Spanish wine - Knowledge (XXG)

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crisp, fresh styles in the early 1990s there was a resurgence in more active use of barrel fermenting whites as a throwback to the traditional, more oxidized styles of the 19th century. The use of oak has a long tradition in Spanish winemaking, dating back even centuries before the French introduced the small 59 gallon (225 liter) barrica style barrels. Gradually Spanish winemakers in the late 19th and early 20th century started to develop a preference for the cheaper, and more strongly flavored,

3592: 2176: 5195: 4903: 1623: 1527: 2391: 959: 1170:('protected geographic indication') – This is below the DOP level, and is wine originating from a specific place, a region or a country, which has a certain quality, reputation or another characteristic – including production phases – that can be essentially attributed to its geographical origin, at least one of which takes place in the defined geographical area. These can use the traditional term Vino de la Tierra (VT). 46: 1679:– comes from the town of Sanlúcar de Barrameda by the sea, where flor yeast develops more vigorously. This wine is produced using exactly the same process as Fino, but as weather conditions are very different in Sanlucar district it develops into a slightly different kind of wine, slightly lighter and more saline than Fino. It is entirely dry (less than 1 gram of sugar per litre) and has to contain 15 to 17% of alcohol. 1777: 1376: 314: 31: 2188: 1125:(DOCG) designation, is for regions with a track record of consistent quality and is meant to be a step above DO level. Rioja was the first region afforded this designation in 1991 and was followed by Priorat in 2003. In 2008 Ribera del Duero was approved to receive DOCa classification, but acquiring the status was never pursued and Ribera del Duero remains a DO today. 988: 1105:, which decides on the boundaries of the region, permitted varietals, maximum yields, limits of alcoholic strength and other quality standards or production limitations pertaining to the zone. As of 2019 there are 96 DOPs that are subdivided into DOCa, DO, VP, and VC. The sub-categories can be called DOP, or they can use the traditional terms of DOCa, DO, VP, and VC. 817: 1367:. In years past, most harvesting had to be done in the early morning with wineries often refusing grapes after mid-day due to their prolonged exposure to the blistering heat. In recent years, aided in part by the wider spread of the use of mechanical harvesting, more harvests are now being done at the lower temperatures at night. 1208:, technically the wines have not been aged at all, but some will have undergone up to a few months oak wood aging. Depending on the producer, some of these wines will be meant to be consumed very young – often within a year of their release. Others will benefit from some time aging in the bottle. For the 1591:. In the warmer climate and regions of lower elevation, the red wines tilted towards being too high in alcohol and too low in acidity. The standard technique to rectify those wines was the addition of white wine grapes which balanced the acidity but diluted some of the fruit flavors of the red grapes. 1846:

For most of its existence, the production of Cava was not relegated to a particular region of DOP but rather to the grapes and method of production. Upon Spain's acceptance into the European Union in 1986, efforts were undertaken to designate specific areas for Cava production. Today use of the term

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that make up the modern state of Spain. The central Autonomous Community of Castilla – La Mancha is the largest wine producing region, producing 13 million hectolitres, a third of Spanish wine output. Catalonia is the second largest producer, producing 5.5 million hectolitres (14% of total), and La

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and some wineries will use a combination of both as a blend. Most DOs require some minimum period of barrel ageing which will be stipulated on the wine label by the designations-Crianza, Reserva and Gran Reserva depending on how long it spends in the barrel. The tradition of long barrel and bottle

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system that also gradually blends the wines of different vintages together. Palomino wine, by itself, typically ferments to an alcohol level of around 12% with Sherry producers adding brandy to the wine in order to increase the alcohol level or kill the flor yeast which will not thrive in alcohol

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were lifted which gave winemakers greater control over yields and what areas could be planted. Soon the quality and production volume of premium wines began to overtake the presence of generic Spanish bulk wines on the market and Spain's reputation entering the 21st century was that of a serious

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The advent of temperature control stainless steel fermentation tanks radically changed the wine industry in warm climate regions like Andalucia, La Mancha, and the Levante, allowing winemakers to make fresher and fruitier styles of wine-particularly whites. While many producers focused on these

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and age in the bottle. The early Cava industry was nurtured by the phylloxera epidemic of the late 19th century, which caused the destruction and uprooting of vineyards planted with red grape varieties. Inspired by the success of Champagne, vineyard owners started to replant with white grape

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with some wines, even whites, spending as much as two decades ageing in the barrel. This created distinctly identifiable flavors that were internationally associated with the wines from regions such as the Rioja. In the 19th century, wine writers held negative views about Spanish winemaking.

