Printed media in the Soviet Union

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a broadly educated newspaper staff would be necessary. Yet, at the beginning of the 1920s, the Soviet Newspapers were not only under staffed, the journalists were themselves undereducated and they lacked any journalistic skill. Because of this, the Press Corps strived to raise the standards of the press, while at the same time maintaining strong party support from the journalists. During this time the Soviet Press's main objective was to disseminate party ideology to the lower classes, but it also intended to act as the watchdog to protect the people from increasing corruption, and as the emissary from the people to the party regime. This resulted in an apparent conflict of purpose. Soviet journalists prided themselves in their professionalism at this time, all while accepting the Bolshevik Party as the ruling authority. However, the Press Corps distrusted anyone who was a white-collar employee, or a member of the academia, believing that an individual's class would predetermine their attitude towards the Bolshevik Party (the assumption being that white-collar professionals and academics looked unfavorably on the ruling Bolsheviks). Due to this assumption, the Press Corps had a preference for training members of the proletariat, or more specifically the poor or middle class peasants as journalists. Thus, a conflict arose between the desire to hire people the press corps trusted, and finding skilled journalists who could succeed in the goal of educating and equalizing the masses. However, the denial that this conflict existed led to the Soviet Newspapers to being staffed by persons with an uncomfortable combination of ideologies. The conflict ended when a large movement favoring party ideology and background emerged, culminating in 1924, when the State Institute of Journalism determined they would train only those with trusted ideological backgrounds to be journalists for the Soviet Newspapers. In reality, this was only a façade, as the institute continued to train members of academia and the white-collar class, with 29 percent of the admitted applicants having less than one year with the party Stazh (qualification course), which was the required minimum for former Komsomol (young communist) members. The supply of journalist students that fit the proper ideological background could not meet the demand for professional and competent journalists for the prestigious spots, which explains the large number of party switchers. Yet the façade was needed to convey party propaganda. The State Institute of Journalism broke its own ideological rules in order to meet its professional standards and goals by accepting better educated but less ideologically centered students.

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which was having more than others.It was an example which was widely spreading that evening newspapers in the major cities.However, these were popular advertisement vehicles because they had the widest audience base. Lastly, newspapers received very substantial subsidies from their parent organization. Subsequently, the Soviet system had no capital costs, as subsidies would cover them. Thus if the Central Committee of the Communist Party decided to publish a paper it would build the plant, equip it, and then turn it over to the Newspaper's company. Yet, there were attempts to achieve economies of scale, and major publications would produce smaller more class-oriented papers because the parent government administration publishing the paper would cover the capital investments. This capital investment cost coverage, which was not limited to a single production plant.It allowed papers such as Pravda, to be distributed across the entire Soviet Union in one morning,that was a feat which Western papers such as

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standardized curriculum to meet their goals of producing competent and professional journalists, however, this led to a curriculum in a constant state of flux. Additionally, a clear class distinction developed between editors and journalists that would continue throughout the 1920s and even through the 1928 Shakhty trial, the beginning of "charges against class enemies." The distinctions that began to form underlined the Communist parties fear of professionals and class systems. All of this culminated in the 1930s when the State Institute of Journalism ended its drive for professional journalism and standards purged the old faculty at the Institute of Journalism, and government officials revised the entire curriculum to meet propaganda goals.

703:'s School of Journalism provided a main conduit to party positions concerned with the media. In the 1980s, some 2,500 graduate, undergraduate, evening school, and correspondence students annually graduated from the School of Journalism. Students were taught party strictures within the following eight departments: Theory and Practice of the Party-Soviet Press, History of the Party-Soviet Press, Television and Radio Broadcasting, Movie-making and Editorial-publishing Work, Foreign Press and Literature, Russian Journalism and Literature, Stylistics of the Russian language, and Techniques of Newspaper Work and Information Media. By the late 1980s, Moscow University's School of Journalism had graduated approximately 100,000 journalists. 732:, Politburo reports expanded to provide more details on the leadership's thinking about domestic and foreign affairs. Before Gorbachev's assumption of power, Western sources had identified a partial list of proscribed topics, which included crime, drugs, accidents, natural disasters, occupational injuries, official organs of censorship, security, intelligence, schedules of travel for the political leadership, arms sales abroad, crime or morale problems in the armed forces, hostile actions against Soviet citizens abroad, and special payments and education for athletes. After 1985 Gorbachev's policy of openness gave editors a freer hand to publish information on many of these subjects. 120: 3170:

regime's less-restrictive censorship policy, both magazines and journals published articles and stories to fill in historical "blank spots." These articles included works of past and contemporary authors once banned and new works that challenged the limits imposed on literary society by previous leaders. Assessments and criticisms of past leaderships exposed many historical atrocities, particularly those committed under Stalin. As a result, in the late 1980s the number of subscribers to periodicals climbed considerably, and magazines and journals frequently sold out at kiosks within minutes.

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of government information. And so, the Telegraphic Agency of the Soviet Union was similar to the United States White House Press Secretary heading the Associated Press. A side effect of the Telegraphic agency being the most important source was that many stories could not be covered until the agency itself had covered it. Also, this distribution of news by the government meant that not everyone could read the same publications. Governmental clearances thus dictated who could read what.

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paper (a small regional) had 1,890 worker correspondents and 1,150 village correspondents, and reduced that to 530 and 550 respectively. Young journalists working as editors of these submissions from workers and villagers had complained that the "re-writing" was a type of "donkey-work" and was less dignified than writing for other departments. These opinions, though rejected by the papers, were a sign of the underlying loss of consciousness of the traditional functions of the press.

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business could build more widgets per day if the factory kept more replacement parts in stock. Then if that letter had been written clearly enough, or could be edited easily, and the content was considered to have enough value, and the censors approved, it would be published in the local paper for the entire community to read rather than merely being brought-up in an improvement meeting held within the business.

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melee. The number of censorships it must pass through further bogged down journalistic content. "No line can go to press without the initials of the acting editor and, additionally, of the responsible secretary." Add to that the problem that the editorial staff and party secretary often had no education on the subject they were tasked to vet, and important content was often completely lost.

550: 916:, in cooperation with the National Council for Physical Culture and Sport, had a circulation of 5 million. The topics covered were all about sports news and features, and in the lead-up to various national and international sports competitions, gave a preview of the USSR's national team, the various national athletic teams and organizations, and various republican teams and athletes. 817:(Truth), an organ of the CPSU Central Committee, was the most authoritative and, therefore, the most important. Frequently, it was the bellwether for important events, and readers often followed its news leads to detect changes in policies. With about 12 million copies circulated every day to over 20 million citizens, Pravda focused on party events and domestic and foreign news. 3539: 413:. The desire to disseminate propaganda was believed to had been the driving force behind the creation of the early Soviet newspapers. Newspapers were the essential means of communicating with the public, which meant that they were the most powerful way available to spread propaganda and capture the hearts of the population. Additionally, within the 3468: 3373:

people would try to decipher what was going on by reading them. Soviet papers were written in such a way that the beginnings of articles would have a list of what was going well, and then would transition with a "however" to the real news. So, many people would read from the "however" in the hopes to get at the real story.

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crime or natural disasters. By contrast, after Gorbachev came to power, most all-union newspapers began to report on societal shortcomings. However, in the late 1980s regional papers continued to contain more personal advertisements and local merchant notices than the all-union newspapers, if the latter carried any at all.

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representatives in the general public. Each had censors to insure that the journalist did not go further than were allowed by the government that would read through every article prior to publication. This degree of censorship was not only for soviet writers but foreign correspondents who wrote for western publications.

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to produce new technology by reducing competition. Although the technology in the Soviet Union print media was less advanced, the shortcomings were made up for by brute economic force. Working at a subsidized scale not present in the US allowed the Soviet press to widely distribute publications across the USSR.

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An old Soviet joke was that "there is no information in Izvestia, there is no truth in Pravda," Izvestia meaning information and Pravda meaning truth. Thus, the Russian populace regarded the major publications with a great deal of cynicism. The papers were, however, information transmission belts, so

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Letters to editors on a great number of previously forbidden topics also elicited responses from the population that could be manipulated by the Soviet newspapers to influence public opinion in the desired direction. Because party members made up the majority of active newspaper readers, according to

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and would assist in cleansing society of its problems. He believed that public discussion would facilitate the elimination of shortcomings and that open expression of problems would create a significant feedback mechanism for the leadership and for the country as a whole. Lenin's ideas in this regard

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In the 1980s, regional newspapers differed in several ways from all-union newspapers. The distribution of regional newspapers varied from circulation at the republic level to circulation in a province, city, or district. The party allowed many regional newspapers to print most of their issues in the

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Press technology in the Soviet Union during the 1970s and 1980s was based upon hot-type lead, which was behind that of their western counterparts, which had transitioned to cold type, photo type settings. This was largely due to the subsidy program, which took away from the news industries incentive

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The time period from the New Economic Policy of 1921 to 1928 to the "Great Break" of 1928 to 1932 comprises the period of large soviet press transformations. In the 1920s, during the New Economic Policy period, the Soviet Press was concerned with the education of the poorer classes. To achieve that,

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would not achieve for twenty-five or more years. On the down side, the Soviets had set up a system in which everyone would receive their news at relatively the same time. Most of these stories came from the Telegraphic Agency of the Soviet Union, making it both a news agency and the main distributor

