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no problems of sovereignty; by resolution of this
Assembly, the members of the United Nations have foresworn any claim to territorial rights in outer space or on celestial bodies, and declared that international law and the United Nations Charter will apply. Why, therefore, should man's first flight to the moon be a matter of national competition? Why should the United States and the Soviet Union, in preparing for such expeditions, become involved in immense duplications of research, construction, and expenditure? Surely we should explore whether the scientists and astronauts of our two countries – indeed of all the world – cannot work together in the conquest of space, sending someday in this decade to the moon not the representatives of a single nation, but the representatives of all of our countries.
709:
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Finally, in a field where the United States and the Soviet Union have a special capacity – in the field of space – there is room for new cooperation, for further joint efforts in the regulation and exploration of space. I include among these possibilities a joint expedition to the moon. Space offers
883:
with a total weight of 5.5 tons. The Apollo orbital spacecraft (command ship) for the lunar flyby also had two modules (command and service) but was five times heavier, carried a crew of three and entered lunar orbit, whereas the L1 (Zond) performed a flight around the Moon and came back on a return
1025:
After a few hours on the lunar surface, the LK's engine would fire again using its landing structure as a launch pad, as with Apollo. To save weight, the engine used for landing would blast the LK back to lunar orbit for an automated docking with the LOK. The cosmonaut then would spacewalk back to
1292:, that was proposed later, developed mockups of expedition vehicles and surface modules, and "Vulkan-LEK" project were not adopted for economic reasons. As some recompense and as a replacement for the crewed landing program, the Soviets fulfilled a program of automated delivery of lunar soil and
735:
rocket. While developing the N1, since 1963, Korolev began to plan a Moon landing mission using two launches and docking. Later
Korolev managed to increase the payload of the N1 to 92-93 tons (by switching to liquid hydrogen in the upper stage(s) and increasing the number of engines in its first
1280:
The complete L3 lunar expedition complex with the 7K-LOK and LK for the Moon flyby and landing was prepared for a fifth launch, using a modified N1 rocket in August 1974. If this mission and the next had been successful, it would have led to the decision to launch up to five Soviet crewed N1-L3
1006:
was to slow the LOK and LK into lunar orbit, while with Apollo this phase was undertaken by firing the engine on the service module to slow the complex and enter lunar orbit since the Apollo complex traveled with the
Command Module and Lunar Excursion Module (LEM) facing back towards the Earth.
1284:
However, N1-L3 (as well as N1F-L3M) program was canceled in May 1974, and Soviet crewed space efforts subsequently concentrated on the development of space stations and on several designs and ground preparatory processes for a Mars mission, which continues to the present day, but has unclear
999:
During the L3 complex's journey to the Moon, there would be no need to undock and re-dock the orbital and landing craft as was done in Apollo, because the cosmonaut would transfer from the LOK to LK by a 'spacewalk'. On the Apollo missions, the transfer was done using an internal passage.
888:
carried the first Earth lifeforms, including two tortoises, to travel around the Moon and return safely. Planned for 8 December 1968 for priority over the US, a first crewed mission of the L1 (Zond) was canceled due to the insufficient readiness of the capsule and rocket. After
954:
automated rovers would be sent to the Moon, to work as radio beacons for crewed LK, with the LK-R used as a reserve escape craft. The
Lunokhods were also equipped with manual controls for the cosmonauts, both for transfer to LK-R in necessity and for regular research.
893:
won the first (lunar orbit) phase of the Moon Race at the end of 1968, the Soviet leadership lost political interest in the L1 (Zond) program. A few reserve units of L1 (Zond) made unpiloted flights, but by the end of 1970, this program was canceled.
837:
Korolev organized full-scale development of both programs, but died after surgery in
January 1966. According to a government decree of February 1967, the first crewed flyby was scheduled for mid-1967, and the first crewed landing for the end of 1968.
1231:
After the US Moon landing in 1969, the justification for the Soviet lunar landing program largely evaporated, although development and testing continued into the early 1970s. In 1970–1971 the LK was ready after three uncrewed test flights in LEO
823:'), adopted in August 1964, Chelomei was instructed to develop a Moon flyby program with a projected first flight by the end of 1966, and Korolev was instructed to develop the Moon landing program with a first flight by the end of 1967.
