785:
499:
27:
62:
469:
673:
633:
600:
586:
1112:
976:
690:
619:
990:
2640:
800:
The standard recovery procedure was changed with this flight, observers noted. In the past, the recovery of a civilian Salyut crew had been made on the orbit following the one which provided a nominal launch opportunity to Salyut. With this and subsequent flights, the landing occurred during the
792:
The Soyuz 31 crew swapped craft with the Soyuz 29 crew so as to supply the long-duration crew with a fresh craft. On
September 2, the engines of Soyuz 29 were tested, 25 experiment containers with 100 experimental results were transferred, along with exposed film, and seat liners and centering
780:
with the material between two plates in the ampoule. The tree structure which resulted was four to six times larger than what had been produced on the ground. Another experiment tested using different photographic films on the station's interior.
756:
when they docked at the aft port of the Salyut 6 space station the next day. The visitors brought with them fresh onions, garlic, lemons, apples and other food for the long-duration crew, then in space for more than two months.
768:. Medical and biological experiments were carried out, including an audio experiment which tested sound and noise perception limits. An experiment called Berolina used the Splav furnace to process an
784:
2757:
3695:
3715:
498:
801:
orbit which provided the nominal launch opportunity. The effect of this change was to have a landing window open some two to three days earlier than otherwise.
3710:
1053:
554:, into space. They swapped Soyuz craft with the long-duration crew and returned to Earth in Soyuz 29, the resident crew returned to Earth in Soyuz 31.
26:
1048:
532:. It was the seventh mission to and sixth successful docking at the orbiting facility. The Soyuz 31 crew were the second to visit the long-duration
804:
The crew on the station subsequently boarded the Soyuz 31 vehicle and redocked it to the forward port, thus freeing the aft port for a forthcoming
2750:
2480:
3705:
2886:
3690:
2743:
959:
925:
3303:
1023:
3685:
3700:
3067:
1101:
657:
567:
3680:
761:
1089:
2968:
808:
supply ship. They returned to Earth 2 November in the craft after setting a new space-endurance record of 139 days.
255:
2473:
1169:
1164:
3298:
70:
49:
3082:
793:
weights were exchanged. The Soyuz 31 crew left in Soyuz 29 the next day and landed 140 km southeast of
2881:
1043:
55:
3117:
1069:
805:
753:
637:
184:
3273:
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2509:
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1079:
1016:
981:
749:
694:
604:
355:
252:
180:
3655:
Payloads are separated by bullets ( · ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in
3443:
3315:
3309:
3268:
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3138:
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3102:
3092:
3087:
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3062:
3047:
3032:
1761:
1074:
995:
760:
The presence of the East German cosmonaut was seen as significant because of the presence of the
3248:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
2993:
2978:
2973:
2953:
2936:
2921:
2911:
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2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2794:
1084:
748:
flight, was launched 26 August 1978. Cosmonauts
Bykovsky and Jähn were greeted by resident crew
3484:
1111:
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3454:
3283:
3204:
3194:
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1390:
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1096:
955:
921:
468:
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1643:
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1482:
1144:
510:
318:
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2916:
1032:
677:
590:
540:
474:
328:
166:
623:
544:
170:
856:
2735:
1660:
1009:
948:
365:
61:
3674:
2609:
2218:
2213:
2208:
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2198:
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2188:
2183:
2178:
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2168:
2163:
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2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
884:
529:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
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2044:
1401:
1375:
1350:
1244:
689:
672:
632:
618:
599:
585:
522:
3332:
3238:
3042:
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2277:
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2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1706:
1700:
1613:
1238:
1129:
794:
745:
487:
295:
127:
3367:
3293:
3258:
2866:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
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1820:
1811:
1792:
1787:
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1777:
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1767:
1680:
1674:
1669:
1627:
1622:
1461:
1451:
1441:
1436:
1427:
1365:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1287:
1281:
1258:
1253:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1153:
1138:
971:
777:
117:
3347:
3337:
2958:
2699:
2114:
1990:
1756:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1711:
826:
551:
3574:
3449:
3417:
3232:
3210:
3097:
2942:
2926:
2805:
2694:
2689:
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2679:
2674:
2669:
2659:
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2228:
1802:
1650:
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1569:
1563:
1554:
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1539:
1534:
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1524:
1518:
1513:
1507:
1502:
1493:
1488:
1477:
1471:
1466:
1456:
1446:
1416:
1410:
533:
526:
482:
424:
384:
2639:
2458:
3599:
3432:
2963:
1691:
1339:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1189:
1158:
773:
769:
548:
242:
3263:
3226:
3216:
1332:
1326:
1321:
1298:
1293:
1276:
3663:. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).