1065:. Wineries that are seeking to have their wine sold under DOP status must submit their wines to the Consejo Regulador laboratory and tasting panel for testing and evaluation. Wines that have been granted DOP status will feature the regional stamp of the Consejo Regulador on the label. 942:, temperatures often reach 113 °F (45 °C) in the summer. To adapt to these high temperatures, many Spanish vineyards will be planted on higher elevations, with many vineyards located over 2,000 feet (610 m) above sea level. These high altitudes create a large 1300:. In these parts, the threat of drought and the poor fertility of the land has encouraged Spanish vineyard owners to plant their vines with widely spaced rows so that there is less competition between vines for resources. One widely adopted system is known as 1687:– starts as a Fino, but it loses its layer of flor as it grows older. It is therefore characterized by biological ageing (under flor) but also oxidative ageing (in contact with air). It is full, dry and nutty and by law it has to contain 16 to 22% of alcohol. 979:

Rioja is the third largest, producing almost 5 million hectolitres (13% of total). These larger wine regions are further divided into smaller wine regions that are classified under the Spanish wine law system, with 138 identifiable wine regions.

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philosophy. This relates to the view that the winemaker acts as more of a nurturer of the grapes and wine rather than as a producer. For many years, Spanish winemaking was very rustic and steeped in tradition. This included the judicious use of

1161:('quality wine with geographic indication'), a category formed in 2003 along with VP. The VC category is used for wines that do not fully meet the stringent standards of the DO category, but are above the standards of the IGP category. 3216: 2242: 1304:

and involves having 2.5 metres (8 ft) of space between vines in all directions. These areas, mostly in the south and central regions, have some of the lowest vine density in the world—often ranging between 375–650 vines per

1703:– is a very rare style. It is made from the finest base wines but like Oloroso it is aged oxidatively. Palo Cortado is said to combine the nose of Amontillado with the depth and body of Oloroso. It contains 17 to 22% of alcohol. 836:

known as the Meseta Central that covers much of central Spain. Several of Spain's principal rivers that are at the heart of many Spanish wine regions flow to the sea from that central area. These include the eastward flowing

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Some records estimate that over 600 grape varieties are planted throughout Spain, but 88% of the country's wine production is focused on only 20 grape varieties. The most widely planted grape is the white wine grape

1695:– is deeper/darker in color due to oxidative ageing from the start. Like the previous styles it is entirely dry (less than 5 grams of sugar/l). It is full-bodied, complex and round and contains 17 to 22% of alcohol. 1642:. In the 1990s, the European Union restricted the use of the name "Sherry" to the wine made from this region. It is mostly made from the Palomino grape, accounting for nearly 95% of the region's plantings, but 125:. The country is second in wine exports and ninth in worldwide consumption, with Spaniards drinking, on average, 21.6 litres (5.7 US gal) per person a year. The country has an abundance of native 5686: 5444: 471:

owned vineyards and drank wine. While there were laws written that outlawed the sale of wine, it was included on lists of items that were subject to taxation in Moorish territories. The Spanish

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conditions. Many regions receive less than 12 inches (300 mm) of rain annually with most of the rain falling during sudden downpours in the spring and autumn that can pose the risk of

1599:. Winemakers in regions like the Rioja found that the Tempranillo grape, in particular, responded well to new American oak. In the 1990s, more winemakers started to rediscover the use of 1137:('denomination of origin') – This level is for the mainstream quality-wine regions which are regulated by the Consejo Regulador who is also responsible for marketing the wines of that DO. 5696: 689:. Phylloxera eventually reached Spain, devastating regions like Malaga in 1878 and reaching Rioja in 1901. Its slow progress was due in part to the wide tracts of land, including the 1411:

that may appear on Spanish wine labels including Cencibel, Tinto Fino and Ull de Llebre. Both Tempranillo and Garnacha are used to make the full-bodied red wines associated with the

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and succeeding monarchs issuing decrees and declarations ordering the uprooting of New World vineyards and halting the production of wine by the colonies. In some countries, like

1072:, Spanish wine laws were brought in line to be more consistent with other European systems. One development was a five-tier classification system that is administered by each 604:. Spain became more dependent on the income from its Spanish colonies, including the exportation of Spanish wine to the Americas. The emergence of growing wine industries in 5930: 910:

The climate gets more extreme further inland towards the Meseta Central and is characterized by hot summers with temperatures that can reach 104 °F (40 °C) with

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on the northwest coast, the region receives annual rainfall that ranges from 39 inches (990 mm) on the coast to 79 inches (2.0 m) near the mountainous border of

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that Spanish gave "rude treatment" to the grapes. Some of these criticisms were rooted in the traditional manners of winemaking that were employed in Spain. Crushing and

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wines typically appear in above average vintages with the red wines requiring at least 5 years aging, a minimum of 2 years in oak and a minimum of 3 years in the bottle.

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in those years. In 1996, the practice of using irrigation in all Spanish wine regions was legalized with many regions quickly adopting the practice. In the province of

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from the late 20th century, some Spanish winemakers will intentionally declassify their wines so that they have greater flexibility in blending and winemaking methods.

