N1 (rocket) - Knowledge

2018:. The flight lasted only a few moments; as soon as it cleared the tower, there was a flash of light, and debris could be seen falling from the bottom of the first stage. All engines instantly shut down except engine #18. This caused the N-1 to lean over at a 45-degree angle and drop back onto the pad. The nearly 2300 tons of propellant on board triggered a massive blast and shock wave that shattered windows across the launch complex and sent debris flying as far as 10 kilometers (6 miles) from the center of the explosion. Launch crews were permitted outside half an hour after the accident and encountered droplets of unburnt fuel still raining down from the sky. The majority of the N-1's propellant load had not been consumed in the accident, and most of what had burned had been in the first stage of the rocket. However, the worst-case scenario, mixing of the fuel and LOX to form an explosive gel, had not occurred. The subsequent investigation revealed that up to 85% of the propellant on board the rocket had not detonated, reducing the force of the blast. The launch escape system had activated at the moment of engine shutdown (T+15 seconds) and pulled the L1S-2 capsule to safety 2.0 kilometers (1.2 miles) away. Impact with the pad occurred at T+23 seconds. Launch Complex 110 East was thoroughly leveled by the blast, with the concrete pad caved in and one of the lighting towers knocked over and twisted around itself. Despite the devastation, most of the telemetry tapes were found intact in the debris field and examined. 2030:

the NK-15 engines were entirely blameless and Mishin, who had defended the use of Kuznetsov's engines two years earlier, could not publicly come out and challenge him. Kuznetsov succeeded in getting the postflight investigative committee to rule the cause of the engine failure as "ingestion of foreign debris". After this flight, fuel filters were installed in later models. Vladimir Barmin, chief director of launch facilities at Baikonur, also argued that the KORD should be locked for the first 15–20 seconds of flight to prevent a shutdown command from being issued until the booster had cleared the pad area. The destroyed complex was photographed by American satellites, disclosing to the Western World that the Soviet Union had been constructing a Moon rocket. It took 18 months to rebuild the launch pad and delayed launches. The explosion had been visible that evening 35 kilometres (22 miles) away at

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seconds. The launch escape system activated and pulled the Soyuz 7K-LOK to safety. The upper stages were ejected from the stack and crashed into the steppe. An investigation revealed that the abrupt shutdown of the engines led to fluctuations in the fluid columns of the feeder pipes, which ruptured and spilled fuel and oxidizer onto the shut down, but still hot, engines. A failure of the #4 engine turbopump was also suspected. It was believed that the launch could have been salvaged had ground controllers sent a manual command to jettison the first stage and begin second stage burn early as the stage failed only 15 seconds before it was due to separate at T+125 seconds and it had reached the nominal burn time of 110 seconds according to the cyclogram.

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been caused by pyrotechnic devices opening a valve, which produced a high-frequency oscillation that went into adjacent wiring and was assumed by the KORD to be an overspeed condition in the engine's turbopump. The wiring in Engine #12 was believed to be particularly vulnerable to this effect due to its length; however, other engines had similar wiring and were unaffected. Also, the system's operating voltage increased to 25 V instead of the nominal 15 V. The control wiring was relocated and coated with asbestos for fireproofing and the operating frequency changed. The

6862: 986: 828:, or many warheads (up to 17) as further justification for the N1 design. Korolev was not inclined to use the rocket for military uses, but wanted to fulfill his space ambitions and saw military support as vital. The military response was lukewarm – they thought the N1 had little military usefulness and was worried it would divert funds away from pure military programs. Korolev's correspondence with military leaders continued until February 1962 with little progress. 2022:

components in the thrust section leading to the engines gradually being shut down between T+10 and T+12 seconds. The KORD had shut off engines #7, #19, #20, and #21 after detecting abnormal pressure and pump speeds. Telemetry did not provide any explanation as to what shut off the other engines. Engine #18, which had caused the booster to lean over 45 degrees, continued operating until impact, something engineers were never able to satisfactorily explain.

969:, a fairly small engine that would be delivered in several versions tuned to different altitudes. To achieve the required amount of thrust, it was proposed that 30 NK-15s would be used in a clustered configuration. An outer ring of 24 engines and an inner ring of six engines would be separated by an air gap, with airflow supplied via inlets near the top of the booster. The air would be mixed with the exhaust in order to provide some degree of 1040:, who did not have Korolev's political astuteness or influence, and was reputed to be a heavy drinker. After a few years of setbacks and four failed launches, in May 1974 Mishin was fired and replaced by Glushko, who immediately ordered the cancellation of the N1 programme and the crewed lunar mission in general, despite Mishin's assertion that the rocket will be fully operational in under two years. 1980:

KORD responded by issuing a general command to shut down the entire first stage at T+68 seconds into launch. This signal was also transmitted up to the second and third stages, "locking" them and preventing a manual ground command from being sent to start their engines. Telemetry also showed that the power generators in the N-1 continued functioning until the impact with the ground at T+183 seconds.

1249:, was powered by 30 NK-15 engines arranged in two rings, the main ring of 24 at the outer edge of the booster and the core propulsion system consisting of the inner 6 engines at about half diameter. The control system was primarily based on differential throttling of the engines of the outer ring for pitch and yaw. The core propulsion system was not used for control. The Block A also included four 650: 2075:

upper stages impacted about 7 kilometers (4 miles) from the launch complex. Despite the engine shutoff, the first and second stages still had enough momentum to travel for some distance before falling to earth about 15 kilometers (9 miles) from the launch complex and blasting a 15-meter-deep (50-foot) crater in the steppe. This N1 had dummy upper stages without the rescue system.

594:. However, each of the four attempts to launch an N1 failed in flight, with the second attempt resulting in the vehicle crashing back onto its launch pad shortly after liftoff. Adverse characteristics of the large cluster of thirty engines and its complex fuel and oxidizer feeder systems were not revealed earlier in development because static test firings had not been conducted. 1984:

and the recovery of the generators from the crash site. They had survived in good condition and were shipped back to the Istra plant, where they were refurbished and worked without any problems under bench testing. The investigative team did not speculate as to whether the burning first stage could have continued flying if the KORD system had not shut it down.

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required to assemble the complex before any of the components ran out of consumables on-orbit. Korolev subsequently proposed that the N1 be enlarged to allow a single-launch lunar mission. In November–December 1961, Korolev and others tried to further argue that a super heavy lift rocket could deliver ultra heavy nuclear weapons, such as the just tested

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performance at sea level. Further ideas wanted to forgo the NK-15Fs altogether and replace them with a radical annular combustion chamber. This chamber would surround the aerospike in its entirety. However, both ideas were thrown out as the calculated performance gains didn't outweigh the additional mass and complexities of the different engines.

768:. That knowledge influenced several key US decisions in the coming months. The satellite imagery appeared to show the USSR was close to a flight test of the N1, but did not reveal that this particular rocket was just a mockup and that the USSR was many months behind the US in the race to land a human on the Moon (though, at the very least, the 1049: 1200:

NK-33/AJ-26. Given Aerojet's previous problems with the NK-33/AJ-26 engine during the modification and test program (two engine failures in static test firings, one of which caused major damage to the test stand) and the later in-flight failure, Orbital decided that the NK-33/AJ-26 was not reliable enough for future use.

1458:. The N1 also wasted available propellant volume by using spherical propellant tanks under a roughly conical external skin, while the Saturn V used most of its available cylindrical skin volume to house capsule-shaped hydrogen and oxygen tanks, with common bulkheads between the tanks in the second and third stages. 794: 2029:

blades had rubbed against the metal casing, creating a friction spark that had ignited the LOX. The #8 engine had operated erratically prior to shutdown and a pressure sensor detected "incredible force" in the pump. Vasily Mishin believed that a pump rotor had disintegrated, but Kuznetsov argued that

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It was found that the LOX turbopump in the #8 engine had exploded just before liftoff. (The pump was recovered from the debris and found to have signs of fire and melting). The resultant shock wave severed surrounding propellant lines and started a fire from leaking fuel. The fire had damaged various

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The KORD was found to have a number of serious design flaws and poorly programmed logic. One unforeseen flaw was that its operating frequency, 1000 Hz, happened to perfectly coincide with vibration generated by the propulsion system, and the shutdown of Engine #12 at liftoff was believed to have

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to spill into the aft section of the booster. When it came into contact with the leaking gas, a fire started. The fire then burned through wiring in the power supply, causing electrical arcing that was picked up by sensors and interpreted by the KORD as a pressurization problem in the turbopumps. The

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The NK-15 engines had a number of valves that were activated by pyrotechnics rather than hydraulic or mechanical means, this being a weight-saving measure. Once shut, the valves could not be re-opened. This meant that the engines for Block A were only test-fired individually and the entire cluster of

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was the first Soviet digital guidance and control system, and unlike the KORD, which was essentially just an analogue engine control system, the S-530 supervised all control tasks in the launch vehicle and spacecraft, of which the N1 carried two, one located in the Block V third stage that controlled

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launch vehicle. Antares used two of these modified AJ-26 engines for first stage propulsion. The first four launches of the Antares were successful, but on the fifth launch the rocket exploded shortly after launch. Preliminary failure analysis by Orbital pointed to a possible turbopump failure in one

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The two flight-ready N1Fs were scrapped and their remains could still be found around Baikonur years later used as shelters and storage sheds. The boosters were deliberately broken up in an effort to cover up the USSR's failed Moon attempts, which was publicly stated to be a paper project in order to

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in the 1930s and Glushko considering Korolev to be cavalier and autocratic towards things outside his competence. The difference of opinions led to a falling out between Korolev and Glushko. In 1962, a committee was appointed to resolve the dispute and agreed with Korolev. Glushko refused outright to

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Because the first stage was so big, the decision was made to forego building a separate test facility for it, and instead to try to discover any problems with a series of full-up launches. In hindsight, this would prove to be a mistake, because each of the four launch attempts of the N-1 resulted in

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Because of its technical difficulties and lack of funding for a comprehensive test campaign, the N1 never completed a test flight. Twelve test flights were planned, with only four flown. All four uncrewed launches ended in failure before first-stage separation. The longest flight lasted 107 seconds,

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The Strategic Missile Forces of the Soviet military were reluctant to support a politically motivated project with little military utility, but both Korolev and Chelomei pushed for a lunar mission. Between 1961 and 1964, Chelomei's less aggressive proposal was accepted, and development of his UR-500

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Investigators discovered the remains of the rocket 52 kilometers (32 miles) from the launch pad. Vasily Mishin had initially blamed the generators for the failure, as he could not think of any other reason why all 30 engines would shut down at once, but this was quickly disproven by telemetry data

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stated that only two out of every batch of six engines were tested, and not the units actually intended for use in the booster. As a result, the complex and destructive vibrational modes (which ripped apart propellant lines and turbines), as well as exhaust plume and fluid dynamic problems (causing

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and counter-currents at the base of Block A (the first stage), the N-1 experienced an uncontrolled roll beyond the capability of the control system to compensate. The KORD computer sensed an abnormal situation and sent a shutdown command to the first stage, but as noted above, the guidance program

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diametrically opposing engines in the outer ring would generate, thus maintaining symmetrical thrust. Block A could perform nominally with two pairs of opposing engines shut down (26/30 engines). Unfortunately the KORD system was unable to react to rapidly occurring processes such as the exploding

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The second N-1 vehicle was launched on 3 July 1969 and carried a modified L1 Zond spacecraft and live escape tower. Boris Chertok claimed that a mass model lunar module was also carried; however, most sources indicate that only the L1S-2 and boost stages were on board N-1 5L. Launch took place at

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and at T+48 seconds, the vehicle disintegrated from structural loads. The interstage truss between the second and third stages twisted apart and the latter separated from the stack and at T+50 seconds, the cutoff command to the first stage was unblocked and the engines immediately shut down. The

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17 meters (56 feet) wide at the base, while the L3 section was mostly cylindrical, carried inside a shroud an estimated 3.5 meters (11 feet) wide. The conical shaping of the lower stages was due to the arrangement of the tanks within, a smaller spherical kerosene tank on top of the larger liquid

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had successfully flown crew with similar hypergolic propellants. Korolev felt that the toxic nature of the fuels and their exhaust presented a safety risk for crewed space flight, and that kerosene/LOX was a better solution. The disagreement between Korolev and Glushko over the question of fuels

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when the six engines were shut down abruptly, lines for feeding fuel and oxidizer to the core propulsion system burst and a fire started in the boattail of the booster; in addition, the #4 engine exploded. The first stage broke up starting at T+107 seconds and all telemetry data ceased at T+110

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The next, last vehicle would have a much more powerful stabilization system with dedicated engines (in the previous versions stabilization was done by directing exhaust from the main engines). The engine control system would also be reworked, increasing the number of sensors from 700 to 13,000.