1001:
783:
497:
345:
335:
765:
2739:
2462:
1005:
764:
on the space station, built by the Carl Zeiss works at
2647:
2497:
2399:
2378:
2227:
2113:
1989:
1801:
1690:
1659:
1612:
1426:
1400:
1374:
1349:
1237:
1128:
1119:
1062:
454:
446:
438:
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422:
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406:
398:
390:
382:
364:
354:
344:
334:
324:
314:
309:
290:
274:
269:
248:
238:
222:
217:
190:
176:
162:
154:
149:
133:
123:
113:
108:
82:
69:
48:
40:
947:
920:. Houston, Texas, USA: Gulf Publishing Company.
458:55 days, 18 hours and 26 minutes
90:67 days, 20 hours and 12 minutes
96:7 days, 20 hours and 49 minutes
3659:. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in
2751:
2474:
1017:
879:
877:
851:
849:
847:
200:
194:
8:
19:
2758:
2744:
2736:
2481:
2467:
2459:
1125:
1054:List of Russian human spaceflight missions
1024:
1010:
1002:
651:
561:
467:
60:
25:
18:
16:1978 Soviet crewed spaceflight to Salyut 6
1049:List of Soviet human spaceflight missions
911:
909:
907:
905:
788:Assembly of Soyuz 31 on a 1978 USSR stamp
2447:The † sign designates failed missions.
941:
939:
937:
817:
3716:Spacecraft launched by Soyuz-U rockets
857:"Spaceflight mission report: Soyuz 31"
918:Almanac of Soviet Manned Space Flight
661:
7:
2445:; exceptions are noted "(uncrewed)".
2437:Uncrewed missions are designated as
3696:East Germany–Soviet Union relations
613:Research Cosmonaut/Flight Engineer
3711:Spacecraft which reentered in 1978
885:"Relocations of Manned Spacecraft"
14:
502:Valery Bykovsky with Sigmund Jähn
31:Bykowski (above) and Jähn (below)
2638:
1110:
988:
974:
688:
671:
631:
617:
598:
584:
950:The Soviet Manned Space Program
294:140 km (87 mi) SE of
2451:designates cancelled missions.
954:. New York, USA: Orion Books.
711:6,800 kg (15,000 lb)
442:7 September 1978, 16:37:37 UTC
410:7 September 1978, 16:37:37 UTC
137:6,800 kg (15,000 lb)
72:
1:
1102:Cosmonaut ranks and positions
723:259.9 km (161.5 mi)
717:196.8 km (122.3 mi)
450:2 November 1978, 11:04:17 UTC
350:259.9 km (161.5 mi)
340:196.8 km (122.3 mi)
402:28 August 1978, 16:37:37 UTC
3706:Spacecraft launched in 1978
594:Third and last spaceflight
525:crewed space flight to the
201:
3732:
3653:
2790:
2636:
2435:
1108:
1039:
831:Encyclopedia Astronautica
686:
683:
669:
666:
615:
612:
582:
579:
574:
571:
514:
466:
462:
378:
374:
305:
301:
278:2 November 1978, 11:04:17
265:
261:
213:
209:
195:
145:
141:
104:
100:
36:
24:
3691:1978 in the Soviet Union
3299:Pioneer Venus Multiprobe
226:26 August 1978, 14:51:30
916:Dennis Newkirk (1990).
1044:List of Soyuz missions
946:Phillip Clark (1988).
