687:
1357:. The previous nationality policies of the 1920s and early 1930s involved promoting the use of the Turkmen language for administration in all areas of the state, party, and economy (along with the longer-lasting system of preferential quotas and advancement for ethnic Turkmen in government, party, and industrial jobs with the aim of achieving a majority Turkmen bureaucracy) and attempts at requiring non-Turkmen to learn the Turkmen language. From the 1930s onward, the nationality policy favoured use of the Turkmen language in areas of government "closest to the people": education, health, etc., paired with an acceptance that knowledge of the Russian language would be required for most government work as well as advancement in many careers: the government would no longer work to make knowledge of Russian superfluous to advancement and would cease active efforts to have Turkmen be the language of administration, and from 1938 onwards non-Russian students throughout the Soviet Union would be required to become fluent in Russian in order to advance through secondary and tertiary education.
88:
635:
582:
1311:
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changes of the first decades of Soviet rule, pastoral nomadism ceased to be an economic alternative in
Turkmenistan, and by the late 1930s, the majority of Turkmen had become sedentary. Efforts by the Soviet state to undermine the traditional Turkmen way of life resulted in significant changes in familial and political relationships, religious and cultural observances, and intellectual developments. Significant numbers of Russians and other Europeans, as well as groups from various nationalities mainly from the Caucasus, migrated to urban areas. Modest industrial capabilities were developed, and limited exploitation of Turkmenistan's natural resources was initiated.
610:
103:
184:
1330:) involved the promotion of national culture and language and the creation of a native administration for each ethnic group in its own territory. During the 1920s, as happened throughout the Soviet Union, there was forthright support and funding for the creation of native language theatres, publishing houses, newspapers as well as universal public schooling, and this was the case for the Turkmen minorities during Soviet administration of Turkmen/Transcaspian province of the Turkestan ASSR and the
596:
1019:
1505:
1252:, little revolutionary activity occurred in the region in the years that followed. However, the years immediately preceding the revolution had been marked by sporadic Turkmen uprisings against Russian rule, most prominently the anti-tsarist revolt of 1916 that swept through the whole of Turkestan. Their armed resistance to Soviet rule was part of the larger
2157:
1381:
When other constituent republics of the Soviet Union advanced claims to sovereignty in 1988 and 1989, Turkmenia's leadership also began to criticize Moscow's economic and political policies as exploitative and detrimental to the well-being and pride of the
Turkmen. By a unanimous vote of its Supreme
1360:
Non-Turkmen cadre both in Moscow and
Turkmenia closely supervised the national cadre of government officials and bureaucrats; generally, the Turkmen leadership staunchly supported Soviet policies. Moscow initiated nearly all political activity in the republic, and, except for a corruption scandal in
1345:
or
Persian languages for writing, though in the late 19th and early 20th century there was growing interest in the use of Ottoman Turkish register for writing as it is an Oghuz language and closer linguistically). Rigorous debate in the national press and in various literary and educational journals
1292:
Under Soviet rule, all religious beliefs were attacked by the communist authorities as superstition and "vestiges of the past". Most religious schooling and religious observance were banned, and the vast majority of mosques were closed. An official Muslim Board of
Central Asia with a headquarters in
1288:
were unified to create the
Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkmen SSR), a full-fledged constituent republic of the Soviet Union where Turkmen made up roughly 80% of the population. During the forced collectivization and settlement of nomadic and semi-nomadic groups along with other socioeconomic
1377:
did not have a significant impact on
Turkmenistan, as many people there were self-dependent, and settlers of the territory and the Soviet Union's ministers rarely intertwined. The republic found itself rather unprepared for the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the independence that followed in
1239:
and later extended to
Tashkent. Urban areas began to develop along the railway. Although the Transcaspian Region essentially was a colony of Russia, it remained a backwater, except for Russian concerns with British colonialist intentions in the region and with possible uprisings by the Turkmen.
1297:
to supervise the
Islamic faith in Central Asia. For the most part, the Muslim Board functioned as an instrument of propaganda whose activities did little to enhance the Muslim cause. Atheist indoctrination stifled religious development and contributed to the isolation of the Turkmen from the
686:
1633:
was the state religion. In the early 1920s, the Soviet government effectively banned Islam in Soviet
Central Asia, including Turkmenistan, every mosque was destroyed, books written in Arabic script were burned, in the 1930s Turkmenistan had eventually adapted the
1346:
over Teke, Yomut, and other regional and tribal dialects was followed by centralised decision-making around the creation of a particular national standard, the simplification of the Arabo-Persian alphabet, and the eventual transition to the Cyrillic alphabet.
