767:
insufficient. Therefore, the promotion of immigration required precise plans to define the way in which this population would be attracted and its progressive integration into national life. One priority was to organize small agricultural farms, an initiative that would be very useful for the creation of "permanent" wealth that could replace the central role of oil in the future. The immigration programs had to be part of a vast plan to transform the national economy that required a study and selection of the most appropriate type of immigration and the preparation of an inventory of areas and lands suitable for agriculture, soil conditions, the weather, markets and possible crops. Another highly relevant aspect was linked to the integration of immigrants, for which purpose it was necessary to provide for their provisional residence in a hotel, to later transfer them to agricultural colonies and ensure the provision of implements, seeds, land, housing, technical assistance and credit help. All these points were raised by Arturo Uslar Pietri as part of his famous idea of "sowing oil".
920:, forced to leave their land. for economic reasons. Although the largest percentage of this migratory flow tended to remain in urban centers, another significant proportion went to the interior of the republic, where they established farms that resulted in the renewal of cultivation methods and techniques. As part of a broader process, along with agricultural activity, a modern commercial system for the distribution of farm products developed, which gave rise to an extensive network that allowed linking regional spaces, previously disjointed, and satisfying the demand for foods. While the greater yield of agriculture and the growing efficiency of commerce and banking services complemented each other, the internal market was expanding, giving rise to the expansion of industry, whose varied production was increasingly based on technological advances. These dimensions of national economic life had the laborious and persevering participation of Spanish immigration, from the bottom rungs to the highest positions.
909:, one of whose expressions was the adoption of active policies to attract the foreign population. In this way, immigration became a fundamental strategy aimed at achieving the incorporation of labor and technical knowledge for the progress of agriculture and industry. Likewise, the entry of professionals and specialized workers who could contribute to the development of infrastructure and construction works, and also to the advancement of education and health was expected. Precisely, "directed" or selective immigration was nurtured in a first stage by the thousands of Spanish refugees who were trying to leave Europe.
980:
270:
944:
62:
685:
52:
45:
695:
787:. For this purpose, the Institute had to design a general colonization plan guaranteeing maximum efficiency in the exploitation and division of the available land, with the objective of obtaining high yields taking into account the soil conditions, the working capacity of the families there settled and the capital that they could possess or obtain.
741:'s tyranny. The consequence was the aggravation of scarcity and misery, which pushed thousands and thousands of Spaniards to seek new horizons to start their lives over. At that time, the Americas offered many possibilities for that population that yearned to obtain a productive job and consolidate family ties.
923:
The development of these companies was part of the extraordinary dynamism that the
Venezuelan economy had acquired thanks to the constant increase in oil income. Frequently they were family businesses, whose administration was later left in the hands of the descendants, even when in several cases the
198:
Since 1939, an increasingly large community of
Spanish immigrants began to enter Venezuela, initially occupying in most cases low-skill jobs, to later move up in their jobs, or venture to create businesses on their own. many of which would become in the course of a few years successful companies that
892:
Despite the fact that maritime traffic suffered a virtual paralysis in the war years, according to ministerial data, spontaneous immigration increased by 38% between 1939 and 1940 and "directed" immigration registered an increase of 61% in those same years. years. Among the new arrivals in 1940, 34%
853:
immigrants, taking into consideration that they would be professionals who could contribute to
Venezuelan development. One of the most forceful voices in favor of the Basques was that of Simón Gonzalo Salas, who wrote a pamphlet in 1938 expressing his support for these immigrants. He considered that
866:. In the pamphlet he assumed the defense of the Basques who had been disqualified by his political opinions. In this regard, he stated that they did not have extremist ideas and that they would not pose any threat to Venezuela because they were "orphans of their own Homeland", for being in exile in
190:
regime. This was the first wave of
Spanish immigrants whose motivations for leaving their land were political. The second wave was recorded from 1948 and was more due to economic problems due to the hardships that the population was going through, as a consequence of the devastation caused by the
806:
families was carried out, of which only 48 families of the latter nationality arrived, although between March and June of the following year the majority of the inhabitants of that origin were re-embarked to their country of origin. At the beginning of the 1940s, around 350 people lived in said
751:
The greatest concern of
Alberto Adriani, in charge of the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock in the first months of 1936 and later of the Treasury office, was aimed at achieving the expansion of agriculture and the entry of immigrants to undertake productive work in the country. In this vast
207:
is the objective of this article in which immigration promotion policies are analyzed since the second half of the 1930s and the development of agricultural colonies and other economic activities. Finally, reference is made to a series of representative cases of this migratory flow that allows
766:
and also of structural deficiencies originating mostly from problems originating from the previous century. In Uslar's opinion, Venezuela had a small population in a vast area and, as an aggravating circumstance, it lacked communication routes, its market was narrow and the workforce was
939:
A total of 112 Spanish centers and institutions are operating in
Venezuela, with which the Ministry maintains permanent contact. These become collaborators to bring our services closer, especially to Spaniards who live in the most remote areas of our headquarters in the capital.
