (Poland and Ukraine)
771:The Black Sea Germans - including the
515:expelled by the Russians and the Poles
4793:18th century in the Holy Roman Empire
2833:"Bug 'Hollanders'" (БУЖСКИЕ ГОЛЕНДРЫ)
352:Today's Russian Germans speak mostly
7:
3368:Germans From Russia Heritage Society
2596:Die deutschen Vertriebenen in Zahlen
2107:Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse)
622:and other non-Christian minorities.
104:Regions with significant populations
58:move details into the article's body
27:Aspect of German and Russian history
3143:"Germany-Russian Federation:" 1301.
2304:(1915–2001), physicist and engineer
1847:In Germany, there are an estimated
4788:History of ethnic groups in Russia
2167:(Anna Hörmann) (1936–1982), singer
1922:Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen
1890:German International School Tiflis
1875:German International School Moscow
1259:, and even to smaller forces like
895:(as of 2013 covering northwestern
867:ethnic Germans from the Crimea to
743:first census of the Russian Empire
382:The earliest German settlement in
349:Ottoman invasions and by disease.
25:
2892:. University of Nebraska-Lincoln.
2831:Olga Solovyova (Ольга Соловьева)
2644:"The Long March of the Innocents"
2507:House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
2254:(born 1972), long-distance runner
2197:(1876–1937), communist politician
1449:has practically disappeared, and
1077:, now Brazil, was a monarchy and
648:In 1803 Catherine II's grandson,
618:, they could evangelize Russia's
4418:
3247:"Orientation - Siberian Germans"
2890:Encyclopedia of the Great Plains
2745:2001 Ukrainian Population Census
2522:Nazi–Soviet population transfers
2492:Deutsche Nationalkreis Halbstadt
2100:- father of Emperor Ivan IV and
2098:Duke Anthony Ulrich of Brunswick
2092:Duke Anthony Ulrich of Brunswick
1900:German International School Kyiv
1546:relies largely or entirely on a
1535:
1474:
1056:Encyclopedia of the Great Plains
637:area, around Ekaterinoslav (now
164:
146:
128:
110:
34:
2822:, University of Alberta, Canada
2609:Flight and expulsion of Germans
2266:(1780–1862), count and diplomat
1992:answered the call of the Führer
1466:Russian Germans and Perestroika
1435:dissolution of the Soviet Union
1335:collectivization of agriculture
1150:and western Canada, especially
3337:J. Otto Pohl (29 March 2007).
3223:. Demoscope.ru. Archived from
2974:"Russia - Other Ethnic Groups"
2512:Mennonite settlements of Altai
2131:(1729–1796), Empress of Russia
1942:Livonian Brothers of the Sword
1123:Decline of the Russian Germans
891:The migration of Germans into
806:, followed by immigrants from
728:Mennonite settlements of Altai
1:
3378:German-Russian Settlement Map
3221:"Приложение Демоскопа Weekly"
2236:(born 1970), local politician
2191:(born 1979) volleyball player
1333:in 1929 and began the forced
988:region, in areas such as the
2502:German operation of the NKVD
2487:Deutsche Nationalkreis Asowo
2439:(born 1982), football player
2242:(born 1992), football player
1295:Mennonites. Many Mennonites
931:settled mostly northwest of
887:Germans in East Europe, 1925
734:as late as the beginning of
321:collapse of the Soviet Union
3857:Alsatians and Lotharingians
2884:Laegreid, Renee M. (2011).
2598:, part 1, Bonn: 1995, pp. 8
2461:(born 1989), stage name of
2367:Maria Alexandrovna Ulyanova
1849:2.3 million German Russians
1501:conditions to do so are met
1445:. The German population of
1350:Soviet nationalities policy
1316:Mennonite Central Committee
1247:, others were committed to
701:Polish insurrection in 1863
697:Polish insurrection of 1830
533:on the road after the war.