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The most frequent criticism by the journalists was on the lack of the institutions to react to the complaints published about them. As a case in point, Romanov noted that Stroitelnaya Gazeta received no replies to the 112 critical articles or the 575 forwarded letters to the institutions regarding

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Following World War II the Soviet press became more concerned about the "stylistic perfection" of journalists and started to reduce the number of published letters from actual workers in favor of more professionally written articles. In one such example, in the early 1950s the party's Gorky oblast

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Newspaper letters departments usually employed large staffs and handled extremely high volumes of letters daily. Not all letters were published because they often dealt with censored subjects or their numbers simply posed too great a burden for any one newspaper to handle. The letters departments,

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The function of being the community's forum for criticism meant that the papers received letters that ranged in subject matter from a girl criticizing a boyfriend's mother (which did get published) to calling out party officials on corruption. The editors then needed to make delicate judgments on

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policy of "national in form, socialist in content." Local newspaper circulation remained restricted to a region. These publications often focused on such issues as local heroes who contributed to the good of the community or significant problems (as expressed in letters to the editor) relating to

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The Soviet press was passionate about the role of improving the function of society, solving problems, and squelching corruption. In such, the journalists' complaints had more to do with lack of space for important issues in the smaller regional print media and over repetition of large political

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The Soviet Press conducted pre-publication censorship under an organization called Glavlit, which was the chief administrative arm of the censorship of the Press, and had a presence in every newsroom. The press provided the transmission belt by which these organizations sent information to their

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The government subsidization allowed the newspapers to be priced low and distributed widely. Newspapers were distributed by government administrations, and had three streams of revenue. One stream was subscriptions that people would pay to read. A second was advertisements along with some papers

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To the Soviets, the press represented the public, and took pride in creating change such as how drunk drivers who had caused a death were prosecuted. The journalists expressed frustration, though; in how other court cases were reported. For example, because the press wanted to convey faith that

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From Schlesinger's writing on the subject it is clear that the journalists he reviewed felt that this was not always done in the best manner and that the time and energy required to sort through criticisms from such a broad field of correspondents resulted in important content being lost in the

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The interesting and conflicted mix that occurred from the government's need for party propaganda to be conveyed by individuals with journalistic skill was the true beginning of the professional Soviet News Media. Throughout the 1920s the State Institute of Journalism would continue to produce a

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The Soviet press's purpose differed from the western press in that the Soviet papers also served as public forums to criticize and improve the function of businesses and institutions serving the communities. For example, a worker might send a letter to a local paper describing how his place of

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In the late 1980s, weekly, monthly, and quarterly magazines and journals numbered almost 5,500 and had a circulation nearly equal to that of the daily newspapers. The same CPSU regulations and guidelines that applied to newspapers extended to magazines and journals. In the mid-1980s, under the

3204:(Little Fire), a weekly that became more popular in the late 1980s because of its insightful political exposes, human interest stories, serialized features, and pictorial sections, had an audience of over 2 million people. In 1986 it published excerpted works by the previously banned writer 780:

advocated that greater "media efficacy" be instituted so that newspapers, for example, would carry more in-depth and current analyses on pressing issues. Gorbachev expanded the flexibility allowed by giving newspapers leeway in publishing letters critical of society and even critical of the

683:, composed of nearly 74,000 members. In 1988 some 80 percent of the union's reporters and editors were party members. Inevitably, assignments of editors had to be approved by the party. In the late 1980s, all the central editors in chief of major all-union newspapers belonged to the 3270:(Soviet Culture), a journal with broad appeal, published particularly biting indictments of collectivization, industrialization, and the purges of the 1930s. In 1988 the journal published articles indirectly criticizing Lenin for sanctioning the establishment of the system of 965:) printed around 6.000 copies, three times a week, for the around 60.000 speakers of the language. Below is a non-exhaustive table of those newspapers; it generally includes the most important newspaper published in each language, with their designation in the late 1980s. 830:

and in the late 1980s circulated to between 8 and 10 million people daily. Izvestiya also contained official government information and general news and an expanded Sunday section composed of news analysis, feature stories, poetry, and cartoons.

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to the party officials and activists. Due to this important role, the Soviet papers were both prestigious in the society and an effective means to control the masses; however, manipulation initially was not the only purpose of the Soviet press.

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what subjects to investigate in order to authenticate, and when to publish anonymously in order to protect the author from recrimination. Advice was even given to punish those who took revenge on the authors of published criticisms.

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with schools of journalism. Reporters and editors thus were trained under the aegis of the professional party elite. For newspaper journalists and television and radio reporters, newspaper photographers, and literary editors,

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offenders would be caught and punished, the papers would not publish articles on crimes where no perpetrator had been identified. Particularly offensive was the lack of press on murders where no suspect was prosecuted.

4759: 3181:(Crocodile), one of the most popular magazines with a circulation of approximately 6 million, contained humor and satire and featured excellent artistic political cartoons and ideological messages. 3224:. The monthly publication reached nearly 2 million readers and concentrated on new prose, poetry, criticism, and commentary. Many previously banned works were published in its pages, most notably 5163: 5146: 684: 445: 5193: 5136: 931:), appeared in both Russian and English editions and reported on domestic and international events. It became very popular during the late 1980s, both in the Soviet Union and abroad. 5656: 5156: 389: 5182: 5151: 655:

published more than 8,000 daily newspapers in approximately sixty languages, with a combined circulation of about 170 million. Every all-union newspaper was circulated in its

5141: 5093: 855:, was distributed to between 9 and 10 million people. Being youth oriented the paper tackled Komsomol policies and youth issues in general. Its more junior counterpart, the 4269: 949:(Socialist Industry), a daily newspaper, concentrated on industrial and economic events, statistics, and human interest stories, mostly aimed at those in the labor force. 567: 5881: 5390: 62: 5876: 310: 5088: 4701: 862: 789:

polls conducted in the Soviet Union, they wrote most of the letters to the editor. Thus, their perspectives probably colored the newspapers' letters sections.

4754: 3567: 2653: 5273: 5243: 4727: 5530: 5490: 5400: 5211: 5518: 5413: 5285: 5071: 382: 5423: 5340: 5233: 4498: 4444: 3444: 957:

Republican, regional, and local newspapers were published in dozens of languages, even very minor ones. For example, the Khakas language newspaper

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however, reportedly took their work very seriously and in the late 1980s were used by the press to encourage the population to improve society.

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created the Central Committee Letters Department, and later Andropov called for more letters to editors to expose corruption and mismanagement.

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issues already given coverage in the major papers than any criticism political propaganda because they worked as "organs of the ruling party."

1249: 803: 586: 5049: 5015: 5003: 4998: 4889: 3208:, who was shot in 1921 after being accused of writing a counterrevolutionary proclamation. In 1988 it also published excerpts of poetry from 843:, circulated six days a week, reaching 8 to 9 million people. It emphasized labor and economic analyses and included other official decrees. 3173:

In the late 1980s, these magazines and journals created reverberations throughout society with their publication of controversial articles.

5585: 5353: 4414: 3040: 2900: 2579: 2197: 1405: 375: 170: 593: 5465: 5131: 5078: 5066: 4614: 4434: 2602: 1923: 1898: 1764: 676: 340: 184: 890:

and contained authoritative statements and perspectives concerning literature, plays, cinema, and literary issues of popular interest.

5513: 5508: 5228: 5176: 2732: 2346: 2323: 1983: 1953: 1451: 1382: 1195: 1167: 5765: 5649: 5460: 5188: 4790: 4694: 3585: 3576: 3094: 2955: 2930: 2549: 2519: 2369: 2246: 633: 84: 600: 3727: 5886: 5795: 5783: 5607: 5597: 5553: 5368: 5044: 4993: 4876: 3604: 3560: 2816: 1661: 1275: 335: 5800: 5788: 5644: 5629: 5543: 5445: 5027: 4847: 2870: 2272: 2220: 1850: 1553: 1428: 1346: 827: 663:, constituting roughly 25 percent of the total circulation, although non-Russians made up almost 50 percent of the population. 582: 5741: 5721: 5475: 5418: 5032: 4857: 4785: 3620: 3454: 3449: 3422: 3324: 3309: 571: 283: 278: 268: 5812: 5639: 5503: 5455: 5216: 5010: 4884: 4867: 4349: 3220:(New World), one of the most controversial and often original literary reviews, attracted widespread readership among the 660: 460: 163: 5408: 5083: 4978: 4779: 4687: 194: 145: 45: 5689: 5671: 5548: 5437: 5295: 5256: 5223: 4913: 4901: 4817: 4719: 4636: 3553: 132: 110: 55: 49: 41: 945: 5684: 5661: 5634: 4567: 4189: 3239: 273: 560: 5726: 5699: 5602: 4656: 4480: 4385: 4285: 3850: 3615: 3599: 3483: 3427: 3412: 3018: 2151: 750: 294: 263: 255: 245: 202: 1609: 1298: 66: 5807: 4585: 4510: 4406: 4309: 3685: 1086: 835: 772:, who apparently believed the party needed no assistance from the people in identifying problems. But in 1981, 607: 330: 5056: 4608: 4562: 4517: 4355: 4069: 3023: 2696: 5736: 5328: 5266: 4149: 4109: 3226: 2008: 1558: 1132: 680: 418: 222: 4827: 4367: 3477: 2668: 877:, covered most daily military news and events and published military human interest stories and exposes. 5855: 4361: 3235: 2486: 887: 101: 5098: 1913: 5617: 5480: 5300: 4812: 4205: 4117: 3866: 3672: 2985: 2202: 2179: 1973: 1410: 1076: 882: 847: 777: 760: 3262:

a poetic tribute to those who perished during Stalin's purges, appeared in its November 1987 issue.