173:
During the 19th century, various immigration plans had been projected in
Venezuela that had little impact despite the efforts made to that end. The situation changed substantially starting in 1936 when interest in promoting immigration grew, as recognized by President
228:
was in the process of becoming a hegemonic power in
Eastern Europe, and intended to extend its range of action to the Western world. These political currents fed and sharpened the rivalries and conflicts that arose in Spain as a result of the establishment of the
798:. There existed in colonial times a cane farm with a sugar mill, which in later decades was occupied by a coffee farm. The colony began with the construction of 100 houses and the installation of the corresponding basic services. In 1938, the selection of 75
775:
Within the framework of the plans drawn up from 1936, important institutional reforms took place. On 26 August 1938, the foundation of the
Technical Institute for Immigration and Colonization (ITIC) was decreed, directed between March and July 1939 by
160:
experienced in those years. The latest figures recorded by
Spanish consulates show 207,692 registered Spaniards. But the true immigrant figure is estimated to be higher because many Spaniards have not renewed their documents or have lost their
951:
which has the Spanish nationality, people who residing in Venezuela declared as Spanish or people with declared Iberian Spanish ancestry. Map shows that most of the Venezuelan Population with Spanish ancestry or Spanish documents are in
748:. In the midst of this environment in which the air of renewal was breathed, projects aimed at the development of agriculture and industry began to be designed with a view to materialising economic and institutional modernisation.
877:, since 1938, took care of establishing agreements to admit the entry of Basque refugees, especially if they were linked to construction. Precisely, in March 1939 an agreement was signed with the government of Euskadi, exiled in
216:
Tragic events rocked the European scene in the course of the 1930s. Added to the deep economic depression was the impetuous advance of totalitarian tendencies whose clearest expression was found in
178:
when he raised the urgent need to populate the Venezuelan territory, for which the contribution of immigrants who could contribute to the prosperity of the country. Precisely in that same year, the
752:
territory it was necessary to have a suitable workforce to engage in agriculture. An important milestone was the creation in 1936 of the Mendoza agricultural colony, located near Ocumare del Tuy (
152:, Business, Related people and another circunstancies. However, the great wave of Spaniards occurred in the 19th century, the first time Spanish exiles arrived for political reasons after the
783:
In the decree of creation of the ITIC it was indicated that its mission consisted of the implantation of agricultural colonies by means of the acquisition of lands of private property in
912:
The situation changed in the following decade, when the "open door" policy for immigrants was put into practice, which increased the number of entries, mainly from residents from the
889:, whose members would receive work contracts. In the middle of that year, the trip of 274 refugees was arranged, including university professionals, builders, designers and draftsmen
240:
In addition to the material destruction as a result of the conflict and the obstacles to rebuilding the Spanish economy due to World War II, in the postwar years the decision of the
1791:
1719:
1654:
1624:
2210:
3205:
870:
after having fought for the republican cause. This position was shared by Uslar Pietri, who also supported the negotiations for the entry of Basques into the country.
2176:
3387:
2161:
1689:
762:
described the issue of immigration as crucial if agriculture was to be promoted, which was in a state of prostration as a consequence of the effects of the
2676:
1968:
2071:
1830:
2271:
1953:
1963:
1758:
1369:
The number of beneficiaries of the Need Benefit in the last payroll of 2014 (fourth quarter) amounts to 3,214, distributed by Autonomous Communities:
2217:
3361:
724:
983:
Map showing the proportion of the Venezuelan population described as "White" in the 2011 census, at electoral ward level. Which includes Spaniards.