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Viticulture in Spain has developed in adaptation to the varied and extreme climate of the region. The dry weather in many parts of Spain reduces the threat of common

918:. Winters in these regions are characterized by cold temperatures that can often fall below freezing around −8 °F (−22 °C). Towards the southeast, around 946:

with low night time temperatures that allow the grapes to maintain acidity levels and colouring. Regions with lower altitude vineyards, such as along the southern

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to use for sparkling wine production. These grapes are still the primary grapes of Cava today though some producers are experimenting with the use of the typical

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of Spain. The late 1970s and 1980s saw periods of modernization and a renewed emphasis on quality wine production. The 1986 acceptance of Spain into the

693:, that separated the major Spanish wine regions from each other. By the time the Spanish wine industry felt the full force of phylloxera, the remedy of 509:. The full-bodied and high alcohol in most Spanish wines made them favoured blending partners for the "weaker" wines from the cooler climate regions of 5987: 3683: 1486:. As the Spanish wine industry becomes more modern, there has been a larger presence of international grape varieties appearing in both blends and 1363:

While traditionally Spanish vineyards would harvest their grapes by hand, the modernization of the Spanish wine industry has seen increased use of

1010: 682:, bringing with them their expertise and winemaking methods. One of these developments was the introduction of the 59 gallon (225 liter) 650:

and Rioja. However the Spanish wine industry was falling behind those of other European countries who were embracing the developments of the early

129:, with over 400 varieties planted throughout Spain, though 88 percent of the country's wine production is from only 20 grapes — including the reds 5962: 5129: 3306: 1604:

ageing has meant that most Spanish wines are ready to drink once they hit the market. A new generation of winemakers have started to produce more

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made from Moscatel grapes with partial fermentation and oxidative ageing. It contains 200–300 grams of sugar per litre and 15 to 22% of alcohol.

1360:. The widespread use of irrigation has encouraged higher density of vine plantings and has contributed to higher yields in some parts of Spain. 5237: 3540: 3435: 1016: 5982: 892: 4951: 1022: 5350: 1391:, prized for its hardiness and resistance to drop. It is found throughout central Spain and for many years served as the base for Spanish 569:. During this period Spanish exports to England began to wane as Spanish-English relations steadily deteriorated following the divorce of 1057:

practices. These regulations govern everything from the types of grapes that are permitted to be planted, the maximum yields that can be

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until Spanish producers officially adopted the term "Cava" (cellar) in 1970 in reference to the underground cellars in which the wines

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Spain can be traditionally divided into 12 main wine regions. These wine regions somewhat follow the administrative borders of the 17

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of dry and sweet styles of sherry also exist – they were very popular in the 1970s and 1980s but their popularity is now in decline.

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It wasn't till the 1950s that domestic stability helped to usher in a period of revival for the Spanish wine industry. Several large

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is a blend of Amontillado or Oloroso with Moscatel or Pedro Ximénez, less than 115 grams of sugar and between 15 and 22% of alcohol.

1654:, will develop and distinguish certain styles of Sherry. The flor needs fresh wine in order to survive and is added by the use of a 1082: 5315: 3352: 336:, Spanish wine was widely exported and traded throughout the Roman empire. The two largest wine-producing regions at the time were 1183:

and are made from unclassified vineyards or grapes that have been declassified through "illegal" blending. Similar to the Italian

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at the Sherry producing village of Sanlúcar de Barrameda. In addition to the Meseta Central, several mountain ranges are known as

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is a Spanish term for a vineyard estate) which in some cases also have DO or VdlT appellations. This category was formed in 2003.

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that spur westward from the Pyrenees and protect regions like the Rioja from the rain and the cool of westerlies coming from the

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believe that these grapes were first cultivated sometime between 4000 and 3000 BC, long before the wine-growing culture of the

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is a blend of Fino / Manzanilla with Moscatel or grape must, between 45 and 115 grams of sugar and less than 15.5% of alcohol.

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The 17th and 18th centuries saw periods of popularity for various Spanish wines, namely Sherry (known in Britain as "sack"),

3256: 1101:('protected denomination of origin'), is the mainstay of Spain's wine quality control system. Each region is governed by a 1076:. Non-autonomous areas or wine regions whose boundaries overlap with other autonomous communities (such as Cava, Rioja and 708:

industry with the development of Cava in Catalonia. As the 20th century progressed, the production of Cava would rival the

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established the maximum price of wine sold in England with the Spanish wines being priced at the same level as wines from

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as well as still white wines. In the southern Sherry and Malaga producing regions of Andalusia, the principal grapes are

761:. In the 1960s, Sherry was rediscovered by the international wine market and soon Rioja wine was in demand. The death of 5676: 5640: 5466: 5160: 4043: 3530: 3488: 3451: 3393: 3193: 2651: 712:

region in worldwide production. Civil and political upheaval would mark most of the 20th century, including a military

5743: 5267: 3883: 1956: 1671:– a very dry and delicate Sherry. These wines are characterized by flor yeast. It has to contain 15 to 17% of alcohol. 428: 1639: 1759:

is usually a blend of Oloroso with Pedro Ximénez, more than 115 grams of sugar and between 15.5% and 22% of alcohol.

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greatly reduced the strength of the Spanish navy and contributed to the country's debt incurred during the reign of

5603: 5300: 5230: 5080: 5047: 4876: 3535: 3301: 3241: 3151: 1860: 290: 278: 1321:. Many Spanish vineyards are several decades old, with the old vines producing even lower yields of fruit. In the 1061:, the minimum length of time that the wine must be aged and what type of information is required to appear on the 5997: 5777: 5703: 5449: 5393: 5388: 5170: 5060: 3498: 3378: 2400: 2302: 1475: 1133: 1000: 722: 1731:

of Pedro Ximénez grapes dried in the sun. It contains 400–500 grams of sugar per litre and 15 to 22% of alcohol.