3234:. The publication of Doctor Zhivago in the West not only resulted in Pasternak's expulsion from the 1888: 5844: 5573: 5378: 5307: 5115: 4964: 4842: 4764: 4737: 3994: 3792: 3404: 3289: 2905: 2300: 2174: 2115: 1774: 1635: 1254: 921: 913: 840: 695: 363: 4597: 4157: 3515: 2379: 5711: 5694: 5622: 4939: 4852: 4742: 4732: 4439: 4277: 4261: 4253: 4237: 4141: 3962: 3938: 3818: 3720: 3704: 3679: 3521: 3283: 3266: 3246: 2970: 2920: 2643: 2539: 1928: 1873: 1769: 936: 895: 857: 238: 140: 4591: 4173: 4018: 3874: 3744: 3050: 496:

did not start as a political publication, but instead was a journal of social life. Yet in 1912

3501: 865:, aimed at children up to 14, focused on children's issues, education and sports among others. 5819: 5759: 5538: 5324: 5020: 4822: 4807: 4749: 4667: 4547: 4542: 4429: 4325: 3930: 3882: 3802: 3776: 3527: 3390: 3271: 2852: 2529: 2402: 2397: 2351: 2328: 2305: 2090: 2085: 2067: 2039: 2013: 1958: 1456: 1172: 994: 769: 729: 700: 4536: 4401: 4379: 4373: 4002: 3978: 3922: 3810: 3760: 3545: 3297: 2980: 2960: 2935: 2737: 2711: 2683: 2658: 2630: 2607: 2584: 2569: 2554: 2524: 2501: 2496: 2476: 2453: 2430: 2282: 2251: 2146: 1988: 1903: 1878: 1855: 1830: 1825: 1717: 1640: 1479: 1433: 1387: 1361: 1331: 1280: 1229: 1200: 1147: 1091: 691: 656: 4045: 3946: 3752: 1938: 725:

meetings. Eventually, other major newspapers published accounts of these meetings as well.

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in content, circulation, and appeal, espoused more conservative viewpoints. Nevertheless,

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the "pleas for relief." He added that that specific example was in no way exceptional.

3255: 3221: 3125: 3120: 3011: 2875: 2847: 2625: 2277: 2225: 1840: 1792: 1743: 1614: 1586: 1532: 1504: 1224: 1009: 1004: 756: 497: 177: 5870: 5704: 5612: 4528: 4522: 4396: 4391: 3826: 3472: 3153: 3130: 2798: 1998: 1820: 1712: 1581: 1356: 1142: 1061: 1056: 765: 712: 156: 940:(Abroad) devoted its pages exclusively to international affairs and foreign events. 711:

In the late 1980s, newspapers gradually developed new formats and new issues. Under

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newspaper and appeared every Sunday, having a circulation of some 9 to 10 million.

2770: 2706: 2471: 2141: 1499: 1326: 652: 414: 410: 3538: 5358: 5320: 5312: 4934: 4918: 4832: 4774: 4650: 4557: 4552: 4229: 4213: 4085: 3954: 3068: 2760: 2425: 2034: 1563: 1114: 1104: 1030: 927: 549: 903:'s most widely distributed newspaper, with a circulation of nearly 12 million. 492:, meaning 'truth', which on 5 May 1912 was published as a political newspaper. 5348: 4061: 3858: 3842: 3380: 3006: 2842: 2678: 2448: 2062: 1527: 486:

The Soviet newspaper industry began in the underground movements that created

465: 405:, i.e., newspapers, magazines and journals, were under strict control of the 227: 3531: 5568: 5563: 5385: 5278: 5108: 4769: 4449: 4424: 4125: 3970: 3890: 3768: 3293: 3191: 3148: 2788: 2407: 1738: 1689: 1671: 1489: 1474: 1308: 822: 737: 722: 17: 3292:, which produced much of the English-language translations of the works of 3212:, imprisoned after a famous 1966 trial for publication of his work abroad. 3489: 5558: 5103: 4837: 4797: 4101: 3914: 3665: 3216: 3177: 2742: 852: 500:

would decide that the party needed a voice in the news industry and that

5450: 4954: 4454: 4245: 4010: 3906: 3712: 3200: 3185: 2105: 1591: 1239: 1066: 574: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 441: 432: 4679: 4301: 4133: 4077: 3658: 1336: 813: 717: 659:

version. Nearly 3,000 newspapers, however, reached the population in

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Ukrainian Television Ch.1/Ukrainian Television Ch.2 (Ukrainian SSR)

5373: 5251: 3736: 3189:(Week), another magazine, was published as a weekly supplement to 2885: 900: 3471:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

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the press evolved into the messenger for the orders from the

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Other newspapers, however, also commanded wide circulation.

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Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

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The party also sought to control journalists by combining

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Most of newspaper reporters and editors belonged to the

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Notable book publishers of the Soviet Union include