1211:
in 1967, Gagarin was taken out of training and the groups were restructured. Despite the Soyuz 1 setback, the
Soviets successfully rehearsed the automated docking of two uncrewed Soyuz craft in Earth orbit in 1968 and with the crewed
731:(A-B-V in Russian) concept under which a two-crew spacecraft would rendezvous with other components in Earth orbit to assemble a lunar flyby excursion vehicle. The components would then be delivered by the proven middle-sized
1010:
Once in orbit, the LK with Block D would separate from the LOK and descend toward the surface of the Moon using the Block D engine. After Block D exhausted its fuel, the LK was to separate and complete landing using its own
1281:
expeditions in 1976–1980. To gain technical and scientific interest in the program, the modified multi-launched N1F-L3M missions were planned to have significantly more time on the Moon's surface than Apollo.
2248:
1303:. Five LKs and three LOKs remain, at least, with some kept in the designer's and producer's company museums. Nearly 150 engines produced for first stages of N1F were kept by the manufacturer (
819:
The Soviet government issued a response to the
American Apollo challenge after three years. According to the first government decree about the Soviet crewed Moon programs (Decree 655-268, '
1204:; Engineer-cosmonauts: Makarov, Voronov, Rukavishnikov, Artyukhin). As a result, Leonov has the strongest claim to have been the Soviets' first choice for the first man on the Moon.
651:
terminated in 1974 and officially canceled in 1976. Details of both Soviet programs were kept secret until 1990 when the government allowed them to be published under the policy of
582:
645:), and a series of catastrophic N1 failures, both Soviet programs were eventually brought to an end. The Proton-based Zond program was canceled in 1970, and the N1-L3 program was
1804:
992:
The booster for the LEO toward the Moon for the Apollo vehicle was provided by the last stage of the Saturn V, while for the Block D, LOK and LK, this was to be provided by
4301:
2241:
978:
accommodated only one cosmonaut, so in the Soviet plan, only one cosmonaut would land on the Moon. The mass of the LK was 40% of the mass of the Apollo lunar lander.
1262:
Four N1 test launches in 1969 (twice), 1971, and 1972 were failures, despite improvements after each crash. The second launch, on 3 July 1969 (an attempt to upstage
2467:
1347:
1128:
Korolev's death in 1966, along with various technical and administrative reasons, as well as a lack of financial support, resulted in both programs being delayed.
4248:
617:. The Soviet government publicly denied participating in such a competition, but secretly pursued two programs in the 1960s: crewed lunar flyby missions using
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2633:
1508:
2234:
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575:
23:
1421:- American science fiction drama based on the alternative history premise of the Soviet Union successfully reaching the moon prior to the United States
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in 1964, the Soviet government in
September 1965 assigned the flyby program to Korolev, who redesigned the cislunar mission to use his own
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by 13 days), resulted in the destruction of the rocket and the entire launch complex, which delayed the N1-L3 program for two years.
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spaceflight when his parachute malfunctioned causing his capsule to smash into the earth at high speed. The second group was led by
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989:'s 137 tons). The mass of the LOK and LK was 40% of the Apollo complex, but was equivalent to the L3 complex without Block G.
1144:, and was to prepare for qualification flights of the Soyuz in Earth orbit and a Proton-launched cis-lunar mission (Gagarin,
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804:. The proposal disappeared though with Kennedy's assassination two months later, but nevertheless foreshadowed the
56:
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250:
974:, but was heavier by a few tons. The 7K-OK was half the mass of the three-crew Apollo orbital command ship. The
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which was developed between April 1962 and June 1964 was considered for involvement with the lunar program.
2226:
1277:). The dummy 7K-LOK (7K-L1E) and regular 7K-LOK with dummy LKs were used in the third and fourth launches.
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The N1 rocket would then carry the L3 Moon expedition complex, with two spacecraft (LOK and LK) and two (
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692:, the senior Soviet rocket engineer, was more interested in launching a heavy orbital station and in
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The LK would then be cast off, after which the LOK would fire its rocket for the return to Earth.
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As early as 1961, the Soviet leadership had made public pronouncements about landing a man on the
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637:. Following the dual American successes of the first crewed lunar orbit on 24–25 December 1968 (
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On the Moon, the cosmonaut would take Moon walks, use
Lunokhods, collect rocks, and plant the
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182:
68:
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stage from 24 to 30), providing enough power to accomplish the mission with a single launch.