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rocket launches would be used to build up a complete Moon mission package, including one for the Soyuz spacecraft, another for the lunar lander, and a few with cislunar engines and fuel. This approach, driven by the limited capacity of the Soyuz rocket, meant that a rapid launch rate would be

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for "Z" and the numeral "3". Sometimes both forms are used within the same Russian website (or even the same article). English sources refer only to N1-L3. The correct designation is L3, representing one of the five branches of Soviet lunar exploration. Stage 1 (Л1) was planned as a crewed

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While trying to find ways for more performance, research was conducted on the feasibility of using an aerospike engine in the first stage. To achieve this, they would lower the initial 30 NK15-F engines to 24 engines around the rim, leaving the center free. Their goal was to achieve better

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worked on incorporating these engines into a new rocket design with the intention of offering commercial launch services, but the company eventually went into bankruptcy before seeing a single launch. Aerojet also modified the NK-33 to incorporate thrust vector control capability for

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know that the rocket was a mockup per the daily presidential briefing of 27 December 1967). The Soviets were hopeful that they could carry out a test flight of the N1 in the first half of 1968, but for a variety of technical reasons the attempt did not occur for more than a year.

1435:, with the fourth stage included in the L3 complex intended to place 23.5 t (52,000 lb) into translunar orbit. In comparison, the Saturn V placed the roughly 45 t (100,000 lb) Apollo spacecraft plus about 74.4 t (164,100 lb) of fuel remaining in the 1424:(111 meters, 363 ft). The N-1 had a smaller overall diameter but a greater maximum diameter (17 m/56 ft vs. 10 m/33 ft). The N1 produced more thrust in each of its first three stages than the corresponding stages of the Saturn V. The N1-L3 produced more 839:

proposed an alternate mission with much lower risk. Instead of a crewed landing, Chelomei proposed a series of circumlunar missions to beat the US to the vicinity of the Moon. He also proposed a new booster for the mission, clustering four of his existing UR-200s (known as the

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In Russia, N1 engines were not used again until 2004, when the remaining 70 or so engines were incorporated into a new rocket design, the Soyuz 3. As of 2005, the project was frozen due to the lack of funding. Instead, the NK-33 was incorporated into the first stage of a

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In total, the Block A produced 45,400 kN (10,200,000 lbf) of thrust, the most powerful rocket stage flown to date. This exceeded the 33,700 kN (7,600,000 lbf) thrust of the Saturn V, and the record would stand for over half a century, until the

1318:, was powered by 8 NK-15V engines arranged in a single ring. The only major difference between the NK-15 and -15V was the engine bell and various tunings for air-start and high-altitude performance. The N1F Block B replaced the NK-15 engines with upgraded 1013:

When Khrushchev was overthrown later in 1964, infighting between the two teams started anew. In October 1965, the Soviet government ordered a compromise; the circumlunar mission would be launched on Chelomei's UR-500 using Korolev's Soyuz spacecraft

741:. This Facilities Systems Logistic Test and Training Vehicle, designated 1M1, was designed to give engineers valuable experience in the rollout, launch pad integration, and rollback activities, similar to the Saturn V Facilities Integration Vehicle 2066:

had since been modified to prevent this from happening until 50 seconds into launch. The roll, which had initially been 6° per second, began rapidly accelerating. At T+39 seconds, the booster was rolling at nearly 40° per second, causing the

1285:) was the automatic engine control system devised to throttle, shut down and monitor the large cluster of 30 engines in Block A (the first stage). The KORD system controlled the differential thrusting of the outer ring of 24 engines for 2741: 2101:

The start and lift-off went well. At T+90 seconds, a programmed shutdown of the core propulsion system (the six center engines) was performed to reduce structural stress on the booster. Because of excessive dynamic loads caused by a

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could not be reached by heavy barge. To allow transport by rail, all of the stages had to be shipped in pieces and assembled at the launch site. This led to difficulties in testing that contributed to the N1's lack of success.

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eventually solved the F-1 instability problems by adding copper dividers as baffles, but the RD-270 still had unsolved instability problems when the N1 program was cancelled in 1974, long after the F-1 problems were solved.

757:. On December 11, after completion of various tests, the N1 rocket was lowered and rolled back to the assembly building. The 1M1 mockup was used repeatedly in the following years for additional launchpad integration tests. 810:

set the first test launch of the N1 rocket for 1965. In June, Korolev was given a small amount of funding to start N1 development between 1961 and 1963. At the same time, Korolev proposed a lunar mission based on the new

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spacecraft already under development, and a lander developed by his design bureau. Korolev's proposal was selected as the winner in August 1964, but Chelomei was told to continue with his circumlunar UR-500/LK-1 work.

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During the N1's lifetime, a series of improved engines was introduced to replace those used in the original design. The resulting modified N1 was known as the N1F, but did not fly before the project's cancellation.

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This Template lists historical, current, and future space rockets that at least once attempted (but not necessarily succeeded in) an orbital launch or that are planned to attempt such a launch in the future

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The N1 stood 105 meters (344 ft) tall with its L3 payload. The N1-L3 consisted of five stages in total: the first three (N1) for insertion into a low Earth parking orbit, and another two (L3) for

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in mid-1966. While the crawler transported the Saturn V to the pad vertically, the N1 made the trip horizontally and was then raised to the vertical position at the pad – a standard practice in the

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The Saturn V also never lost a payload in two development and eleven operational launches, while four N1 development launch attempts all resulted in catastrophic failure, with two payload losses.

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The N1-L3 started development in October 1965, almost four years after the Saturn V, during which it was underfunded and rushed. The project was badly derailed by the death of its chief designer

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The N-1 was assembled horizontally, then moved on a transporter to the launch pad, and erected. There was a service tower/gantry at the pad with umbilical connections for liquid fuelling.

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Why the #8 turbopump had exploded could not be determined exactly. Working theories were that either a piece of a pressure sensor had broken off and lodged in the pump, or that its

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and a regular LK module-spacecraft of the L3 lunar expedition complex. It was intended for a Moon flyby and uncrewed landing in preparation for a future crewed mission. As the

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In January 1966, Korolev died due to complications of surgery to remove intestinal polyps that also discovered a large tumor. His work on N1-L3 was taken over by his deputy,

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vehicle roll, vacuum cavitation, and other problems), in Block A were not discovered and worked out before flight. Blocks B and V were static test fired as complete units.

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The complex plumbing needed to feed fuel and oxidizer into the clustered arrangement of rocket engines was fragile and a major factor in 2 of the 4 launch failures. Unlike

8483: 7532: 3575: 1026:. Korolev, meanwhile, would continue with his original N1-L3 proposal. Korolev had clearly won the argument, but work on the LK-1 continued anyway, as well as the Zond. 609:

method. The basic N1 launch vehicle had three stages, which were to carry the L3 lunar payload into low Earth orbit with two cosmonauts. The L3 contained one stage for

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Raketno-kosmicheskii kompleks N1-L3, book: Гудилин В.Е., Слабкий Л.И. (Gudilin V., Slabkiy L.) "Ракетно-космические системы (История. Развитие. Перспективы)", М., 1996

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was activated and did its job properly, saving the mockup spacecraft. All subsequent flights had freon fire extinguishers installed next to every engine. According to

2861: 973:, as well as engine cooling. The arrangement of 30 rocket engine nozzles on the N1's first stage could have been an attempt at creating a crude version of a toroidal 844:

in the west) to produce a single larger booster, the UR-500. These plans were dropped when Glushko offered Chelomei the RD-270, which allowed the construction of the

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attitude control by throttling them appropriately and it also shut down malfunctioning engines situated opposite each other. This was to negate the pitch or yaw

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Although this test was carried out in secret, a US reconnaissance satellite photographed the N1 on the pad shortly before its rollback to the assembly building.

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and lunar orbit insertion. Fully loaded and fueled, the N1-L3 weighed 2,750 tonnes (6,060,000 lb). The lower three stages were shaped to produce a single

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propellants with lower potential impulse. The F-1 engine was five years into its development at the time and still experiencing combustion stability problems.

1996:, the logic of the command to shut down the entire cluster of 30 engines in Block A was incorrect in that instance, as the subsequent investigation revealed. 1975:

in the #2 engine tore several components off their mounts and started a propellant leak. At T+25 seconds, further vibrations ruptured a fuel line and caused

1122:. The program was terminated in 1974 when Mishin was replaced by Glushko. Two N1Fs were being readied for launch at the time, but these plans were canceled. 7235: 6774:

Symbol indicates past or current rockets that attempted orbital launches but never succeeded (never did or has yet to perform a successful orbital launch)

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the engines for the first three stages. The second S-530 was located in the Soyuz LOK command module and provided control for the rest of the mission from

1465:(compared to 12.14% for the Saturn V), and only 3.1% of its four-stage total impulse into translunar payload momentum, compared to 6.2% for the Saturn V. 7494: 1118:

Mishin continued with the N1F project after the cancellation of plans for a crewed Moon landing in the hope that the booster would be used to build the

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N1 2L (1M1) – Facilities Systems Logistic Test and Training Vehicle (FSLT & TV); two first stages painted gray, third stage gray-white and L3 white.

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resolution titled "On work involving the study of the Moon and outer space", with the objective of landing a cosmonaut on the Moon in 1967 or '68.

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in a much simpler "monoblock" design. He also proposed adapting an existing spacecraft design for the circumlunar mission, the single-cosmonaut

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N1 4L – Block A LOX tank developed cracks; never launched, parts from Block A used for other launchers; rest of airframe structure scrapped.

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were to be launched by a single N1 to conduct a lunar landing. Chelomei responded with a clustered UR-500-derived vehicle, topped with the

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There is confusion among Russian online sources as to whether N1-L3 (Russian: Н1-Л3) or N1-LZ (Russian: Н1-ЛЗ) was intended, because of

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N1 1L – full scale dynamic test model, each stage was individually dynamically tested; the full N1 stack was only tested at 1/4 scale.

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propellants ignite on contact, reducing the complexity of the engine, and were widely used in Glushko's existing engines on various

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Korolev lobbied in 1964 for a crewed circumlunar mission, which was at first rejected, but was passed with the 3 August 1964

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to shut down Engine #12. After this happened, the KORD shut off Engine #24 to maintain symmetrical thrust. At T+6 seconds,

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work on LOX/kerosene engines, and with Korolev in general. Korolev eventually gave up and decided to enlist the help of

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About 150 of the upgraded engines for the N1F escaped destruction. Although the rocket as a whole was unreliable, the

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Personal issues between the two played a role, with Korolev holding Glushko responsible for his incarceration at the

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Due to the deficiencies of the KORD system, a new computer system was developed for the fourth and last launch. The

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just before first-stage separation. Two test launches occurred in 1969, one in 1971, and the final one in 1972.

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N1 8L and 9L – flight ready N1Fs with improved NK-33 engines in Block A, scrapped when the program was canceled.

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In May 1961, the US announced the goal of landing a man on the Moon by 1970. During the same month, the report

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had access to this and other similar intelligence that showed that the Russians were seriously planning crewed

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The N1-L3 would have been able to convert only 9.3% of its three-stage total impulse into Earth orbit payload

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engines are rugged and reliable when used as a standalone unit. In the mid-1990s, Russia sold 36 engines for

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A comparison of the US Saturn V rocket (left) with the Soviet N1/L3. Note: human at bottom illustrates scale

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Debut of the S-530 digital control system (in the third stage) which superseded the KORD analog system.