1394:
called for a popular referendum on independence. The official result of the referendum was 94 percent in favor of independence. The republic's Supreme Soviet then declared Turkmenistan's independence from the Soviet Union and the establishment of the
87:
1302:, continued to be practiced throughout the Soviet period, but most religious belief, knowledge, and customs were preserved only in rural areas in "folk form" as a kind of unofficial Islam not sanctioned by the state-run Spiritual Directorate.
1603:
1256:
throughout Central Asia from the 1920s into the early 1930s. Opposition was fierce and resulted in the death of large numbers of Turkmen. Soviet sources describe this struggle as a minor chapter in the republic's history.
2236:
1212:
and a symbol of national pride), the annexation of what is present-day Turkmenistan took the Russian Empire repeated attempts after failing the first time. Later the same year, the Russians signed the
2211:
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3043:
3038:
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3023:
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In the 1920s the Turkmen SSR standardised the Turkmen language (as prior to this, the vast majority of the population was not literate and those that were tended to use the
173:
2411:
1526:
1047:
1220:
and established what essentially remains the current border between Turkmenistan and Iran. In 1897 a similar agreement was signed between the Russians and Afghans.
154:
108:
1310:
2035:
1265:
940:
587:
102:
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93:
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Since then the borders of the Turkmenia were unchanged. On 22 August 1990, Turkmenia declared its sovereignty over Soviet laws. On 27 October 1991, it became
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2264:
2479:
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2405:
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in 1873. Because Turkmen tribes, most notably the Yomud, were in the military service of the Khivan khan, Russian forces undertook punitive raids against
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183:
844:
172:
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came to power in 1920s, People had to add a Russian suffix to their names. The ending ev/ov was added to male names and eva/ova to female names. In
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2936:
2813:
2458:
2254:
2197:
262:
2653:
2387:
2060:
2011:
1949:
1040:
551:
1387:
2613:
2339:
2249:
2393:
1331:
1277:
615:
3008:
2399:
2344:
2269:
1586:
1350:
1335:
1285:
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Soviet, Turkmenistan declared its sovereignty in August 1990. In March 1990, Turkmenistan participated in the internationally observed
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2329:
2259:
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1315:
1139:
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2699:
2628:
2438:
2334:
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2141:
1552:
426:
1858:
2893:
2796:
2689:
2593:
2300:
1147:
1033:
666:
2898:
2840:
2716:
2633:
2310:
2290:
1613:
of the republic headed by a chairman, with its superiority to both the executive and judicial branches and its members meet in
1582:
1209:
1151:
285:
1185:
2648:
2643:
2618:
2603:
2175:
1530:
375:
2623:
2220:
1109:
200:
2858:
2808:
2704:
2684:
2431:
1566:
1383:
132:
1196:, in the process slaughtering hundreds of Turkmen and destroying their settlements. In 1881 the Russians under General
1176:
attempts to encroach upon Turkmen territory began in earnest in the latter part of the nineteenth century. In 1869 the
2764:
2709:
1120:
existed as a republic from 1925 to 1991. Initially, on 7 August 1921, it was established as the Turkmen Oblast of the
2182:
Kurbanov, Seitnazar. 1982. “Information and Bibliographical Activities of the Leading Libraries of the Turkmen SSR.”
1515:
2169:
364:
1534:
1519:
2825:
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2731:
2694:
2608:
2581:
2129:
333:
2888:
2726:
2721:
2667:
1572:
1396:
352:
2929:
2850:
2752:
2638:
2466:
1163:
935:
925:
897:
824:
789:
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701:
675:
514:
1831:
1752:
2903:
2863:
2830:
741:
508:
1807:
2945:
2883:
2878:
2873:
1801:
1727:
1386:, where 98% percent of participants voted in support of the preservation of the Soviet Union. After the
1362:
1813:
2908:
1783:
1715:
1661:
1420:
1349:
Beginning in the 1930s, Moscow kept the republic under firm control. The nationalities policy of the
1819:
1795:
1260:
In October 1924, when Central Asia was divided into distinct ethno-national political entities, the
2950:
2769:
2679:
2571:
2535:
2133:
1487:, these endings mean "belonging to", which was part of the effort to promote the idea of a unified
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1224:
1117:
1023:
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930:
274:
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Clark, Larry, Michael Thurman, and David Tyson. "Turkmenistan: Sovereignty and Independence". In
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Much of Turkmenistan infrastructure were built out during the Soviet period, such as new cities,
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1391:
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887:
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794:
771:
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322:
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on 27 October 1991. Turkmenistan gained independence from the Soviet Union on 26 December 1991.