83:
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For mission safety, weeks before the crewed mission, an LK-R uncrewed L3 complex and two
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2016:
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345:
1549:"Address before the 18th General Assembly of the United Nations, September 20, 1963"
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spacecraft. Later, Chelomei also proposed a Moon landing program with a super-heavy
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In 1966, two cosmonaut training groups were formed. One group was commanded by
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Launched by a 3-staged Proton rocket, the L1 (Zond) was a spacecraft from the
724:
In its preliminary Moon plans, Korolev's design bureau initially promoted the
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685:
610:
547:
792:
In the early stage of the Soviet and US crewed lunar program, U.S. President
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In an automatic Moon flyby, these first two launches of the N1 carried the
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The crewed landing plan adopted a similar method to the single launch and
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1978:
1945:
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command module, would carry two men, with three modules like the regular
890:
749:
712:
Soyuz 7K-9K-11K circumlunar concept. The drawing shows Soyuz 7K (right),
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Oddbjørn
Engvold; Bozena Czerny; John Lattanzio; Rolf Stabell (2012).
696:. With this in mind, Korolev began the development of the super-heavy
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joint mission in early 1969 tested the other key mission elements.
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930:
919:
863:
707:
688:; however, serious plans were not made until several years later.
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667:
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119:
102:
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and consisted of two or three modified modules of the main craft
752:
orbiting mission using a heavy UR-500K rocket (later renamed the
3778:
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2621:
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2544:
2203:
1878:
1442:
Russian Space Probes: Scientific Discoveries and Future Missions
757:
681:
2513:
2230:
1786:
1635:. Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS). pp. 228–.
1307:), then sold for use on other launchers beginning around 2000.
864:
2407:
2358:
1115:
9L: Crewed LOK/uncrewed LK with LK lunar landing (August 1968)
813:
693:
108:
91:
1188:
and concentrated on the landing mission (Commanders: Leonov,
826:
Following the change in Soviet leadership from Khrushchev to
4271:
Missions are ordered by launch date. Crewed missions are in
1509:"Heavy Launch Vehicles of the Yangel Design Bureau – Part 1"
821:
On Work on the Exploration of the Moon and Mastery of Space
1223:
A total of 18 missions were related to the N1-L3 project.
660:
Soviet cosmonauts neither orbited nor landed on the Moon.
800:
a joint Moon program, a proposal which was considered by
1445:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 211–.
16:
Programs by the Soviet Union to land humans on the Moon
1299:
The launch pad and MIK of N1 were redesigned for the
1097:
3L: Develop LV & Blocks G&D (September 1967)
4196:
4062:
4019:
3953:
3944:
3869:
3844:
3795:
3763:
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2709:
2700:
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2316:
2300:
2269:
2177:
2144:
2026:
1960:
1937:
1868:
1820:
1662:. Britannica Educational Publishing. pp. 40–.
1582:"First Moon landing was nearly a US–Soviet mission"
1468:
JBIS: Journal of the British Interplanetary Society
1360:(drawn to scale). Command ships for the Moon voyage
1046:2P: Develop Block D stage (February or March 1967)
1259:lunar spacesuit and support systems were tested.
1118:10L: First crewed lunar landing (September 1968)
720:/Soyuz 11K tanker with twin whip antennas (left)
641:) and the first Moon landing on July 20, 1969 (
966:) boosters. A variant of the Soyuz craft, the
4249:Third-party evidence for Apollo Moon landings
2525:
2242:
1798:
1516:Journal of the British Interplanetary Society
1037:As of 1967, the L1/L3 launch schedules were:
576:
8:
4229:List of species that have landed on the Moon
744:Another main space design bureau, headed by
3950:
3684:
2853:
2706:
2532:
2518:
2510:
2494:List of Russian human spaceflight missions
2249:
2235:
2227:
1805:
1791:
1783:
1689:. JS Blume Publishing (TM). pp. 68–.
1656:Britannica Educational Publishing (2009).
1058:6L: Crewed lunar flyby (June or July 1967)
583:
569:
18:
2489:List of Soviet human spaceflight missions
1605:
1070:10L: Crewed lunar flybys (September 1967)
834:spacecraft and Chelomei's Proton rocket.
625:rocket, and a crewed lunar landing using
601:were a series of programs pursued by the
4302:Crewed space program of the Soviet Union
1067:9L: Crewed lunar flybys (September 1967)
2215:The † sign designates failed missions.
1471:. British Interplanetary Society. 1998.