464:(Life of the Nationalities): a journal published by 5776: 5750: 5670: 5584: 5529: 5436: 5399: 5339: 5242: 5204: 5124: 4986: 4977: 4927: 4875: 4866: 4718: 4623: 4467: 4336: 4029: 3643: 3592: 759:argued that criticism should be channeled through 886:(Literary Gazette) disseminated the views of the 5559:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences 54:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks 736:region's native language, which reflected the 4695: 3561: 863:Vladimir Lenin All-Union Pioneer Organization 861:(Pioneers' Truth), the official daily of the 383: 8: 808:Translations of names given in parentheses. 5590: 4983: 4872: 4702: 4688: 4680: 3568: 3554: 3546: 967: 390: 376: 96: 3577:National media in the former Eastern Bloc 3516:"Experiences with the Iron Curtain Press" 634:Learn how and when to remove this message 85:Learn how and when to remove this message 5882:Newspapers published in the Soviet Union 3445:Censorship of images in the Soviet Union 893:A publication of the Central Committee, 446:Central Committee of the Communist Party 5877:Magazines published in the Soviet Union 875:Ministry of Defence of the Soviet Union 721:began to print short reports of weekly 293: 244: 237: 183: 176: 169: 162: 155: 108: 4728:Index of Soviet Union–related articles 3635:Mass media in Communist Czechoslovakia 3586:Eastern Bloc information dissemination 3440:Eastern Bloc information dissemination 3418:Mass media in Communist Czechoslovakia 804:Central newspapers of the Soviet Union 4425:Belarus Television (Byelorussian SSR) 7: 4445:Lietuvos Televizija (Lithuanian SSR) 572:adding citations to reliable sources 4407:Leningrad Television (Russian SFSR) 851:(Komsomol Truth), published by the 583:"Printed media in the Soviet Union" 953:Republican and regional newspapers 912:, published by the government and 504:could convey the party's desires. 141:Great October Socialist Revolution 25: 403:Printed media in the Soviet Union 5851: 5850: 5838: 4518:Public Radio of the Armenian SSR 3537: 3466: 3397: 3383: 3250:(October), a journal resembling 548: 357: 31: 3502:Periodicals in the Soviet Union 3335:Internal (Soviet News Industry) 828:Presidium of the Supreme Soviet 559:needs additional citations for 5892:Mass media in the Soviet Union 4440:Rigas Televīzija (Latvian SSR) 3455:Propaganda in the Soviet Union 3450:Censorship in the Soviet Union 3423:Television in the Soviet Union 3325:Propaganda in the Soviet Union 3310:Censorship in the Soviet Union 946:Sotsialisticheskaya Industriya 1: 5391:Political abuse of psychiatry 5183:Congress of People's Deputies 4350:Bulgarian National Television 3238:in 1956 but won him the 1958 919:A weekly regional newspaper, 873:(Red Star), published by the 4435:First Channel (Georgian SSR) 3434:Censorship & propaganda: 906:The major sports newspaper, 5554:Academy of Medical Sciences 1424:The Communist of Tajikistan 111:Culture of the Soviet Union 5908: 4568:Radio Berlin International 4190:Neue Berliner Illustrierte 3322: 3307: 3281: 3240:Nobel Prize for Literature 801: 748: 5832: 5593: 4657:Soviet Information Bureau 4609:Program 1 Polskiego Radia 4450:Canalul 1 (Moldavian SSR) 3851:Haqiqat-e Inquilab-e Saur 3600:Media of the Soviet Union 3583: 3484:Federal Research Division 3428:Radio in the Soviet Union 3413:Media of the Soviet Union 899:(Soviet Russia), was the 4511:Radio Peace and Progress 4415:Armenia 1 (Armenian SSR) 3300:for export to the West. 2780:Sotsialisticheske Adygey 1933:Демократическая Украина 764:were not carried out by 40:This article includes a 5887:Eastern Bloc mass media 5845:Soviet Union portal 1420:Kommunist Tadzhikistana 880:The literary bimonthly 839:(Labor), issued by the 811:Of all the newspapers, 461:Zhizn' Natsional'nostei 364:Soviet Union portal 69:more precise citations. 5737:Stalinist architecture 5491:Science and technology 5401:Ideological repression 5329:Soviet Airborne Forces 5267:Destruction battalions 3777:Sotsialistik Qazaqstan 3165:Magazines and journals 2834:Sotsialistik Tatarstan 2808:Sotsialistik Qazaqstan 2777:Социалистическэ Адыгей 2009:Northern Ossetian ASSR 1417:Коммунист Таджикистана 1294:The Light of Communism 751:People's correspondent 419:CPSU Central Committee 123: 5519:List of metro systems 5072:Collective leadership 4420:AzTV (Azerbaijan SSR) 4411:Republican stations: 3700:Republican newspapers 2831:Социалистик Татарстан 2805:Социалистік Қазақстан 2697:Sovetskaya Chuvashiya 2688:Республика Татарстан 2487:Sovetskaya Belorussia 2165:Soviet Karakalpakstan 2161:Sovet Karakalpakstany 2158:Совет Каракалпакстаны 1322:The Flag of Communism 1267:Kazakhstaskaya Pravda 1096:ביראָבידזשאנער שטערן 934:The weekly newspaper 888:USSR Union of Writers 761:letters to the editor 745:Letters to the editor 661:non-Russian languages 122: 5481:Net material product 5424:Censorship of images 5341:Political repression 5301:Soviet Border Troops 5234:First Deputy Premier 4818:1965 economic reform 4813:Soviet space program 4344:Televizioni Shqiptar 3764:(Karelo-Finnish SSR) 3673:Komsomolskaya Pravda 2976:The Gate of the East 2862:Todzhikiston Sovetii 2812:Socialist Kazakhstan 2483:Советская Белоруссия 2312:Սովետական Հայաստան 2180:Еркин Қарақалпақстан 2133:Sovet Bashkortostany 1610:Karachay–Cherkess AO 1299:Karachay–Cherkess AO 1264:Казахстанская правда 1133:Dagestanskaya Pravda 1077:Birobidzhaner Shtern 1073:ביראָבידזשאנער שטערן 883:Literaturnaya Gazeta 848:Komsomolskaya Pravda 778:Konstantin Chernenko 696:Higher Party Schools 681:Union of Journalists 568:improve this article 311:World Heritage Sites 5549:Academy of Sciences 5364:Population transfer 5308:Soviet Armed Forces 5171:Congress of Soviets 5152:Presidium/Politburo 5116:Soviet anti-Zionism 4965:West Siberian Plain 4843:Revolutions of 1989 4780:Great Patriotic War 4765:New Economic Policy 3785:Sovettik Kyrgyzstan 3405:Soviet Union portal 3290:Progress Publishers 2838:Socialist Tatarstan 2724:Sovetskaya Estoniya 2669:Sovetskaya Tatariya 2617:Sovetskaya Mordovia 2594:Sovetskaya Moldavia 2511:Sovetskaya Kirgizia 2463:Sovetskaya Bashkria 2440:Sovetskaya Adzharia 2417:Sovetskaya Akbhazia 2361:Sovettik Kyrgyzstan 2358:Советтик Кыргызстан 2301:Nagorno-Karabakh AO 2242:Soviet Turkmenistan 2238:Sovet Türkmenistany 2235:Совет Түркменистаны 2130:Совет Башҡортостаны 2116:Chechen-Ingush ASSR 1894:The Ukrainian Truth 1636:Chechen-Ingush ASSR 1205:Свободная Грузия / 1129:Дагестанская правда 922:Moskovskiye Novosti 841:Soviet Labor Unions 436:(The Poor Folk): a 146:Great Patriotic War 5194:Military Collegium 5062:Capital punishment 4940:Caucasus Mountains 4853:Post-Soviet states 4733:Russian Revolution 4639:(Byelorussian SSR) 4525:(Byelorussian SSR) 4430:ETV (Estonian SSR) 4386:Central Television 4254:Politikin Zabavnik 4142:Jugend und Technik 3963:Slobodna Dalmacija 3939:Rabotnichesko Delo 3793:Moldova Socialistă 3721:Sovetskaya Latviya 3716:(Byelorussian SSR) 3705:Sovetskaya Rossiya 3680:Pionerskaya Pravda 3654:Central newspapers 3522:Rutgers University 3284:Russian literature 3272:forced labor camps 3267:Sovetskaya Kultura 2921:Turkmenskaya Iskra 2859:Тоҷикистони Советӣ 2752:Sovetskoi Udmurtia 2749:Советской Удмуртия 2716:Советская Чувашия 2644:Sovetskaya Rossiya 2635:Известия Мордовии 2614:Советская Мордовия 2591:Советская Молдавия 2540:Sovetskaya Latviya 2508:Советская Киргизия 2492:Soviet Byelorussia 2460:Советская Башкирия 2335:Սովետական Ղարաբաղ 2315:Sovetakan Hayastan 2292:Sovetakan Karabakh 2289:Սովետական Ղարաբաղ 2264:Sovet O'zbekistoni 2045:folded early 1990s 2026:Sabchota Abkhazeti 1874:Arkhangelsk Oblast 1869:The Northern Truth 1760:Socialist Moldavia 1756:Moldova Socialistă 1753:Молдова сочиалистэ 1290:Kommunizm alashara 896:Sovetskaya Rossiya 858:Pionerskaya Pravda 515:The New York Times 426:Early Soviet Union 124: 42:list of references 5864: 5863: 5828: 5827: 5820:Hammer and sickle 5762:and their groups 5760:Soviet dissidents 5539:Communist Academy 5456:Economic planning 5432: 5431: 5325:Soviet Air Forces 5244:Security services 5164:General Secretary 5147:Central Committee 5089:Political parties 5021:Brezhnev Doctrine 5016:Foreign relations 4973: 4972: 4914:Autonomous okrugs 4828:Soviet–Afghan War 4808:Sino-Soviet split 4750:Russian Civil War 4677: 4676: 4668:Czech News Agency 4548:Deutschlandsender 4543:Berliner Rundfunk 3883:Neues Deutschland 3867:Mladá fronta DNES 3745:Czerwony Sztandar 3391:Journalism portal 3368:External (Soviet) 3198:Such journals as 3162: 3161: 3019:Czerwony Sztandar 2926:The Turkmen Spark 2917:Туркменская искра 2866:Soviet Tajikistan 2853:Ватаным Татарстан 2826:Егемен Қазақстан 2784:Socialist Adyghea 2721:Советская Эстония 2693:Советская Чувашия 2665:Советская Татария 2530:Slovo Kyrgyzstana 2515:Soviet Kyrgyzstan 2437:Советская Аджария 2414:Советская Абхазия 2398:South Ossetian AO 2338:Sovetakan Vrastan 2283:Oʻzbekiston ovozi 2268:Soviet Uzbekistan 2261:Совет Ўзбекистони 2216:Soviet Tajikistan 2212:Sovet Tojikistoni 2209:Совет Тожикистони 2086:South Ossetian AO 2023:საბჭოთა აფხაზეთი 1914:Radyanska Ukraina 1910:Радянська Україна 1846:The Eastern Truth 1704:Leninskaya Pravda 1287:Коммунизм алашара 1220:The Star of Altai 1138:Daghestan's Truth 1014:Алтайдыҥ чолмоны 1000:The Star of Altai 995:Altaydyn cholmony 770:Nikita Khrushchev 