368:Main trading routes of the
4819:
1909:
1126:
1032:
977:
829:
756:
726:area in Russian Asia (see
575:were founded in the lower
540:
428:
422:
4798:German diaspora in Europe
4778:German diaspora in Russia
3363:Black Sea German Research
2866:The Canadian Encyclopedia
1770:
1700:—
1050:The Canadian Encyclopedia
958:that had been printed in
641:) and Aleksandrovsk (now
254:
209:
185:
96:
3339:"Otto's Random Thoughts"
2445:(born 1978), bodybuilder
2408:Prime Minister of Russia
2260:(born 1962), Gazprom CEO
2005:'s secret clauses (the "
1356:was founded, giving the
1182:; to Brazil, especially
913:Polish rebellion of 1863
909:Polish rebellion of 1831
679:according to 1897 census
419:Vistula Germans (Poland)
311:, ethnic Germans in the
4783:Ethnic groups in Russia
3877:Multinational dimension
2517:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
2455:since 14 September 2018
2406:(1849–1915), the first
2386:Premier of Saskatchewan
2369:(1835–1916), mother of
2284:(1793–1826) one of the
2021:Notable Russian Germans
714:Germans settled in the
266:, Germans from Russia,
4367:
4071:
3798:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3539:
3471:
3455:
3448:
2664:POHL, J. OTTO (2016).
2562:2021 Kazakhstan Census
2137:(1900–1970), dramatist
2079:Ernst Johann von Biron
2062:
2047:
2033:
1944:conquered most of the
1929:
1906:Germans in the Baltics
1821:from 1991 to 2002 and
1798:
1787:
1649:The All-Union Society
1345:
1291:
1253:Provisional Government
888:
852:(in what was then the
680:
608:Evangelical Christians
555:
537:Volga Germans (Russia)
386:dates to the reign of
372:
4425:Immigration to Russia
3398:JewishGen's Gazetteer
2732:8 August 2009 at the
2727:Case Studies Database
2584:2001 Ukrainian Census
2431:Minister of Transport
2422:Imperial Russian Army
2346:(1934–1998), composer
2292:Vyacheslav von Plehve
2053:
2039:
2028:
1919:
1793:
1785:
1343:
1277:
1196:Buenos Aires Province
1095:Buenos Aires Province
886:
848:, and Germans in the
674:
550:
367:
326:Germans in Kazakhstan
260:Germans in Kazakhstan
250:Related ethnic groups
4297:United Arab Emirates
3605:Transylvanian Saxons
2818:5 March 2012 at the
2322:(1874–1947), painter
2310:(1915–1997), pianist
2278:(1848–1933), pianist
2043:, 2008, governor of
2030:Alexandra Fyodorovna
1981:Estonian nationalist
1920:Monument to Admiral
1844:was 38,853 in 1979.
1559:improve this article
685:partitions of Poland
562:was German, born in
4803:Volga German people
3884:Central and Eastern
3788:Italy (South Tyrol)
3283:on 17 February 2007
2948:5 July 2008 at the
2750:6 July 2007 at the
2594:Gerhard Reichling,
2573:2021 Russian census
2532:Russians in Germany
2149:(born 1934) actress
2129:Catherine the Great
2119:Peter III of Russia
2009:"). Smaller scale "
1803:2010 Russian census
1796:2010 federal census
1675:
1488:of this section is
1421:Soviet Union census
1331:New Economic Policy
1200:Entre Ríos Province
1099:Entre Ríos Province
945:Zalarinsky District
785:Catherine the Great
773:Bessarabian Germans
552:Catherine the Great
337:Catherine the Great
285:Germans from Russia
88:
83:Germans from Russia
4029:Pennsylvania Dutch
3227:on 12 October 2013
3189:Kluter, 431 - 433.
2861:"German Canadians"
2682:10.1111/russ.12075
2670:The Russian Review
2497:Kazakhstan Germans
2477:Bessarabia Germans
2433:from 1998 to 2004.