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to fuel its second and third stages, which yielded an overall performance advantage due to the higher

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and beyond, with studies beginning as early as 1959. Its first stage, Block A, was the most powerful

8383: 7815: 7653: 6321: 6132: 5523: 5518: 5513: 5273: 5268: 4995: 4628: 3865:) (Gudilin V., Slabkiy L.) "Ракетно-космические системы (История. Развитие. Перспективы)", М., 1996 3538: 3533: 2181: 1929: 1900: 1863: 1834: 1417: 1373: 904: 734: 632:

in 1966. The N1 program was suspended in 1974, and officially canceled in 1976. All details of the

187: 7708: 8428: 7638: 7593: 7460: 6965: 6122: 6065: 5751: 5508: 5456: 2149: 1262: 1254: 1161: 876: 7613: 6341: 3607: 3601: 2948: 2284:. S.P. Korolev RSC "Energia" 4A Lenin Street, Korolev, Moscow area 141070 Russia. Archived from 6381: 6346: 6336: 4441: 3983: 985: 7436: 7400: 7329: 7308: 7161: 7060: 7054: 6828: 6656: 6231: 5572: 5451: 4727: 4383: 4300: 4292: 4282: 4075: 4071: 4065: 3913: 3907: 3839: 3611: 3449: 3439: 3396: 3388: 3378: 3317: 3307: 3240: 3120: 3110: 3092: 3038: 3028: 2827: 2802: 2358: 1737: 1635: 1425: 1382: 1187: 1119: 1030: 832: 738: 584: 3218:. NASA Reference Publication 1357. Vol. 95. Houston TX: NASA. p. 23249 – via 3010: 2344: 8126: 7956: 7923: 7628: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7428: 7346: 7334: 7324: 6629: 6211: 6206: 6142: 5878: 5873: 5863: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5530: 5476: 5382: 5362: 5263: 5228: 5000: 4983: 4978: 4785: 4707: 4702: 4638: 4591: 4570: 4537: 3102: 3020: 2819: 2350: 2191: 1972: 1455: 1346: 1290: 1196: 1157: 998: 974: 959: 900: 864: 812: 493: 433: 380: 327: 270: 2412: 1431:

The N1 was intended to place the approximately 95 t (209,000 lb) L3 payload into

950:

designer, while Glushko teamed up with other rocket designers to build the very successful

7941: 7928: 7898: 7773: 7768: 7723: 7713: 7703: 7698: 7678: 7633: 7588: 7563: 7448: 7444: 7432: 7277: 7179: 6962: 6929: 6738: 6649: 6430: 6159: 6127: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5402: 5307: 5057: 4805: 4655: 4565: 4308: 3404: 2556: 2506: 2186: 2136: 2092: 2055: 1451: 1432: 1180: 1002: 867:, who then held a near-monopoly on rocket engine design in the Soviet Union, proposed the 618: 588: 568: 135: 3829: 4041: 2815: 1956:

February 21, 1969: serial number 3L – Zond L1S-1 (Soyuz 7K-L1S (Zond-M) modification of

8373: 8270: 8185: 7933: 7918: 7903: 7838: 7733: 7718: 7603: 7456: 7412: 6822: 6607: 6425: 6282: 6277: 6272: 6267: 6169: 5868: 5856: 5334: 5248: 4914: 4665: 4586: 4484: 4269: 907: 820: 808:

On Reconsideration of the Plans for Space Vehicles in the Direction of Defense Purposes

777: 765: 715: 629: 602: 61: 3173: 725:

On 25 November 1967, less than three weeks after the first Saturn V flight during the

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Vehicle serial number 8L was prepared for August 1974. It included a regular 7K-LOK

2010:

for Moon orbit and flyby and intended photography of possible crewed landing sites.

1325:

Block B could withstand the shutdown of one pair of opposing engines (6/8 engines).

8304: 8293: 8275: 8150: 8142: 8058: 7974: 7913: 7908: 7862: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7388: 7168: 7155: 7146: 7028: 6921: 6913: 6550: 6538: 6533: 6528: 6262: 6201: 6107: 6048: 6028: 5684: 5679: 5545: 5429: 5253: 5169: 5159: 5149: 5139: 5005: 4865: 4697: 3635: 3229: 2145: 2116: 2103: 2088: 2051: 2047: 1179:

1.1 million each and a license for the production of new engines to the US company

1126:

fool the US into thinking there was a race going on. This cover story lasted until

1100: 1019: 927: 703: 622: 572: 28: 4104: 3942: 3884: 1352:

Block V could function with one engine shut down and three functioning correctly.

1092:, flown from the second pad 110 West, deficient roll control, destroyed after 51s. 617:

insertion, and the first part of the descent to the lunar surface; a single-pilot

3143: 1140:

The program was followed by the "Vulkan" concept for a huge launch vehicle using

1099:, all white, engine cutoff at 40 kilometres (22 nmi) caused propellant line 993:

Korolev proposed a larger N1 combined with the new L3 lunar package based on the

17: 8285: 8175: 8158: 8021: 8003: 7848: 7807: 7753: 7748: 7032: 6897: 6521: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6245: 6018: 5969: 5746: 5734: 5724: 5719: 5417: 5412: 5397: 5201: 5087: 5082: 5035: 5030: 4741: 2071: 1957: 1053: 1015: 994: 649: 614: 6783: 4414: 2574: 1676:

740,300,000 kilogram·meters per second (166,440,000 slug·feet per second)

1428:

in its first four stages than the Saturn V did in its three (see table below).

8339: 8180: 8168: 7658: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7136: 7099: 7048: 7043: 6952: 6905: 6870: 6703: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6516: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6351: 6331: 5927: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5729: 5540: 5466: 5392: 5372: 5312: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5211: 5206: 5196: 5077: 5067: 4990: 4951: 4832: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4503: 4304: 3375:

Korolev: how one man masterminded the Soviet drive to beat America to the moon

3219: 3106: 3024: 2502:"The Soviet Response to the Moon Landing? Denial There Was a Moon Race at All" 2354: 2007: 1778:

254,600,000 kilogram·meters per second (57,240,000 slug·feet per second)

1775:

495,000,000 kilogram·meters per second (111,290,000 slug·feet per second)

1673:

936,300,000 kilogram·meters per second (210,500,000 slug·feet per second)

1416:

At 105 meters (344 ft), the N1-L3 was slightly shorter than the American

1205: 1022:(literally "probe"), aiming for a launch in 1967, the 50th anniversary of the 947: 919: 888: 825: 730: 4207: 4010: 3683: 2831: 8209: 8190: 7262: 6715: 6698: 6622: 6617: 6585: 6580: 6455: 6391: 6386: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6326: 6316: 6299: 6236: 6152: 6147: 6011: 5999: 5989: 5937: 5846: 5714: 5689: 5667: 5565: 5560: 5461: 5339: 5050: 5045: 5015: 4956: 4855: 4827: 4778: 4773: 4732: 4648: 4643: 4616: 4606: 4508: 4481: 4429: 4312: 3957: 3502: 3400: 2692: 2132: 1250: 1081:, partially painted gray; first night launch, launch failure demolished pad 6250: 4746: 3838:. Accessed February 19, 2008 Published by Government Reprints Press, 2001, 3408: 3270:. capcom espace, l'encyclopédie de l' espace – 2000–2012 Didier Capdevila. 2979: 2665: 2623: 1279: – literally "Control (of) Rocket Engines" – 965:

Kuznetsov, who had limited experience in rocket design, responded with the

4415:

Video footage of N-1 vehicle 5L failure with launch abort system activated

2527:"50 Years Ago: Soviet's Moon Rocket's Rollout to Pad Affects Apollo Plans" 2313: 1408: 8251: 8241: 8224: 8050: 8031: 7984: 7763: 7743: 6979: 6946: 6720: 6708: 6693: 6688: 6639: 6595: 6445: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6304: 6294: 6226: 6221: 6194: 6174: 5994: 5984: 5905: 5900: 5851: 5841: 5709: 5662: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5535: 5503: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5407: 5367: 5344: 5258: 5243: 5233: 5072: 4963: 4883: 4837: 4822: 4795: 4722: 4717: 4690: 4685: 4611: 4601: 4542: 4409: 4327:"K 35-letiyu posadki na Lunu pervogo samokhodnogo apparata "Lunokhod 1"" 2883: 2460: 2035: 2031: 2026: 1462: 1421: 1403: 1128: 799: 726: 719: 576: 551: 4238: 4136:. 2000–2013 Official website of S.P. Korolev RSC Energia. Archived from 3570:[Monitoring the Functioning of the Elements of Rocket Engines]. 3479: 2386: 8081: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6998: 6994: 6989: 6985: 6974: 6683: 6612: 6602: 6440: 6361: 6356: 6189: 6184: 6179: 5964: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5446: 5280: 4973: 4968: 4817: 4768: 4763: 4758: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4515: 4419: 3858: 2917: 1964: 1229: 750: 742: 714:

received formal approval in 1964, which required development of the N1

674: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 466: 4184: 899:

RD-270 was in testing before program cancellation, achieving a higher

729:

mission, the Soviets rolled out an N1 mockup to the newly constructed

531: 27:

This article is about the Soviet rocket. For the Japanese rocket, see

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Raketno-kosmicheskii kompleks N1-L3, book: Гудилин В.Е., Слабкий Л.И.

3231:

The Race: The uncensored story of how America beat Russia to the Moon

1745:

8,153,000 kilonewton·seconds (1,833,000,000 pound·seconds)

1643:

7,956,000 kilonewton·seconds (1,789,000,000 pound·seconds)

1141: 935: 868: 845: 836: 1742:

8,022,000 kilonewton·seconds (1,803,400,000 pound·seconds)

1640:

7,711,000 kilonewton·seconds (1,733,600,000 pound·seconds)

8427:

Listed in contemporary sources • Bergander list (

4362: 4333: 4329:К 35-летию посадки на Луну первого самоходного аппарата "Луноход 1" 1048: 8409: 8195: 8116: 7830: 7339: 6673: 6644: 6255: 5954: 5498: 5223: 5025: 4800: 4751: 4296: 3984:"N1 (vehicle 5L) moon rocket Test – launch abort system activated" 3453: 3321: 3124: 3042: 2120: 1436: 1407: 1319: 1215: 1172: 1168: 1047: 984: 966: 841: 478: 311: 255: 75: 8318: 7204: 6879: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 5949: 5317: 5186: 3804: 3534:"Delving Deeper: Super Heavy thrust and counting down to flight" 3435: 3392: 3303: 3062:"Orbital's Cygnus – on a SpaceX Falcon 9? – SpaceFlight Insider" 2530: 2346:

The Soyuz launch vehicle the two lives of an engineering triumph

2123:

program was canceled in May 1974, this launch never took place.

1976: 1447: 1006: 892: 849: 707: 580: 514: 454: 401: 348: 291: 7514: 7231: 6787: 4887: 4450: 3803:. Structural Adhesive Bonding Conference. Huntsville, Alabama: 3640:

Department of Mathematics Massachusetts Institute of Technology

2767:"Sergei Korolev: Father of the Soviet Union's success in space" 977:

system; more conventional aerospike engines were also studied.

7408: 7359: 6095: 5944: 4271:

Mirovaya pilotiruemaya kosmonavtika: istoriya, tekhnika, lyudi

1176: 1153: 1149: 1145: 769: 643: 636:

were kept secret until the USSR was nearing collapse in 1989.

518: 458: 405: 352: 295: 4380:

N-1: For the Moon and Mars A Guide to the Soviet Superbooster

2349:. Translated by Bowler, Tim. New York: Springer. p. 82. 587:

ever flown for over 50 years, with the record standing until

1132:, when the remaining hardware was seen publicly on display. 793: 3595: 3593: 887:) propellants to power the newly enlarged N1 design. These 3728:

S.P. Korlev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia – History

1156:

on the 2nd and 3rd stages. "Vulkan" was superseded by the

4435: 4274:Мировая пилотируемая космонавтика: история, техника, люди 2434: 2148:); stage 2 (Л2) was an uncrewed lunar rover (realized in 1450:

in all three of its main stages, while the Saturn V used

3636:"Computing in the Soviet Space Program: An Introduction" 2470:. The Perot Foundation & Moscow Aviation institute. 2307: 2305: 2303: 931:

ultimately became a major issue that hampered progress.

2343:

Lardier, Christian; Barensky, Stefan (12 March 2013) .

601:

version was designed to compete with the United States

2575:"Soviets mulled a colossal nuke on future Moon rocket" 4279:

World Manned Spaceflight: History, technology, people

3302:. NASA History Series. Vol. IV. Washington, DC: 2488:

failure due to various problems with the first stage.