6091: 5972: 5618: 5493: 5290: 5165: 4944: 4886: 4815: 4707: 4308: 4291: 3669: 3032: 1272: 1026:(DOC) system. As of 2019, there were 138 DOP and IGP areas across Spain. Within the DOP category, there is the 659: 2743: 1340:

In the 1990s, the use of irrigation became more popular after droughts in 1994, and 1995 severely reduced the

578: 1034:) status for DOPs that have a consistent track record for quality. There are currently two DOCa/DOQ regions: 6086: 5733: 5591: 5330: 5055: 4428: 4264: 3099: 709: 5671: 5514: 5320: 5310: 4918: 4841: 4286: 3266: 3251: 2646: 786: 717: 1462:

respectively. In the Cava producing regions of Catalonia and elsewhere in Spain, the principal grapes of

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The mountain ranges of Spain influence the climates of many Spanish wine regions, isolating regions like

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during this period but there is evidence that some viable form of the wine industry was present when the

6010: 5967: 5864: 5824: 5799: 5608: 5556: 5223: 4856: 4625: 4269: 3973: 3261: 1560: 1364: 935: 923: 651: 641: 570: 550: 308: 286: 2590: 497:. The quality of some of these exported Spanish wines appears to have been high. In 1364, the court of 3591: 5897: 5829: 5819: 5666: 5625: 5613: 5280: 4507: 4259: 3012: 2229: 1877: 969: 962: 880: 542: 456: 197: 122: 5947: 5834: 5814: 5804: 5586: 5561: 5325: 5085: 5037: 4937: 4487: 4181: 3604: 3493: 3286: 3188: 3183: 3007: 2997: 2950: 2919: 2856: 2804: 2799: 2783: 2707: 2661: 2595: 2539: 2534: 2524: 2487: 2472: 2256: 1815: 1771: 1572: 1455: 1049:, which acts as a governing control body that enforces the DOP regulations and standards involving 1004:(DO) system in 1932 that were later revised in 1970, and recently updated in 2016 to be called DOP 939: 904: 735: 621: 586: 574: 530: 369: 322: 318: 208: 166: 845:

which flows westward through the Ribera del Duero region in Spain before crossing the border into

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and Pedro Ximenez can also be used. While the wine is aging in the barrel, a naturally occurring

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is the second most widely planted grape variety. It is known throughout Spain under a variety of

1345: 811: 790: 601: 266: 2717: 1807: 1741: 1008:('protected denomination of origin'). The system shares many similarities with the hierarchical 734:

saw vineyards neglected and wineries destroyed throughout Spain with regions like Catalonia and

463:, the Moorish rulers held an ambiguous stance on wine and winemaking during their rule. Several 1622: 632:, they served to stunt growth and development until independence was gained from Spanish rule. 553:. This opened up a new export market as well as a new opportunity for wine production. Spanish 5957: 5869: 5854: 5849: 5789: 5728: 5718: 5630: 5539: 5525: 5481: 5460: 5398: 5029: 4976: 4560: 4497: 3514: 3419: 3342: 3271: 3225: 2825: 2748: 2565: 2441: 2421: 2271: 2138: 2114: 2090: 2066: 2045: 2024: 1910: 1675: 1515: 1349: 1046: 879:

serve to isolate and influence the climate of several Spanish wine regions. These include the

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receiving an average of 59 inches (1,500 mm) while the winemaking region of Rioja, near

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allowed more economic freedom for winemakers and created an emerging market with the growing

6051: 6044: 5889: 5748: 5654: 5576: 5486: 5454: 5368: 5258: 5250: 5194: 4902: 4820: 4747: 4610: 4512: 4090: 4003: 3968: 3822: 3767: 3276: 2702: 2636: 2503: 2446: 2276: 2175: 1793: 1719: 1539: 1483: 1479: 1416: 1297: 1031: 762: 754: 739: 671: 617: 417: 393: 240: 216: 189: 158: 61: 5917: 5912: 5708: 5403: 5335: 5175: 4996: 4913: 4699: 4527: 4462: 4405: 4368: 4248: 4126: 4085: 3988: 3953: 3852: 3827: 3483: 3357: 3119: 3104: 3078: 3047: 3042: 3002: 2872: 2840: 2778: 1855:, Navarre, Basque Country, and Rioja. Around 95% of Spain's total Cava production is from 1526: 1511: 1507: 1353: 1318: 1314: 1313:). This is less than 1/8 of the vine density commonly found in other wine regions such as 1090:. With updates in 2016, the five-tier became a six-tier classification and is as follows: 900: 778: 401: 381: 377: 126: 2753: 2477: 802:

wine-producing country that could compete with other producers in the world wine market.

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introduced new advances to the region-including the teachings of the early viticulturist

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noted in 1846 that the Spanish made wine in an "unscientific and careless manner" while

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closed off European markets to Spanish exports and further damaged the Spanish economy.