2414:Peter Wittgenstein
2314:Patriarch Alexy II
2308:Sviatoslav Richter
2302:Boris Rauschenbach
2246:Vsevolod Meyerhold
2063:
2048:
2034:
1969:Great Northern War
1936:dates back to the
1930:
1799:
1788:
1456:Kaliningrad Oblast
1346:
1292:
1284:Posen-West Prussia
1249:Alexander Kerensky
1238:Russian Revolution
889:
763:Russian Mennonites
681:
566:in Pomerania (now
556:
373:
283:, large groups of
4765:
4764:
4700:
4693:
4686:
4659:
4640:
4502:
4384:
4383:
4355:
4354:
3892:
3891:
3692:Russian Mennonite
3180:Kluter, 433, 434.
3113:Kluter, 419, 427.
2931:978-0-692-60337-6
2886:"German Russians"
2537:Russian Mennonite
2276:Vladimir Pachmann
2088:Ivan VI of Russia
2083:Ivan VI of Russia
1780:
1779:
1624:
1623:
1609:
1529:
1528:
1521:
1409:back to the Reich
1204:La Pampa Province
1192:Rio Grande do Sul
1103:La Pampa Province
929:Moravian Brethren
850:Crimean Peninsula
759:Black Sea Germans
741:According to the
663:The abolition of
581:Pugachev uprising
571:Ottomans. German
531:displaced peoples
527:Potsdam Agreement
478:1935 "Breyer Map"
287:emigrated to the
273:
272:
75:
74:
54:length guidelines
16:(Redirected from
4810:
4696:
4689:
4682:
4655:
4636:
4496:
4423:
4422:
4411:
4404:
4397:
4388:
4372:
4323:Papua New Guinea
4161:Kapitaï and Koba
4127:Kapitaï and Koba
4076:
3954:Los Lagos Region
3936:British Columbia
3544:
3497:
3490:
3476:
3460:
3451:
3427:
3420:
3413:
3404:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3300:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3279:. Archived from
3273:
3267:
3264:
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2871:Historica Canada
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2642:L Schaitberger.
2639:
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2628:
2618:
2612:
2605:
2599:
2592:
2586:
2581:
2575:
2570:
2564:
2559:
2398:Immanuel Winkler
2357:
2344:Alfred Schnittke
2320:Nicholas Roerich
2296:Vyacheslav Pleve
2270:Peter Neustädter
2240:Alexander Merkel
2147:Alisa Freindlich
2003:Nazi–Soviet Pact
1958:Teutonic Knights
1853:Russian-speaking
1689:
1684:
1676:
1619:
1616:
1610:
1608:
1567:
1539:
1531:
1524:
1517:
1513:
1510:
1504:
1478:
1477:
1470:
1443:successor states
1075:Empire of Brazil
980:Caucasus Germans
974:Caucasus Germans
904:, among others.
793:Crimean Khanates
777:Dobrujan Germans
650:Tsar Alexander I
500:Russian Orthodox
398:, or Nemetskaya
396:Немецкая слобода
370:Hanseatic League
170:
168:
167:
152:
150:
149:
134:
132:
131:
116:
114:
113:
92:Total population
89:
87:Российские немцы
85:Russlanddeutsche
70:
67:
61:
52:Please read the
38:
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21:
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4385:
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4351:
4301:
4223:
4081:
3948:Los Ríos Region
3888:
3872:
3836:
3761:Southern Europe
3756:
3730:North Schleswig
3713:Northern Europe
3708:
3571:
3512:Sudeten Germans
3479:
3436:
3431:
3359:
3354:
3353:
3343:
3341:
3336:
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3321:
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3277:"Archived copy"
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2950:Wayback Machine
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2820:Wayback Machine
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2752:Wayback Machine
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2734:Wayback Machine
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2602:
2593:
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2578:
2571:
2567:
2560:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2472:
2463:Anton Zaslavski
2416:, (1769–1843),
2388:, 2007 to 2018.