3392:
2205:
2029:
284:
3397:
2417:
2227:
156:, and the second was the largest since the late 1950s. The forties and throughout the fifties were driven by the severe economic difficulties
2124:
2024:
1978:
1558:
3198:
2400:
3402:
2629:
2422:
2246:
2061:
1843:
579:
2986:
2976:
1913:
3001:
2336:
2046:
525:
1928:
237:
that broke out in 1936, at the end of which he enthroned a dictatorial regime that remained in power for more than three decades.
3131:
3074:
3012:
2346:
2041:
556:
145:
20:
3006:
3191:
2693:
2669:
2498:
2432:
2407:
2188:
1783:
1711:
1646:
1616:
842:, the Colonia Rubio was established in 1940 with 40 Spanish families and in that same year the colony La Guayabita in Turmero (
541:
121:
3049:
2933:
874:
2968:
2390:
2151:
1983:
1908:
1882:
1873:
1868:
1823:
494:
3110:
2981:
2586:
2456:
2306:
2171:
1993:
1918:
973:
509:
489:
794:) that would be used to form a model colony. The site had a long tradition, since it had belonged to a family related to
2513:
2256:
2156:
2066:
1128:
957:
979:
3330:
2282:
2193:
1011:
536:
514:
479:
424:
186:, which led to the emigration of thousands of people who sought refuge in the Americas, fleeing the atrocities of the
987:
The following table indicates the number of Spanish residents by state as well as the number of welfare pensioners.
2662:
2412:
1863:
175:
1677:
717:
3172:
2596:
2518:
2473:
2251:
2141:
2107:
1903:
1888:
1816:
3162:
2493:
2488:
2380:
2112:
1898:
882:
2810:
744:
Meanwhile, Venezuela was in full political transition after the conclusion of 27 years of the dictatorship of
269:
3095:
3039:
2896:
2561:
2097:
710:
688:
671:
459:
449:
230:
162:
1742:
1428:
3214:
3059:
2591:
2523:
2503:
2483:
2442:
2427:
2183:
2146:
2007:
932:
As of December 2014, there are more 231,833 Spanish citizens in Venezuela. Most Venezuelans in Spain have
233:, a context in which the political agitation was gaining more intensity day after day until it led to the
3136:
3069:
2881:
2576:
2556:
2085:
1988:
878:
867:
859:
666:
634:
624:
499:
394:
2385:
745:
3366:
3115:
2996:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2891:
2622:
2538:
2437:
2368:
2322:
2266:
2261:
2237:
2198:
2129:
2102:
2036:
2019:
1851:
200:
3247:
3167:
3064:
2991:
2918:
2886:
2546:
2508:
2478:
2331:
2166:
2134:
2119:
1973:
1488:
1438:
996:
943:
933:
924:
companies were absorbed by large and modern corporations, typical of these times of globalization.
784:
777:
759:
661:
531:
504:
309:
61:
795:
3222:
3157:
3105:
3100:
3080:
3054:
3020:
2958:
2938:
2638:
2581:
2571:
2551:
2528:
2468:
2056:
2051:
1232:
827:
609:
567:
551:
464:
454:
1076:
790:
In 1937, the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock bought 2,800 hectares in the Chirgua Valley (
3260:
3044:
2925:
2735:
2601:
1750:
1180:
902:
835:
816:
598:
546:
474:
341:
234:
192:
183:
179:
153:
149:
137:
109:
88:
3255:
3236:
3034:
2643:
1923:
1528:
1498:
1271:
763:
738:
649:
619:
593:
574:
519:
484:
469:
440:
378:
346:
327:
298:
241:
92:
3290:
2912:
2865:
2860:
1518:
1193:
1102:
1063:
953:
917:
753:
654:
588:
368:
317:
187:
157:
140:
ancestry or those who have the Spanish Citizenship and are residing in Venezuela. Most of
2710:
1943:
1678:"La inmigración española en Venezuela: una experiencia de esfuerzo y trabajo productivo"
3345:
3275:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2740:
2720:
2705:
2700:
2566:
2311:
1958:
1933:
1408:
1284:
913:
644:
419:
373:
357:
351:
251:
3381:
3270:
3141:
2835:
2795:
2785:
2755:
2291:
1938:
1878:
1245:
1219:
1115:
1024:
969:
639:
614:
363:
275:
893:
were made up of farmers, 24% by liberal professions, and 42% by specialized workers
3320:
2845:
2825:
2820:
2296:
1167:
799:
699:
629:
225:
3231:
2840:
2745:
2685:
1893:
1508:
948:
906:
808:
293:
3295:
3265:
2815:
1258:
1154:
839:
1754:
3326:
3300:
3241:
3026:
2730:
2301:
1839:
1448:
1418:
1388:
886:
863:
409:
404:
303:
260:
217:
204:
133:
129:
96:
51:
3340:
3087:
2805:
1141:
333:
244:
and the United States to declare a blockade against that nation was added.
