501:, Arch Getty argued that the Soviet political system was chaotic, that institutions often escaped the control of the centre, and that Stalin's leadership consisted to a considerable extent in responding, on an ad hoc basis, to political crises as they arose. Getty's work was influenced by political science of the 1960s onwards, which, in a critique of the totalitarian model, began to consider the possibility that relatively autonomous bureaucratic institutions might have had some influence on policy-making at the highest level.
118:
The "revisionist school" beginning in the 1960s focused on relatively autonomous institutions which might influence policy at the higher level. Matt Lenoe describes the "revisionist school" as representing those who "insisted that the old image of the Soviet Union as a totalitarian state bent on
465:
In 1953, Carl
Friedrich characterised totalitarian systems in terms of five points: an official ideology, control of weapons and of media, use of terror, and a single mass party, 'usually under a single leader'. There was of course an assumption that the leader was critical to the workings of
60:, the seat of the former Soviet government. Kremlinologist refers to academic, media, and commentary experts who specialize in the study of Kremlinology. The term is sometimes sweepingly used to describe Western scholars who specialized in Russian law, although the correct term is simply
343:
139:, lack of reliable information about the country forced Western analysts to "read between the lines" and to use the tiniest titbits, such as the removal of portraits, the rearranging of chairs, positions at the reviewing stand for parades in
119:
world domination was oversimplified or just plain wrong. They tended to be interested in social history and to argue that the
Communist Party leadership had had to adjust to social forces." These "revisionist school" historians such as
436:
Academic
Sovietology, a child of the early Cold War, was dominated by the 'totalitarian model' of Soviet politics. Until the 1960s it was almost impossible to advance any other interpretation, in the USA at
49:. In an extended usage, Kremlinology is sometimes used to mean any attempt to understand a secretive organization or process, such as plans for upcoming products or events, by interpreting indirect clues.
582:
the
Western scholars who in the 1990s and 2000s were most active in scouring the new archives for data on Soviet repression were revisionists (always 'archive rats') such as Arch Getty and Lynne Viola.
187:. In popular culture, the term is sometimes used to mean any attempt to understand a secretive organization or process, such as plans for upcoming products or events, by interpreting indirect clues.
156:, looking for omissions and discrepancies in the ordering of objectives. The description of state visits in the Communist press were also scrutinized, as well as the degree of
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totalitarianism: at the apex of a monolithic, centralised, and hierarchical system, it was he who issued the orders which were fulfilled unquestioningly by his subordinates.
222:
1200:
194:, for which Kremlinology-like approaches are still used by the Western media. Such study is sometimes called "Pyongyangology", after the country's capital
143:, the choice of capital or small initial letters in phrases such as "First Secretary", the arrangement of articles on the pages of the party newspaper
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Tucker's work stressed the absolute nature of Stalin's power, an assumption which was increasingly challenged by later revisionist historians. In his
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To study the relations between
Communist fraternal states, Kremlinologists compared the statements issued by the respective national
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Poland is in the
Eurasian Union: the mythology of Russian-Polish relations. Eurasian Club East - West, October 2012
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challenged the "totalitarian model" approach to Soviet history and were most active in the Soviet archives.
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In the German language, such attempts acquired the somewhat derisive name "Kreml-Astrologie" (Kremlin
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344:"[Review of the book] North Korea after Kim Il Sung. Edited by Dae-Sook Suh and Chae-Jin Lee"
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Definition of KREMLINOLOGY: the study of the policies and practices of the former Soviet government
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While the Soviet Union no longer exists, other secretive states still do, such as
481:
Sarah Davies; James Harris (8 September 2005). "Joseph Stalin: Power and Ideas".
449:
Sarah Davies; James Harris (8 September 2005). "Joseph Stalin: Power and Ideas".
420:
Sarah Davies; James Harris (8 September 2005). "Joseph Stalin: Power and Ideas".
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is the study and analysis of the politics and policies of the Soviet Union while
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is still in use in application to the study of decision-making processes in the
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and almost unlimited powers of the "great leader" such as Stalin.
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Lenoe, Matt (2002). "Did Stalin Kill Kirov and Does It Matter?".
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Sheila, Fitzpatrick (2007). "Revisionism in Soviet
History".
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more generally. These two terms were synonymous until the
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160:lent to dignitaries. Kremlinology also emphasized
37:is the study of politics and policies of both the
91:was dominated by the "totalitarian model" of the
52:The founder of Kremlinology is considered to be
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103:, who argued that the Soviet Union and other
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485:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 4–5.
453:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–4.
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629:"'Kremlinology' used to watch North Korea"
424:. Cambridge University Press. p. 3.
27:Study of the politics of the Soviet Union
342:Armstrong, Charles K. (February 1999).
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653:Nakagawa, Ulara (29 September 2010).
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392:. Moscow: ROSSPEN. pp. 133–152.
208:Soviet Union–United States relations
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185:politics of the Russian Federation
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627:Salmon, Andrew (2 January 2012).
570:10.1111/j.1468-2303.2007.00429.x
248:List of Russian legal historians
253:List of scholars in Russian law
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655:"The Art of 'Pyongyangology?'"
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348:The Journal of Asian Studies
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288:""Kremlinology" definition"
83:Academic Sovietology after
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594:Lawson, Eugene K. (1984).
317:""Sovietology" definition"
598:. Praeger. pp. 8–9.
388:Yury Solodukhin (2009).
294:. Merriam-Webster Online
101:Carl Joachim Friedrich
1186:Cold War broadcasting
483:Stalin: A New History
451:Stalin: A New History
422:Stalin: A New History
323:. The Free Dictionary
321:thefreedictionary.com
1206:Cold War terminology
633:The Washington Times
403:Karl Kantor (2009).
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292:merriam-webster.com
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125:Lynne Viola
63:Russian law
41:and former
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179:The term
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