2355:
2264:Karl Nesselrode
2252:Irina Mikitenko
2216:Wladimir Köppen
2177:Reinhold Glière
2135:Nikolai Erdmann
2023:
1974:The reforms of
1965:Peter the Great
1914:
1908:
1865:
1772:
1671:
1620:
1614:
1611:
1568:
1566:
1552:
1540:
1525:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1494:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1390:Lutheran church
1297:hold the forces
1131:
1125:
1091:
1071:
1066:
1045:
1039:German Canadian
1035:German American
1033:Main articles:
1031:
1018:
982:
976:
941:Stolypin reform
881:
854:Crimean Khanate
838:
830:Main articles:
769:
757:Main articles:
755:
654:Napoleonic wars
616:Orthodox Church
545:
539:
496:Congress Poland
488:Duchy of Warsaw
470:Roman Catholics
455:). Germans and
433:
427:
425:Vistula Germans
421:
413:Peter the Great
362:
346:Napoleonic Wars
268:Estonian Swedes
229:
227:
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218:
213:
165:
163:
147:
145:
129:
127:
111:
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86:
84:
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65:
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51:
48:may be too long
43:This article's
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4759:
4757:Black Africans
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4378:
4373:
4363:
4361:
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4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4340:German Samoans
4337:
4336:
4335:
4330:
4320:
4315:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4294:
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4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
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4077:
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4057:
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4036:
4031:
4021:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3951:
3940:
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3923:
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3913:
3908:
3902:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3890:
3889:
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3886:
3880:
3878:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3868:United Kingdom
3865:
3860:
3850:
3844:
3842:
3841:Western Europe
3838:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3757:
3755:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3738:
3737:
3735:Potato Germans
3732:
3722:
3716:
3714:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3670:North Caucasus
3667:
3657:
3656:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3612:
3607:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3585:
3579:
3577:
3576:Eastern Europe
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3552:
3551:
3550:
3545:
3536:
3531:
3521:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3507:Czech Republic
3503:
3501:
3500:Central Europe
3494:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3457:Reichsdeutsche
3452:
3449:Bundesdeutsche
3444:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3422:
3415:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3358:
3357:External links
3355:
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2876:
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2793:. Fordham.edu.
2781:
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2737:
2719:
2715:New York Times
2703:
2676:(2): 284–303.
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2449:Aleksandr Moor
2446:
2440:
2434:
2424:
2411:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2379:
2373:
2371:Vladimir Lenin
2364:
2361:Vasiliy Ulrikh
2358:
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2335:
2329:
2323:
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2255:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2234:Andreas Maurer
2231:
2228:Vladimir Lenin
2225:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2198:
2195:Gustav Klinger
2192:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2141:Helene Fischer
2138:
2132:
2126:
2116:
2110:
2104:
2095:
2085:
2081:- a regent of
2076:
2073:Nikolay Bauman
2070:
2022:
2019:
1986:In late 1939 (
1912:Baltic Germans
1910:Main article:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1902:
1893:
1892:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1864:
1861:
1817:, governor of
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1622:
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1557:. Please help
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1541:
1534:
1527:
1526:
1482:
1480:
1473:
1467:
1464:
1374:north Caucasus
1327:Vladimir Lenin
1222:Napoleonic era
1188:Santa Catarina
1124:
1121:
1090:
1087:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1030:
1027:
1017:
1014:
990:North Caucasus
978:Main article:
975:
972:
966:form known as
949:Irkutsk Oblast
880:
877:
858:Crimean Tatars
832:Crimea Germans
828:
827:
789:Ottoman Empire
754:
751:
724:Altay mountain
677:Russian Empire
541:Main article:
538:
535:
423:Main article:
420:
417:
392:German Quarter
361:
358:
281:Russian Empire
271:
270:
264:Baltic Germans
252:
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207:
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160:
159:
158:195,256 (2021)
156:
142:
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140:226,092 (2021)
138:
124:
123:
120:
106:
105:
101:
100:
94:
93:
78:
73:
72:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
18:Soviet Germans
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4815:
4804:
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4799:
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4794:
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4709:
4707:
4704:
4699:
4698:North Koreans
4695:
4692:
4688:
4685:
4681:
4680:
4678:
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4190:Dar es Salaam
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4073:Colonia Tovar
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4024:United States
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4017:
4013:
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4005:
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4000:
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3990:
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3720:Baltic states
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3608:
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3520:
3517:
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3510:
3509:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3498:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3482:
3475:
3474:
3473:Volksdeutsche