730:Mikhail Gorbachev 707:Late developments 701:Moscow University 644: 643: 636: 618: 535:Late Soviet Union 400: 399: 95: 94: 87: 16:(Redirected from 5899: 5854: 5853: 5843: 5842: 5841: 5591: 5499: 5354:Collectivization 5099:Marxism–Leninism 4984: 4873: 4704: 4697: 4690: 4681: 4670:(Czechoslovakia) 4645:(Lithuanian SSR) 4537:Rundfunk der DDR 4501:(Lithuanian SSR) 4499:Lietuvos radijas 4493:Latvijas Radio 1 4402:Moscow Programme 4358:(Czechoslovakia) 4329:(Czechoslovakia) 3995:Večernje novosti 3979:Sportske novosti 3950:(Czechoslovakia) 3934:(Czechoslovakia) 3923:Politika Ekspres 3870:(Czechoslovakia) 3761:Neuvosto-Karjala 3748:(Lithuanian SSR) 3740:(Lithuanian SSR) 3570: 3563: 3556: 3547: 3542: 3541: 3535: 3487: 3470: 3469: 3407: 3402: 3401: 3400: 3393: 3388: 3387: 3386: 3236:Union of Writers 3064:The Kalmyk Truth 3027: 2981:Nakhichevan ASSR 2674:Soviet Tatarstan 2640:Советская Россия 2575:Soviet Lithuania 2570:Sovetskaya Litva 2536:Советская Латвия 2497:Byelorussian SSR 2467:Soviet Bashkiria 2389:Soveton Ironston 2365:Soviet Kyrghizia 2137:Soviet Bashkiria 2054:Sabchota Adzhara 1831:Karjalan Sanomat 1807:Neuvosto-Karjala 1788:The Moksha Truth 1775:Moldova Suverană 1734:The Mari Commune 1701:Ленинская правда 1318:Kommunizm yalave 1271:The Kazakh Truth 1110:The Buryat Truth 1082:Birobidzhan Star 1045:БагӀараб байрахъ 991:Алтайдыҥ чолмоны 980:Republic/Region 974:Transliterarion 968: 901:Russian Republic 798:Major newspapers 692:higher education 657:Russian language 639: 632: 628: 625: 619: 617: 576: 552: 544: 392: 385: 378: 362: 361: 360: 121: 113: 97: 90: 83: 79: 76: 70: 65:this article by 56:inline citations 35: 34: 27: 21: 5907: 5906: 5902: 5901: 5900: 5898: 5897: 5896: 5867: 5866: 5865: 5860: 5839: 5837: 5824: 5772: 5746: 5666: 5580: 5525: 5497: 5471:Internet domain 5466:Five-year plans 5428: 5395: 5335: 5238: 5200: 5132:Communist Party 5120: 5079:Passport system 4969: 4945:European Russia 4923: 4862: 4803:Khrushchev Thaw 4782:(World War II) 4760:Creation treaty 4714: 4708: 4678: 4673: 4619: 4539:(East Germany) 4507:(Russian SFSR) 4481:First Programme 4475:All-Union Radio 4463: 4332: 4294:Svet kompjutera 4025: 4019:Zëri i Popullit 3796:(Moldavian SSR) 3639: 3610:State Committee 3588: 3579: 3574: 3536: 3520:Journal of the 3512:Paul W. Massing 3510: 3498: 3479:Country Studies 3476: 3467: 3463: 3403: 3398: 3396: 3389: 3384: 3382: 3379: 3370: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3321: 3312: 3306: 3286: 3280: 3232:Boris Pasternak 3206:Nikolai Gumilev 3167: 3116:The Erzya Truth 3090:Flag of October 3051:Kurier Wileński 3021: 2756:Soviet Udmurtia 2702:Soviet Chuvasia 2621:Soviet Mordovia 2566:Советская Литва 2444:Soviet Adzharia 2421:Soviet Abkhazia 2386:Советон Ирыстон 2296:Soviet Karabakh 2170:Karakalpak ASSR 2058:Soviet Adzharia 2030:Soviet Abkhazia 1802:Мокшень правда 1784:Mokshen' Pravda 1722:Курьер Карелии 1466:Krasnoye Znamya 1315:Коммунизм ялавĕ 955: 909:Sovetskiy Sport 870:Krasnaya Zvezda 806: 800: 795: 774:Leonid Brezhnev 753: 747: 709: 677:Communist Party 673: 649: 640: 629: 623: 620: 577: 575: 565: 553: 542: 537: 524: 510: 484: 479: 438:daily newspaper 428: 396: 358: 356: 349: 348: 341:National anthem 326: 325: 316: 315: 306: 305: 289: 288: 259: 258: 233: 232: 218: 217: 208: 207: 198: 197: 151: 150: 136: 135: 119: 109: 91: 80: 74: 71: 60: 46:related reading 36: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5905: 5903: 5895: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5869: 5868: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5858: 5848: 5833: 5830: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5823: 5822: 5817: 5816: 5815: 5805: 5804: 5803: 5793: 5792: 5791: 5780: 5778: 5774: 5773: 5771: 5770: 5769: 5768: 5756: 5754: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5708: 5707: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5676: 5674: 5668: 5667: 5665: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5653: 5652: 5647: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5626: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5605: 5600: 5594: 5588: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5578: 5577: 5576: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5535: 5533: 5527: 5526: 5524: 5523: 5522: 5521: 5516: 5514:Rail transport 5511: 5509:Railway system 5501: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5442: 5440: 5434: 5433: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5405: 5403: 5397: 5396: 5394: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5382: 5381: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5345: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5334: 5333: 5332: 5331: 5305: 5304: 5303: 5298: 5288: 5283: 5282: 5281: 5271: 5270: 5269: 5259: 5254: 5248: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5237: 5236: 5231: 5229:Deputy Premier 5226: 5221: 5220: 5219: 5212:Heads of state 5208: 5206: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5198: 5197: 5196: 5186: 5180: 5177:Supreme Soviet 5174: 5168: 5167: 5166: 5161: 5160: 5159: 5154: 5144: 5139: 5128: 5126: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5118: 5113: 5112: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5094:State ideology 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5075: 5074: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5053: 5052: 5042: 5041: 5040: 5030: 5025: 5024: 5023: 5013: 5008: 5007: 5006: 5001: 4990: 4988: 4981: 4975: 4974: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4967: 4962: 4960:Ural Mountains 4957: 4952: 4950:North Caucasus 4947: 4942: 4937: 4931: 4929: 4925: 4924: 4922: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4910: 4909: 4899: 4894: 4893: 4892: 4881: 4879: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4861: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4794: 4793: 4788: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4746: 4745: 4740: 4730: 4724: 4722: 4716: 4715: 4709: 4707: 4706: 4699: 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4105:(East Germany) 4098: 4097:(East Germany) 4094:Form und Zweck 4090: 4089:(East Germany) 4082: 4074: 4073:(East Germany) 4066: 4058: 4050: 4042: 4041:(East Germany) 4033: 4031: 4027: 4026: 4024: 4023: 4015: 4007: 3999: 3991: 3983: 3975: 3967: 3959: 3951: 3943: 3935: 3927: 3919: 3911: 3903: 3895: 3887: 3886:(East Germany) 3879: 3871: 3863: 3855: 3847: 3846:(East Germany) 3839: 3831: 3823: 3815: 3807: 3799: 3798: 3797: 3789: 3781: 3773: 3772:(Georgian SSR) 3765: 3757: 3756:(Estonian SSR) 3749: 3741: 3733: 3725: 3717: 3709: 3708:(Russian SFSR) 3697: 3694:Sovetsky Sport 3690: 3683: 3676: 3669: 3662: 3647: 3645: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3637: 3632: 3631: 3630: 3625: 3624: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3612:(Gosteleradio) 3596: 3594: 3590: 3589: 3584: 3581: 3580: 3575: 3573: 3572: 3565: 3558: 3550: 3544: 3543: 3508: 3497: 3496:External links 3494: 3493: 3492: 3462: 3459: 3458: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3431: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3409: 3408: 3394: 3378: 3375: 3369: 3366: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3323:Main article: 3320: 3317: 3308:Main article: 3305: 3302: 3282:Main article: 3279: 3276: 3256:Anna Akhmatova 3227:Doctor Zhivago 3222:intelligentsia 3166: 3163: 3160: 3159: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3138: 3134: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3121:Mordovian ASSR 3118: 3113: 3110: 3106: 3105: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3084: 3080: 3079: 3076: 3071: 3066: 3061: 3058: 3054: 3053: 3048: 3043: 3038: 3033: 3028: 3015: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2996: 2992: 2991: 2988: 2983: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2964: 2963: 2958: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2939: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2918: 2914: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2882: 2881: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2860: 2856: 2855: 2850: 2845: 2840: 2835: 2832: 2828: 2827: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2806: 2802: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2778: 2774: 2773: 2768: 2763: 2758: 2753: 2750: 2746: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2728:Soviet Estonia 2725: 2722: 2718: 2717: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2690: 2689: 2686: 2681: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2662: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2637: 2636: 2633: 2628: 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2071: 2070: 2065: 2060: 2055: 2052: 2051:საბჭოთა აჭარა 2048: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2024: 2020: 2019: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1992: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1967: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1949:People's Voice 1946: 1941: 1935: 1934: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1919:Soviet Ukraine 1916: 1911: 1907: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1889:Pravda Ukraini 1886: 1885:Правда Украины 1882: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1863: 