3285:
3183:
2830:
2800:
2725:
1948:
1568:
1538:
1089:
961:
791:
414:
838:
origin settled at first, and later 12 Spanish families. In the state of
3316:
3280:
2765:
2750:
1548:
1478:
1297:
1206:
855:
850:
831:
399:
389:
322:
901:
The serious situation that Spain was going through as a result of the
199:
have represented a significant contribution to the advancement of the
2760:
2715:
1808:
1468:
1398:
1050:
965:
843:
820:
221:
2654:
208:
outlining a significant dimension of business history in Venezuela.
3334:
2790:
2395:
2341:
1579:
1458:
1310:
1037:
812:
803:
428:
44:
203:. Reconstructing the insertion process of Spanish immigrants in
3187:
2658:
1812:
756:), where around 30 Spanish families stayed the following year.
1743:"Los españoles en el extranjero aumentan un 56,6% desde 2009"
1334:
Disenrolled for not being registered in the Electoral Census
968:, which means that most of these people lives near or in the
66:
Map showing the Spanish Diaspora in the States of Venezuela
834:
neighborhood was established in 1939, where immigrants of
905:
coincided with a stage of profound transformations in
3354:
3309:
3221:
3150:
3124:
2967:
2905:
2874:
2853:
2692:
2537:
2455:
2367:
2320:
2280:
2235:
2226:
2084:
2006:
1850:
115:
103:
81:
71:
34:
862:who were waiting for an authorization to move to
846:), where 7 families from the same origin stayed.
849:At that time, great interest arose in receiving
3199:
2670:
1824:
854:at that time there were around 80,000 exiled
807:colony, grouped into 35 Spanish families, 20
718:
8:
1383:Number of Beneficiaries 4th Quarter of 2014
29:
3206:
3192:
3184:
2677:
2663:
2655:
2461:
2373:
2232:
2223:
2090:
2012:
1856:
1831:
1817:
1809:
1741:Rodríguez, Diego Fonseca (17 March 2016).
725:
711:
246:
60:
28:
1784:"Ministerio de Trabajo y Economía Social"
1712:"Ministerio de Trabajo y Economía Social"
1647:"Ministerio de Trabajo y Economía Social"
1617:"Ministerio de Trabajo y Economía Social"
885:, authorizing the transfer of a group to
1371:
989:
978:
942:
1608:
438:
283:
258:
165:and have not yet decided to regain it.
7:
3388:Venezuelan people of Spanish descent
1778:
1776:
974:Spanish immigration to the Americas.