3469:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3453:
3450:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3434:German people
3428:
3423:
3421:
3416:
3414:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
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3379:
3376:
3374:
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3333:
3330:
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3309:
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3298:
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3222:
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3207:
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3198:
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3192:
3186:
3183:
3177:
3174:
3168:
3165:
3159:
3156:
3149:
3146:
3140:
3137:
3131:
3128:
3122:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3107:
3101:
3098:
3092:
3089:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3068:
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3028:
3026:
3022:
3018:
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3009:
2996:
2990:
2987:
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2957:
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2928:
2922:
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2916:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2899:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2880:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2855:
2852:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2809:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2792:
2785:
2782:
2769:
2765:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2749:
2746:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2723:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2707:
2704:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2657:
2645:
2638:
2635:
2623:
2617:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2558:
2555:
2548:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2482:Crimean Goths
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2454:
2453:Tyumen Oblast
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2418:Field Marshal
2415:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2393:
2392:Lawrence Welk
2390:
2387:
2384:(born 1965),
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2338:Pyotr Schmidt
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2326:Eduard Rossel
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2258:Alexei Miller
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2205:Anton Chekhov
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2189:Angelina Grün
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2153:Jeanna Friske
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2102:Generalissimo
2099:
2096:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2055:Alexei Miller
2052:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1977:
1976:Alexander III
1972:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1948:(what is now
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1898:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1832:
1831:Kaluga Oblast
1829:In 2011, the
1827:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1792:
1784:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1714:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1692:
1686:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1641:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1618:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1579:
1576: –
1575:
1571:
1570:Find sources:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1548:single source
1544:This article
1542:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1523:
1520:
1512:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1481:
1472:
1471:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1439:law of return
1436:
1432:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1358:Volga Germans
1355:
1351:
1348:Nonetheless,
1342:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1310:epidemic and
1309:
1304:
1302:
1301:Nestor Makhno
1298:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1276:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1261:Nestor Makhno
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1130:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1083:Volga Germans
1080:
1076:
1068:
1064:South America
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1051:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1029:North America
1028:
1026:
1022:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1002:Joseph Stalin
999:
995:
991:
987:
981:
973:
971:
969:
965:
961:
957:
954:
950:
946:
942:
936:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
905:
903:
898:
894:
885:
878:
876:
874:
870:
866:
861:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
837:
836:Crimean Goths
833:
825:
824:
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
796:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
768:
767:South Ukraine
764:
760:
752:
750:
748:
747:mother tongue
744:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
716:Caucasus area
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
678:
673:
669:
666:
661:
659:
655:
651:
646:
644:
640:
636:
635:Dnieper river
632:
628:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
604:
602:
598:
594:
593:Vistula River
590:
584:
582:
578:
574:
569:
565:
561:
553:
549:
544:
543:Volga Germans
536:
534:
532:
528:
524:
522:
516:
511:
509:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
462:South Prussia
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
441:Vistula River
438:
432:
426:
418:
416:
414:
409:
407:
403:
402:
397:
393:
389:
385:
380:
378:
371:
366:
359:
357:
355:
350:
347:
342:
338:
334:
329:
327:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
297:United States
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
277:Russification
269:
265:
261:
257:
256:Volga Germans
253:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
226:
221:
216:
212:
211:Historically:
208:
203:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
179:
176:33,302 (2001)
175:
173:
161:
157:
155:
143:
139:
137:
125:
121:
119:
107:
102:
99:
95:
90:
77:
69:
59:
55:
49:
47:
41:
32:
31:
19:
4622:Bangladeshis
4617:Azerbaijanis
4168:South Africa
3676:
3659:
3541:Walddeutsche
3342:. Retrieved
3332:
3320:. Retrieved
3311:
3285:. Retrieved
3281:the original
3271:
3262:
3250:. Retrieved
3241:
3229:. Retrieved
3225:the original
3215:
3210:Kluter, 432.
3206:
3201:Kluter, 431.
3185:
3176:
3167:
3158:
3148:
3139:
3130:
3125:Kluter, 427.