1431:
1314:
1109:7L: Crewed LOK/uncrewed LK (April 1968)
1076:12L: Crewed lunar flybys (October 1967)
1073:11L: Crewed lunar flybys (October 1967)
223:Orion 1 and Orion 2 Space Observatories
30:
4224:List of artificial objects on the Moon
1439:Brian Harvey; Olga Zakutnyaya (2011).
1112:8L: Crewed LOK/uncrewed LK (June 1968)
1049:3P: Develop Block D stage (March 1967)
2264:government human spaceflight programs
1632:Astronomy and Astrophysics – Volume I
1379:(drawn to scale). crewed Moon landers
1064:8L: Crewed lunar flybys (August 1967)
1061:7L: Crewed lunar flybys (August 1967)
935:LK (Lunniy korabl – "lunar craft" or
555:List of Soviet and Russian cosmonauts
7:
3925:International Lunar Research Station
1484:Soviet and Russian Lunar Exploration
1055:5L: Uncrewed lunar flyby (June 1967)
672:Artist's depiction of TMK-MAVR on a
621:(Zond) spacecraft launched with the
1486:. Springer-Praxis. pp. 61–62.
1106:6L: LOK/LK uncrewed (February 1968)
1103:5L: LOK/LK uncrewed (December 1967)
1052:4L: Uncrewed lunar flyby (May 1967)
985:by the N1 was 93 tons (compared to
2639:Japanese Lunar Exploration Program
2342:(incorporated into Salyut program)
1580:Launius, Roger D. (10 July 2019).
14:
808:, which enabled subsequently the
4244:Moon landing conspiracy theories
1859:
1712:"Russia plans first men on Mars"
1710:Franchetti, Mark (3 July 2005).
1365:
1346:
1341:- Lunniy Korabl ascent from Moon
1331:
1317:
1041:UR-500K(Proton)/L1(Zond) program
740:UR-500K / LK-1 and UR-700 / LK-3
694:crewed flights to Mars and Venus
3961:Lunar Polar Exploration Mission
1778:The Soviet manned Lunar program
1738:LEK Lunar Expeditionary Complex
1686:Apollo: A Decade of Achievement
1026:the LOK carrying rock samples.
981:The L3 complex to be placed in
968:"Lunniy Orbitalny Korabl" (LOK)
2219:designates cancelled missions.
884:trajectory. In September 1968
1:
2499:Cosmonaut ranks and positions
1301:Energia-Buran shuttle program
1180:). Komarov later died in the
633:spacecraft launched with the
4259:List of crewed lunar landers
4219:List of missions to the Moon
4042:Lockheed Martin Lunar Lander
4001:Lunar Crater Radio Telescope
3773:Firefly Aerospace Blue Ghost
3088:SELENE (Kaguya, Okina, Ouna)
2744:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
1814:Soviet crewed lunar programs
1092:N-1/L3 lunar mission profile
599:Soviet crewed lunar programs
41:Soviet crewed lunar programs
4101:International Lunar Network
4318:
1607:10.1038/d41586-019-02088-4
1244:). The LOK launched once (
905:
849:
251:Expendable launch vehicles
57:Human spaceflight programs
4267:
2907:List of Apollo astronauts
2213:
1857:
1207:After Komarov's death in
729:A-B-C circumlunar complex
4204:Colonization of the Moon
1507:Hendrickx, Bart (2011).
996:of the same L3 complex.
844:UR-500K(Proton)/L1(Zond)
4254:Apollo 11 anniversaries
4091:European Lunar Explorer
3314:Pragyan (Chandrayaan-2)
2416:Martian Piloted Complex
2290:Russian Orbital Segment
1305:Kuznetsov Design Bureau
1296:automated Moon rovers.
1160:; Engineer-Cosmonauts:
1079:13L: Reserve spacecraft
947:of the Apollo project.
748:, proposed a competing
716:/Soyuz 9K booster, and
700:with a 75-ton payload.
613:with the United States
607:land humans on the Moon
3440:Emirates Lunar Mission
2484:List of Soyuz missions
1683:Paul B. Casey (2012).
1522:: 2–24. Archived from
1482:Harvey, Brian (2007).