1859: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1841:Pravda Vostoka 1838: 1837:Правда Востока 1834: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1816:Soviet Karelia 1813: 1808: 1804: 1803: 1800: 1798:Moksha Mordvin 1795: 1793:Mordovian ASSR 1790: 1785: 1782: 1781:Мокшень правда 1778: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1757: 1754: 1750: 1749: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1728: 1724: 1723: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1702: 1698: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1679: 1675: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1651: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1638: 1633: 1628: 1625: 1621: 1620: 1617: 1612: 1607: 1602: 1599: 1595: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1571: 1567: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1543: 1542:Ленин байрагъы 1539: 1538: 1535: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1515: 1511: 1510: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1483: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1464: 1460: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1441: 1437: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1418: 1414: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1398: 1395: 1391: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1372: 1368: 1367: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1340: 1339: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1316: 1312: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1288: 1284: 1283: 1278: 1273: 1268: 1265: 1261: 1260: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1233: 1232: 1227: 1225:Gorno-Altai AO 1222: 1217: 1214: 1210: 1209: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1185: 1181: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1151: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1126: 1125: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1098: 1097: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1070: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1048:Baarab bairakh 1046: 1042: 1041: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1020: 1016: 1015: 1012: 1007: 1005:Gorno-Altai AO 1002: 997: 992: 988: 987: 984: 981: 978: 975: 972: 971:Original name 954: 951: 799: 796: 794: 791: 757:Vladimir Lenin 749:Main article: 746: 743: 708: 705: 672: 669: 648: 645: 642: 641: 556: 554: 547: 541: 538: 536: 533: 523: 520: 509: 506: 498:Vladimir Lenin 483: 480: 478: 475: 474: 473: 457: 427: 424: 398: 397: 395: 394: 387: 380: 372: 369: 368: 367: 366: 351: 350: 347: 346: 345:Cultural icons 343: 338: 333: 327: 323: 322: 321: 318: 317: 314: 313: 307: 303: 302: 301: 298: 297: 291: 290: 287: 286: 281: 276: 271: 266: 260: 254: 253: 252: 249: 248: 242: 241: 235: 234: 231: 230: 225: 219: 215: 214: 213: 210: 209: 206: 205: 199: 193: 192: 191: 188: 187: 181: 180: 174: 173: 167: 166: 160: 159: 153: 152: 149: 148: 143: 137: 131: 130: 129: 126: 125: 115: 114: 106: 105: 93: 92: 50:external links 39: 37: 30: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5904: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5874: 5872: 5857: 5849: 5847: 5846: 5835: 5834: 5831: 5821: 5818: 5814: 5811: 5810: 5809: 5806: 5802: 5799: 5798: 5797: 5794: 5790: 5787: 5786: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5775: 5767: 5764: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5749: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5717:Printed media 5715: 5713: 5710: 5706: 5703: 5702: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5669: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5651: 5650:Cyrillisation 5648: 5646: 5643: 5642: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5618:Working class 5616: 5614: 5613:Soviet people 5611: 5610: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5583: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5570: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5532: 5528: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5506: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5461:Energy policy 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5435: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5402: 5398: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5380: 5377: 5376: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5338: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5314: 5311: 5310: 5309: 5306: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5293: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5280: 5277: 5276: 5275: 5272: 5268: 5265: 5264: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5241: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5218: 5215: 5214: 5213: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5203: 5195: 5192: 5191: 5190: 5189:Supreme Court 5187: 5184: 5181: 5178: 5175: 5172: 5169: 5165: 5162: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5134: 5133: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5123: 5117: 5114: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5096: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5073: 5070: 5069: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5051: 5048: 5047: 5046: 5043: 5039: 5036: 5035: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5022: 5019: 5018: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4996: 4995: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4976: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4926: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4908: 4905: 4904: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4891: 4888: 4887: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4880: 4878: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4865: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4792: 4791:The Holocaust 4789: 4787: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4735: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4712: 4705: 4700: 4698: 4693: 4691: 4686: 4685: 4682: 4669: 4666: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4652: 4649: 4644: 4641: 4638: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4622: 4616: 4615:Radio Romania 4613: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4604:Radio Polonia 4602: 4599: 4598:Kossuth Rádió 4596: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4576: 4573: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4530: 4529:Radio Georgia 4527: 4524: 4523:Radio Belarus 4521: 4519: 4516: 4512: 4509: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4500: 4497: 4495:(Latvian SSR) 4494: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4479: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4466: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4426: 4423: 4421: 4418: 4416: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4403: 4400: 4398: 4397:Programme Two 4395: 4393: 4392:Programme One 4390: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4381: 4378: 4375: 4372: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4351: 4348: 4345: 4342: 4341: 4339: 4335: 4328: 4327: 4323: 4320: 4319: 4315: 4312: 4311: 4307: 4304: 4303: 4299: 4296: 4295: 4291: 4288: 4287: 4283: 4280: 4279: 4275: 4272: 4271: 4267: 4264: 4263: 4259: 4256: 4255: 4251: 4248: 4247: 4243: 4240: 4239: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4227: 4224: 4223: 4219: 4216: 4215: 4211: 4208: 4207: 4203: 4200: 4199: 4195: 4192: 4191: 4187: 4184: 4183: 4179: 4176: 4175: 4171: 4168: 4167: 4163: 4160: 4159: 4158:Književna reč 4155: 4152: 4151: 4147: 4144: 4143: 4139: 4136: 4135: 4131: 4128: 4127: 4123: 4120: 4119: 4115: 4112: 4111: 4107: 4104: 4103: 4099: 4096: 4095: 4091: 4088: 4087: 4083: 4080: 4079: 4075: 4072: 4071: 4067: 4064: 4063: 4059: 4056: 4055: 4051: 4048: 4047: 4043: 4040: 4039: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4028: 4021: 4020: 4016: 4013: 4012: 4008: 4005: 4004: 4003:Večernji list 4000: 3997: 3996: 3992: 3989: 3988: 3984: 3981: 3980: 3976: 3973: 3972: 3968: 3965: 3964: 3960: 3957: 3956: 3952: 3949: 3948: 3944: 3941: 3940: 3936: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3909: 3908: 3904: 3901: 3900: 3896: 3893: 3892: 3888: 3885: 3884: 3880: 3877: 3876: 3872: 3869: 3868: 3864: 3861: 3860: 3856: 3854:(Afghanistan) 3853: 3852: 3848: 3845: 3844: 3840: 3837: 3836: 3832: 3829: 3828: 3827:Esti Budapest 3824: 3821: 3820: 3816: 3813: 3812: 3808: 3805: 3804: 3800: 3795: 3794: 3790: 3788:(Kirghiz SSR) 3787: 3786: 3782: 3779: 3778: 3774: 3771: 3770: 3766: 3763: 3762: 3758: 3755: 3754: 3750: 3747: 3746: 3742: 3739: 3738: 3734: 3732:(Latvian SSR) 3731: 3730: 3726: 3724:(Latvian SSR) 3723: 3722: 3718: 3715: 3714: 3710: 3707: 3706: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3689: 3688: 3684: 3682: 3681: 3677: 3675: 3674: 3670: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3661: 3660: 3655: 3652: 3651: 3650:Soviet Union 3649: 3648: 3646: 3642: 3636: 3633: 3629: 3628:Printed media 3626: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3608: 3607: 3606: 3603: 3602: 3601: 3598: 3597: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3582: 3578: 3571: 3566: 3564: 3559: 3557: 3552: 3551: 3548: 3540: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3523: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3507: 