789:
503:
282:1978-11-02UTC11:04:18Z
230:1978-08-26UTC14:51:30Z
3686:Crewed Soyuz missions
3118:Pioneer Venus Orbiter
1070:Soyuz (rocket family)
787:
754:Aleksandr Ivanchenkov
638:Aleksandr Ivanchenkov
501:
315:Reference system
185:Aleksandr Ivanchenkov
109:Spacecraft properties
3701:1978 in East Germany
2882:Fanhui Shi Weixing 4
2774:Orbital launches in
1245:Zond lunar programme
1122:(by spacecraft type)
744:Soyuz 31, the third
44:Soviet space program
3681:Interkosmos program
1080:Baikonur Cosmodrome
982:Soviet Union portal
750:Vladimir Kovalyonok
684:Research Cosmonaut
653:
608:Second spaceflight
605:Vladimir Kovalyonok
563:
181:Vladimir Kovalyonok
21:
2352:(uncrewed landing)
1559:(uncrewed landing)
1075:Soyuz (spacecraft)
996:Spaceflight portal
790:
740:Mission highlights
703:Mission parameters
652:
641:First spaceflight
562:
504:
370:88.81 minutes
360:51.64 degrees
310:Orbital parameters
3668:
3667:
2733:
2732:
2456:
2455:
2374:
2373:
2361:(uncrewed launch)
1574:(uncrewed launch)
1385:Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1
1360:Soyuz 7K-L1E No.1
1097:Soyuz abort modes
700:
699:
645:
644:
627:Only spaceflight
539:Soyuz 31 carried
496:
495:
94:
88:
3723:
3038:Intelsat IVA F-6
2800:Intelsat IVA F-3
2779:
2778:
2777:
2760:
2753:
2746:
2737:
2642:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2460:
2379:Current missions
2362:
2353:
2309:
1817:
1717:
1647:
1575:
1560:
1499:
1195:
1150:
1145:Soyuz 7K-OK No.1
1126:
1114:
1026:
1019:
1012:
1003:
998:
993:
992:
991:
984:
979:
978:
977:
966:
965:
953:
943:
932:
931:
913:
900:
899:
897:
895:
881:
872:
871:
869:
867:
853:
842:
841:
839:
837:
822:
695:Eberhard Köllner
693:
692:
676:
675:
654:
636:
635:
622:
621:
603:
602:
589:
588:
564:
516:
471:
447:Unredocking date
336:Perigee altitude
285:
283:
233:
231:
218:Start of mission
204:
198:
197:
92:
86:
83:Mission duration
74:
65:
64:
58:
29:
22:
3731:
3730:
3726:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3671:
3670:
3669:
3664:
3649:
3615:Gorizont No.11L
3428:Molniya-3 No.22
2872:Molniya-3 No.20
2786:
2785:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2764:
2734:
2729:
2643:
2634:
2493:
2487:
2457:
2452:
2446:
2431:
2400:Future missions
2395:
2370:
2360:
2351:
2307:
2223:
2109:
1985:
1815:
1797:
1715:
1686:
1655:
1641:
1608:
1573:
1558:
1497:
1422:
1396:
1370:
1345:
1242:
1233:
1193:
1148:
1121:
1115:
1106:
1058:
1035:
1033:Soyuz programme
1030:
994:
989:
987:
980:
975:
973:
970:
969:
962:
945:
944:
935:
928:
915:
914:
903:
893:
891:
883:
882:
875:
865:
863:
855:
854:
845:
835:
833:
824:
823:
819:
814:
742:
705:
687:
678:Viktor Gorbatko
670:
650:
640:
630:
626:
616:
607:
597:
593:
591:Valery Bykovsky
583:
572:Launching crew
560:
541:Valery Bykovsky
536:resident crew.
492:
491:
485:
478:
475:Soyuz programme
423:Redocking with
346:Apogee altitude
281:
279:
229:
227:
183:
169:
167:Valery Bykovsky
114:Spacecraft type
95:
91:
89:
59:
54:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3729:
3727:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3673:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3460:Interkosmos 18
3457:
3452:
3447:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3318:
3313:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2802:
2797:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2781:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2755:
2748:
2740:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2651:
2649:
2648:Manned flights
2645:
2644:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2630:Interkosmos 26
2627:
2625:Interkosmos 25
2622:
2620:Interkosmos 24
2617:
2615:Interkosmos 23
2612:
2610:Interkosmos 22
2607:
2605:Interkosmos 21
2602:
2600:Interkosmos 20
2597:
2595:Interkosmos 19
2592:
2590:Interkosmos 18
2587:
2585:Interkosmos 17
2582:
2580:Interkosmos 16
2577:
2575:Interkosmos 15
2572:
2570:Interkosmos 14
2567:
2565:Interkosmos 13
2562:
2560:Interkosmos 12
2557:
2555:Interkosmos 11
2552:
2550:Interkosmos 10
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2488:
2486:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2463:
2454:
2453:
2436:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2428:
2427:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2354:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2234:
2232:
2231:(2016–present)
2225:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2120:
2118:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1996:
1994:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1808:
1806:
1799:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1759:
1754:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1709:
1704:
1697:
1695:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1664:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1648:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1619:
1617:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1567:
1561:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1516:
1511:
1505:
1500:
1491:
1486:
1480:
1475:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1433:
1431:
1424:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1414:
1407:
1405:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1388:
1381:
1379:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1356:
1354:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1336:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1250:
1248:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1156:
1151:
1142:
1135:
1133:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1109:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1077:
1072:
1066:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1029:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1006:
1000:
999:
985:
968:
967:
960:
933:
926:
901:
873:
843:
827:"Baikonur LC1"
816:
815:
813:
810:
741:
738:
737:
736:
730:
724:
718:
712:
704:
701:
698:
697:
685:
681:
680:
668:
664:
663:
660:
649:
646:
643:
642:
628:
614:
610:
609:
595:
581:
577:
576:
573:
570:
559:
556:
494:
493:
486:
480:
479:
472:
464:
463:
460:
459:
456:
452:
451:
448:
444:
443:
440:
439:Redocking date
436:
435:
432:
431:Redocking port
428:
427:
420:
419:
416:
412:
411:
408:
407:Undocking date
404:
403:
400:
396:
395:
392:
388:
387:
380:
379:
376:
375:
372:
371:
368:
362:
361:
358:
352:
351:
348:
342:
341:
338:
332:
331:
326:
322:
321:
316:
312:
311:
307:
306:
303:
302:
299:
298:
292:
288:
287:
276:
272:
271:
270:End of mission
267:
266:
263:
262:
259:
258:
250:
246:
245:
240:
236:
235:
224:
220:
219:
215:
214:
211:
210:
207:
206:
192:
188:
187:
178:
174:
173:
164:
160:
159:
156:
152:
151:
147:
146:
143:
142:
139:
138:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
106:
105:
102:
101:
98:
97:
93:Original crew:
84:
80:
79:
76:
67:
66:
52:
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
34:
33:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3728:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3662:
3658:
3652:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2807:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2784:
2780:
2769:
2761:
2756:
2754:
2749:
2747:
2742:
2741:
2738:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2641:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2545:Interkosmos 9
2543:
2541:
2540:Interkosmos 8
2538:
2536:
2535:Interkosmos 7
2533:
2531:
2530:Interkosmos 6
2528:
2526:
2525:Interkosmos 5
2523:
2521:
2520:Interkosmos 4
2518:
2516:
2515:Interkosmos 3
2513:
2511:
2510:Interkosmos 2
2508:
2506:
2505:Interkosmos 1
2503:
2502:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2484:
2479:
2477:
2472:
2470:
2465:
2464:
2461:
2450:
2444:
2440:
2434:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2407:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2367:
2364:
2358:
2355:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2124:Soyuz TMA-01M
2122:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1124:
1120:Past missions
1118:
1113:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1015:
1013:
1008:
1007:
1004:
997:
986:
983:
972:
963:
961:0-517-56954-X
957:
952:
951:
942:
940:
938:
934:
929:
927:0-87201-848-2
923:
919:
912:
910:
908:
906:
902:
890:
889:SPACEFACTS.de
886:
880:
878:
874:
862:
861:SPACEFACTS.de
858:
852:
850:
848:
844:
832:
828:
821:
818:
811:
809:
807:
802:
798:
796:
786:
782:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
762:MKF-6M camera
758:
755:
751:
747:
739:
735:88.81 minutes
734:
731:
728:
725:
722:
719:
716:
713:
710:
707:
706:
702:
696:
691:
682:
679:
674:
665:
659:
656:
655:
647:
639:
634:
629:
625:
620:
611:
606:
601:
596:
592:
587:
578:
575:Landing crew
569:
566:
565:
557:
555:
553:
550:
546:
542:
537:
535:
531:
530:space station
528:
524:
521:) was a 1978
520:
512:
508:
500:
490: →
489:
484:
481:←
477:
476:
470:
465:
461:
457:
455:Time redocked
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
426:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
389:
386:
383:Docking with
381:
377:
373:
369:
367:
363:
359:
357:
353:
349:
347:
343:
339:
337:
333:
330:
327:
323:
320:
317:
313:
308:
304:
300:
297:
293:
289:
277:
273:
268:
264:
260:
257:
254:
251:
247:
244:
241:
237:
225:
221:
216:
212:
208:
203:
193:
189:
186:
182:
179:
175:
172:
168:
165:
161:
157:
153:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
129:
126:
122:
119:
116:
112:
107:
103:
99:
85:
81:
77:
75:
68:
63:
57:
53:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
28:
23:
3660:
3656:
3444:Ekran No.14L
3442:
3321:
3320:
3316:Molniya-1-41
3310:Ekran No.15L
3308:
3274:Gran' No.14L
3269:Molniya-1-41
3231:
3209:
3145:Molniya-1-40
3139:Ekran No.13L
3137:
3005:
2998:
2949:Molniya-1-39
2941:
2804:
2664:
2448:
2442:
2438:
1644:Apollo–Soyuz
1549:
1402:Soyuz 7K-OKS
1376:Soyuz 7K-LOK
1351:Soyuz 7K-L1E
1338:
1331:
949:
917:
894:13 September
892:. Retrieved
888:
866:13 September
864:. Retrieved
860:
834:. Retrieved
830:
820:
803:
799:
791:
759:
743:
732:
727:Inclination:
726:
720:
714:
708:
624:Sigmund Jähn
547:, the first
545:Sigmund Jähn
538:
518:
506:
505:
473:
418:10 days
399:Docking date
391:Docking port
291:Landing site
275:Landing date
171:Sigmund Jähn
124:Manufacturer
3645:Kosmos 1069
3640:Kosmos 1068
3635:Kosmos 1067
3630:Kosmos 1066
3625:Kosmos 1065
3620:Kosmos 1064
3610:Kosmos 1063
3595:Kosmos 1062
3590:Kosmos 1061
3570:Kosmos 1060
3565:Kosmos 1059
3560:Kosmos 1058
3555:Kosmos 1057
3550:Kosmos 1056
3545:Kosmos 1055
3540:Kosmos 1054
3535:Kosmos 1053
3530:Kosmos 1052
3525:Kosmos 1051
3520:Kosmos 1050
3515:Kosmos 1049
3505:Kosmos 1048
3500:Kosmos 1047
3490:Kosmos 1046
3470:Kosmos 1045
3438:Kosmos 1044
3423:Kosmos 1043
3413:Kosmos 1042
3408:Kosmos 1041
3403:Kosmos 1040
3398:Kosmos 1039
3393:Kosmos 1038
3388:Kosmos 1037
3383:Kosmos 1036
3378:Kosmos 1035
3373:Kosmos 1034
3363:Kosmos 1033
3358:Kosmos 1032
3343:Kosmos 1031
3333:Kosmos 1030
3328:Kosmos 1029
3289:Kosmos 1028
3279:Kosmos 1027
3254:Kosmos 1026
3244:Kosmos 1025
3239:Kosmos 1024
3222:Kosmos 1023
3200:Kosmos 1022
3190:Kosmos 1021
3185:Kosmos 1020
3180:Kosmos 1019
3175:Kosmos 1018
3170:Kosmos 1017
3165:Kosmos 1016
3160:Kosmos 1015
3155:Kosmos 1014
3150:Kosmos 1013
3133:Kosmos 1012
3128:Kosmos 1011
3123:Kosmos 1010
3113:Kosmos 1009
3108:Kosmos 1008
3103:Kosmos 1007
3093:Kosmos 1006
3088:Kosmos 1005
3078:Kosmos 1004
3063:Kosmos 1003
3048:Kosmos 1002
3043:Kosmos 1001
3033:Kosmos 1000
2490:Interkosmos
2441:instead of
2238:Soyuz MS-01
2117:(2010–2016)
2115:Soyuz-TMA-M
2000:Soyuz TMA-1
1993:(2002–2012)
1805:(1986–2002)
1701:Kosmos 1001
1694:(1978–1986)
1663:(1974–1976)
1616:(1974–1976)
1614:Soyuz 7K-TM
1430:(1972–1981)
1378:(1971–1972)
1353:(1969–1970)
1241:(1967–1970)
1239:Soyuz 7K-L1
1132:(1966–1970)
1130:Soyuz 7K-OK
1063:Main topics
825:Mark Wade.