3109:
3104:Kluter, 424.
3100:
3095:Kluter, 429.
3091:
3086:Kluter, 428.
3070:
3065:Kluter, 423.
3049:Kluter, 421.
3045:
3040:Kluter, 425.
3036:
3031:Kluter, 419.
3011:
2999:. Retrieved
2989:
2977:. Retrieved
2968:
2956:
2938:
2933:, pp 2,3,166
2921:
2910:
2898:
2889:
2879:
2864:
2854:
2842:
2836:(in Russian)
2827:
2808:
2799:
2784:
2774:20 September
2772:. Retrieved
2768:www.grin.com
2767:
2758:
2740:
2722:
2714:
2706:
2673:
2669:
2659:
2647:. Retrieved
2637:
2625:. Retrieved
2616:
2603:
2595:
2590:
2579:
2568:
2557:
2462:
2437:Andreas Wolf
2427:Sergey Frank
2404:Sergei Witte
2350:Dennis Siver
2332:Otto Schmidt
2295:
2282:Pavel Pestel
2222:Viktor Kress
2201:Olga Knipper
2183:Hermann Gräf
2045:Tomsk Oblast
2041:Viktor Kress
2011:repatriation
1995:Adolf Hitler
1991:
1987:
1985:
1973:
1962:
1931:
1894:
1884:
1869:
1866:
1846:
1835:
1828:
1819:Tomsk Oblast
1815:Viktor Kress
1800:
1669:Demographics
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:Wiedergeburt
1650:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1612:
1602:
1595:
1588:
1581:
1569:
1545:
1515:
1506:
1484:
1460:East Prussia
1429:
1417:
1413:
1398:
1394:
1347:
1324:
1320:Soviet Union
1305:
1293:
1280:Schneidemühl
1265:Evangelicals
1242:
1216:
1208:
1176:Saskatchewan
1170:; to Canada
1156:South Dakota
1152:North Dakota
1148:Great Plains
1139:
1135:Alexander II
1132:
1116:Schlachtfest
1114:
1110:
1106:
1092:
1081:invited the
1073:By 1876 the
1072:
1054:
1048:
1046:
1023:
1019:
983:
960:East Prussia
937:
906:
890:
869:Central Asia
862:
839:
818:west of the
804:West Prussia
797:
770:
740:
713:
682:
662:
647:
624:
610:such as the
605:
585:
560:Catherine II
557:
519:
512:
504:
482:
434:
410:
405:
399:
395:
381:
374:
351:
333:Olga of Kiev
330:
317:Central Asia
313:Soviet Union
309:World War II
274:
224:
210:
122:~2.3 million
97:
79:Ethnic group
76:
63:
46:lead section
44:
4750:From Africa
4684:Koryo-saram
4531:Lithuanians
4459:Belarusians
4432:From Europe
4369:Ostsiedlung
4318:New Zealand
4292:Philippines
4134:Ivory Coast
4019:Puerto Rico
3972:El Salvador
3863:Netherlands
3817:Gottscheers
3617:(including
3567:Switzerland
3171:Kluter, 422
3074:Kluter 428.
2963:, IRIN Asia
2770:(in German)
2443:Dennis Wolf
2210:Alfred Koch
2165:Anna German
2159:Andrei Geim
2113:Georgy Boos
2067:Rudolf Abel
1983:movements.
1946:Old Livonia
1938:Middle Ages
1823:Herman Gref
1807:same census
1431:Perestroika
1230:Volga river
1218:World War I
1111:Kreppelfest
873:Perestroika
820:Rhine River
736:World War I
709:World War I
693:World War I
627:Lower Volga
597:Lutheranism
577:Volga river
341:bourgeoisie
239:Pentecostal
4772:Categories
4741:Vietnamese
4716:Mongolians
4627:Cambodians
4581:Ukrainians
4536:Norwegians
4506:Hungarians
4464:Bulgarians
4282:Kyrgyzstan
4272:Kazakhstan
4173:Afrikaners
3967:Costa Rica
3931:Hutterites
3793:Yugoslavia
3773:Azerbaijan
3682:Bessarabia
3441:Historical
3017:GeoJournal
2376:Max Vasmer
2286:Decembrist
2171:Edgar Gess
2121:as son of
2090:as son of
1934:Baltic Sea
1842:Tajikistan
1838:Kyrgyzstan
1640:Aussiedler
1585:newspapers
1486:neutrality
1451:Kazakhstan
1447:Kyrgyzstan
1425:Kazakhstan
1290:, Poland).