1093:
945:lunar orbit rendezvous
940:
928:
872:
871:circumlunar spacecraft
852:Proton (rocket family)
721:
677:
455:Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
4049:Lunar Orbital Station
3501:Peregrine Mission One
1273:spacecraft (modified
1091:
934:
923:
867:
768:lunar lander, and an
711:
671:
500:Konstantin Feoktistov
485:Alexander Kemurdzhian
4297:Soviet lunar program
4214:List of lunar probes
4209:Google Lunar X Prize
4158:Project Harvest Moon
3271:Lunar Roving Vehicle
2751:(relay satellite at
2036:lunar flyby missions
1412:Soviet space program
976:"Lunniy Korabl" (LK)
806:Apollo-Soyuz mission
796:proposed before the
490:Valentina Tereshkova
32:Soviet space program
4239:Apollo 17 Moon mice
4168:Resource Prospector
4096:First Lunar Outpost
4079:Baden-Württemberg 1
4035:Boeing Lunar Lander
3160:Apollo Lunar Module
2974:(propulsion module)
2939:Apollo Lunar Module
2541:Spacecraft missions
2181:(T2K) test missions
1598:2019Natur.571..167L
1555:. 20 September 1963
1529:on 23 November 2015
810:Shuttle-Mir program
684:and establishing a
505:Mikhail Tikhonravov
218:Astron (spacecraft)
99:(lunar Soyuz 7K-L1)
3907:Cislunar Explorers
2017:Soyuz Kontakt 1, 2
1761:2014-01-07 at the
1743:2013-12-08 at the
1659:crewed Spaceflight
1227:Later developments
1094:
941:
929:
873:
869:Zond (Soyuz 7K-L1)
788:Reaction to Apollo
722:
704:Soyuz-A-B-C and N1
678:
26:of articles on the
4282:
4281:
4128:Lunar Mission One
4085:#dearMoon project
4058:
4057:
3940:
3939:
3785:Lunar Trailblazer
3674:
3673:
3116:Moon Impact Probe
2843:
2842:
2507:
2506:
2368:
2355:
2343:
2286:
2224:
2223:
1924:
1916:
1908:
1900:
1696:978-0-9847163-0-2
1669:978-1-61530-039-6
1642:978-1-78021-000-1
1592:(7764): 167–168.
1452:978-1-4419-8150-9
1405:- a 2005 Russian
1402:First on the Moon
1358:LOK (Soyuz 7K-L3)
1325:LOK (Soyuz 7K-L3)
802:Nikita Khrushchev
756:) and a two-crew
746:Vladimir Chelomei
593:
592:
520:Vladimir Chelomey
88:
4309:
3951:
3901:Lunar Pathfinder
3685:
3581:Lunar Flashlight
3068:Lunar Prospector
2854:
2735:(service module)
2707:
2534:
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2520:
2511:
2465:Space Stations:
2405:Interplanetary:
2366:
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2237:
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2146:LOK (7K-LOK/L1E)
2104:Zond-M 2 (L1S-2)
2099:Zond-M 1 (L1S-1)
1922:
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1717:The Sunday Times
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1396:Moon exploration
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1138:Vladimir Komarov
1033:Launch schedules
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465:Mstislav Keldysh
460:Friedrich Zander
198:Lunokhod program
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3428:Failed landings
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3319:(Chandrayaan-3)
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3244:(Chandrayaan-3)
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3043:Lunar Orbiter 1
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2588:Lunar Precursor
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1418:For All Mankind
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906:Main articles:
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794:John F. Kennedy
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1907:(Soyuz 7K-L1S)
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1772:External links
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1493:978-0387218960
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3352:
3350:
3349:Sample return
3346:
3340:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3162:
3161:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2973:
2972:Chandrayaan-3
2970:
2968:
2967:Chandrayaan-1
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2941:
2940:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2915:
2908:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2888:
2887:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2846:
2836:
2833:
2832:
2830:
2826:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2727:Chandrayaan-2
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2699:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2583:Lunar Orbiter
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2535:
2530:
2528:
2523:
2521:
2516:
2515:
2512:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2421:Spaceplanes:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2247:
2245:
2240:
2238:
2233:
2232:
2229:
2218:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2148:test missions