3434:. Monographs in Aerospace History. Washington D.C.: 2612:] (in Russian). St. Petersburg: Nevskiy Bastion. 1884:

largest accidental artificial non-nuclear explosions

1109:

N1 10L – uncompleted, scrapped along with 8L and 9L.

856:

and the LK-1 were given a relatively high priority.

8382: 8338: 8284: 8250: 8223: 8141: 8125: 8080: 8071: 8049: 8030: 8012: 7983: 7965: 7871: 7847: 7829: 7806: 7797: 7549: 7477: 7378: 7317: 7301: 7270: 7178: 7145: 7027: 6961: 6938: 6869: 6821: 6731: 5581: 5355: 4939: 4848: 4579: 4553: 4491: 4043:

Tentatively Identified Missions and Launch Failures

510: 502: 492: 484: 473: 464: 450: 442: 432: 424: 416: 411: 397: 389: 379: 371: 363: 358: 344: 336: 326: 318: 306: 301: 287: 279: 269: 261: 250: 242: 237: 225: 217: 209: 201: 193: 182: 174: 169: 157: 149: 141: 133: 128: 120: 112: 104: 96: 91: 81: 71: 56: 4160:"Central Intelligence Bulletin: USSR 12 Sep 72, 7" 3797:Development of a bonded common bulkhead for Saturn 3293:Chertok, Boris E. (2011). Siddiqi, Asif A. (ed.). 3228: 3097:. Springer Praxis Books (1st ed.). New York: 2236:Neglects first stage thrust increase with altitude 1381:30 engines was never static test fired as a unit. 706:were in a race to be first to land a human on the 8489:Space accidents and incidents in the Soviet Union 4134:S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia 3759:"The Common Bulkhead for the Saturn S-II Vehicle" 2854:"N1: The Rise and Fall of the USSR's Moon Rocket" 2606:Otechestvennue Strategicheskie Raketnue Kompleksu 613:; another stage used for mid-course corrections, 4281:] (in Russian). РТСофт . pp. 169, 178. 3368: 3366: 2562:. Central Intelligence Agency. 27 December 1967. 2253: 2251: 1208:, which was first launched on 28 December 2013. 579:and was intended to enable crewed travel to the 412:Fourth stage (N1/L3) – Block G (Earth departure) 4438:the US company developing an NK-33 based rocket 3831:Apollo By The Numbers: A Statistical Reference. 3364: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3348: 3346: 2720: 2718: 1356:Assembly, transport, erection, on-pad-servicing 4410:Statistics and information. Interactive model. 3606:. Burlington, Ontario: Apogee Books. pp. 2557:"The President's Daily Brief 27 December 1967" 2232: 2230: 2144:circumlunar flight (partially realized in the 2087:November 23, 1972: serial number 7L – regular 997:. The L3 combined rocket stages, the modified 625:lunar orbital spacecraft for return to Earth. 605:to land a person on the Moon, using a similar 51:Mockup at the Baikonur Cosmodrome in late 1967 7526: 7243: 6799: 4899: 4462: 3794:Robertson, A. C.; Brown, E. L. (March 1966). 2282:S.P. Korolev Rocket-Space Corporation Energia 2218:, but treated as a part of the launch vehicle 1280: 1274: 546: 8: 7544:for Soviet and Chinese aircraft and missiles 4268:Baturin, I︠U︡. M.; Afanasʹev, I. B. (2005). 4124: 4122: 3012:The Politics and Perils of Space Exploration 2461:"The Mishin Diaries – A western perspective" 2435:"SpaceX Official Super Heavy Specifications" 39: 4361:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from 4103:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from 3478:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from 3144:"The history of the Soyuz-3 launch vehicle" 2645:. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum 2385:. Encyclopedia Astronautica. Archived from 1056:reconnaissance satellite, 19 September 1968 8077: 7803: 7533: 7519: 7511: 7495:List of Russian human spaceflight missions 7250: 7236: 7228: 6806: 6792: 6784: 4906: 4892: 4884: 4469: 4455: 4447: 3943:"Die russische Mondrakete N-1 (in German)" 1968: 45: 38: 8484:Space launch vehicles of the Soviet Union 7490:List of Soviet human spaceflight missions 3937: 3935: 3933: 3931: 3929: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2639:"A New View of the Rocketdyne F-1 Engine" 690:Learn how and when to remove this message 3854: 3852: 3706:"Identifying the different N-1 variants" 3669: 3667: 3665: 3094:The Rebirth of the Russian Space Program 2884:"SL-X-15, N1-L3 (1M1) on the Launch Pad" 2637:Anderson, Colleen E. (2 November 2022). 2167:Comparison of orbital launchers families 2046:June 26, 1971: serial number 6L – dummy 1799: 1470: 1220:Scheme of the rocket stages (in Russian) 791: 7216:The † sign designates failed missions. 4070:. San Diego, CA: Tahabi Books. p. 3629: 3627: 3420: 3418: 3131:from the original on 10 September 2023. 3049:from the original on 10 September 2023. 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2798:"The soviet manned lunar program N1-L3" 2371:from the original on 10 September 2023. 2269: 2226: 2203: 2061:Soon after lift-off, due to unexpected 1963:A few seconds into launch, a transient 4430:Interview with Vasily Pavlovich Mishin 3818:from the original on 23 February 2024. 3578:from the original on 21 September 2023 3546:from the original on 28 September 2023 3463:from the original on 13 February 2024. 3274:from the original on 10 September 2023 2409:"The N1 Moon Rocket - a brief History" 1370:Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39 1071:, engine fire, exploded at 12 km. 34:Soviet super heavy-lift launch vehicle 7265:government human spaceflight programs 4249:from the original on 29 November 2023 4183:. spacey@interaxs.net. Archived from 4021:from the original on 23 February 2024 3775:from the original on 23 February 2024 3644:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 3331:from the original on 23 February 2024 3154:from the original on 15 February 2024 2990:from the original on 14 February 2024 2864:from the original on 23 February 2024 2796:Lardier, Christian (1 January 2018). 2747:from the original on 23 February 2024 2738:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2703:from the original on 11 February 2024 2585:from the original on 15 February 2024 2514:from the original on 18 January 2024. 2324:from the original on 15 February 2024 2245:Includes mass of Earth departure fuel 1540:45,400 kN (10,200,000 lbf) 1294:turbo-pump during the second launch. 718:, comparable in size to the American 7: 4931:Comparison of orbital launch systems 4067:Apollo: The Epic Journey to the Moon 3909:Soviet and Russian lunar exploration 3650:from the original on 15 January 2024 3513:from the original on 7 February 2024 2959:from the original on 11 January 2024 2928:from the original on 7 February 2024 2537:from the original on 18 January 2024 2162:Comparison of orbital launch systems 1579:14,040 kN (3,160,000 lbf) 1443:into a similar Earth parking orbit. 1306:to lunar flyby and return to Earth. 672:adding citations to reliable sources 567:intended to deliver payloads beyond 265:45,400 kN (10,200,000 lbf) 4218:from the original on 1 October 2023 3428:Project Apollo: The Tough Decisions 2886:. Federation of American Scientists 2257:Assumed identical to Saturn V value 1767:10,834 m/s (35,540 ft/s) 1537:33,000 kN (7,500,000 lbf) 322:14,040 kN (3,160,000 lbf) 7343:(incorporated into Salyut program) 4046:, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center 4040:Williams, David (6 January 2005), 3203:Portree, David S.F. (March 1995). 3184:from the original on 22 April 2023 3091:Harvey, Brian (25 November 2007). 3009:Dawson, Linda (22 November 2016). 2852:Avilla, Aeryn (21 February 2020). 2610:National Strategic Missile Systems 2312:Zak, Anatoly. Zak, Anatoly (ed.). 2014:23:18 Moscow time from launch pad 1764:10,834 m/s (35,545 ft/s) 1665:7,793 m/s (25,570 ft/s) 1576:5,141 kN (1,155,800 lbf) 1253:, which were later used on Soviet 702:In 1967 the United States and the 25: 3912:. Berlin: Springer. p. 222. 3532:Beil, Adrian (22 February 2023). 3072:from the original on 3 March 2016 3060:Rhian, Jason (24 November 2014). 2727:"The Soviet Manned Lunar Program" 2216:Apollo Command and Service Module 2210:The "fifth stage" similar to the 2095:module-spacecraft for Moon flyby 1662:7,793 m/s (25,568 ft/s) 1654:95,000 kg (209,000 lb) 1651:120,200 kg (264,900 lb) 1618:1,610 kN (360,000 lbf) 1512:2,750 t (6,060,000 lb) 1206:light variant of the Soyuz rocket 6860: 4009:Zak, Anatoly (6 November 2014). 2777:from the original on 1 June 2023 2573:Zak, Anatoly (3 November 2018). 1756:23,500 kg (51,800 lb) 1753:45,690 kg (100,740 lb) 1509:2,938 t (6,478,000 lb) 926:Glushko pointed out that the US 648: 375:1,610 kN (360,000 lbf) 116:2,750 tonnes (6,060,000 lb) 6759:Super heavy-lift launch vehicle 3425:Seamans, Robert C. Jr. (2007). 3377:. New York; Chichester: Wiley. 2824:10.1016/j.actaastro.2017.10.007 2477:from the original on 3 May 2023 1720:446 kN (100,000 lbf) 1148:propellants, later replaced by 873:unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine 659:needs additional citations for 565:super heavy-lift launch vehicle 488:83.36 kN (18,740 lbf) 66:Super heavy-lift launch vehicle 7220:designates cancelled missions. 4926:List of orbital launch systems 4849:Cancelled (no launch attempts) 2725:Lindroos, Marcus, ed. (2007). 2525:Uri, John (17 November 2017). 2500:Little, Becky (11 July 2019). 2091:(Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1) and dummy 1880:Destroyed launch pad 110 East 1717:895 kN (201,100 lbf) 1615:901 kN (202,600 lbf) 1345:being the third letter in the 1273:The KORD (Russian acronym for 556:, "Carrier Rocket"; Cyrillic: 428:446 kN (100,000 lbf) 1: 7500:Cosmonaut ranks and positions 4064:Reynolds, David West (2002). 3757:Cerquettini, C. Tony (1967). 2643:National Air and Space Museum 762:NASA Administrator James Webb 6815:Soviet crewed lunar programs 4382:. ARA Press; First edition. 4177:"Nositel N-1 Launch Vehicle" 3567:Контроль ракетных двигателей 1960:spacecraft) for Moon flyby. 1282:Контроль ракетных двигателей 1276:Kontrol Raketnykh Dvigateley 1103:, rupturing the fuel system. 989:N-1/L3 lunar mission profile 634:Soviet crewed lunar programs 621:spacecraft; and a two-pilot 592:first integrated flight test 498:349 seconds (3.42 km/s) 438:353 seconds (3.46 km/s) 385:353 seconds (3.46 km/s) 332:346 seconds (3.39 km/s) 161:23.5 t (52,000 lb) 4097:"1969.07.03 – N1 5L launch" 3877:"1969.02.21 – N1 3L launch" 3574:(in Russian). 2014 RADIAN. 2693:"Korolev, Sergei Pavlovich" 2127:Confusion on L3 designation 1275: 860:Lunar N1 development starts 788:Early Soviet lunar concepts 552: 275:330 seconds (3.2 km/s) 145:95 t (209,000 lb) 8505: 6749:Medium-lift launch vehicle 4130:"Complex N1-L3 – Launches" 3828:Orloff, Richard W (2001). 2278:"Complex N1-L3 Components" 1448:kerosene-based rocket fuel 1401: 246:17.0 m (55.8 ft) 108:17.0 meters (55.8 ft) 100:105.3 meters (345 ft) 26: 8425: 7214: 6858: 6767: 6754:Heavy-lift launch vehicle 6744:Small-lift launch vehicle 4921: 3881:Encyclopedia Astronautica 3507:Encyclopedia Astronautica 3107:10.1007/978-0-387-71356-4 3025:10.1007/978-3-319-38813-7 2355:10.1007/978-1-4614-5459-5 2212:Service propulsion system 2083:Fourth failure, serial 7L 2002:Second failure, serial 5L 1501:105 m (344 ft) 1281: 1044:N1 vehicle serial numbers 910:despite the use of UDMH/N 547: 528: 524: 233: 165: 44: 8464:1971 in the Soviet Union 8454:1969 in the Soviet Union 7542:USAF/DoD reporting names 4378:Matthew Johnson (2014). 4328: 4273: 4181:myspacemuseum.com/n1.htm 3809:Douglas Aircraft Company 3676:"N1 7L State Commission" 3674:Wade, Mark (1997–2017). 3566: 3474:Wade, Mark (1997–2008). 3227:Schefter, James (1999). 2314:"Soviet N1 moon booster" 2068:inertial guidance system 2042:Third failure, serial 6L 1952:First failure, serial 3L 1498:111 m (363 ft) 1398:Comparison with Saturn V 8469:Exploration of the Moon 7417:Martian Piloted Complex 7291:Russian Orbital Segment 3766:North American Aviation 3724:"Complex N1-L3 – Tests" 3373:Harford, James (1997). 