1257:Bolsheviks
1245:White Army
1127:See also:
1010:Kazakhstan
1000:. In 1941
998:Azerbaijan
921:Mennonites
846:Ukrainians
643:Zaporizhia
589:Mennonites
521:lebensraum
466:Protestant
445:Baltic Sea
429:See also:
388:Vasili III
245:minorities
225:Currently:
136:Kazakhstan
98:~3 million
4612:Assyrians
4607:Armenians
4590:From Asia
4566:Spaniards
4546:Romanians
4484:Georgians
4474:Estonians
4439:Albanians
4313:Australia
4066:Venezuela
4049:Palatines
3997:Nicaragua
3977:Guatemala
3906:Argentina
3687:Black Sea
3633:Satu Mare
3593:Black Sea
3464:Palatines
3162:Arp, 288.
2690:0036-0341
2382:Brad Wall
2125:- Emperor
2094:- Emperor
1999:Warthegau
1926:Kronstadt
1895:Ukraine:
1885:Georgia:
1863:Education
1763:2,038,603
1752:1,936,214
1741:1,846,317
1730:1,619,655
1719:1,427,232
1708:1,238,549
1697:1,790,489
1615:July 2016
1555:talk page
1509:July 2016
1497:talk page
1401:Wehrmacht
1269:Civil War
1255:, to the
1089:Argentina
1043:Mennonite
962:, in the
917:Lutherans
781:Black Sea
631:Black Sea
601:Calvinism
591:from the
508:Polonized
335:. Before
305:Argentina
195:Ukrainian
181:Languages
66:July 2024
56:and help
4731:Turkmens
4691:Sakhalin
4679:Koreans
4665:Japanese
4651:Iranians
4561:Slovenes
4526:Latvians
4521:Italians
4452:Scottish
4443:British
4360:See also
4287:Pakistan
4195:Zanzibar
4185:Bagamoyo
4180:Tanzania
4100:Cameroon
4034:Nebraska
4002:Paraguay
3962:Colombia
3898:Americas
3830:Bosporus
3813:Slovenia
3778:Bulgaria
3638:Bukovina
3623:Highland
3610:Landlers
3555:Slovakia
3485:Diaspora
3344:18 March
3322:18 March
3297:cite web
3252:18 March
3231:27 April
3001:18 March
2979:18 March
2946:Archived
2816:Archived
2748:Archived
2730:Archived
2698:43919398
2649:18 March
2627:18 March
2470:See also
2061:chairman
2057:, 2019,
1928:, Russia
1870:Russia:
1771:Source:
1490:disputed
1458:(former
1382:Orenburg
1226:Volhynia
1172:Manitoba
1168:Colorado
1160:Nebraska
1143:forestry
1079:Pedro II
986:Caucasus
953:Lutheran
933:Zhitomir
925:Baptists
893:Volhynia
865:deported
842:Russians
795:(1783).