2551:
2147:
2137:
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2056:
2017:
2007:
1955:
1945:
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Clark, Larry, Michael Thurman, and David Tyson. "Turkmenistan: Incorporation into Russia". In
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989:
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254:
230:
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65:
50:
2003:
The affirmative action empire : nations and nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939
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1983:
Clark, Larry, Michael Thurman, and David Tyson. "Turkmenistan: History and Structure". In
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1685:
1596:
1593:
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1213:
809:
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137:
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Clark, Larry, Michael Thurman, and David Tyson. "Turkmenistan: Soviet Turkmenistan". In
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international Muslim community. Some religious customs, such as Muslim burial and male
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1173:
1124:
before being made, on 13 May 1925, a separate republic of the USSR as the Turkmen SSR.
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864:
819:
449:
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1113:
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950:
892:
859:
653:
628:
189:
17:
171:
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2125:
Kazakstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan: country studies
1837:
1679:
1610:
1504:
1374:
1181:
1143:
601:
2489:
1959:
1607:
1319:
1281:
1217:
1180:
established a foothold in present-day Turkmenistan with the foundation of the
907:
829:
721:
711:
2979:
2966:
2070:
2021:
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2151:
1468:
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1408:
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and continued after the creation of the majority-Turkmen national republic.
1201:
854:
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1939:
1227:
by corrupt and malfeasant military officers and officials appointed by the
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2001:
1353:(CPSU) fostered the development of a Turkmen political elite and promoted
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2499:
2494:
1614:
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1236:
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2184:
Libri: International Journal of Libraries & Information Services
1208:. With the Turkmen defeat (which is now marked by the Turkmen as a
2484:
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As with the other Soviet republics, Turkmenistan had followed the
1452:
1309:
1273:
2160:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1223:
Following annexation to Russia, the area was administered as the
1188:). From there and other points, they marched on and subdued the
1135:
2427:
2193:
1592:
The politics of Turkmenistan took place in the framework of a
1498:
1424:
2055:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 129–150.
1235:. In the 1880s, a railroad was built from Krasnovodsk to
1647:
First Secretaries of the Communist Party of Turkmenistan
155:Түркменистан Совет Социалистик Республикасы Дөвлет Гимни
165:"State Anthem of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic"
2052:
Tribal nation : the making of Soviet Turkmenistan
1859:"GDP (PPP) index (World Bank estimate) – Turkmenistan"
1248:
Because the Turkmen generally were indifferent to the
1086:
Turkmenskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika
1204:, one of the last Turkmen strongholds, northwest of
27:
Constituent republic of the Soviet Union (1925–1991)
2849:
2795:
2751:
2666:
2580:
2465:
2380:
2357:
2319:
2278:
2235:
2228:
1361:the mid-1980s that ousted longtime First Secretary
649:
546:
535:
525:
507:
490:
480:
470:
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432:
422:
403:
388:
374:
358:
346:
332:
313:
298:
284:
246:
236:
218:
208:
196:
32:
1365:, Turkmenistan remained a quiet Soviet republic.
1082:Туркменская Советская Социалистическая Республика
59:Туркменская Советская Социалистическая Республика
1941:Tribal Nation: The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan
1581:ideology governed by the republic's sole party,
1134:Geographically, Turkmenia was bordered between
1741:Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars
1326:The Soviet regime's policy of indigenization (
1266:Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
3034:States and territories disestablished in 1991
2439:
2205:
1071:
1065:
1041:
57:
40:
8:
1431:rockets and crew bomber missiles during the
1384:referendum on the future of the Soviet Union
1276:and a part of the Shirabad provinces of the
1073:Türkmenistan Sowet Sotsialistik Respublikasy
1792:(20 January 1959 – 13 June 1960) (2nd time)
1780:(14 July 1951 – 14 January 1958) (1st time)
1533:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1067:Түркменистан Совет Социалистик Республикасы
898:Turkmenistan in the 16th and 17th centuries
3044:1991 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
3039:1925 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
3029:States and territories established in 1925
3024:States and territories established in 1921
2801:
2757:
2672:
2586:
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2432:
2424:
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2034:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1944:. Princeton University Press. p. 68.
1048:
1034:
660:
182:
29:
1553:Learn how and when to remove this message
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1390:in Moscow, Turkmenia's communist leader
1850:
674:
663:
506:
188:Location of Turkmenia (red) within the
2167:
2105:
2100:
2027:
1984:
1925:
1893:
133:Ähli ýurtlaryň proletarlary, birleşiň!
123:Әхли юртларың пролетарлары, бирлешиң!