1596:Orbital insertion stage 1490:17 m (56 ft) 897:staged combustion cycle 7485:List of Soyuz missions 4915:Orbital launch systems 3906:Harvey, Brian (2007). 3600:Gainor, Chris (2001). 3206:"Part 1 - Soyuz" 1487:10 m (33 ft) 1413: 1265:surpassed it in 2023. 1221: 1057: 990: 817:Earth orbit rendezvous 803: 607:lunar orbit rendezvous 575:counterpart to the US 469:(Lunar descent assist) 465:Fifth stage (N1/L3) – 302:Second stage – Block B 4436:Kistler Space Systems 3710:Nick Stevens Graphics 3213:Mir Hardware Heritage 2947:Petrovitch, Vassili. 2858:Spaceflight Histories 2771:European Space Agency 2604:Utkin, V. F. (1999). 2111:Canceled fifth launch 1783:Propulsive efficiency 1695:Earth departure stage 1682:Propulsive efficiency 1411: 1402:Further information: 1269:Engine control system 1219: 1136:Aftermath and engines 1051: 988: 797: 611:trans-lunar injection 359:Third stage – Block V 238:First stage – Block A 8479:Soviet lunar program 8474:Missions to the Moon 7037:lunar flyby missions 3712:. 14 September 2016. 2949:"Vulkan Description" 2104:hydraulic shock wave 1990:launch escape system 1441:translunar injection 1364:Development problems 1310:Block B second stage 1226:translunar injection 1024:Bolshevik Revolution 755:Soviet space program 747:Kennedy Space Center 668:improve this article 8459:1971 in spaceflight 8449:1969 in spaceflight 7182:(T2K) test missions 4015:RussianSpaceWeb.com 3990:. 2015 YouTube, LLC 3962:RussianSpaceWeb.com 3811:. p. 1 (279). 3539:NASASpaceFlight.com 3264:"N1 Block A Motors" 3262:Capdevila, Didier. 3148:russianspaceweb.com 3066:Spaceflight Insider 2816:2018AcAau.142..184L 2318:russianspaceweb.com 2182:Space Launch System 2006:Serial number 5L – 1374:Baikonur Cosmodrome 1329:Block V third stage 1241:Block A first stage 1233:oxygen tank below. 981:N1-L3 lunar complex 971:thrust augmentation 905:gas-generator cycle 735:Baikonur Cosmodrome 41: 8072:Research/prototype 7798:Research/prototype 7018:Soyuz Kontakt 1, 2 5921:v1.2 "Full Thrust" 4107:on 24 October 2014 3958:"N1 No. 3L launch" 3686:on 18 October 2016 3634:Gerovitch, Slava. 3603:Arrows to the Moon 3296:Rockets and people 2734:MIT OpenCourseWare 2415:on 31 October 2016 2058:module-spacecraft 1958:Soyuz 7K-L1 "Zond" 1940:Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1 1911:Soyuz 7K-L1E No.1 1761:Injection velocity 1750:Translunar payload 1659:Injection velocity 1414: 1314:The second stage, 1263:SpaceX Super Heavy 1255:air-to-air missile 1222: 1058: 991: 877:nitrogen tetroxide 804: 8436: 8435: 8421: 8420: 8067: 8066: 7508: 7507: 7369: 7356: 7344: 7287: 7225: 7224: 6925: 6917: 6909: 6901: 6781: 6780: 4881: 4880: 4406:history of the N1 4365:on 20 August 2016 3617:978-1-896522-83-8 3445:978-0-16-086710-1 3384:978-0-471-32721-9 3313:978-0-16-089559-3 3116:978-0-387-71356-4 3034:978-3-319-38813-7 2953:Buran-Energia.com 2803:Acta Astronautica 2579:Russian Space Web 2468:mishindiaries.com 2459:Vick, Charles P. 2364:978-1-4614-5459-5 1949: 1948: 1793: 1792: 1495:Height w/ payload 1484:Diameter, maximum 1383:Sergei Khrushchev 1333:The upper stage, 1245:The first stage, 1188:Kistler Aerospace 1164:program in 1976. 1031:Central Committee 941:Nikolai Kuznetsov 819:profile. Several 739:Soviet Kazakhstan 700: 699: 692: 571:. The N1 was the 539: 538: 82:Country of origin 18:Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1 16:(Redirected from 8496: 8078: 7804: 7535: 7528: 7521: 7512: 7466:Space Stations: 7406:Interplanetary: 7367: 7354: 7342: 7285: 7252: 7245: 7238: 7229: 7147:LOK (7K-LOK/L1E) 7105:Zond-M 2 (L1S-2) 7100:Zond-M 1 (L1S-1) 6923: 6915: 6907: 6899: 6864: 6808: 6801: 6794: 6785: 6630:Universal Rocket 5001:Falcon 9 Block 5 4908: 4901: 4894: 4885: 4471: 4464: 4457: 4448: 4393: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4336:on 20 April 2009 4323: 4317: 4316: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4234: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4203: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4173: 4167: 4166: 4164: 4156: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4126: 4117: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4061: 4055: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4037: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4006: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3980: 3974: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3953: 3947: 3946: 3939: 3924: 3923: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3887:on 5 August 2014 3883:. Archived from 3872: 3866: 3856: 3847: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3802: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3774: 3763: 3754: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3734:. Archived from 3720: 3714: 3713: 3702: 3696: 3695: 3693: 3691: 3682:. Archived from 3671: 3660: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3631: 3622: 3621: 3597: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3562: 3556: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3529: 3523: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3498: 3492: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3462: 3456:. SP-2007-4537. 3433: 3422: 3413: 3412: 3370: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3330: 3324:. SP-2011-4110. 3301: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3281: 3279: 3268:CapcomEspace.com 3259: 3253: 3250: 3234: 3223: 3217: 3208: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3057: 3051: 3050: 3006: 3000: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2975: 2969: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2913: 2896: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2871: 2869: 2849: 2836: 2835: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2773:. 9 March 2007. 2763: 2757: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2746: 2731: 2722: 2713: 2712: 2710: 2708: 2688: 2682: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2634: 2628: 2627: 2620: 2614: 2613: 2601: 2595: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2570: 2564: 2563: 2561: 2553: 2547: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2497: 2491: 2490: 2484: 2482: 2476: 2465: 2456: 2450: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2411:. Archived from 2405: 2399: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2379: 2373: 2372: 2340: 2334: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2309: 2298: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2288:on 4 August 2019 2274: 2258: 2255: 2246: 2243: 2237: 2234: 2219: 2208: 2054:No.1) and dummy 1994:Sergei Afanasiev 1973:pogo oscillation 1924:23 November 1972 1829:21 February 1969 1800: 1772:Payload momentum 1670:Payload momentum 1476:Apollo-Saturn V 1471: 1456:specific impulse 1439:third stage for 1347:Russian alphabet 1284: 1283: 1278: 1052:N1 imaged by US 975:aerospike engine 901:specific impulse 895:. The full flow 865:Valentin Glushko 813:Soyuz spacecraft 796: 776:, and President 695: 688: 684: 681: 675: 652: 644: 555: 550: 549: 532:edit on Wikidata 494:Specific impulse 434:Specific impulse 381:Specific impulse 328:Specific impulse 271:Specific impulse 229:23 November 1972 221:21 February 1969 49: 42: 21: 8504: 8503: 8499: 8498: 8497: 8495: 8494: 8493: 8439: 8438: 8437: 8432: 8417: 8378: 8334: 8280: 8246: 8219: 8137: 8121: 8073: 8063: 8045: 8026: 8008: 7979: 7961: 7867: 7843: 7825: 7799: 7793: 7551: 7545: 7539: 7509: 7504: 7473: 7449:Tupolev Tu-2000 7374: 7313: 7297: 7266: 7256: 7226: 7221: 7210: 7174: 7141: 7036: 7023: 6957: 6934: 6930:LK (spacecraft) 6865: 6856: 6826: 6823:Launch vehicles 6817: 6812: 6782: 6777: 6763: 6739:Sounding rocket 6727: 5577: 5351: 4935: 4917: 4912: 4882: 4877: 4844: 4575: 4549: 4487: 4485:launch vehicles 4475: 4400: 4390: 4377: 4368: 4366: 4357: 4354: 4349: 4339: 4337: 4330: 4325: 4324: 4320: 4289: 4275: 4267: 4266: 4262: 4252: 4250: 4243:astronautix.com 4236: 4235: 4231: 4221: 4219: 4212:astronautix.com 4205: 4204: 4200: 4190: 4188: 4175: 4174: 4170: 4162: 4158: 4157: 4153: 4143: 4141: 4140:on 4 March 2016 4128: 4127: 4120: 4110: 4108: 4101:astronautix.com 4094: 4093: 4089: 4082: 4063: 4062: 4058: 4049: 4047: 4039: 4038: 4034: 4024: 4022: 4008: 4007: 4003: 3993: 3991: 3982: 3981: 3977: 3967: 3965: 3955: 3954: 3950: 3941: 3940: 3927: 3920: 3905: 3904: 3900: 3890: 3888: 3874: 3873: 3869: 3857: 3850: 3827: 3823: 3815: 3800: 3793: 3792: 3788: 3778: 3776: 3772: 3761: 3756: 3755: 3751: 3741: 3739: 3738:on 2 March 2021 3722: 3721: 3717: 3704: 3703: 3699: 3689: 3687: 3673: 3672: 3663: 3653: 3651: 3633: 3632: 3625: 3618: 3599: 3598: 3591: 3581: 3579: 3568: 3564: 3563: 3559: 3549: 3547: 3531: 3530: 3526: 3516: 3514: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3485: 3483: 3482:on 12 June 2002 3473: 3472: 3468: 3460: 3446: 3438:. p. 120. 3431: 3424: 3423: 3416: 3385: 3372: 3371: 3344: 3334: 3332: 3328: 3314: 3306:. p. 199. 3299: 3292: 3291: 3287: 3277: 3275: 3261: 3260: 3256: 3247: 3226: 3202: 3201: 3197: 3187: 3185: 3178:Spaceflight 101 3172: 3171: 3167: 3157: 3155: 3141: 3140: 3136: 3117: 3101:. p. 201. 3090: 3089: 3085: 3075: 3073: 3059: 3058: 3054: 3035: 3008: 3007: 3003: 2993: 2991: 2984:Astronautix.com 2977: 2976: 2972: 2962: 2960: 2946: 2945: 2941: 2931: 2929: 2922:astronautix.com 2915: 2914: 2899: 2889: 2887: 2882: 2881: 2877: 2867: 2865: 2851: 2850: 2839: 2795: 2794: 2790: 2780: 2778: 2765: 2764: 2760: 2750: 2748: 2744: 2729: 2724: 2723: 2716: 2706: 2704: 2690: 2689: 2685: 2675: 2673: 2663: 2662: 2658: 2648: 2646: 2636: 2635: 2631: 2622: 2621: 2617: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2588: 2586: 2572: 2571: 2567: 2559: 2555: 2554: 2550: 2540: 2538: 2524: 2523: 2519: 2507:History Channel 2499: 2498: 2494: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2463: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2443: 2441: 2433: 2432: 2428: 2418: 2416: 2407: 2406: 2402: 2392: 2390: 2389:on 12 June 2002 2381: 2380: 2376: 2365: 2342: 2341: 2337: 2327: 2325: 2311: 2310: 2301: 2291: 2289: 2276: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2261: 2256: 2249: 2244: 2240: 2235: 2228: 2223: 2222: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2187:SpaceX Starship 2158: 2129: 2113: 2085: 2044: 2004: 1954: 1925: 1896: 1859: 1830: 1798: 1648:Orbital payload 1452:liquid hydrogen 1433:low Earth orbit 1406: 1400: 1366: 1358: 1331: 1312: 1271: 1243: 1214: 1193:Orbital Science 1186:The US company 1181:Aerojet General 1138: 1120:Zvezda moonbase 1116: 1046: 1003:LK lunar lander 983: 917: 913: 886: 882: 862: 792: 790: 745:testing at the 696: 685: 679: 676: 665: 653: 642: 569:low Earth orbit 553:Raketa-nositel' 548:Ракета-носитель 535: 52: 35: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8502: 8500: 8492: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8456: 8451: 8441: 8440: 8434: 8433: 8426: 8423: 8422: 8419: 8418: 8416: 8415: 8412: 8407: 8404: 8401: 8398: 8395: 8392: 8388: 8386: 8380: 8379: 8377: 8376: 8371: 8368: 8365: 8362: 8357: 8354: 8351: 8348: 8344: 8342: 8336: 8335: 8333: 8332: 8327: 8324: 8321: 8316: 8313: 8310: 8307: 8302: 8299: 8296: 8290: 8288: 8282: 8281: 8279: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8265: 8262: 8256: 8254: 8248: 8247: 8245: 8244: 8239: 8236: 8233: 8229: 8227: 8221: 8220: 8218: 8217: 8212: 8207: 8204: 8201: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8172: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8153: 8147: 8145: 8139: 8138: 8136: 8135: 8131: 8129: 8123: 8122: 8120: 8119: 8114: 8111: 8108: 8105: 8102: 8099: 8096: 8093: 8090: 8086: 8084: 8075: 8069: 8068: 8065: 8064: 8062: 8061: 8055: 8053: 8047: 8046: 8044: 8043: 8040: 8036: 8034: 8028: 8027: 8025: 