775:and the
705:Volhynia
689:medieval
612:Baptists
573:colonies
568:Szczecin
558:Czarina
484:Napoleon
377:Novgorod
291:(mainly
289:Americas
243:Catholic
231:Lutheran
228:majority
222:minority
220:Catholic
217:majority
215:Lutheran
205:Religion
4721:Nepalis
4675:Kazakhs
4646:Indians
4638:Dungans
4632:Chinese
4597:Afghans
4556:Slovaks
4489:Germans
4447:English
4306:Oceania
4250:Tianjin
4245:Qingdao
4240:Beijing
4207:Baguida
4156:Senegal
4144:Nigeria
4139:Namibia
4110:Yaoundé
4061:Uruguay
4054:by city
3987:Jamaica
3916:Bolivia
3848:Belgium
3803:Croatia
3783:Georgia
3768:Armenia
3747:Finland
3725:Denmark
3702:Galicia
3677:Ukraine
3643:Dobruja
3600:Romania
3588:Moldova
3583:Belarus
3548:Galicia
3534:Olęders
3529:Vistula
3519:Hungary
3287:20 July
2420:in the
2288:leaders
2059:Gazprom
1963:During
1950:Estonia
1811:Yiddish
1801:In the
1599:scholar
1388:. The
1386:Siberia
1378:Georgia
1366:Ukraine
1234:Siberia
1211:Russian
1180:Alberta
1006:Siberia
994:Georgia
968:fraktur
902:Galicia
897:Ukraine
808:Western
732:Ukraine
665:serfdom
564:Stettin
474:Silesia
437:Prussia
431:Olędrzy
401:sloboda
354:Russian
235:Baptist
191:Russian
172:Ukraine
118:Germany
4736:Uzbeks
4711:Kyrgyz
4657:Tajiks
4571:Swedes
4499:Pontic
4494:Greeks
4479:French
4333:Rabaul
4328:Kokopo
4262:Israel
4122:Guinea
4105:Douala
4095:Angola
4087:Africa
4012:Pozuzo
3992:Mexico
3926:Canada
3921:Brazil
3911:Belize
3853:France
3825:Turkey
3808:Serbia
3752:Sweden
3742:Norway
3697:Crimea
3660:Russia
3653:Zipser
3627:Walser
3625:, and
3615:Danube
3560:Zipser
3524:Poland
3493:Europe
2929:
2902:Accor
2846:Accor
2696:
2688:
2410:Empire
2032:, 1908
2015:Stalin
1954:Latvia
1857:Israel
1744:+14.0%
1733:+13.5%
1722:+15.2%
1711:−30.8%
1601:
1594:
1587:
1580:
1572:
1370:Crimea
1362:raions
1312:famine
1308:typhus
1184:Paraná
1178:, and
1166:, and
1164:Kansas
1069:Brazil
1041:, and
996:, and
964:Polish
956:Bibles
826:Crimea
816:Alsace
812:Warsaw
765:, and
720:Crimea
699:. The
658:gulden
639:Dnipro
620:Muslim
476:. The
453:Gdańsk
449:Danzig
406:Nemtsy
384:Moscow
301:Brazil
295:, the
293:Canada
199:Kazakh
187:German
169:
154:Russia
151:
133:
115:
4726:Turks
4706:Kurds
4602:Arabs
4576:Swiss
4551:Serbs
4541:Poles
4511:Irish
4469:Danes
4277:Korea
4267:Japan
4257:India
4235:China
4149:Lagos
4117:Ghana
4044:Omaha
4039:Texas
3982:Haiti
3943:Chile
3665:Volga
3648:Regat
3619:Banat
3153:1301.
2694:JSTOR
2549:Notes
1988:after
1766:+5.3%
1755:+4.9%
1606:JSTOR
1592:books
1286:(now
800:Volga
492:Posen
457:Dutch
451:(now
447:near
4670:Jews
4516:Jews
4345:Apia
4228:Asia
4217:Lomé
4212:Sebe
4202:Togo
4007:Peru
3346:2015
3324:2015
3303:link
3289:2006
3254:2015
3233:2016
3003:2015
2981:2015
2927:ISBN
2776:2021
2686:ISSN
2651:2015
2629:2015
2459:Zedd
1952:and
1859:'s.
1760:1989
1749:1979
1738:1970
1727:1959
1716:1939
1705:1926
1694:1897
1683:Pop.
1679:Year
1578:news
1483:The
1405:NKVD
1384:and
1288:Piła
1202:and
1190:and
1174:and
1107:Kerb
1101:and
927:and
834:and
599:and
303:and
241:and
2678:doi
1924:in
1561:by
1462:).
1329:'s
1299:of
1251:'s
1008:or
947:of
645:).
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1688:±%
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749:.
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299:,
262:,
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