2098:
2096:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
1888:
1816:(17 December 1975 – 15 December 1978)
1810:(25 December 1969 – 17 December 1975)
1736:(21 December 1985 – 16 December 1991)
1730:(24 December 1969 – 21 December 1985)
524:
489:
479:
469:
459:
443:
439:
402:
387:
383:
373:
357:
345:
341:
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312:
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144:"Proletarians of all nations, unite!"
7:
1995:
1993:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1766:Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
1531:adding citations to reliable sources
1840:(5 December 1989 – 27 October 1991)
1834:(4 January 1986 – 17 November 1989)
1786:(14 January 1958 – 20 January 1959)
1587:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
1351:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
926:Russian conquest and the Great Game
2128:(1st ed.). Washington, D.C.:
1822:(15 December 1978 – 26 March 1985)
1804:(26 March 1963 – 25 December 1969)
1411:in Turkmenistan, in the cities of
25:
3004:Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic
1761:(17 October 1945 – 15 March 1946)
1724:(13 June 1960 – 24 December 1969)
1336:Khorezm (Kivan) People's Republic
1062:Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic
34:Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic
2155:
1828:(26 March 1985 – 4 January 1986)
1755:(October 1937 – 17 October 1945)
1749:(20 February 1925 – 8 July 1937)
1503:
1419:, both equipped for launch. The
1293:Tashkent was established during
1268:(Turkestan ASSR) along with the
1017:
936:October Revolution and Civil War
685:
633:
608:
594:
580:
169:
101:
86:
1718:(14 December 1958 – 4 May 1960)
1657:(acting until 20 February 1925)
1583:Communist Party of Turkmenistan
1314:Soviet soldiers returning from
2122:Curtis, Glenn E., ed. (1997).
1798:(13 June 1960 – 26 March 1963)
1774:(15 March 1946 – 14 July 1951)
1712:(July 1951 – 14 December 1958)
1694:(October 1937 – November 1939)
1066:
159:Türkmenistan Sowet Sosialistik
42:Түркменистан Совет Социалистик
1:
3014:Republics of the Soviet Union
2221:Republics of the Soviet Union
2049:Edgar, Adrienne Lynn (2006).
1682:(August 1930 – 15 April 1937)
1585:, a republican branch of the
1250:advent of Soviet rule in 1917
482:• Independence declared
2412:Pridnestrovian Moldavian SSR
1700:(November 1939 – March 1947)
1567:Politics of the Soviet Union
472:• Sovereignty declared
1676:(11 May 1928 – August 1930)
1129:independent as Turkmenistan
1072:
462:• Republic proclaimed
3060:
3009:Former socialist republics
2174:: CS1 maint: postscript (
1740:
1655:(19 November 1924 – 1926)
1570:
1564:
1332:Bukharan People's Republic
1278:Bukharan People's Republic
1161:
963:Related historical regions
365:Roza Atamuradovna Bazarova
3019:Communism in Turkmenistan
2923:
2804:
2760:
2675:
2589:
2130:Federal Research Division
1423:had manufactured Proton,
1286:Khorezm People's Republic
1184:port of Krasnovodsk (now
1081:
559:
503:
440:
418:
384:
370:
353:Shah Muhammed Faisal Reza
342:
328:
294:
202:Soviet socialist republic
181:
161:Respublikasy Döwlet Gimni
149:
119:
82:
77:
58:
41:
1706:(March 1947 – July 1951)
1573:Politics of Turkmenistan
1397:Republic of Turkmenistan
1231:Governor-Generalship in
1210:national day of mourning
348:• 1938-1942(first)
1164:History of Turkmenistan
1024:Turkmenistan portal
494:Independence recognized
405:• 1989–1991
390:• 1925–1937
360:• 1988–1990(last)
315:• 1985–1991
300:• 1924–1926
2000:Martin, Terry (2001).
1938:Edgar, Adrienne Lynn.
1688:(April – October 1937)
1421:Soviet Space Programme
1407:There were two active
1323:
1200:besieged and captured
742:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
446:• Turkmen Oblast
1832:Annamurat Hojamyradow
1802:Muhammetnazar Gapurow
1753:Aitbay Khudaybergenov
1728:Muhammetnazar Gapurow
1363:Muhammetnazar Gapurow
1313:
1150:to the north and the
1110:constituent republics
219:Common languages
2654:World Heritage Sites
2614:Environmental issues
1784:Dzhuma Durdy Karayev
1716:Dzhuma Durdy Karayev
1662:Shaymardan Ibragimov
1642:Political leadership
1527:improve this section
1169:Annexation to Russia
877:Early modern history
2976: /
2680:Central Asian Union
2572:Neutrality Monument
2381:Non-union republics
2371:Transcaucasian SFSR
2134:Library of Congress
2108:, pp. 306–307.