2218:Guayana Esequiba (Reclamation area)
1761:from the original on 9 January 2021
1794:from the original on 29 April 2023
1722:from the original on 29 April 2023
1692:from the original on 30 April 2022
1657:from the original on 29 April 2023
1627:from the original on 29 April 2023
947:Map showing the proportion of the
136:, are persons of fully Spanish or
14:
991:Spanish Citizenship in Venezuela
2347:Ecological Movement of Venezuela
972:of Venezuela as a result of the
897:Society and economy of Venezuela
693:
684:
683:
268:
146:Spanish immigration to Venezuela
50:
43:
21:Spanish immigration to Venezuela
3310:Historic and related minorities
122:Venezuelans of European descent
3393:European diaspora in Venezuela
1909:Restorative Liberal Revolution
1:
875:Venezuelan legation in France
144:are in Venezuela because of
2283:Democratic Unity Roundtable
2272:People's Electoral Movement
2206:Supreme Tribunal of Justice
3419:
3403:Ethnic groups in Venezuela
1979:2017 constitutional crisis
18:
3398:Spain–Venezuela relations
2616:
2464:
2376:
2252:Movement We Are Venezuela
2108:Human rights in Venezuela
2093:
2015:
1954:1992 coup d'état attempts
1889:Revolution of the Reforms
1859:
737:that it was subjected to
279:(historical Spanish flag)
120:
108:
86:
76:
59:
41:
16:Ethnic group in Venezuela
2125:Administrative divisions
1984:2019 presidential crisis
1964:2002 coup d'état attempt
1899:Revindicating Revolution
1676:Banko, Catalina (2019).
883:Basque Nationalist Party
19:Not to be confused with
2098:Corruption in Venezuela
1479:Foral Navarra Community
1378:Amount of Beneficiares
176:Eleazar López Contreras
3215:Ethnic groups in Spain
2423:Science and technology
2337:Movement for Socialism
2247:United Socialist Party
1969:2002–03 general strike
1578:External (Not born in
984:
976:
881:and controlled by the
142:Spaniards in Venezuela
36:Españoles en Venezuela
30:Spaniards in Venezuela
982:
949:Venezuelan Population
946:
860:French Third Republic
132:or Spanish people in
116:Related ethnic groups
2323:Agreement for Change
2262:For Social Democracy
2238:Great Patriotic Pole
2103:Torture in Venezuela
2072:World Heritage Sites
2047:Environmental issues
3248:Vaqueiros de alzada
2509:List of Venezuelans
2332:Progressive Advance
2120:Crisis in Venezuela
1874:War of Independence
1384:
1375:Autonomy Community
997:States of Venezuela
992:
934:Spanish nationality
778:Arturo Uslar Pietri
760:Arturo Uslar Pietri
310:Vaqueiros de Alzada
31:
2499:Indigenous peoples
2433:Telecommunications
2030:metropolitan areas
1429:Castilla la Mancha
1382:
1005:Welfare pensioners
1001:Spanish Residents
990:
985:
977:
907:Venezuelan society
785:determined regions
746:Juan Vicente Gómez
691: •
485:Dominican Republic
201:Venezuelan economy
99:and local dialects
3375:
3374:
3331:Western Sephardim
3181:
3180:
2686:Venezuelan people
2652:
2651:
2612:
2611:
2451:
2450:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2307:Democratic Action
2172:National Assembly
2152:Foreign relations
2080:
2079:
2002:
2001:
1869:Captaincy General
1601:
1600:
1381:
1367:
1366:
958:Districto Capital
735:
734:
212:Early Immigration
154:Spanish Civil War
150:Spanish Civil War
127:
126:
110:Roman Catholicism
3410:
3256:Canary Islanders
3252:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3185:
3090:
3083:
3029:
3015:
2928:
2921:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2656:
2632:
2625:
2462:
2374:
2325:
2285:
2240:
2233:
2224:
2091:
2013:
1929:1958 coup d'état
1924:El Trienio Adeco
1857:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1788:www.mites.gob.es
1780:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1716:www.mites.gob.es
1708:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1651:www.mites.gob.es
1643:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1621:www.mites.gob.es
1613:
1529:Balearic Islands
1499:Region of Murcia
1469:Madrid Community
1439:Castile and León
1385:
1372:
1129:Distrito Capital
993:
828:Portuguesa state
764:Great Depression
727:
720:
713:
700:Spain portal
698:
697:
696:
687:
686:
658:
583:
528:
441:Spanish diaspora
432:
338:
328:Canary Islanders
314:
272:
263:
247:
242:European nations
224:. Likewise, the
72:Total population
64:
55:
54:
48:
47:
32:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3362:Genetic history
3350:
3305:
3244:
3217:
3212:
3182:
3177:
3146:
3120:
3086:
3079:
3025:
3011:
2963:
2924:
2917:
2901:
2870:
2849:
2688:
2683:
2653:
2648:
2635:
2628:
2621:
2608:
2533:
2514:Public holidays
2447:
2351:
2321:
2316:
2281:
2276:
2257:Communist Party
2236:
2222:
2157:Law enforcement
2076:
2067:Natural Regions
1998:
1846:
1837:
1807:
1797:
1795:
1782:
1781:
1774:
1764:
1762:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1725:
1723:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1695:
1693:
1682:Espacio Abierto
1675:
1674:
1670:
1660:
1658:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1630:
1628:
1615:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1323:Non-Constation
970:Caribbean coast
930:
899:
773:
731:
694:
692:
677:
676:
652:
605:Other languages
603:
577:
570:
524:
422:
383:
330:
306:
285:Regional groups
273:
259:
214:
171:
67:
49:
42:
37:
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3416:
3414:
3406:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3380:
3379:
3373:
3372:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3358:
3356:
3355:Related topics
3352:
3351:
3349:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3324:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3239:
3234:
3228:
3226:
3219:
3218:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3203:
3196:
3188:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3175:
3173:Refugee crisis
3170:
3165:
3160:
3154:
3152:
3151:Related topics
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3084:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2973:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2930:
2929:
2922:
2909:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2892:Indo-Caribbean
2889:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2857:
2855:
2851:
2850:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2674:
2667:
2659:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2634:
2633:
2626:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2567:Miss Venezuela
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2543:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2428:Stock Exchange
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2388:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2328:
2326:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2312:Come Venezuela
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2288:
2286:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2241:
2230:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2194:Vice President
2191:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2132:
2122:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2105:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2062:National parks
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1959:Vargas tragedy
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1934:Puntofijo Pact
1931:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1914:1902–03 crisis
1911:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1813:
1806:
1805:
1772:
1749:(in Spanish).
1733:
1703:
1688:(1): 123–137.
1684:(in Spanish).
1668:
1638:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1583:
1575:
1574:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1559:Basque Country
1555:
1554:
1551:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1525:
1524:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1475:
1474:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1431:
1425:
1424:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1365:
1364:
1357:
1350:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1008:
1007:
1002:
999:
929:
926:
914:Canary Islands
898:
895:
772:
769:
733:
732:
730:
729:
722:
715:
707:
704:
703:
679:
678:
675:
674:
672:Valencian Sign
669:
664:
659:
647:
645:Judaeo-Spanish
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
602:
601:
596:
591:
585:
584:
571:
566:
565:
562:
561:
560:
559:
554:
549:
544:
542:United Kingdom
539:
534:
529:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
444:
443:
436:
435:
434:
433:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
382:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
354:
349:
344:
339:
325:
320:
315:
301:
296:
288:
287:
281:
280:
265:
264:
261:Spanish people
256:
255:
213:
210:
170:
167:
125:
124:
118:
117:
113:
112:
106:
105:
101:
100:
84:
83:
79:
78:
74:
73:
69:
68:
65:
57:
56:
39:
38:
35:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3415:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3271:Extremadurans
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:ethnic groups
3224:
3220:
3216:
3209:
3204:
3202:
3197:
3195:
3190:
3189:
3186:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3123:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3028:
3024:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2861:North African
2859:
2858:
2856:
2852:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2675:
2673:
2668:
2666:
2661:
2660:
2657:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2620:
2619:
2615:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2319:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2292:Justice First
2290:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2279:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2005:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1939:El Carupanazo
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1883:reunification
1880:
1879:Gran Colombia
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1822:
1820:
1815:
1814:
1811:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1734:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1704:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1672:
1669:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1612:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1581:
1577:
1576:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1516:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1466:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1370:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1349:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1220:Nueva Esparta