795:Dzhezkazgan
746:Intercosmos
648:Backup crew
488:Kosmos 1074
415:Time docked
356:Inclination
296:Dzhezkazgan
249:Launch site
223:Launch date
134:Launch mass
128:NPO Energia
3675:Categories
3368:Progress 4
3294:Progress 3
3259:Progress 2
3249:Comstar 1C
3028:Kosmos 999
3023:Kosmos 998
3018:Kosmos 997
3013:Kosmos 996
2994:Kosmos 995
2979:Kosmos 994
2974:Kosmos 993
2954:Kosmos 992
2937:Kosmos 991
2922:Kosmos 990
2912:Kosmos 989
2902:Kosmos 988
2892:Kosmos 987
2877:Kosmos 986
2867:Progress 1
2862:Kosmos 985
2857:Kosmos 984
2852:Kosmos 983
2847:Kosmos 982
2842:Kosmos 981
2837:Kosmos 980
2832:Kosmos 979
2827:Kosmos 978
2822:Kosmos 977
2817:Kosmos 976
2812:Kosmos 975
2795:Kosmos 974
2725:Soyuz TM-7
2720:Soyuz TM-6
2715:Soyuz TM-5
2710:Soyuz TM-3
2705:Soyuz T-11
2498:Satellites
2308:(uncrewed)
1816:(uncrewed)
1812:Soyuz TM-1
1716:(uncrewed)
1670:Kosmos 670
1661:Soyuz 7K-S
1623:Kosmos 638
1498:(uncrewed)
1462:Kosmos 656
1452:Kosmos 613
1437:Kosmos 496
1428:Soyuz 7K-T
1366:Kosmos 382
1265:Zond 1967A
1254:Kosmos 146
1194:(uncrewed)
1165:Kosmos 186
1154:Kosmos 140
1149:(uncrewed)
1139:Kosmos 133
812:References
778:antimonide
667:Commander
580:Commander
434:Front port
319:Geocentric
118:Soyuz 7K-T
3657:underline
3485:Prognoz 7
3348:Venera 12
3338:Venera 11
2959:Landsat 3
2700:Soyuz T-6
2492:programme
1991:Soyuz-TMA
1712:Soyuz T-1
1090:Site 31/6
552:cosmonaut
329:Low Earth
286: UTC
234: UTC
205:- "Hawk")
163:Launching
155:Crew size
56:1978-081A
50:COSPAR ID
3585:OPS 9442
3580:OPS 9441
3575:OPS 5114
3495:Einstein
3465:Magion 1
3450:Nimbus 7
3418:OPS 5113
3322:Soyuz 31
3284:OPS 7310
3233:Soyuz 30
3211:Soyuz 29
3205:OPS 4515
3195:OPS 9454
3098:OPS 5112
3073:OPS 6183
3053:OPS 8790
3007:OPS 9440
3000:OPS 9439
2989:OPS 7858
2984:OPS 0460
2943:Soyuz 28
2932:OPS 6031
2927:OPS 5111
2907:OPS 6291
2806:Soyuz 27
2695:Soyuz 40
2690:Soyuz 39
2685:Soyuz 38
2680:Soyuz 37
2675:Soyuz 36
2670:Soyuz 33
2665:Soyuz 31
2660:Soyuz 30
2655:Soyuz 28
2229:Soyuz MS
1803:Soyuz-TM
1633:Soyuz 16
1467:Soyuz 14
1457:Soyuz 13
1447:Soyuz 12
1411:Soyuz 10
1310:Zond-M 1
1085:Site 1/5
806:Progress
715:Perigee:
658:Position
568:Position
534:Soyuz 29
527:Salyut 6
519:Union 31
507:Soyuz 31
483:Soyuz 30
425:Salyut 6
394:Aft port
385:Salyut 6
253:Baikonur
191:Callsign
87:Capsule:
41:Operator
20:Soyuz 31
3661:italics
3600:Anik B1
3510:NATO 3C
3433:TIROS-N
3353:Jikiken
2964:OSCAR 8
2449:Italics
2219:TMA-20M
2214:TMA-19M
2209:TMA-18M
2204:TMA-17M
2199:TMA-16M
2194:TMA-15M
2189:TMA-14M
2184:TMA-13M
2179:TMA-12M
2174:TMA-11M
2169:TMA-10M
2164:TMA-09M
2159:TMA-08M
2154:TMA-07M
2149:TMA-06M
2144:TMA-05M
2139:TMA-04M
2134:TMA-03M
2129:TMA-02M
1692:Soyuz-T
1190:Soyuz 2
1159:Soyuz 1
836:4 March