1928:, pp. 305–306.
1808:Oraz Orazmuhammedow
1318:. 20 October 1986,
1262:Transcaspian Oblast
1225:Transcaspian Region
1090:Soviet Turkmenistan
931:Transcaspian Oblast
554:360/363/370/378/432
18:Soviet Turkmenistan
2778:Telecommunications
2562:Saparmurat Niyazov
2365:Karelo-Finnish SSR
1826:Saparmurat Niyazov
1747:Kaikhaziz Atabayev
1734:Saparmurat Niyazov
1664:(June 1926 – 1927)
1392:Saparmurat Niyazov
1324:
1244:Creation of an SSR
951:After Independence
888:Emirate of Bukhara
795:Rashidun Caliphate
772:Hephthalite Empire
521:1990 estimate
398:Kaikhaziz Atabayev
376:Head of Government
323:Saparmurat Niyazov
266:socialist republic
2980:37.967°N 58.333°E
2959:
2958:
2919:
2918:
2791:
2790:
2747:
2746:
2700:Foreign relations
2662:
2661:
2421:
2420:
2353:
2352:
2186:32 (June): 81–90.
2170:cite encyclopedia
2062:978-1-4008-4429-6
2013:978-1-5017-1332-3
1951:978-1-306-04622-0
1674:Grigory Aronshtam
1668:Nikolay Paskutsky
1636:cyrillic alphabet
1563:
1562:
1555:
1367:Mikhail Gorbachev
1280:and the Turkmen (
1146:to the west, the
1108:, was one of the
1088:), also known as
1058:
1057:
732:Achaemenid Empire
717:Oxus civilization
659:
658:
645:
644:
641:
640:
621:
620:
174:
16:(Redirected from
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2981:
2977:
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2973:
2972:
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2773:
2758:
2690:Democratic Party
2673:
2587:
2542:
2541:
2531:
2530:
2515:Greater Khorasan
2480:Bactria–Margiana
2448:
2441:
2434:
2425:
2279:Former parts of
2255:Byelorussian SSR
2233:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2191:
2179:
2173:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2109:
2102:
2075:
2074:
2046:
2040:
2039:
2033:
2025:
1997:
1988:
1981:
1964:
1963:
1935:
1929:
1922:
1897:
1890:
1863:
1862:
1855:
1814:Bally Yazkuliyev
1658:
1629:was Muslim, but
1579:Marxist–Leninist
1558:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1538:
1507:
1499:
1409:space facilities
1388:August 1991 coup
1306:Pre-independence
1198:Mikhail Skobelev
1083:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1050:
1043:
1036:
1022:
1021:
1020:
990:Greater Khorasan
946:Turkmenistan SSR
883:Khanate of Khiva
850:Chagatai Khanate
835:Seljuk Turkomans
830:Ghaznavid Empire
767:Kidarite Kingdom
762:Sassanian Empire
747:Parthian dynasty
689:
679:
661:
637:
636:
625:
624:
612:
611:
598:
597:
584:
583:
577:
576:
561:
560:
555:
531:$ 26.554 billion
518:
499:26 December 1991
495:
452:
408:
393:
318:
303:
268:
257:
255:Marxist-Leninist
203:
186:
176:
175:
166:
145:
141:
130:
105:
90:
69:
61:
60:
54:
46:
45:
30:
21:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3048:
2994:
2993:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2975:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2955:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2915:
2845:
2841:Public holidays
2787:
2771:
2743:
2717:Law enforcement
2658:
2634:Protected areas
2576:
2539:
2537:
2528:
2526:
2520:Parthian Empire
2461:
2452:
2422:
2417:
2376:
2349:
2315:
2280:
2274:
2224:
2218:
2166:
2156:
2144:
2121:
2118:
2113:
2112:
2103:
2078:
2063:
2048:
2047:
2043:
2026:
2014:
1999:
1998:
1991:
1982:
1967:
1952:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1923:
1900:
1891:
1866:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1847:
1768:
1743:
1704:Shadzha Batyrov
1686:Anna Mukhamedov
1656:
1649:
1644:
1623:
1575:
1569:
1559:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1524:
1508:
1497:
1477:
1441:
1405:
1369:'s policies of
1308:
1254:Basmachi Revolt
1246:
1214:Treaty of Akhal
1171:
1166:
1160:
1054:
1018:
1016:
1011:
1010:
1009:
964:
956:
955:
921:
913:
912:
878:
870:
869:
845:Mongol conquest
825:Oghuz Turkomans
785:
777:
776:
737:Seleucid Empire
702:Ancient history
697:
677:
670:
634:
609:
595:
581:
550:
528:
512:
496:
493:
486:27 October 1991
483:
473:
463:
453:
447:
409:
406:
394:
391:
361:
349:
319:
316:
304:
301:
286:First Secretary
270:
261:
250:
201:
192:
177:
170:
167:
164:
163:
160:
157:
143:
142:
138:transliteration
135:
131:
124:
115:
114:
113:
111:
106:
98:
97:
91:
73:
72:
63:
48:
43:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3057:
3055:
3047:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
2996:
2995:
2985:37.967; 58.333
2957:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2941:
2940:
2933:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2855:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2819:Turkmen people
2816:
2805:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2767:
2761:
2755:
2749:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2619:Extreme points
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2533:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2471:
2469:
2463:
2462:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2443:
2436:
2428:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2384:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2368:
2361:
2359:
2355:
2354:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2340:Lithuanian SSR
2337:
2332:
2326:
2324:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2287:
2285:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2250:Azerbaijan SSR
2247:
2241:
2239:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2219:
2217:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2180:
2142:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2076:
2061:
2041:
2012:
1989:
1987:, p. 320.