1218:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1204:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1116:Delta Amacuro
1114:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
994:
988:
981:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
950:
945:
941:
937:
935:
927:
925:
921:
919:
915:
910:
908:
904:
896:
894:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
871:
869:
865:
861:
857:
852:
847:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
824:
822:
818:
814:
810:
805:
801:
797:
796:Simón Bolívar
793:
788:
786:
781:
779:
770:
768:
765:
761:
757:
755:
749:
747:
742:
740:
728:
723:
721:
716:
714:
709:
708:
706:
705:
702:
701:
690:
681:
680:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
656:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
618:
616:
615:Astur-Leonese
613:
611:
608:
607:
606:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
586:
581:
576:
573:
572:
569:
564:
563:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
547:United States
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
527:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
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364:Extremadurans
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3321:Iberian Kale
3246:
3158:Colonization
2811:Timoto–Cuica
2597:coat of arms
2474:Demographics
2418:Oil industry
2408:Cooperatives
2297:Popular Will
2142:Constitution
1994:Coups d'état
1944:El Porteñazo
1919:World War II
1796:. Retrieved
1787:
1763:. Retrieved
1746:
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1724:. Retrieved
1715:
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986:
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928:Demographics
922:
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789:
782:
774:
771:Distribution
758:
750:
743:
736:
682:
667:Spanish Sign
635:Extremaduran
630:Erromintxela
625:Catalan Sign
604:
439:Significant
425:Iberian Jews
395:Erromintxela
385:Other groups
384:
356:
332:
308:
274:
239:
226:Soviet Union
215:
197:
172:
141:
128:
26:Ethnic group
3367:Immigration
3261:Cantabrians
3245:(including
3232:Andalusians
3163:Immigration
3096:Scandinavia
2494:Immigration
2381:Agriculture
2042:Earthquakes
1904:1895 crisis
1894:Federal War
1864:New Granada
1798:19 December
1765:19 December
1726:19 December
1696:19 December
1661:19 December
1631:19 December
1509:Extremadura
809:Venezuelans
537:Switzerland
526:Puerto Rico
520:Philippines
510:Netherlands
423:(including
342:Cantabrians
307:(including
294:Andalusians
163:citizenship
3382:Categories
3296:Valencians
3266:Castilians
3223:Indigenous
3060:Portuguese
3050:Lithuanian
2897:Uruguayans
2882:Argentines
2736:Cumanagoto
2694:Indigenous
2557:Literature
2489:Healthcare
1989:Civil wars
1604:References
1233:Portuguesa
1025:Anzoátegui
836:Portuguese
817:Portuguese
662:Portuguese
379:Valencians
347:Castilians
276:Rojigualda
3327:Sephardim
3301:Galicians
3291:Balearics
3242:Asturians
3237:Aragonese
3116:Ukrainian
3040:Hungarian
3027:Coloniero
2731:Chitarero
2524:Squatting
2504:Languages
2484:Education
2443:Transport
2391:Companies
2302:A New Era
2184:President
2177:President
2147:Elections
2008:Geography
1840:Venezuela
1755:1134-6582
1449:Catalonia
1419:Cantabria
1389:Andalusia
903:Civil War
887:Venezuela
864:Venezuela
610:Aragonese
580:Castilian
568:Languages
557:Venezuela
455:Argentina
420:Sephardim
410:Maghrebis
405:Mercheros
369:Galicians
318:Balearics
304:Asturians
299:Aragonese
235:Civil War
205:Venezuela
193:Civil War
180:Civil War
134:Venezuela
130:Spaniards
97:Valencian
87:Spanish,
82:Languages
3346:Criollos
3286:Catalans
3168:Diaspora
3137:Mestizos
3065:Romanian
3013:Corsican
2997:Croatian
2977:Austrian
2949:Japanese
2934:Armenian
2919:Lebanese
2887:Chileans
2875:Americas
2841:Ye'kuana
2831:Yanomami
2801:Saladoid
2726:Caquetio
2639:Category
2577:Religion
2519:Refugees
2479:Diaspora
2386:Currency
2267:Tupamaro
2211:In exile
2167:Missions
2162:Military
2086:Politics
1949:Caracazo
1844:articles
1792:Archived
1759:Archived
1720:Archived
1690:Archived
1655:Archived
1625:Archived
1569:Asturias
1539:La Rioja
1489:Valencia
1409:Canarias
1272:Trujillo
1090:Carabobo
1012:Amazonas
962:Carabobo
819:and one
792:Carabobo
689:Category
599:Galician
475:Colombia
415:Occitans
358:Criollos
352:Catalans
252:a series
250:Part of
231:Republic
104:Religion
89:Galician
3341:Isleños
3317:Gypsies
3281:Basques
3276:Leonese
3106:Slovene
3101:Serbian
3075:Spanish
3070:Russian
3045:Italian
2987:British
2982:Belgian
2959:Turkish
2939:Chinese
2816:Waikerí
2776:Marueta
2771:Mariche
2766:Macushi
2741:Guahibo
2706:Akawaio
2701:Achagua
2623:Outline
2587:Symbols
2552:Cuisine
2539:Culture
2457:Society
2438:Tourism
2369:Economy
2228:Parties
2199:Cabinet
2130:Regions
2037:Climate
2020:Borders
1852:History
1747:El País
1549:Melilla
1519:Galicia
1354:231.833
1337:25.626
1298:Yaracuy
1259:Táchira
1207:Monagas
1198:72.923
1194:Miranda
1155:Guárico
1133:44.201
1103:Cojedes
1094:19.669
1077:Bolívar
1064:Barinas
1055:13.825
954:Miranda
918:Galicia
856:Basques
840:Táchira
832:Guanare
826:In the
754:Miranda
655:Aranese
650:Occitan
594:Catalan
575:Spanish
552:Uruguay
495:Germany
460:Belgium
450:Andorra
400:Gitanos
390:Berbers
374:Leonese
334:Isleños
331:(incl.