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For Rioja red wines these are aged for 1 year, with at least 6 months in oak barrels.

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wineries were founded during this period and an international market was created for

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from abroad and broader acceptance of the use of international grape varieties like

720:. One of the measures instituted by Primo de Rivera was the early groundwork of the 6065: 6023: 5907: 4881: 4472: 4410: 4400: 4353: 4121: 4064: 4028: 4008: 3998: 3958: 3943: 3898: 3878: 3847: 3792: 3787: 3631: 3608: 3094: 2965: 2914: 2893: 2835: 2768: 2692: 2682: 2677: 2616: 2261: 2192: 1755: 1724: 1712: 1699: 1647: 1596: 1531: 1412: 1289: 1184: 1077: 866: 850: 825: 770: 746: 713: 613: 554: 357: 333: 193: 185: 118: 106: 4630: 1220:) to appear on the label, a minimum of 85% of the grapes must be from that year's 1638:

produced in southern Spain around the towns of Jerez, Sanlúcar de Barrameda, and

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whites and rosés must be aged for at least 4 years with at least 6 months in oak.

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whites and rosés must be aged for at least 2 years with at least 6 months in oak.

6005: 5902: 5295: 5199: 5150: 5113: 4907: 4762: 4752: 4650: 4532: 4415: 4346: 4205: 4013: 3983: 3923: 3913: 3908: 3832: 3807: 3782: 3772: 3068: 2888: 2758: 2733: 2626: 2344: 2266: 2180: 1852: 1828: 1683: 1627: 1576: 1471: 1447: 1404: 1379: 1357: 1050: 1035: 950:

coast are suitable for producing grapes of high alcohol levels and low acidity.

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and wide spacing of the old vines planted on the dry soils found in some of the

110: 98: 35: 1583:. Afterward, the wine was stored in wooden barrels or pig skin bags lined with 1113:

denominación de origen calificada / denominació d'origen qualificada in Catalan

899:, around 62 miles (100 km) away receives only 18 inches (460 mm). In 832:

One of the dominant geographical influences of Spanish viticulture is the vast

313: 5103: 5019: 5009: 4960: 4866: 4861: 4846: 4782: 4777: 4742: 4640: 4635: 4595: 4522: 4467: 4457: 4452: 4439: 4395: 4383: 4373: 4331: 4157: 4033: 3978: 3938: 3928: 3903: 3817: 3616: 3017: 2898: 2555: 2376: 2360: 2328: 2281: 1872: 1847:"Cava" is restricted to production around select municipalities in Catalonia, 1840: 1836: 1600: 1555: 1550: 1495: 1459: 1432: 1420: 1334: 1249:

red wines are aged for at least 3 years, with at least 1 year in oak barrels.

1180: 1062: 1054: 992: 875: 838: 794: 683: 655: 533:, Spain became more dependent on income from exporting wines to South America. 498: 444: 282: 142: 79: 30: 17: 1115:('qualified denomination of origin') – This designation, which is similar to 5859: 5566: 4981: 4871: 4851: 4787: 4767: 4757: 4717: 4655: 4537: 4477: 4378: 3842: 3561: 2656: 2482: 1856: 1832: 1824: 1467: 1400: 1396: 931: 854: 782: 698: 679: 629: 546: 440: 432: 408:

noting the high quality associated with some wines from Terraconensis while

349: 341: 170: 1179:('table wine') – These are wines that are the equivalent of most country's 987: 582: 5285: 4727: 4722: 4712: 4605: 4585: 4552: 4517: 4447: 4363: 4326: 4238: 4233: 4218: 2641: 2286: 1961: 1933: 1707: 1643: 1487: 1388: 870: 846: 694: 667: 451:

conquered the land during the early 8th century AD. While the Moors were

397: 373: 365: 361: 295: 270: 258: 150: 138: 75: 50: 1510:. Other Spanish grape varieties that have significant plantings include 5180: 4986: 4737: 4590: 4565: 4492: 4341: 4228: 4147: 3641: 3027: 2198: 2158: 1820: 1728: 1691: 1534:

has long been associated with Spanish wine from regions like the Rioja.

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have significant plantings, being used for both dark red wines and dry

1408: 1322: 1310: 1209: 1147:('estate wine'), a special term for high-quality, single-estate wines ( 911: 833: 816: 701:

to the European vines had already been discovered and widely utilized.

675: 502: 486: 482: 405: 352:) in the south. During this period more Spanish wine was exported into 345: 326: 178: 162: 154: 97:

has over 1.2 million hectares (3.0 million acres) planted in

1224:. The three most common aging designations on Spanish wine labels are 666:, many countries turned to Spain, with French winemakers crossing the 5145: 5108: 4732: 4620: 4615: 2431: 2291: 1848: 1655: 1617: 1503: 1392: 1326: 1087: 605: 490: 478: 464: 452: 204: 1243:

whites and rosés must be aged for at least 6 months in oak barrels.