774:bismuth
770:ampoule
733:Period:
721:Apogee:
515:Союз 31
511:Russian
280: (
243:Soyuz-U
228: (
202:Yastreb
177:Landing
71:SATCAT
3304:ISEE-3
3264:GEOS-2
3227:Seasat
3217:GOES 3
3058:Yuri 1
2897:Kyokko
2783:1979 →
2768:← 1977
2439:Kosmos
2359:
2350:
2306:
2105:TMA-22
2100:TMA-21
2095:TMA-20
2090:TMA-19
2085:TMA-18
2080:TMA-17
2075:TMA-16
2070:TMA-15
2065:TMA-14
2060:TMA-13
2055:TMA-12
2050:TMA-11
2045:TMA-10
1814:
1714:
1640:
1572:
1557:
1496:
1404:(1971)
1322:Zond 7
1277:Zond 4
1192:
958:
924:
729:51.64°
549:German
523:Soviet
366:Period
325:Regime
239:Rocket
196:Ястреб
3605:DRIMS
3455:CAMEO
3083:OTS-2
2969:PIX-1
2917:Ume 2
2443:Soyuz
2425:MS-29
2421:2026
2415:MS-28
2410:MS-27
2406:2025
2391:MS-26
2386:MS-25
2366:MS-24
2357:MS-23
2348:MS-22
2343:MS-21
2338:MS-20
2333:MS-19
2328:MS-18
2323:MS-17
2318:MS-16
2313:MS-15
2304:MS-14
2299:MS-13
2294:MS-12
2289:MS-11
2283:MS-10
2278:MS-09
2273:MS-08
2268:MS-07
2263:MS-06
2258:MS-05
2253:MS-04
2248:MS-03
2243:MS-02
2040:TMA-9
2035:TMA-8
2030:TMA-7
2025:TMA-6
2020:TMA-5
2015:TMA-4
2010:TMA-3
2005:TMA-2
1981:TM-34
1976:TM-33
1971:TM-32
1966:TM-31
1961:TM-30
1956:TM-29
1951:TM-28
1946:TM-27
1941:TM-26
1936:TM-25
1931:TM-24
1926:TM-23
1921:TM-22
1916:TM-21
1911:TM-20
1906:TM-19
1901:TM-18
1896:TM-17
1891:TM-16
1886:TM-15
1881:TM-14
1876:TM-13
1871:TM-12
1866:TM-11
1861:TM-10
1762:T-10a
1304:1969A
1288:1968B
1282:1968A
1271:1967B
709:Mass:
662:Crew
78:11010
3480:RS-2
3475:RS-1
3068:HCMM
2776:1978
1856:TM-9
1851:TM-8
1846:TM-7
1841:TM-6
1836:TM-5
1831:TM-4
1826:TM-3
1821:TM-2
1793:T-15
1788:T-14
1783:T-13
1778:T-12
1773:T-11
1768:T-10
1707:1074
1391:No.2
956:ISBN
922:ISBN
896:2024
868:2024
838:2009
776:and
766:Jena
752:and
558:Crew
543:and
150:Crew
2887:IUE
1757:T-9
1751:T-8
1746:T-7
1741:T-6
1736:T-5
1731:T-4
1726:T-3
1721:T-2
1681:869
1675:772
1628:672
1483:18a
1442:573
1316:M 2
1259:154
1185:238
1180:213
1175:212
1170:188
772:of
256:1/5
73:no.
3677::
1651:22
1638:19
1604:40
1599:39
1594:38
1589:37
1584:36
1579:35
1570:34
1564:33
1555:32
1550:31
1545:30
1540:29
1535:28
1530:27
1525:26
1519:25
1514:24
1508:23
1503:21
1494:20
1489:18
1478:17
1472:15
1417:11
1340:10
1147:†
936:^
904:^
887:.
876:^
859:.
846:^
829:.
797:.
517:,
513::
2759:e
2752:t
2745:v
2482:e
2475:t
2468:v
2285:†
1764:†
1753:†
1703:†
1683:†
1677:†
1646:)
1642:(
1566:†
1521:†
1510:†
1485:†
1474:†
1419:†
1413:†
1393:†
1387:†
1362:†
1333:9
1327:8
1318:†
1312:†
1306:†
1299:6
1294:5
1290:†
1284:†
1273:†
1267:†
1261:†
1247:)
1243:(
1229:9
1224:8
1219:7
1214:6
1209:5
1204:4
1199:3
1161:†
1141:†
1025:e
1018:t
1011:v
964:.
930:.
898:.
870:.
840:.
509:(
284:)
232:)
199:(
158:2
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