323:Basques
218:fascism
169:History
138:Iberian
93:Catalan
77:231,833
3335:Xuetas
3125:Others
3088:Isleño
3081:Basque
3055:Polish
3021:German
3007:French
2969:Europe
2954:Korean
2944:Indian
2926:Syrian
2854:Africa
2836:Yaruro
2806:Sanumá
2796:Piaroa
2786:Panare
2761:Lokono
2756:Kalina
2716:Baniwa
2644:Portal
2592:anthem
2547:Cinema
2413:Energy
2135:States
2025:Cities
1974:Crisis
1842:
1753:
1413:1.901
1399:Aragon
1315:5.721
1302:2.372
1289:4.429
1285:Vargas
1263:1.858
1250:1.626
1237:2.709
1224:3.480
1211:1.670
1185:2.411
1181:Mérida
1172:9.402
1159:2.091
1146:2.372
1142:Falcón
1081:5.218
1068:1.274
1051:Aragua
1029:6.679
966:Aragua
879:France
868:France
851:Basque
844:Aragua
830:, the
813:Danish
804:Danish
739:Franco
589:Basque
532:Sweden
505:Mexico
490:France
465:Brazil
429:Xuetes
254:on the
222:Nazism
188:Franco
3111:Swiss
3035:Greek
3002:Dutch
2992:Czech
2866:Black
2846:Yukpa
2826:Wayuu
2821:Warao
2791:Pemon
2711:Auaké
2630:Index
2582:Sport
2572:Music
2562:Media
2529:Women
2469:Crime
2396:PDVSA
2342:COPEI
2057:Flora
2052:Fauna
1596:3.214
1591:Total
1580:Spain
1459:Ceuta
1361:3.275
1347:Total
1311:Zulia
1246:Sucre
1038:Apure
821:Cuban
800:Swiss
653:(AKA
578:(AKA
500:Italy
470:Chile
184:Spain
158:Spain
3142:Roma
3132:Jews
2913:Arab
2906:Asia
2781:Barí
2751:Hodï
2746:Hiwi
2721:Baré
2602:flag
2189:List
2113:LGBT
1800:2022
1767:2022
1751:ISSN
1728:2022
1698:2022
1663:2022
1633:2022
1573:115
1523:686
1326:786
1305:110
1292:127
1276:508
1201:688
1175:293
1168:Lara
1136:852
1107:676
1097:358
1058:259
1042:146
964:and
916:and
873:The
815:, 4
811:, 8
802:and
640:Fala
620:Caló
515:Peru
480:Cuba
427:and
220:and
2401:CVG
1585:16
1563:59
1493:33
1473:64
1453:93
1443:74
1433:27
1423:19
1403:17
1393:72
1318:47
1266:10
1253:35
1240:71
1227:41
1214:23
1188:40
1162:85
1149:42
1120:94
1110:27
1084:59
1071:19
1032:73
1016:67
858:in
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1786:.
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1513:9
1503:6
1483:6
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