577:. English merchants from the Sherry producing regions of Jerez and 101:, making it the most widely planted wine-producing nation, but the 5246: 4645: 4600: 4570: 4223: 3661: 3073: 1775: 1621: 1584: 1525: 1499: 1436: 1382:

is one of the principal grapes of the Spanish sparkling wine Cava.

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that runs through the Rioja and several Catalan wine regions; the

815: 654:. A major turning point occurred in the mid-19th century when the 625: 524: 481:

emerged as a large trading port; introducing Spanish wines to the

448: 436: 400:. The quality of Spanish wine during Roman times was varied, with 312: 246: 134: 94: 86: 44: 5215: 4197: 4153: 1667: 1651: 1306: 858: 609: 468: 409: 353: 254: 5219: 4933: 4170: 4151: 3665: 3214: 2240: 2202: 1957:"Global leading countries in wine export 2023, based on volume" 517:

though there were laws that explicitly outlawed this practice.

1352:

flying winemakers helped to popularize the use of underground

1330: 704:

The end of the 19th century also saw the emergence of Spain's

4929: 1799:

Vino Espumoso de Calidad Producido en una Región Determinada

2137:, Third Edition, pp. 145–145, Oxford University Press 2006 2113:, Third Edition, pp. 623–627, Oxford University Press 2006 1810:

in the late 19th century. The wine was originally known as

1196:

Spanish wines are often labeled according to the amount of

930:. In the south, the Sherry and Malaga producing regions of 828:

region from the rain and cool winds from the Bay of Biscay.

412:

notes that one popular Spanish wine sold in Rome, known as

2023:, Third Edition. pp. 652–65, Oxford University Press 2006 1863:

being home to many of Spain's largest production houses.

1608:(young wines) that are released with very little ageing. 934:

contain some of the hottest parts of Spain. North of the

628:, these orders were largely ignored; but in others, like 215:

that is known for its white wines made from Albariño and

1134:

denominación de origen / denominació d'origen in Catalan

443:. Little is known about the progress of viticulture and 4166: 2161:

Information about all Spanish DOCa and DOP wine regions

2164: 2081: 2079: 1929:"Leading countries in wine production worldwide 2023" 777:

brought economic aid to the rural wine industries of

2015: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2007: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1893: 585:

fled the area due to the fear of persecution by the

477:

reopened the possibility of exporting Spanish wine.