1965:
1950:
1930:
1898:
1896:, p. 305.
1864:
1849:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1820:Chary Karriyev
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1796:Abdy Annaliyev
1793:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1772:Sukhan Babayev
1767:
1764:
1763:
1762:
1759:Sukhan Babayev
1756:
1750:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1710:Sukhan Babayev
1707:
1701:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1622:
1619:
1604:Supreme Soviet
1565:Main article:
1561:
1560:
1511:
1509:
1502:
1496:
1493:
1476:
1473:
1457:power stations
1440:
1437:
1404:
1401:
1322:, Turkmen SSR.
1307:
1304:
1284:) province of
1245:
1242:
1178:Russian Empire
1170:
1167:
1159:
1156:
1142:to the south,
1122:Turkestan ASSR
1056:
1055:
1053:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1013:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
966:
965:
962:
961:
958:
957:
954:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
922:
920:Modern history
919:
918:
915:
914:
911:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
879:
876:
875:
872:
871:
868:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
792:
790:Islamic period
786:
783:
782:
779:
778:
775:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
707:Jeitun culture
704:
698:
695:
694:
691:
690:
682:
681:
672:
671:
664:
657:
656:
651:
647:
646:
643:
642:
639:
638:
631:
622:
619:
618:
613:
605:
604:
599:
591:
590:
588:Turkestan ASSR
585:
573:
572:
567:
557:
556:
548:
544:
543:
537:
533:
532:
529:
526:
523:
522:
519:
505:
504:
501:
500:
497:
491:
488:
487:
484:
481:
478:
477:
476:22 August 1990
474:
471:
468:
467:
464:
461:
458:
457:
454:
450:Turkestan ASSR
445:
442:
441:
438:
437:
434:
430:
429:
427:Supreme Soviet
424:
420:
419:
416:
415:
410:
404:
401:
400:
395:
389:
386:
385:
382:
381:
378:
372:
371:
368:
367:
362:
359:
356:
355:
350:
347:
344:
343:
340:
339:
336:
330:
329:
326:
325:
320:
314:
311:
310:
305:
299:
296:
295:
292:
291:
288:
282:
281:
248:
244:
243:
238:
234:
233:
220:
216:
215:
210:
206:
205:
198:
194:
193:
187:
179:
178:
168:
147:
146:
117:
116:
107:
100:
99:
92:
85:
84:
83:
80:
79:
75:
74:
71:
70:
55:
37:
36:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3056:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2992:
2989:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2814:Ethnic groups
2812:
2811:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2665:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2534:
2532:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2449:
2444:
2442:
2437:
2435:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2346:
2345:Moldavian SSR
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2318:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2277:
2271:
2270:Ukrainian SSR
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2203:
2201:
2196:
2195:
2192:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2171:
2163:
2162:public domain
2153:
2149:
2145:
2143:0-8444-0938-3
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2107:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2054:
2053:
2045:
2042:
2037:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2005:
2004:
1996:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1861:. World Bank.