2147:
2143:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2130:
2129:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1923:(Soyuz 7K-L3)
1919:
1917:
1911:
1909:
1903:
1901:
1899:(Soyuz 7K-L1)
1895:
1893:
1892:
1888:
1886:
1885:VA spacecraft
1883:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1841:Proton rocket
1839:
1837:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1803:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1789:
1788:
1785:
1779:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1752:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1739:
1734:
1731:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1706:
1703:
1698:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1679:
1676:
1671:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1652:
1649:
1644:
1638:
1634:
1633:
1625:
1622:
1617:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1576:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1554:
1550:
1544:
1541:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1500:
1495:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1462:
1459:
1454:
1448:
1444:
1443:
1435:
1432:
1425:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1329:
1326:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1288:A Moon base,
1286:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1267:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1251:, a dummy of
1250:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1186:Alexei Leonov
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1140:and included
1139:
1131:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1084:N1/L3 program
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1008:
1005:
1001:
997:
995:
990:
988:
984:
979:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
956:
953:
948:
946:
938:
933:
927:
924:Soyuz 7K-LOK
922:
917:
913:
909:
901:
898:Moon landing
897:
895:
892:
887:
882:
878:
870:
866:
861:
857:
853:
845:
841:
839:
835:
833:
829:
824:
822:
817:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
787:
785:
783:
775:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
754:Proton rocket
751:
747:
739:
737:
734:
730:
727:
719:
715:
710:
703:
701:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
675:
670:
663:
661:
658:
656:
655:
650:
649:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
595:
586:
581:
579:
574:
572:
567:
566:
564:
563:
556:
553:
552:
549:
544:
543:
536:
535:Boris Chertok
533:
531:
530:Vasily Mishin
528:
526:
525:Kerim Kerimov
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
495:Alexei Leonov
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
452:
446:
445:
436:
433:
431:
428:
427:
426:
423:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
400:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
377:
374:
372:
369:
367:
364:
363:
362:
359:
357:
354:
352:
349:
347:
344:
342:
339:
337:
334:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
311:
310:
307:
305:
302:
298:
295:
294:
293:
290:
286:
283:
282:
281:
278:
274:
271:
270:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
255:
252:
247:
246:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
150:
147:
142:
141:
134:
130:
127:
125:
121:
118:
116:
113:
110:
107:
104:
101:
98:
95:
93:
90:
85:
82:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
65:
62:
61:
58:
53:
52:
47:
44:
42:
39:
38:
37:
36:
33:
29:
25:
21:
20:
4284:
4272:
4123:Lunar Lander
4110:
4083:
4071:
4047:
4040:
4033:
4026:
3927:(late 2020s)
3753:Artemis VIII
3751:
3743:
3735:
3727:
3719:
3711:
3704:
3696:
3531:Chang'e 5-T1
3523:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3289:
3282:
3275:
3158:
2937:
2930:
2923:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2733:Chang'e 5-T1
2674:
2646:South Korean
2464:
2452:
2420:
2404:
2388:Zond (7K-L1)
2384:
2351:Apollo–Soyuz
2216:
2202:
2166:
2126:
2119:
2015:
1977:
1944:
1889:
1877:
1828:upper stages
1813:
1751:
1733:
1721:. Retrieved
1715:
1705:
1685:
1678:
1658:
1651:
1631:
1624:
1589:
1585:
1575:
1565:
1564:
1557:. Retrieved
1552:
1543:
1531:. Retrieved
1524:the original
1519:
1515:
1502:
1483:
1477:
1467:
1461:
1441:
1434:
1416:
1407:mockumentary
1400:
1298:
1287:
1285:objectives.
1283:
1279:
1268:
1261:
1230:
1222:
1206:
1142:Yuri Gagarin
1135:
1127:
1124:12L: Reserve
1121:11L: Reserve
1083:
1082:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1028:
1024:
1017:
1009:
1002:
998:
991:
980:
957:
949:
942:
936:
916:Soyuz 7K-LOK
899:
877:Soyuz family
874:
860:Zond program
843:
836:
825:
820:
818:
791:
779:
772:spacecraft.