3503: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3485: 3481: 3480: 3474: 3473:public domain 3465: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3437: 3436: 3435: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3410: 3406: 3395: 3392: 3381: 3376: 3374: 3367: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3334: 3329: 3326: 3318: 3316: 3311: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3285: 3277: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3268: 3263: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3248: 3243: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3228: 3223: 3219: 3218: 3213: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3202: 3196: 3194: 3193: 3188: 3187: 3182: 3180: 3179: 3174: 3171: 3164: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3144:The Milky Way 3142: 3139: 3136: 3135: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3126:Erzya Mordvin 3124: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3112:Erzyan Pravda 3111: 3109:Эрзянь правда 3108: 3107: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3082: 3081: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3055: 3052: 3049: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3039: 3037: 3034: 3032: 3029: 3025: 3020: 3017: 3016: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2993: 2989: 2987: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2940: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2929: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2916: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2887: 2884: 2883: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2861: 2858: 2857: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2829: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2807: 2804: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2775: 2772: 2769: 2767: 2764: 2762: 2759: 2757: 2754: 2751: 2748: 2747: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2723: 2720: 2719: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2691: 2687: 2685: 2682: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2663: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2649:Soviet Russia 2647: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2638: 2634: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2612: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2593: 2590: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2564: 2561: 2558: 2556: 2553: 2551: 2548: 2546: 2545:Soviet Latvia 2543: 2541: 2538: 2535: 2534: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2521: 2518: 2516: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2506: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2482: 2481: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2458: 2455: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2439: 2436: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2416: 2413: 2412: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2360: 2357: 2356: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2311: 2310: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2287: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2259: 2256:Türkmenistan 2255: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2243: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2233: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2207: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2184: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2074:საბჭოთა ოსეთი 2073: 2072: 2069: 2066: 2064: 2061: 2059: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2025: 2022: 2021: 2017: 2015: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1993: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1932: 1930: 1927: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1884: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865:Pravda Severa 1864: 1862:Правда Севера 1861: 1860: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1835: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1821:Karelian ASSR 1819: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1809: 1806: 1805: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1783: 1780: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1761: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1751: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730:Marii kommuna 1729: 1727:Марий коммуна 1726: 1725: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1714: 1713:Karelian ASSR 1711: 1709: 1708:Lenin's Truth 1706: 1703: 1700: 1699: 1696: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1680: 1677: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1619:Ногай давысы 1618: 1616: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1582:Dagestan ASSR 1580: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1559:Crimean Tatar 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545:Lenin bayragy 1544: 1541: 1540: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1512: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1465: 1463:Красное знамя 1462: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1447:The Communist 1445: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1419: 1416: 1415: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1402: 1401:The Communist 1399: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1378:The Communist 1376: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1357:Dagestan ASSR 1355: 1353: 1352:The Communist 1350: 1348: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1289: 1286: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216:Zvezda Altaya 1215: 1212: 1211: 1208: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187:Zarya Vostoka 1186: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1143:Dagestan ASSR 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1123: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1057:Dagestan ASSR 1055: 1053: 1050: 1047: 1044: 1043: 1039: 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 990: 989: 986:current name 985: 982: 979: 976: 973: 970: 969: 966: 964: 960: 952: 950: 948: 947: 941: 939: 938: 932: 930: 929: 924: 923: 917: 915: 911: 910: 904: 902: 898: 897: 891: 889: 885: 884: 878: 876: 872: 871: 866: 864: 860: 859: 854: 850: 849: 844: 842: 838: 837: 832: 829: 825: 824: 818: 816: 815: 809: 805: 797: 792: 790: 786: 782: 779: 775: 771: 767: 766:Joseph Stalin 762: 758: 752: 744: 742: 739: 733: 731: 726: 724: 720: 719: 714: 713:Yuri Andropov 706: 704: 702: 697: 693: 688: 686: 682: 678: 670: 668: 664: 662: 658: 654: 646: 638: 635: 627: 616: 613: 609: 606: 602: 599: 595: 592: 588: 585: – 584: 580: 579:Find sources: 573: 569: 563: 562: 557:This section 555: 551: 546: 545: 539: 534: 532: 528: 521: 519: 516: 507: 505: 503: 499: 495: 491: 490: 481: 476: 471: 467: 463: 462: 458: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 434: 430: 429: 425: 423: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 393: 388: 386: 381: 379: 374: 373: 371: 370: 365: 355: 354: 353: 352: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 328: 320: 319: 312: 309: 308: 300: 299: 296: 292: 285: 282: 280: 277: 275: 272: 270: 267: 265: 262: 261: 257: 251: 250: 247: 243: 240: 236: 229: 226: 224: 221: 220: 212: 211: 204: 201: 200: 196: 190: 189: 186: 182: 179: 175: 172: 168: 165: 161: 158: 154: 147: 144: 142: 139: 138: 134: 128: 127: 117: 116: 112: 107: 103: 99: 98: 89: 86: 78: 68: 64: 58: 57: 51: 47: 43: 38: 29: 28: 19: 5836: 5716: 5608:Demographics 5598:Antisemitism 5451:Central Bank 5369:Forced labor 5317:Spetsnaz GRU 5137:organisation 5045:Human rights 4994:Constitution 4877:Subdivisions 4755:Russian SFSR 4711:Soviet Union 4592:Magyar Rádió 4575:Radio Tirana 4505:Radio Moscow 4487:Eesti Raadio 4324: 4321:(Yugoslavia) 4316: 4313:(Yugoslavia) 4308: 4305:(Yugoslavia) 4300: 4297:(Yugoslavia) 4292: 4289:(Yugoslavia) 4284: 4276: 4273:(Yugoslavia) 4268: 4260: 4257:(Yugoslavia) 4252: 4249:(Yugoslavia) 4244: 4236: 4228: 4225:(Yugoslavia) 4220: 4212: 4204: 4198:Neue Werbung 4196: 4188: 4185:(Yugoslavia) 4180: 4174:Lakáskultúra 4172: 4164: 4161:(Yugoslavia) 4156: 4153:(Yugoslavia) 4148: 4140: 4137:(Yugoslavia) 4132: 4124: 4121:(Yugoslavia) 4116: 4108: 4100: 4092: 4084: 4076: 4070:Eulenspiegel 4068: 4065:(Yugoslavia) 4060: 4057:(Yugoslavia) 4052: 4044: 4036: 4017: 4014:(Yugoslavia) 4009: 4006:(Yugoslavia) 4001: 3998:(Yugoslavia) 3993: 3987:Trybuna Ludu 3985: 3982:(Yugoslavia) 3977: 3974:(Yugoslavia) 3969: 3966:(Yugoslavia) 3961: 3953: 3945: 3937: 3929: 3926:(Yugoslavia) 3921: 3918:(Yugoslavia) 3913: 3910:(Yugoslavia) 3905: 3902:(Yugoslavia) 3897: 3894:(Yugoslavia) 3889: 3881: 3875:Népszabadság 3873: 3865: 3857: 3849: 3841: 3833: 3825: 3822:(Yugoslavia) 3817: 3814:(Yugoslavia) 3809: 3806:(Yugoslavia) 3801: 3791: 3783: 3780:(Kazakh SSR) 3775: 3767: 3759: 3751: 3743: 3735: 3728: 3719: 3711: 3703: 3692: 3686: 3678: 3671: 3664: 3657: 3627: 3605:Broadcasting 3519: 3506:marxists.org 3490:Soviet Union 3478: 3433: 3432: 3371: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3313: 3287: 3265: 3264: 3259: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3225: 3215: 3214: 3210:Yuliy Daniel 3199: 3197: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3176: 3175: 3172: 3168: 3143: 3131:Эрзян Мастор 3115: 3089: 3086:Shiyüadi chi 3063: 3036:The Red Flag 3035: 3030: 3001: 2990:Şərq Qapısı 2975: 2950: 2945: 2931:Turkmenistan 2925: 2910: 2895: 2890: 2865: 2837: 2811: 2783: 2771:Удмурт дунне 2755: 2727: 2707:Chuvash ASSR 2701: 2673: 2654:Russian SFSR 2648: 2620: 2597: 2574: 2559: 2544: 2514: 2491: 2472:Bashkir ASSR 2466: 2443: 2420: 2392: 2380:Кыргыз туусу 2364: 2341: 2318: 2295: 2267: 2247:Turkmenistan 2241: 2215: 2192: 2164: 2152:Башҡортостан 2142:Bashkir ASSR 2136: 2110: 2095: 2080: 2057: 2044: 2029: 2003: 1978: 1963: 1948: 1943: 1918: 1893: 1868: 1845: 1815: 1810: 1787: 1759: 1733: 1707: 1685:Lenin's Path 1684: 1657:Lenin's Path 1656: 1631:Lenin's Path 1630: 1627:Leninan nek' 1624:Ленинан некъ 1605:Lenin's Path 1604: 1577:Lenin's Path 1576: 1549:Lenin's Flag 1548: 1522: 1500:Bashkir ASSR 1494: 1469: 1446: 1423: 1400: 1377: 1366:Лезги газет 1351: 1327:Chuvash ASSR 1321: 1293: 1270: 1244: 1219: 1213:Звезда Алтая 1206: 1191:Eastern Dawn 1190: 1184:Заря Востока 1177: 1162: 1157: 1137: 1124:Буряад үнэн 1109: 1081: 1051: 1026:Red Abkhazia 1025: 999: 962: 958: 956: 944: 942: 935: 933: 926: 920: 918: 907: 905: 894: 892: 881: 879: 868: 867: 856: 846: 845: 834: 833: 821: 819: 812: 810: 807: 793:Publications 787: 783: 781:government. 