8024: 8018: 8016: 8010: 8009: 8007: 8006: 8001: 7998: 7995: 7989: 7987: 7981: 7980: 7978: 7977: 7971: 7969: 7963: 7962: 7960: 7959: 7954: 7951: 7950: 7949: 7939: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7893: 7890: 7887: 7884: 7881: 7877: 7875: 7869: 7868: 7866: 7865: 7860: 7857: 7853: 7851: 7845: 7844: 7842: 7841: 7835: 7833: 7827: 7826: 7824: 7823: 7818: 7812: 7810: 7801: 7795: 7794: 7792: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7686: 7681: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7651: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7566: 7561: 7555: 7553: 7547: 7546: 7540: 7538: 7537: 7530: 7523: 7515: 7506: 7505: 7503: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7481: 7479: 7475: 7474: 7472: 7471: 7463: 7451: 7419: 7403: 7382: 7380: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7372: 7371: 7370: 7357: 7349: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7321: 7319: 7315: 7314: 7312: 7311: 7305: 7303: 7302:In development 7299: 7298: 7296: 7295: 7294: 7293: 7280: 7274: 7272: 7268: 7267: 7257: 7255: 7254: 7247: 7240: 7232: 7223: 7222: 7215: 7212: 7211: 7209: 7208: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7185: 7183: 7176: 7175: 7173: 7172: 7165: 7159: 7152: 7150: 7143: 7142: 7140: 7139: 7133: 7132: 7125: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7102: 7097: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7075: 7069: 7064: 7058: 7052: 7046: 7040: 7038: 7025: 7024: 7022: 7021: 7014: 7001: 6992: 6983: 6971: 6969: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6955: 6950: 6942: 6940: 6939:Other hardware 6936: 6935: 6933: 6932: 6927: 6919: 6916:(Soyuz 7K-L1E) 6911: 6908:(Soyuz 7K-L1S) 6903: 6895: 6888: 6883: 6875: 6873: 6867: 6866: 6859: 6857: 6855: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6833: 6831: 6819: 6818: 6813: 6811: 6810: 6803: 6796: 6788: 6779: 6778: 6776: 6775: 6772: 6768: 6765: 6764: 6762: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6735: 6733: 6729: 6728: 6726: 6725: 6724: 6723: 6713: 6712: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6676: 6671: 6670: 6669: 6659: 6654: 6653: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6627: 6626: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6600: 6599: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6578: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6543: 6542: 6541: 6536: 6526: 6525: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6513: 6512: 6507: 6497: 6496: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6475: 6474: 6473: 6468: 6458: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6412: 6411: 6406: 6396: 6395: 6394: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6309: 6308: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6287: 6286: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6265: 6260: 6259: 6258: 6253: 6243: 6242: 6241: 6240: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6198: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6177: 6172: 6162: 6157: 6156: 6155: 6150: 6140: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6099: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6083: 6078: 6073: 6063: 6062: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6021: 6016: 6015: 6014: 6004: 6003: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5982: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5957: 5952: 5947: 5942: 5941: 5940: 5930: 5925: 5924: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5903: 5898: 5897: 5896: 5891: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5860: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5824: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5743: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5672: 5671: 5670: 5665: 5655: 5650: 5649: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5618: 5617: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5585: 5583: 5579: 5578: 5576: 5575: 5570: 5569: 5568: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5527: 5526: 5521: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5495: 5494: 5489: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5443: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5422: 5421: 5420: 5415: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5359: 5357: 5356:In development 5353: 5352: 5350: 5349: 5348: 5347: 5337: 5335:Vulcan Centaur 5332: 5331: 5330: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5299: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5278: 5277: 5276: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5215: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5189: 5184: 5183: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5092: 5091: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5054: 5053: 5048: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4993: 4988: 4987: 4986: 4981: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4960: 4959: 4954: 4943: 4941: 4937: 4936: 4934: 4933: 4928: 4922: 4919: 4918: 4913: 4911: 4910: 4903: 4896: 4888: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4875: 4874: 4873: 4868: 4858: 4852: 4850: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4842: 4841: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4810: 4809: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4783: 4782: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4761: 4756: 4755: 4754: 4749: 4739: 4738: 4737: 4736: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4694: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4658: 4653: 4652: 4651: 4646: 4636: 4626: 4621: 4620: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4594: 4589: 4583: 4581: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4557: 4555: 4554:In development 4551: 4550: 4548: 4547: 4546: 4545: 4535: 4534: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4513: 4512: 4511: 4506: 4495: 4493: 4489: 4488: 4476: 4474: 4473: 4466: 4459: 4451: 4445: 4444: 4439: 4433: 4427: 4426:) (in Russian) 4417: 4412: 4407: 4399: 4398:External links 4396: 4395: 4394: 4388: 4375: 4353: 4350: 4348: 4347: 4318: 4287: 4260: 4229: 4198: 4187:on 24 May 2012 4168: 4151: 4118: 4087: 4080: 4056: 4032: 4001: 3975: 3956:Zak, Anatoly. 3948: 3925: 3919:978-0387739762 3918: 3898: 3867: 3848: 3821: 3786: 3749: 3715: 3697: 3661: 3623: 3616: 3589: 3557: 3524: 3493: 3466: 3444: 3414: 3383: 3342: 3312: 3285: 3254: 3252: 3251: 3245: 3195: 3165: 3142:Zak, Anatoly. 3134: 3115: 3083: 3052: 3033: 3019:. p. 14. 3001: 2970: 2939: 2897: 2875: 2837: 2788: 2758: 2714: 2683: 2656: 2629: 2615: 2596: 2565: 2548: 2517: 2492: 2451: 2426: 2400: 2374: 2363: 2335: 2299: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2259: 2247: 2238: 2225: 2224: 2221: 2220: 2202: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2195: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2157: 2154: 2133:the similarity 2128: 2125: 2112: 2109: 2084: 2081: 2043: 2040: 2003: 2000: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1927: 1922: 1918: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1898: 1893: 1889: 1888: 1878: 1875: 1872: 1869: 1861: 1856: 1852: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1832: 1827: 1823: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1803:Flight number 1797: 1796:Launch history 1794: 1791: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1780: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1769: 1768: 1765: 1762: 1758: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1747: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1733: 1732: 1729: 1726: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1715: 1711: 1710: 1705: 1697: 1691: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1678: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1667: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1656: 1655: 1652: 1649: 1645: 1644: 1641: 1638: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1620: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1609: 1608: 1603: 1601:S-IVB (burn 1) 1598: 1592: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1581: 1580: 1577: 1574: 1570: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1553: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1542: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1531: 1530: 1525: 1520: 1514: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1503: 1502: 1499: 1496: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1485: 1481: 1480: 1477: 1474: 1399: 1396: 1365: 1362: 1357: 1354: 1330: 1327: 1311: 1308: 1270: 1267: 1242: 1239: 1213: 1210: 1137: 1134: 1115: 1112: 1111: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1093: 1086: 1075: 1072: 1065: 1062: 1045: 1042: 1001:, and the new 982: 979: 915: 911: 908:Rocketdyne F-1 884: 880: 861: 858: 789: 786: 778:Lyndon Johnson 766:lunar missions 716:launch vehicle 698: 697: 656: 654: 647: 641: 638: 630:Sergei Korolev 603:Apollo program 537: 536: 529: 526: 525: 522: 521: 512: 508: 507: 504: 500: 499: 496: 490: 489: 486: 485:Maximum thrust 482: 481: 475: 471: 470: 462: 461: 452: 448: 447: 444: 440: 439: 436: 430: 429: 426: 425:Maximum thrust 422: 421: 418: 414: 413: 409: 408: 399: 395: 394: 391: 387: 386: 383: 377: 376: 373: 372:Maximum thrust 369: 368: 365: 361: 360: 356: 355: 346: 342: 341: 338: 334: 333: 330: 324: 323: 320: 319:Maximum thrust 316: 315: 308: 304: 303: 299: 298: 289: 285: 284: 281: 277: 276: 273: 267: 266: 263: 262:Maximum thrust 259: 258: 252: 248: 247: 244: 240: 239: 235: 234: 231: 230: 227: 223: 222: 219: 215: 214: 211: 207: 206: 203: 199: 198: 195: 194:Total launches 191: 190: 184: 180: 179: 176: 172: 171: 170:Launch history 167: 166: 163: 162: 159: 155: 154: 147: 146: 143: 139: 138: 131: 130: 126: 125: 122: 118: 117: 114: 110: 109: 106: 102: 101: 98: 94: 93: 89: 88: 83: 79: 78: 73: 69: 68: 62:launch vehicle 58: 54: 53: 50: 33: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8501: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8470: 8467: 8465: 8462: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8446: 8444: 8430: 8424: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8405: 8402: 8399: 8396: 8393: 8390: 8389: 8387: 8385: 8384:Vladimirovska 8381: 8375: 8372: 8369: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8355: 8352: 8349: 8346: 8345: 8343: 8341: 8337: 8331: 8328: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8314: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8291: 8289: 8287: 8283: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8257: 8255: 8253: 8249: 8243: 8240: 8237: 8234: 8231: 8230: 8228: 8226: 8222: 8216: 8213: 8211: 8208: 8205: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8156: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8148: 8146: 8144: 8140: 8133: 8132: 8130: 8128: 8124: 8118: 8115: 8112: 8109: 8106: 8103: 8100: 8097: 8094: 8091: 8088: 8087: 8085: 8083: 8079: 8076: 8070: 8060: 8057: 8056: 8054: 8052: 8048: 8041: 8038: 8037: 8035: 8033: 8029: 8023: 8020: 8019: 8017: 8015: 8011: 8005: 8002: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7990: 7988: 7986: 7982: 7976: 7973: 7972: 7970: 7968: 7964: 7958: 7955: 7952: 7948: 7945: 7944: 7943: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7894: 7891: 7888: 7885: 7882: 7879: 7878: 7876: 7874: 7870: 7864: 7861: 7858: 7855: 7854: 7852: 7850: 7846: 7840: 7837: 7836: 7834: 7832: 7828: 7822: 7819: 7817: 7814: 7813: 7811: 7809: 7805: 7802: 7796: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7690: 7687: 7685: 7682: 7680: 7677: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7650: 7647: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7562: 7560: 7557: 7556: 7554: 7548: 