743:
723:
679:
659:
652:
646:
627:Soyuz 7K-LOK
603:Soviet Union
598:
596:
594:
480:Yuri Gagarin
383:Soyuz/Vostok
238:Vega program
203:Mars program
193:Zond program
188:Luna program
146:Space probes
111:(Mars flyby)
84:Apollo–Soyuz
46:Luna program
40:
4153:OrbitBeyond
4063:Cancelled /
3931:Argonaut M1
3889:Beresheet 2
3877:Hakuto-R M2
3745:Artemis VII
3713:Artemis III
3551:Longjiang-1
3445:Hakuto-R M1
3008:Longjiang-2
2983:Explorer 35
2627:Chandrayaan
2553:Exploration
2364:Shuttle-Mir
1946:Lunokhod-LK
1559:16 November
1553:JFK Library
1170:Sevastyanov
1100:4L: Reserve
1020:Soviet flag
972:Soyuz 7K-OK
912:N1 (rocket)
881:Soyuz 7K-OK
856:Soyuz 7K-L1
842:Moon flyby
832:Soyuz 7K-L1
764:rocket, an
619:Soyuz 7K-L1
4291:Categories
4163:Prospector
4138:Lunokhod 3
4011:Moon Diver
4006:McCandless
3919:MoonRanger
3737:Artemis VI
3721:Artemis IV
3698:Artemis II
3596:Mariner 10
3485:Surveyor 2
3480:OMOTENASHI
3299:Lunokhod 1
3217:Surveyor 1
2978:Clementine
2453:Capsules:
2198:Kosmos 434
2193:Kosmos 398
2188:Kosmos 379
2155:Zond-LOK 1
2136:Kosmos 382
2093:Zond 1969A
2077:Zond 1968B
2071:Zond 1968A
2060:Zond 1967B
2054:Zond 1967A
2048:Kosmos 154
2043:Kosmos 146
1952:Krechet-94
1870:Spacecraft
1756:DLB Module
1723:7 February
1426:References
1354:Apollo CSM
1246:Kosmos 382
1242:Kosmos 434
1238:Kosmos 398
1234:Kosmos 379
1132:Cosmonauts
937:lunar ship
698:N-1 rocket
686:lunar base
548:Cosmonauts
4178:Ukrselena
4028:DSE-Alpha
3986:Garatéa-L
3976:Blue Moon
3971:Artemis-7
3895:ispace M3
3860:Chang'e 8
3854:Chang'e 7
3797:Luna-Glob
3729:Artemis V
3611:Pioneer 4
3601:NEA Scout
3576:LunaH-Map
3525:Apollo 13
3435:Beresheet
3414:Chang'e 5
3358:Apollo 11
3277:Apollo 15
3167:Chang'e 5
3098:Impactors
2952:Chang'e 1
2947:Artemis I
2865:Apollo 11
2793:Chang'e 3
2749:Queqiao 1
2663:Luna-Glob
2378:Cancelled
2179:LK Lander
2032:7K-L1/L1S
1913:Zond-LOK
1836:N1 rocket
1377:Apollo LM
1373:LK Lander
1339:LK Lander
1264:Apollo 11
1146:Nikolayev
926:rendering
643:Apollo 11
635:N1 rocket
263:Molniya-M
258:Kosmos-3M
4173:SELENE-2
4148:MoonRise
4143:MoonLITE
4065:concepts
3991:ISOCHRON
3947:missions
3945:Proposed
3681:missions
3616:Ranger 5
3248:EagleCam
3121:Ranger 4
2925:Apollo 8
2917:Orbiters
2850:missions
2835:ArgoMoon
2767:Tiandu-1
2722:CAPSTONE
2710:Orbiters
2703:missions
2685:Lunokhod
2634:Japanese
2603:Surveyor
2563:American
2556:programs
2367:(joint)
2354:(joint)
2285:(joint)
1979:Soyuz 2A
1759:Archived
1741:Archived
1616:31292553
1385:See also
1294:Lunokhod
1194:Belyayev
1190:Popovich
1162:Gorbatko
1154:Bykovsky
1015:engine.