192:, which are known for their Tempranillo production; 5996: 5888: 5776: 5653: 5538: 5416: 5361: 5266: 5257: 5138: 5122: 5094: 5046: 5028: 4995: 4967: 4834: 4796: 4691: 4668: 4551: 4438: 4426: 4319: 4247: 4204: 4099: 4078: 4052: 3861: 3750: 3699: 3570: 3549: 3523: 3507: 3476: 3460: 3444: 3428: 3407: 3366: 3325: 3234: 3223: 3176: 3160: 3144: 3128: 3117: 3087: 3061: 2990: 2974: 2963: 2928: 2907: 2881: 2865: 2849: 2813: 2792: 2726: 2670: 2609: 2548: 2517: 2496: 2460: 2414: 2398: 2369: 2353: 2337: 2321: 2300: 2129: 2127: 2105: 2103: 2089:, Third Edition, pp. 232–246, Abbeville Press 2003 1997: 1995: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 753:bulk wines that were sold under names like Spanish 658:epidemic ravaged European vineyards – most notably 1806:). It originated in the Catalonia region at the 1122:Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garantita 89:produced throughout the country. Located on the 273:around 1100 BC. Following the Phoenicians, the 1549:(to produce/make) when describing the Spanish 1446:In the northwest, the white wine varieties of 1329:, for example, yields are often less than 1.1 1083:Instituto Nacional de Denominaciones de Origen 5231: 4945: 4182: 3677: 2214: 1797: 1784:Cava is a Spanish sparkling wine made in the 730:system first developed in Rioja in 1926. The 364:being found in ruins of Roman settlements in 69: 8: 5782: 5659: 5544: 5422: 5263: 5238: 5224: 5216: 4952: 4938: 4930: 4435: 4189: 4175: 4167: 4148: 3684: 3670: 3662: 3231: 3211: 3125: 2971: 2411: 2318: 2237: 2221: 2207: 2199: 1423:with Garnacha being the main grape of the 1280:, vines are widely spaced in the vineyard. 1395:. Wines made from this grape can be very 1159:vino de calidad con indicación geográfica 957: 537:Following the completion of the Spanish 223:and still wine-producing regions of the 117:; this is due, in part, to the very low 29: 5130:Clarification and stabilization of wine 3307:Sierras de las Estancias y los Filabres 3217:PGI: Protected Geographical Indications 2171: 2065:, pp. 302–311, Dorling Kindersley 2005 1909:, pp. 410–422, Workman Publishing 2001 1889: 1662:Sherry has a wide diversity of styles: 1569:History and Description of Modern wines 196:, known for its Monastrell production; 184:Major Spanish wine regions include the 2243:PDO: Protected Denominations of Origin 1276:In many Spanish wine regions, such as 1068:Following Spain's acceptance into the 105:producer of wine in the world, behind 5509:Natural Sites of Community Importance 249:varieties fostered an early start to 53:are common sights in the countryside. 7: 1023:Denominazione di origine controllata 887:. The Cantabrian Mountains act as a 824:in the northwest and protecting the 384:. Spanish wine was also provided to 5988:UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage 2159:Spain – Wine regions and their wine 1723:– is very rich and naturally sweet 1538:In Spain, winemakers often use the 1014:(AOC) system of France, Portugal's 416:, was merely good for getting your 38:wine, from Bodegues Ramon Roqueta, 1780:A semi-seco (semi-dry) rosado Cava 1200:has received. When the label says 620:was a threat to this income, with 303:From Roman rule to the Reconquista 293:of the Spanish mainland, known as 25: 4214:Annual growth cycle of grapevines 2063:"The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia" 2044:, p. 85, Simon and Schuster 1989 1028:Denominación de Origen Calificada 785:. The 1990s saw the influence of 738:being particularly hard hit. The 5193: 4901: 3590: 2442:Manzanilla-Sanlúcar de Barrameda 2389: 2186: 2174: 1099:denominación de origen protegida 1017:Denominação de Origem Controlada 1006:denominación de origen protegida 891:with the coastal regions of the 5552:Autonomous communities of Spain 3338:Ribera del Gállego-Cinco Villas 1650:native to the region, known as 1168:indicación geográfica protegida 1011:Appellation d'origine contrôlée 797:. In 1996, the restrictions on 767:Spanish transition to democracy 431:, Spain was invaded by various 388:guarding border settlements in 5963:National and regional identity 3399:Serra de Tramuntana-Costa Nord 2135:"The Oxford Companion to Wine" 2111:"The Oxford Companion to Wine" 2021:"The Oxford Companion to Wine" 1851:, Castile and León, Valencia, 1296:as well as the development of 998:Spanish wine laws created the 662:. With the sudden shortage of 34:A glass and bottle of Spanish 1: 5156:Glossary of viticulture terms 3603:Multi-regional wine regions: 2087:Jancis Robinson's Wine Course 1530:Extended periods of aging in 1454:are popular plantings in the 944:diurnal temperature variation 636:From phylloxera to modern day 549:under the sponsorship of the 521:Colonization of the New World 5161:Glossary of winemaking terms 1796:. The definition of Cava is 269:founded the trading post of 5983:UNESCO World Heritage Sites 1955:Conway, Jan (5 June 2024). 1927:Conway, Jan (5 June 2024). 