1860:
1854:
1851:
1844:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1803:
1800:
1797:
1794:
1791:
1790:Balysh Ovezov
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1778:Balysh Ovezov
1776:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1722:Balysh Ovezov
1720:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1698:Mikhail Fonin
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1670:(1927 – 1928)
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1654:
1653:Ivan Mezhlauk
1651:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1568:
1557:
1554:
1546:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1512:This section
1510:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1489:Soviet people
1486:
1482:
1475:Russification
1474:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1356:
1355:Russification
1352:
1347:
1344:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1328:korenizatsiia
1321:
1317:
1312:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1258:
1255:
1251:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1190:Khiva Khanate
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1165:
1157:
1155:
1154:to the east.
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1079:
1074:
1063:
1051:
1046:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1015:
1014:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
967:
960:
959:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
923:
917:
916:
909:
906:
904:
903:Afsharid Iran
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
880:
874:
873:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
796:
793:
791:
788:
787:
781:
780:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
752:Kushan Empire
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
727:Median Empire
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
699:
693:
692:
688:
684:
683:
680:
673:
668:
662:
655:
652:
650:Today part of
648:
632:
630:
627:
626:
623:
617:
614:
607:
606:
603:
600:
593:
592:
589:
586:
579:
578:
575:
574:
571:
568:
566:
563:
562:
558:
553:
549:
545:
541:
540:Soviet rouble
538:
534:
530:
520:
516:
510:
502:
498:
485:
475:
465:
456:7 August 1921
455:
451:
435:
431:
428:
425:
421:
417:
414:
413:Khan Akhmedov
411:
399:
396:
379:
377:
369:
366:
363:
354:
351:
337:
335:
334:Head of state
327:
324:
321:
309:
308:Ivan Mezhlauk
306:
289:
287:
279:
276:
273:
267:
264:
260:
256:
253:
249:
245:
242:
241:State atheism
239:
235:
232:
228:
224:
221:
217:
214:
211:
207:
204:
199:
195:
191:
185:
180:
162:
156:
152:
148:
139:
134:
128:
122:
118:
110:
104:
95:
89:
81:
76:
67:
56:
52:
39:
38:
31:
19:
2961:
2859:Architecture
2809:Demographics
2736:
2705:Human rights
2685:Constitution
2599:Central Asia
2556:
2536:Khwarazmian
2455:Turkmenistan
2394:Bukharan SSR
2388:SSR Abkhazia
2330:Estonian SSR
2295:
2283:Russian SFSR
2265:Russian SFSR
2260:Georgian SSR
2245:Armenian SSR
2183:
2124:
2051:
2044:
2002:
1940:
1933:
1853:
1692:Yakov Chubin
1627:Turkmenistan
1624:
1591:
1576:
1549:
1540:
1525:Please help
1513:
1478:
1445:institutions
1442:
1406:
1380:
1359:
1348:
1340:
1325:
1300:circumcision
1295:World War II
1291:
1259:
1247:
1222:
1172:
1133:
1126:
1118:Central Asia
1114:Soviet Union
1105:
1102:Turkmenistan
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1061:
1059:
1004:
985:Greater Iran
945:
893:Safavid Iran
840:Khwarazmians
678:Turkmenistan
654:Turkmenistan
629:Turkmenistan
616:Bukharan PSR
570:Succeeded by
569:
564:
547:Calling code
527:• Total
275:presidential
259:single-party
226:
190:Soviet Union
158:
150:
121:Motto:
120:
109:State emblem
44:Республикасы
2983: /
2765:Agriculture
2566:Türkmenbaşy
2540:(1077–1231)
2529:(1037–1194)
2475:Yaz culture
2414:(1990–1991)
2408:(1990–1991)
2406:Abkhaz ASSR
2402:(1920–1924)
2400:Khorezm SSR
2396:(1920–1924)
2390:(1921–1931)
2373:(1922–1936)
2367:(1940–1956)
2358:Short-lived
2335:Latvian SSR
2320:Annexed in
2306:Kirghiz SSR
2296:Turkmen SSR
2223:(1922–1991)
2106:Curtis 1997
1985:Curtis 1997
1926:Curtis 1997
1894:Curtis 1997
1838:Han Ahmedow
1680:Yakov Popok
1611:legislature
1439:Development
1413:Turkmenabat
1375:perestroika
1316:Afghanistan
1186:Türkmenbaşy
1182:Caspian Sea
1144:Caspian Sea
1140:Afghanistan
1116:located in
1094:Turkmen SSR
1000:Transcaspia
941:Soviet rule
784:Middle Ages
757:Proto-Turks
676:History of
602:Khorezm PSR
565:Preceded by
542:(Rbl) (SUR)
466:13 May 1925
423:Legislature
280:(1990–1991)
269:(1925–1990)
112:(1978–1991)
96:(1973–1991)
2998:Categories
2772:(currency)
2727:Parliament
2557:Soviet era
2552:Magtymguly
2490:Massagetae
2301:Kazakh SSR
2116:References
2006:. Ithaca.