987:Saturn V
952:Lunokhod
891:Apollo 8
812:and the
750:cislunar
654:glasnost
648:de facto
639:Apollo 8
623:Proton-K
228:RELIKT-1
24:a series
22:Part of
4273:italics
4197:Related
4118:Lunar-A
3996:LunaNet
3954:Robotic
3921:(2020s)
3915:(2020s)
3909:(2020s)
3883:DESTINY
3837:(2030s)
3835:Luna 31
3831:(2030s)
3829:Luna 30
3825:(2030s)
3823:Luna 29
3817:Luna 28
3811:Luna 27
3805:Luna 26
3781:(2025)
3689:Artemis
3679:Planned
3541:Galileo
3536:Geotail
3399:Luna 16
3339:Jinchan
3151:Landers
3083:SMART-1
3013:Luna 10
2786:Landers
2777:ICUBE-Q
2729:Orbiter
2717:ARTEMIS
2658:Russian
2615:Chang'e
2610:Chinese
2593:Pioneer
2573:Artemis
2543:to the
2477:Related
2428:Energia
2329:Voskhod
2262:Russian
2217:Italics
2128:Zond 10
2011:Soyuz 8
2007:Soyuz 7
2003:Soyuz 6
1998:Soyuz 5
1994:Soyuz 4
1989:Soyuz 3
1985:Soyuz 2
1974:Soyuz 1
1965:docking
1905:Zond-M
1826:ascent/
1594:Bibcode
1311:Gallery
1257:Krechet
1255:). The
1218:Soyuz 5
1214:Soyuz 4
1209:Soyuz 1
1198:Volynov
1182:Soyuz 1
1174:Kubasov
1166:Grechko
1158:Khrunov
1150:Komarov
1004:Block D
994:Block G
964:Block D
960:Block G
902:program
846:program
718:Soyuz-V
714:Soyuz-B
425:Tsyklon
393:Voskhod
388:Sputnik
351:Molniya
304:Energia
173:Molniya
168:GLONASS
129:Energia
87:(joint)
69:Voskhod
4073:Altair
4020:Crewed
3933:(2031)
3903:(2026)
3897:(2026)
3891:(2025)
3885:(2025)
3879:(2024)
3870:Others
3862:(2028)
3856:(2026)
3819:(2030)
3813:(2028)
3807:(2027)
3775:(2024)
3756:(2033)
3748:(2032)
3740:(2031)
3732:(2030)
3724:(2028)
3716:(2026)
3701:(2025)
3666:PAS-22
3641:Zond 3
3621:STEREO
3606:Nozomi
3556:Luna 1
3511:Flybys
3495:Vikram
3450:Luna 5
3333:Sora-Q
3263:Rovers
3242:Vikram
3177:Luna 9
3111:Luna 2
3106:LCROSS
2828:Flybys
2819:Yutu-2
2812:Rovers
2739:Danuri
2701:Active
2675:Crewed
2670:Soviet
2651:Danuri
2622:Indian
2598:Ranger
2568:Apollo
2456:Zvezda
2440:Kliper
2424:Spiral
2412:Aelita
2400:Zvezda
2396:LK-700
2385:Moon:
2334:Salyut
2324:Vostok
2270:Active
2258:Soviet
2121:Zond 9
2115:Zond 8
2110:Zond 7
2088:Zond 6
2083:Zond 5
2066:Zond 4
1891:LK-700
1851:Blok D
1846:Blok E
1693:
1666:
1639:
1614:
1586:Nature
1533:9 July
1490:
1449:
1290:Zvezda
1271:7K-L1S
1253:7K-LOK
1249:7K-L1E
1202:Klimuk
1178:Volkov
1013:Blok E
914:, and
886:Zond 5
858:, and
766:LK-700
762:UR-700
398:Vostok
356:Polyot
309:Kosmos
268:Proton
233:Venera
178:Meteor
158:Kosmos
115:Spiral
79:Salyut
64:Vostok
4188:VIPER
3981:BOLAS
3966:ALINA
3591:LunIR
3329:LEV-2
3324:LEV-1
3078:PFS-2
3073:PFS-1
3003:LADEE
2998:Hiten
2993:GRAIL
2468:OPSEK
2460:Zarya
2432:Buran
2392:N1-L3
2339:Almaz
2277:Soyuz
2168:LOK 2
2161:LOK 1
1967:tests
1962:Soyuz
1897:Zond
1527:(PDF)
1512:(PDF)
1275:7K-L1
900:N1/L3
726:Soyuz
676:flyby
674:Venus
475:Laika
361:Soyuz
292:Zenit
280:Soyuz
183:Zenit
133:Buran
120:Almaz
103:N1-L3
74:Soyuz
4183:XL-1
3913:CU-E
3846:CLEP
3779:IM-2
3765:CLPS
3636:Wind
3631:WMAP
3626:TESS
3309:Yutu
3253:IM-1
2848:Past
2803:SLIM
2690:Zond
2680:Luna
2578:CLPS
2545:Moon
2436:MAKS
2317:Past
2308:Orel
2260:and
2204:LK-1
2028:Zond
1921:LOK
1879:LK-1
1725:2008
1691:ISBN
1664:ISBN
1637:ISBN
1612:PMID
1561:2021
1535:2020
1488:ISBN
1447:ISBN
1375:and
1356:and
1216:and
962:and
782:R-56
780:The
776:R-56
770:LK-3
758:LK-1
682:Moon
629:and
597:The
346:Luna
163:Bion
97:Zond
4106:LEO
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2408:TMK
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1824:and
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983:LEO
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733:R-7
605:to
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