7543: 7536: 7531: 7529: 7524: 7522: 7517: 7516: 7513: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7482: 7480: 7476: 7470: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7458: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7423: 7422:Spaceplanes: 7420: 7418: 7414: 7410: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7390: 7387: 7384: 7383: 7381: 7377: 7366: 7363: 7362: 7361: 7358: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7322: 7320: 7316: 7310: 7307: 7306: 7304: 7300: 7292: 7289: 7288: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7275: 7273: 7269: 7264: 7260: 7253: 7248: 7246: 7241: 7239: 7234: 7233: 7230: 7219: 7213: 7207: 7206: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7177: 7171: 7170: 7166: 7163: 7160: 7157: 7154: 7153: 7151: 7149:test missions 7148: 7144: 7138: 7135: 7134: 7131: 7130: 7126: 7124: 7123: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7079: 7076: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7062: 7059: 7056: 7053: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7041: 7039: 7034: 7030: 7026: 7020: 7019: 7015: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6981: 6976: 6973: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6964: 6960: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6948: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6937: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6924:(Soyuz 7K-L3) 6920: 6918: 6912: 6910: 6904: 6902: 6900:(Soyuz 7K-L1) 6896: 6894: 6893: 6889: 6887: 6886:VA spacecraft 6884: 6882: 6881: 6877: 6876: 6874: 6872: 6868: 6863: 6853: 6850: 6848: 6845: 6843: 6842:Proton rocket 6840: 6838: 6835: 6834: 6832: 6830: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6809: 6804: 6802: 6797: 6795: 6790: 6789: 6786: 6773: 6770: 6769: 6766: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6736: 6734: 6730: 6722: 6719: 6718: 6717: 6714: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6681: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6668: 6665: 6664: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6635:UR-500 Proton 6633: 6632: 6631: 6628: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6605: 6604: 6601: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6577: 6574: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6549: 6548: 6547: 6544: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6531: 6530: 6527: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6502: 6501: 6498: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6480: 6479: 6476: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6463: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6453: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6421:Space Shuttle 6419: 6417: 6414: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6401: 6400: 6397: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6322:Blue Scout II 6320: 6318: 6315: 6314: 6313: 6310: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6292: 6291: 6288: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6270: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6247: 6244: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6219: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6167: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6145: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6135: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6068: 6067: 6064: 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5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5194: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5097: 5096: 5093: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5075: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5043: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5011:Firefly Alpha 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4976: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4949: 4948: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4938: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4923: 4920: 4916: 4909: 4904: 4902: 4897: 4895: 4890: 4889: 4886: 4872: 4869: 4867: 4864: 4863: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4847: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4815: 4814: 4811: 4807: 4804: 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4335: 4331: 4322: 4319: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4288:5-9900271-2-5 4284: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4264: 4261: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4233: 4230: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4202: 4199: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4172: 4169: 4161: 4155: 4152: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4125: 4123: 4119: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4091: 4088: 4083: 4081:0-15-100964-3 4077: 4073: 4069: 4068: 4060: 4057: 4045: 4044: 4036: 4033: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4005: 4002: 3989: 3985: 3979: 3976: 3964:. Anatoly Zak 3963: 3959: 3952: 3949: 3944: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3926: 3921: 3915: 3911: 3910: 3902: 3899: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3871: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3855: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3844:1-931641-00-5 3841: 3837: 3833: 3832: 3825: 3822: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3799: 3798: 3790: 3787: 3771: 3767: 3760: 3753: 3750: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3719: 3716: 3711: 3707: 3701: 3698: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3662: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3630: 3628: 3624: 3619: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3604: 3596: 3594: 3590: 3577: 3573: 3572:radian-spb.ru 3569: 3561: 3558: 3545: 3541: 3540: 3535: 3528: 3525: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3497: 3494: 3481: 3477: 3470: 3467: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3441: 3437: 3430: 3429: 3421: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3380: 3376: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3343: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3309: 3305: 3298: 3297: 3289: 3286: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3258: 3255: 3248: 3246:0-385-49253-7 3242: 3238: 3233: 3232: 3225: 3224: 3221: 3216: 3214: 3207: 3199: 3196: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3169: 3166: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3138: 3135: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3095: 3087: 3084: 3071: 3067: 3063: 3056: 3053: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3013: 3005: 3002: 2989: 2985: 2981: 2974: 2971: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2943: 2940: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2918:"N1 (rocket)" 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2898: 2885: 2879: 2876: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2838: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2804: 2799: 2792: 2789: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2762: 2759: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2728: 2721: 2719: 2715: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2687: 2684: 2671: 2667: 2660: 2657: 2644: 2640: 2633: 2630: 2625: 2619: 2616: 2611: 2607: 2600: 2597: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2569: 2566: 2558: 2552: 2549: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2521: 2518: 2513: 2509: 2508: 2503: 2496: 2493: 2489: 2473: 2469: 2462: 2455: 2452: 2440: 2436: 2430: 2427: 2414: 2410: 2404: 2401: 2388: 2384: 2378: 2375: 2370: 2366: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2347: 2339: 2336: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2273: 2270: 2264: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2242: 2239: 2233: 2231: 2227: 2217: 2213: 2207: 2204: 2197: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2172:Nova (rocket) 2170: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2159: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2126: 2124: 2122: 2118: 2110: 2108: 2105: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2090: 2082: 2080: 2076: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2041: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2019: 2017: 2011: 2009: 2001: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1985: 1981: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1959: 1951: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1899: 1894: 1891: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1862: 1857: 1854: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1839: 1836: 1833: 1828: 1825: 1824: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1801: 1795: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1770: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1759: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1734: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1723: 1719: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1703: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1692: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1679: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1668: 1664: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1653: 1650: 1647: 1646: 1642: 1639: 1637: 1633: 1632: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1621: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1610: 1607: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1597: 1594: 1593: 1589: 1586: 1583: 1582: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1554: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1489: 1486: 1483: 1482: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1472: 1469: 1466: 1464: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1427: 1426:total impulse 1423: 1419: 1410: 1405: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1384: 1378: 1375: 1371: 1363: 1361: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1317: 1309: 1307: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1292: 1288: 1287:pitch and yaw 1277: 1268: 1266: 1264: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1240: 1238: 1234: 1231: 1227: 1218: 1211: 1209: 1207: 1201: 1198: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1135: 1133: 1131: 1130: 1123: 1121: 1113: 1108: 1105: 1102: 1098: 1097:fourth launch 1094: 1091: 1087: 1084: 1080: 1079:second launch 1076: 1073: 1070: 1066: 1063: 1060: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1043: 1041: 1039: 1038:Vasily Mishin 1034: 1032: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1011: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 987: 980: 978: 976: 972: 968: 963: 961: 957: 953: 949: 946: 942: 937: 932: 929: 924: 921: 909: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 878: 874: 871:engine using 870: 866: 859: 857: 853: 851: 847: 843: 838: 834: 829: 827: 822: 818: 814: 809: 802:of the rocket 801: 795: 787: 785: 782: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 758: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 723: 721: 717: 713: 712:N1/L3 program 709: 705: 694: 691: 683: 673: 669: 663: 662: 657:This section 655: 651: 646: 645: 639: 637: 635: 631: 626: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 595: 593: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 560: 554: 544: 533: 527: 523: 520: 516: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 495: 491: 487: 483: 480: 476: 472: 468: 463: 460: 456: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 410: 407: 403: 400: 396: 392: 388: 384: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 357: 354: 350: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 309: 305: 300: 297: 293: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 272: 268: 264: 260: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 168: 164: 160: 156: 153: 148: 144: 140: 137: 132: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 90: 87: 84: 80: 77: 74: 70: 67: 63: 60:Crewed lunar 59: 55: 48: 43: 37: 30: 19: 8359: 8143:Kapustin Yar 7550:Type numbers 7465: 7453: 7421: 7405: 7389:Zond (7K-L1) 7385: 7352:Apollo–Soyuz 7217: 7203: 7167: 7127: 7120: 7016: 6978: 6945: 6890: 6878: 6836: 6829:upper stages 6529:Thorad-Agena 6202:Soyuz/Vostok 6102: 5006:Falcon Heavy 4698:Soyuz/Vostok 4623: 4432:(in Russian) 4424:Слабкий Л.