1960:1091486335
1608:unicameral
1571:See also:
1218:Qajar Iran
1162:See also:
1148:Kazakh SSR
908:Qajar Iran
722:Massagetae
712:Gonur Depe
247:Government
2826:Education
2783:Transport
2732:President
2695:Elections
2629:Mountains
2609:Districts
2582:Geography
2547:Silk Road
2311:Uzbek SSR
2291:Tajik SSR
2229:Principal
2071:603323209
2030:cite book
2022:606578236
1615:Ashkhabad
1597:socialist
1594:one-party
1543:June 2021
1514:does not
1479:When the
1469:factories
1461:hospitals
1449:buildings
1229:Turkestan
1202:Geok Tepe
1152:Uzbek SSR
1106:Turkmenia
1005:Turkmenia
855:Ilkhanate
815:Saffarids
696:Antiquity
237:Religion
213:Ashkhabad
78:1925–1991
2946:Category
2889:Religion
2836:Language
2722:Military
2668:Politics
2649:Wildlife
2538:dynasty
2505:Hyrcania
2500:Khwarezm
2495:Margiana
2459:articles
2237:Founders
2152:36364151
1621:Religion
1600:republic
1495:Politics
1433:Cold War
1371:glasnost
1343:Chaghtai
1334:and the
1237:Ashgabat
1233:Tashkent
1206:Ashgabat
995:Khwarazm
980:Margiana
970:Hyrcania
865:Timurids
820:Samanids
810:Tahirids
805:Abbasids
800:Umayyads
667:a series
665:Part of
536:Currency
278:republic
2971:58°20′E
2968:37°58′N
2930:Outline
2894:Symbols
2869:Cuisine
2851:Culture
2797:Society
2753:Economy
2738:Ruhnama
2639:Regions
2594:Borders
2527:Empire
2525:Seljuk
2510:Parthia
2467:History
1631:atheism
1625:98% of
1535:removed
1520:sources
1485:Russian
1481:Soviets
1465:schools
1282:Daşoguz
1270:Charjew
1264:of the
1194:Khorazm
1174:Russian
1158:History
1112:of the
1078:Russian
492:•
448:of the
433:History
392:(first)
302:(first)
272:Unitary
252:Unitary
231:Russian
223:Turkmen
209:Capital
151:Anthem:
127:Turkmen
66:Russian
51:Turkmen
2951:Portal
2904:emblem
2899:anthem
2884:Sports
2864:Cinema
2831:Health
2770:Manat
2644:Rivers
2604:Cities
2457:
2150:
2140:
2069:
2059:
2020:
2010:
1958:
1948:
1606:was a
1602:. The
1467:, and
1378:1991.
1320:Kushka
1092:, the
975:Sogdia
669:on the
511:
436:
407:(last)
380:
338:
317:(last)
290:
263:Soviet
227:·
225:
197:Status
153:
62:
47:
2937:Index
2879:Music
2874:Media
2624:Lakes
2485:Dahae
1845:Notes
1453:roads
1429:Soyuz
1417:Seydi
1403:Space
1274:Kerki
1216:with
1104:, or
1098:TuSSR
860:Karts
229:
2909:flag
2710:LGBT
2322:1940
2281:the
2176:link
2148:OCLC
2138:ISBN
2067:OCLC
2057:ISBN
2036:link
2018:OCLC
2008:ISBN
1956:OCLC
1946:ISBN
1518:any
1516:cite
1427:and
1415:and
1373:and
1136:Iran
1060:The
94:Flag
1529:by
1425:Mir
515:PPP
509:GDP
3000::
2172:}}
2168:{{
2154:.
2146:.
2136:.
2132:,
2079:^
2065:.
2032:}}
2028:{{
2016:.
1992:^
1968:^
1954:.
1901:^
1867:^
1638:.
1617:.
1589:.
1491:.
1471:.
1463:,
1459:,
1455:,
1451:,
1447:,
1435:.
1272:,
1138:,
1131:.
1100:,
1096:,
1084:,
1080::
1076:;
1070:,
552:+7
2568:)
2564:(
2447:e
2440:t
2433:v
2213:e
2206:t
2199:v
2178:)
2164:.
2073:.
2038:)
2024:.
1962:.
1556:)
1550:(
1545:)
1541:(
1537:.
1523:.
1064:(
1049:e
1042:t
1035:v
517:)
513:(
140:)
136:(
129:)
125:(
68:)
64:(
53:)
49:(
20:)
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