755:Originally, 754: 734: 727: 716: 710: 689: 679:-controlled 674: 665: 653:Soviet Union 651:In 1988 the 650: 630: 624:October 2018 621: 611: 604: 597: 590: 578: 566:Please help 561:verification 558: 529: 525: 514: 511: 508:Distribution 501: 493: 487: 485: 472:, 1918–1924. 459: 456:, 1918–1931. 444:, issued by 431: 415:Soviet Union 411:Soviet state 402: 401: 336:Coat of arms 223:Architecture 81: 72: 61:Please help 53: 18:Soviet press 5712:Phraseology 5657:Prohibition 5645:Linguistics 5630:Drug policy 5623:1989 census 5544:Cybernetics 5446:Agriculture 5359:Great Purge 5321:Soviet Navy 5313:Soviet Army 5185:(1989–1991) 5179:(1938–1991) 5173:(1922–1936) 5157:Secretariat 5028:Gun control 4935:Caspian Sea 4919:Closed city 4848:Dissolution 4833:Perestroika 4775:Great Purge 4558:Radio DDR 2 4553:Radio DDR 1 4230:Novy Vostok 4214:Neues Leben 4150:Jugoslavija 4086:Filmspiegel 3899:Oslobođenje 3835:Esti Hírlap 3104:Хуэймин бо 3078:Хальмг үнн 3069:Kalmyk ASSR 3022: [ 2986:Azerbaijani 2971:Şərq Qapısı 2967:Шарк Капысы 2911:folded 1994 2880:Джумхурият 2761:Udmurt ASSR 2560:folded 1991 2426:Abkhaz ASSR 2230:Халқ овози 2203:Azerbaijani 2189:Sovet kendi 2186:Совет кенди 2096:folded 1990 2035:Abkhaz ASSR 2018:Рæстдзинад 1744:Meadow Mari 1681:Lenin choly 1653:lenin kichi 1411:Azerbaijani 1250:Byelorussia 1207:folded 2011 1115:Buryat ASSR 1105:Buryad Unen 1101:Буряад унэн 1031:Abkhaz ASSR 1022:Apsny kapsh 959:Lenin choly 937:Za Rubezhom 928:Moscow News 647:Circulation 75:August 2024 67:introducing 5871:Categories 5752:Opposition 5742:Television 5722:Propaganda 5695:Literature 5569:Naukograds 5564:Sharashkas 5498:(currency) 5476:Inventions 5419:Censorship 5349:Red Terror 5033:Government 4907:Autonomous 4890:Autonomous 4823:Stagnation 4786:Evacuation 4588:(Bulgaria) 4352:(Bulgaria) 4337:Television 4046:Dolgozó nő 3947:Rudé právo 3942:(Bulgaria) 3859:Laiko Vima 3843:Freie Erde 3753:Rahva Hääl 3644:Newspapers 3621:Television 3461:References 3319:Propaganda 3304:Censorship 3083:Шийүәди чи 3060:Khalmg Unn 3057:Хальмг Унн 3007:Tuvan ASSR 2906:Lithuanian 2871:Tajikistan 2843:Tatar ASSR 2817:Kazakhstan 2799:Адыгэ макъ 2679:Tatar ASSR 2449:Adjar ASSR 2273:Uzbekistan 2221:Tajikistan 2198:Azerbaijan 2175:Karakalpak 2063:Adjar ASSR 1999:Ræstdzinad 1995:Рæстдзинад 1970:Р'йа т'әзә 1939:Rahva hääl 1851:Uzbekistan 1678:Ленин чолы 1662:Kazakhstan 1601:Lenin yoly 1598:Ленин йолы 1573:Lenin yolu 1564:Янъы дюнья 1554:Uzbekistan 1528:Yakut ASSR 1509:Кызыл таң 1429:Tajikistan 1406:Azerbaijan 1276:Kazakhstan 1255:Belarusian 1067:XӀакъикъат 1019:Аҧсны ҟаҧш 963:Ленин чолы 802:See also: 594:newspapers 540:Newspapers 482:Beginnings 466:Narkomnats 284:Propaganda 279:Censorship 269:Television 239:Literature 171:Traditions 5813:Republics 5801:Republics 5789:Republics 5640:Languages 5504:Transport 5386:Holodomor 5279:Militsiya 5217:President 5109:Stalinism 5011:Elections 4885:Republics 4868:Geography 4858:Nostalgia 4770:Stalinism 4600:(Hungary) 4594:(Hungary) 4577:(Albania) 4382:(Romania) 4370:(Hungary) 4346:(Albania) 4206:Neuer Weg 4182:Naša žena 4177:(Hungary) 4126:Guter Rat 4118:Galaksija 4081:(Romania) 4049:(Romania) 4030:Magazines 4022:(Albania) 3958:(Romania) 3891:Novi list 3878:(Hungary) 3862:(Albania) 3838:(Hungary) 3830:(Hungary) 3769:Komunisti 3532:0036-0473 3524:Libraries 3330:Criticism 3260:"Requiem" 3192:Izvestiya 3149:Komi ASSR 3140:Yugyd Tui 3095:Kirghizia 3041:Lithuania 2951:The Fight 2901:Lithuania 2789:Adyghe AO 2580:Lithuania 2520:Kirghizia 2370:Kirghizia 1929:Ukrainian 1770:Moldavian 1748:Марий Эл 1739:Mari ASSR 1690:Khakas AO 1570:Ленин ёлу 1490:Kyzyl Tan 1486:Кызыл таң 1475:Komi ASSR 1443:Komunisti 1440:კომუნისტი 1397:Kommunist 1394:Коммунист 1374:Kommunist 1371:Коммунист 1347:Kommunist 1343:Коммунист 1087:Jewish AO 983:Language 943:Finally, 823:Izvestiya 738:Stalinist 723:Politburo 477:Newspaper 304:Monuments 185:Festivals 164:Languages 5856:Category 5409:Religion 5296:Chairmen 5142:Congress 5104:Leninism 5084:Propiska 4979:Politics 4838:Glasnost 4798:Cold War 4738:February 4624:Agencies 4611:(Poland) 4586:Horizont 4376:(Poland) 4110:Für Dich 3990:(Poland) 3955:Scînteia 3915:Politika 3666:Izvestia 3593:Overview 3514:(1952). 3377:See also 3252:Novy Mir 3217:Novy Mir 3178:Krokodil 3158:Коми му 3137:Югыд туй 2603:Moldavia 2408:Хурзæрин 2403:Ossetian 2352:Armenian 2329:Armenian 2306:Armenian 2125:Сердало 2091:Georgian 2068:Georgian 2040:Georgian 2014:Ossetian 1979:New Path 1974:Ria Taza 1959:Estonian 1765:Moldavia 1645:Даймохк 1495:Red Dawn 1470:Red Flag 1457:Georgian 1309:Абазашта 1173:Estonian 1163:Go Forth 1052:Red Flag 977:Meaning 853:Komsomol 442:peasants 409:and the 195:Religion 102:a series 100:Part of 5777:Symbols 5690:Fashion 5672:Culture 5586:Society 5531:Science 5496:Rouble 5438:Economy 5414:Science 5224:Premier 5205:Offices 5067:Leaders 4987:General 4955:Siberia 4928:Regions 4902:Oblasts 4743:October 4720:History 4633:(USSR) 4477:(USSR) 4388:(USSR) 4278:Sputnik 4262:Sibylle 4246:Pogledi 4238:Oktyabr 4062:Džuboks 4011:Vjesnik 3907:Pobjeda 3819:Dnevnik 3713:Zvyazda 3247:Oktyabr 3201:Ogonyok 3186:Nedelya 2961:Latvian 2936:Russian 2743:Эстония 2738:Russian 2733:Estonia 2712:Russian 2684:Russian 2659:Russian 2631:Russian 2608:Russian 2585:Russian 2555:Russian 2525:Russian 2502:Russian 2477:Russian 2454:Russian 2431:Russian 2347:Georgia 2324:Armenia 2252:Turkmen 2147:Bashkir 2106:Serdalo 2102:Сердало 1989:Kurdish 1984:Armenia 1954:Estonia 1924:Ukraine 1904:Russian 1899:Ukraine 1879:Russian 1856:Russian 1826:Finnish 1718:Russian 1641:Chechen 1480:Russian 1452:Georgia 1434:Russian 1388:Russian 1383:Armenia 1332:Chuvash 1281:Russian 1259:Звязда 1240:Zvyazda 1230:Russian 1201:Russian 1196:Georgia 1168:Estonia 1148:Russian 1092:Yiddish 608:scholar 433:Bednota 324:Symbols 178:Cuisine 133:History 63:improve 5796:Emblem 5784:Anthem 5732:Sports 5685:Cinema 5680:Ballet 5662:Racism 5635:Family 5125:Bodies 4713:topics 4653:(USSR) 4483:(USSR) 4326:Vlasta 4302:Svijet 4270:Signal 4134:Izgled 4078:Femeia 3931:Pravda 3659:Pravda 3530: 3526:. US. 3475:. 3298:Engels 3100:Dungan 3074:Kalmyk 3046:Polish 2956:Latvia 2822:Kazakh 2794:Adyghe 2766:Udmurt 2550:Latvia 2375:Kyrgyz 2121:Ingush 1964:folded 1695:Khakas 1667:Korean 1362:Lezgin 1304:Abazin 1236:Звязда 1178:folded 1120:Buryat 1040:Аҧсны 1036:Abkhaz 914:VTsSPS 814:Pravda 728:Under 718:Pravda 610: 603: 596: 589: 581: 502:Pravda 494:Pravda 489:Pravda 470:Moscow 454:Russia 450:Moscow 274:Cinema 157:People 104:on the 5727:Radio 5705:Opera 5700:Music 5603:Crime 5374:Gulag 5252:Cheka 4897:Krais 4664:(GDR) 4637:BelTA 4468:Radio 4310:Tempo 4286:Start 4102:FRÖSI 3971:Sport 3803:Borba 3737:Tiesa 3616:Radio 3278:Books 3026:] 3012:Tuvan 3002:Truth 2896:Truth 2886:Tiesa 2876:Tajik 2848:Tatar 2278:Uzbek 2226:Uzbek 2111:Shine 2004:Truth 1615:Nogai 1592:Ёлдаш 1587:Kumyk 1537:Кыым 1533:Yakut 1523:Spark 1505:Tatar 1337:Хыпар 1154:Edasi 1010:Altai 671:Staff 615:JSTOR 601:books 522:Staff 295:Sport 264:Radio 256:Media 246:Music 203:Islam 48:, or 5808:Flag 5766:List 5574:List 5486:OGAS 5379:List 5262:NKVD 5050:LGBT 5038:List 5004:1977 4999:1936 4643:ELTA 4631:TASS 4563:DT64 4318:Tina 4054:Duga 4038:Atze 3811:Delo 3729:Cīņa 3687:Trud 3528:ISSN 3296:and 3294:Marx 3154:Komi 2998:Shin 2942:Cīņa 1672:고려일보 1650:레닌기치 1518:Kyym 1514:Кыым 1245:Star 1062:Avar 836:Trud 768:and 694:and 587:news 440:for 407:CPSU 331:Flag 5291:KGB 5286:MGB 5274:MVD 5257:GPU 5057:Law 4662:ADN 4651:APN 4380:TVR 4374:TVP 4368:MTV 4362:DFF 4356:ČST 4222:NIN 3504:at 3258:'s 3230:by 2995:Шин 570:by 468:in 448:in 228:Art 216:Art 5873:: 5323:• 5319:• 3702:: 3656:: 3518:. 3482:. 3274:. 3242:. 3031:-- 3024:pl 2946:-- 2891:-- 1944:-- 1811:-- 1158:-- 715:, 687:. 452:, 52:, 44:, 5327:/ 5315:/ 4703:e 4696:t 4689:v 3569:e 3562:t 3555:v 3534:. 3488:— 3486:. 961:( 925:( 637:) 631:( 626:) 622:( 612:· 605:· 598:· 591:· 564:. 391:e 384:t 377:v 88:) 82:( 77:) 73:( 59:. 20:)

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