И. 4379: 4367:. Retrieved 4363:the original 4352:Bibliography 4338:. Retrieved 4334:the original 4321: 4278: 4270: 4263: 4251:. Retrieved 4242: 4237:Wade, Mark. 4232: 4220:. Retrieved 4211: 4206:Wade, Mark. 4201: 4189:. Retrieved 4185:the original 4180: 4171: 4165:. CIA. 1972. 4154: 4142:. Retrieved 4138:the original 4133: 4109:. Retrieved 4105:the original 4100: 4095:Wade, Mark. 4090: 4066: 4059: 4048:, retrieved 4042: 4035: 4023:. Retrieved 4014: 4004: 3992:. Retrieved 3987: 3978: 3966:. Retrieved 3961: 3951: 3908: 3901: 3889:. Retrieved 3885:the original 3880: 3875:Wade, Mark. 3870: 3863:Слабкий Л.И. 3830: 3824: 3796: 3789: 3777:. Retrieved 3752: 3740:. Retrieved 3736:the original 3727: 3718: 3709: 3700: 3688:. Retrieved 3684:the original 3679: 3652:. Retrieved 3639: 3602: 3580:. Retrieved 3571: 3560: 3548:. Retrieved 3537: 3527: 3515:. Retrieved 3506: 3501:Wade, Mark. 3496: 3484:. Retrieved 3480:the original 3469: 3427: 3374: 3333:. Retrieved 3295: 3288: 3276:. Retrieved 3267: 3257: 3235:. New York: 3230: 3212: 3198: 3186:. Retrieved 3177: 3174:"Soyuz 2-1v" 3168: 3156:. Retrieved 3147: 3137: 3093: 3086: 3074:. Retrieved 3065: 3055: 3011: 3004: 2992:. Retrieved 2983: 2978:Wade, Mark. 2973: 2961:. Retrieved 2952: 2942: 2930:. Retrieved 2921: 2916:Wade, Mark. 2888:. Retrieved 2878: 2866:. Retrieved 2857: 2807: 2801: 2791: 2779:. Retrieved 2761: 2749:. Retrieved 2733: 2705:. Retrieved 2696: 2691:Wade, Mark. 2686: 2674:. Retrieved 2669: 2664:Wade, Mark. 2659: 2647:. Retrieved 2642: 2632: 2618: 2609: 2605: 2599: 2587:. Retrieved 2578: 2568: 2551: 2539:. Retrieved 2520: 2505: 2495: 2486: 2479:. Retrieved 2467: 2454: 2442:. Retrieved 2438: 2429: 2417:. Retrieved 2413:the original 2403: 2391:. Retrieved 2387:the original 2377: 2345: 2338: 2326:. Retrieved 2317: 2290:. Retrieved 2286:the original 2281: 2272: 2241: 2206: 2146:Zond program 2130: 2117:Soyuz 7K-LOK 2114: 2100: 2097: 2089:Soyuz 7K-LOK 2086: 2077: 2060: 2052:Soyuz 7K-L1E 2048:Soyuz 7K-LOK 2045: 2024: 2020: 2012: 2005: 1998: 1986: 1982: 1962: 1955: 1895:26 June 1971 1886:in history. 1881: 1809:Launch site 1731:443 seconds 1707: 1699: 1694: 1629:370 seconds 1605: 1600: 1595: 1590:120 seconds 1566: 1561: 1557:Second stage 1556: 1551:125 seconds 1527: 1522: 1517: 1506:Gross weight 1467: 1460: 1446:The N1 used 1445: 1430: 1415: 1392: 1388: 1379: 1367: 1359: 1351: 1342: 1334: 1332: 1324: 1315: 1313: 1298: 1296: 1272: 1259: 1246: 1244: 1235: 1223: 1202: 1185: 1166: 1139: 1127: 1124: 1117: 1096: 1090:third launch 1089: 1078: 1069:first launch 1068: 1035: 1028: 1012: 992: 964: 958:, and later 936:Kolyma Gulag 933: 928:Titan II GLV 925: 863: 854: 830: 807: 805: 780: 759: 733:110R at the 724: 704:Soviet Union 701: 686: 677: 666:Please help 661:verification 658: 627: 623:Soyuz 7K-LOK 598: 596: 585:rocket stage 557: 542: 540: 218:First flight 183:Launch sites 72:Manufacturer 36: 29:N-I (rocket) 8286:Sary Shagan 7849:Novosibirsk 7808:Caspian Sea 7552:(1947–1955) 7365:Shuttle-Mir 6947:Lunokhod-LK 6019:LauncherOne 5970:Kaituozhe-1 5747:Black Arrow 5499:Orbex Prime 5398:Hyperbola-2 5363:Antares 330 5063:Kaituozhe 2 5036:Hyperbola-1 4404:Astronautix 4340:24 December 4191:20 November 4144:21 February 3988:YouTube.com 3834:NASA. Also 3779:23 February 3732:RSC Energia 3680:astronuatix 3278:18 February 3188:28 December 3076:13 February 2810:: 184–192. 2697:astronautix 2672:. Mark Wade 2670:Astronautix 2393:7 September 2072:gimbal lock 2070:to go into 1967:caused the 1933:Site 110/37 1904:Site 110/37 1882:One of the 1874:Zond L1S-2 1867:Site 110/38 1858:3 July 1969 1845:Zond L1S-1 1838:Site 110/38 1812:Serial no. 1806:Date (UTC) 1728:347 seconds 1714:Thrust, vac 1626:147 seconds 1612:Thrust, vac 1587:384 seconds 1573:Thrust, vac 1548:168 seconds 1518:First stage 1372:, the N1's 1212:Description 1054:KH-8 Gambit 1016:Soyuz 7K-L1 995:Soyuz 7K-L3 875:(UDMH) and 831:Meanwhile, 615:lunar orbit 226:Last flight 202:Success(es) 150:Payload to 134:Payload to 8443:Categories 7454:Capsules: 7199:Kosmos 434 7194:Kosmos 398 7189:Kosmos 379 7156:Zond-LOK 1 7137:Kosmos 382 7094:Zond 1969A 7078:Zond 1968B 7072:Zond 1968A 7061:Zond 1967B 7055:Zond 1967A 7049:Kosmos 154 7044:Kosmos 146 6953:Krechet-94 6871:Spacecraft 6024:Long March 5928:Feng Bao 1 5541:Tianlong-3 5467:New Line 1 5425:Long March 5373:Cyclone-4M 5313:Tianlong-2 5291:2.1b / STB 5286:2.1a / STA 5229:Pegasus XL 5095:Long March 5068:Kinetica 1 4991:Chollima-1 4305:1256536142 4297:2010419839 4253:18 October 4222:18 October 4208:"L3M-1972" 4111:2 February 3994:12 January 3968:5 February 3891:5 February 3836:PDF format 3742:30 January 3690:21 October 3654:21 October 3582:3 February 3503:"Saturn V" 3454:2005003682 3335:21 January 3322:2004020825 3220:Wikisource 3158:27 January 3125:2007922812 3043:2016948726 2994:31 January 2963:31 January 2751:19 January 2707:19 January 2481:23 October 2328:24 January 2265:References 2008:Zond L1S-2 1534:Thrust, SL 1257:designs. 948:jet engine 920:Rocketdyne 889:hypergolic 826:Tsar Bomba 731:launch pad 589:Starship's 511:Propellant 474:Powered by 451:Propellant 417:Powered by 398:Propellant 364:Powered by 345:Propellant 307:Powered by 288:Propellant 251:Powered by 210:Failure(s) 7379:Cancelled 7180:LK Lander 7033:7K-L1/L1S 6914:Zond-LOK 6837:N1 rocket 6123:Paektusan 5752:Conestoga 5509:Red Dwarf 5462:New Glenn 5393:Gravity-2 5383:Epsilon S 5016:Gravity-1 4856:Tsyklon-4 4313:30460496M 3237:Doubleday 2832:0094-5765 2419:1 January 1926:06:11:55 1897:23:15:08 1860:20:18:32 1831:09:18:07 1725:Burn time 1623:Burn time 1584:Burn time 1545:Burn time 1322:engines. 1251:grid fins 1101:hammering 962:rockets. 903:than the 815:using an 680:July 2018 619:LK Lander 503:Burn time 443:Burn time 390:Burn time 337:Burn time 280:Burn time 178:Cancelled 129:Capacity 8252:Plesetsk 8225:Nyonoksa 8074:missiles 8032:Nanchang 7985:Taganrog 7800:aircraft 7368:(joint) 7355:(joint) 7286:(joint) 6980:Soyuz 2A 6667:original 6657:Vanguard 6640:Proton-K 6613:original 6461:Ablestar 6446:Terran 1 6404:original 6263:Rocket 3 6170:original 5980:original 5906:Falcon 9 5901:Falcon 1 5857:IV Heavy 5573:Zuljanah 5536:Terran R 5519:Block 1B 5504:Pallas-1 5408:Kuaizhou 5368:Bloostar 5308:Starship 5259:Shavit 2 5244:Qaem 100 5234:Proton-M 5192:Minotaur 5073:Kuaizhou 4996:Electron 4964:Ariane 6 4796:Proton-K 4769:original 4666:original 4543:Proton-M 4247:Archived 4216:Archived 4019:Archived 3813:Archived 3770:Archived 3648:Archived 3576:Archived 3550:10 March 3544:Archived 3517:25 April 3511:Archived 3486:25 April 3458:Archived 3409:7612528M 3401:35567023 3393:96035311 3326:Archived 3272:Archived 3182:Archived 3152:Archived 3129:Archived 3099:Springer 3070:Archived 3047:Archived 3017:Springer 2988:Archived 2980:"Vulkan" 2957:Archived 2932:30 April 2926:Archived 2890:30 April 2868:30 April 2862:Archived 2781:30 April 2775:Archived 2742:Archived 2701:Archived 2666:"RD-270" 2624:"Proton" 2583:Archived 2541:30 April 2535:Archived 2512:Archived 2472:Archived 2444:22 April 2369:Archived 2322:Archived 2156:See also 2150:Lunokhod 2137:Cyrillic 2036:Tyuratam 2027:impeller 2016:110 East 1943:Failure 1930:Baikonur 1914:Failure 1901:Baikonur 1877:Failure 1864:Baikonur 1848:Failure 1835:Baikonur 1821:Remarks 1818:Outcome 1815:Payload 1702:(burn 2) 1463:momentum 1422:Saturn V 1404:Saturn V 1129:glasnost 1095:N1 7L – 1088:N1 6L – 1083:110 East 1077:N1 5L – 1067:N1 3L – 833:Chelomey 800:3D model 727:Apollo 4 720:Saturn V 577:Saturn V 563:) was a 243:Diameter 188:Baikonur 186:LC-110, 105:Diameter 57:Function 8429:details 8340:Töretam 8082:Barnaul 7478:Related 7429:Energia 7330:Voskhod 7263:Russian 7218:Italics 7129:Zond 10 7012:Soyuz 8 7008:Soyuz 7 7004:Soyuz 6 6999:Soyuz 5 6995:Soyuz 4 6990:Soyuz 3 6986:Soyuz 2 6975:Soyuz 1 6966:docking 6906:Zond-M 6827:ascent/ 6732:Classes 6603:Tsyklon 6441:Start-1 6212:Voskhod 6207:Sputnik 6143:Molniya 6128:Pilot-2 5965:Juno II 5879:Epsilon 5874:Energia 5864:Diamant 5740:Centaur 5589:Antares 5582:Retired 5531:Soyuz-7 5524:Block 2 5457:Neutron 5447:Miura 5 5281:Soyuz-2 5274:Block 1 5264:Simorgh 5041:Jielong 4969:Atlas V 4940:Current 4764:Tsyklon 4759:Start-1 4708:Voskhod 4703:Sputnik 4639:Molniya 4592:Energia 4580:Retired 4571:Yenisei 4516:Soyuz-2 4482:Russian 4442:Drawing 3608:155ñ156 2812:Bibcode 2589:2 March 2292:13 June 2214:on the 2139:letter 2135:of the 2032:Leninsk 1965:voltage 1738:impulse 1708:Block G 1636:impulse 1606:Block V 1567:Block B 1528:Block A 1335:Block V 1316:Block B 1247:Block A 1230:frustum 1197:Antares 1158:Energia 960:Energia 945:OKB-276 798:Static 751:Florida 743:SA-500F 640:History 467:Block D 420:1 NK-19 367:4 NK-21 8155:KY-02 8127:Embi-5 8059:XIAN-A 8022:HARB-A 8014:Harbin 7967:SibNIA 7863:NOVO-C 7859:NOVO-B 7856:NOVO-A 7821:CASP-B 7816:CASP-A 7457:Zvezda 7441:Kliper 7425:Spiral 7413:Aelita 7401:Zvezda 7397:LK-700 7386:Moon: 7335:Salyut 7325:Vostok 7271:Active 7259:Soviet 7122:Zond 9 7116:Zond 8 7111:Zond 7 7089:Zond 6 7084:Zond 5 7067:Zond 4 6892:LK-700 6852:Blok D 6847:Blok E 6716:Zhuque 6650:Strela 6608:R-36-O 6551:II GLV 6539:SLV-2H 6534:SLV-2G 6522:DSV-2U 6500:Burner 6436:SS-520 6431:Sparta 6399:Shavit 6290:Saturn 6251:Shtil' 6217:Vostok 6160:Polyot 6118:Naro-1 6007:Lambda 5975:Kosmos 5960:Juno I 5884:Europa 5658:Athena 5621:Ariane 5561:Zhuque 5551:Vega E 5403:Irtysh 5340:Zhuque 5058:KAIROS 4947:Angara 4871:Medium 4861:Proton 4806:Strela 4791:UR-500 4747:Shtil' 4713:Vostok 4656:Polyot 4597:Kosmos 4566:Irtysh 4499:Angara 4492:Active 4478:Soviet 4386: 4311: 4303: 4295: 4285: 4078: 4050:17 May 4025:24 May 3916: 3842: 3807:& 3614: 3452: 3442: 3407: 3399: 3391: 3381: 3320: 3310: 3243: 3215: 3123: 3113: 3041: 3031: 2830: 2676:30 May 2649:30 May 2439:SpaceX 2361: 2192:UR-700 2063:eddies 1789:3.12% 1736:Total 1700:S-IVB 1689:9.31% 1686:12.14% 1634:Total 1479:N1-L3 1418:Apollo 1291:moment 1142:Syntin 1018:, aka 952:Proton 943:, the 869:RD-270 846:UR-500 837:OKB-52 772:, the 710:. The 573:Soviet 545:(from 175:Status 121:Stages 97:Height 8414:VA-08 8410:VA-07 8406:VA-06 8403:VA-05 8400:VA-04 8397:VA-03 8394:VA-02 8391:VA-01 8374:TT-09 8370:TT-08 8367:TT-07 8364:TT-06 8360:TT-05 8356:TT-04 8353:TT-03 8350:TT-02 8347:TT-01 8330:SH-11 8326:SH-10 8323:SH-09 8319:SH-08 8315:SH-07 8312:SH-06 8309:SH-05 8305:SH-04 8301:SH-03 8298:SH-02 8294:SH-01 8276:PL-05 8271:PL-04 8267:PL-03 8264:PL-02 8260:PL-01 8242:NE-04 8238:NE-03 8235:NE-02 8232:NE-01 8215:KY-12 8210:KY-11 8206:KY-10 8203:KY-09 8200:KY-08 8196:KY-07 8191:KY-06 8186:KY-05 8181:KY-04 8176:KY-03 8151:KY-01 8134:EM-01 8117:BL-10 8113:BL-09 8110:BL-08 8107:BL-07 8104:BL-06 8101:BL-05 8098:BL-04 8095:BL-03 8092:BL-02 8089:BL-01 8051:Xi'an 8042:NAN-B 8039:NAN-A 8004:TAG-D 8000:TAG-C 7997:TAG-B 7993:TAG-A 7975:SIB-A 7957:RAM-T 7953:RAM-S 7942:RAM-R 7938:RAM-Q 7934:RAM-P 7929:RAM-N 7924:RAM-M 7919:RAM-L 7914:RAM-K 7909:RAM-J 7904:RAM-H 7899:RAM-G 7895:RAM-F 7892:RAM-E 7889:RAM-D 7886:RAM-C 7883:RAM-B 7880:RAM-A 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