1545:(to elaborate) rather than 1356:to minimize the effects of 505:and higher than those from 429:decline of the Roman Empire 211:in the northwest region of 6108: 5081:Yeast assimilable nitrogen 3242:Altiplano de Sierra Nevada 2042:Vintage: The Story of Wine 1769: 1615: 1080:) are administered by the 967: 809: 639: 306: 238: 6038: 5785: 5662: 5547: 5425: 5189: 5171:History of the wine press 5061:Sparkling wine production 4895: 4164: 3599: 3588: 3210: 2652:Tierra del Vino de Zamora 2387: 2249: 2236: 1476:sparkling wine production 853:which is at the heart of 5641:Wars and armed conflicts 5281:Ancient History Timeline 5166:Wine tasting descriptors 4887:Wine tasting descriptors 4816:Phenolic content in wine 4708:Alternative wine closure 4292:Great French Wine Blight 1640:El Puerto de Santa María 565:vines with them as they 245:The abundance of native 5341:Transition to democracy 5316:Reaction and revolution 5056:Malolactic fermentation 3317:Villaviciosa de Córdoba 3297:Sierra Norte de Sevilla 1711:– is a naturally sweet 928:Mediterranean influence 861:which runs through the 567:colonized the new lands 459:that forbid the use of 289:that would lead to the 253:with evidence of grape 5931:International Interest 5739:Science and technology 5435:Autonomous communities 3884:Bosnia and Herzegovina 3100:Pago de Los Balagueses 1859:, with the village of 1798: 1781: 1631: 1567:noted in his work the 1535: 1383: 1281: 1001:Denominación de Origen 995: 976:Autonomous Communities 965: 922:, the climate is more 829: 723:Denominación de Origen 718:Miguel Primo de Rivera 573:from his Spanish wife 534: 329: 281:. Carthage would wage 70: 65: 54: 42: 5968:National Day of Spain 4857:Wine and food pairing 3262:Cumbres del Guadalfeo 1779: 1625: 1529: 1403:. The red wine grape 1378: 1365:mechanical harvesting 1275: 1192:Spanish labeling laws 990: 963:Wine regions of Spain 961: 869:which flows into the 819: 806:Geography and climate 642:History of Rioja wine 579:Sanlúcar de Barrameda 571:Henry VIII of England 528: 316: 309:Ancient Rome and wine 48: 33: 5572:Constitutional Court 4508:Muscat of Alexandria 3013:Dominio de Valdepusa 2230:Spanish wine regions 1878:Agriculture in Spain 1861:Sant Sadurní d'Anoia 1634:Sherry is a heavily 1575:would take place in 1490:forms, most notably 1309:(900–1600 vines per 1286:viticultural hazards 970:Spanish wine regions 881:Cantabrian Mountains 543:Christopher Columbus 457:Islamic dietary laws 198:Jerez de la Frontera 123:Spanish wine regions 27:Wine making in Spain 5515:Plazas de soberanía 5086:Yeast in winemaking 5038:Carbonic maceration 3499:Val do Miño-Ourense 3494:Ribeiras do Morrazo 3267:Desierto de Almería 3189:Valles de Benavente 3184:Sierra de Salamanca 3008:Dehesa del Carrizal 2998:Campo de La Guardia 2800:Ribera del Guadiana 2596:Valle de la Orotava 940:Guadalquivir Valley 587:Spanish Inquisition 575:Catherine of Aragon 529:Under the reign of 344:) in the north and 257:dating back to the 219:which includes the 5744:Telecommunications 5445:Biosphere Reserves 5346:Contemporary Spain 5336:Spain under Franco 5276:Prehistoric Iberia 5076:Traditional method 4877:Wine personalities 4581:Cabernet Sauvignon 3613:Ribera del Queiles 3557:Ribera del Queiles 3541:Campo de Cartagena 3415:Costa de Cantabria 3348:Ribera del Queiles 3302:Sierra Sur de Jaén 3292:Ribera del Andarax 2601:Ycoden-Daute-Isora 2586:Tacoronte-Acentejo 2535:Txakoli de Getaria 2530:Txakoli de Bizkaia 2432:Jerez-Xeres-Sherry 2292:Jerez-Xeres-Sherry 2133:J. Robinson (ed). 2109:J. Robinson (ed). 2019:J. Robinson (ed). 1786:traditional method 1782: 1725:dessert-style wine 1713:dessert-style wine 1659:levels above 16%. 1632: 1536: 1492:Cabernet Sauvignon 1384: 1282: 1204:("young wine") or 1020:(DOC) and Italy's 996: 966: 830: 812:Geography of Spain 791:Cabernet Sauvignon 592:The defeat of the 535: 330: 285:with the emerging 200:, the home of the 55: 43: 6074: 6073: 6034: 6033: 5958:Myths and legends 5926:National Interest 5772: 5771: 5724:Largest companies 5649: 5648: 5636:Political parties 5604:Foreign relations 5534: 5533: 5482:Iberian Peninsula 5430:Autonomous cities 5412: 5411: 5213: 5212: 5207: 5206: 4977:Late harvest wine 4927: 4926: 4664: 4663: 4561:Alicante Bouschet 4309:Judgment of Paris 4145: 4144: 3659: 3658: 3655: 3654: 3586: 3585: 3515:Valles de Sadacia 3445:Castile–La Mancha 3343:Ribera del Jiloca 3272:Laderas del Genil 3226:Vino de la tierra 3206: 3205: 3202: 3201: 3113: 3112: 2991:Castile–La Mancha 2959: 2958: 2749:Costers del Segre 2671:Castile–La Mancha 2452:Sierras de Málaga 2422:Condado de Huelva 2385: 2384: 2313:calificada (DOCa) 1727:. It's made from 1103:consejo regulador 1074:autonomous region 1047:Consejo Regulador 938:mountains in the 787:flying winemakers 732:Spanish Civil War 598:Anglo-Spanish War 455:and subjected to 113:and ahead of the 91:Iberian Peninsula 16:(Redirected from 6099: 6054: 6047: 5783: 5714:Financial crisis 5704:Economic history 5660: 5577:Cortes Generales 5545: 5487:Peninsular Spain 5423: 5374:Pre-Roman Iberia 5369:General overview 5264: 5240: 5233: 5226: 5217: 5198: 5197: 4954: 4947: 4940: 4931: 4906: 4905: 4821:Proteins in wine 4488:Grüner Veltliner 4436: 4191: 4184: 4177: 4168: 4149: 3686: 3679: 3672: 3663: 3594: 3436:Castile and León 3429:Castile and León 3367:Balearic Islands 3287:Norte de Almería 3277:Laujar-Alpujarra 3232: 3212: 3177:Castile and León 3126: 2972: 2744:Conca de Barberà 2708:Ribera del Júcar 2637:Ribera del Duero 2610:Castile and León 2525:Txakoli de Álava 2497:Balearic Islands 2447:Montilla-Moriles 2412: 2404: 2393: 2319: 2311: 2306: 2277:Ribera del Duero 2238: 2223: 2216: 2209: 2200: 2191: 2190: 2189: 2179: 2178: 2170: 2146: 2131: 2122: 2107: 2098: 2083: 2074: 2059: 2053: 2038: 2032: 2017: 1974: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1952: 1946: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1924: 1918: 1903: 1801: 1417:Ribera del Duero 1298:Botrytis cinerea 1226:Crianza, Reserva 1086:(INDO) based in 1030:(DOCa or DOQ in 991:A Reserva level 926:with the strong 905:Castile and León 857:production; the 765:in 1975 and the 763:Francisco Franco 740:Second World War 485:wine markets in 394:Limes Germanicus 323:Castile and León 283:a series of wars 241:History of Spain 190:Ribera del Duero 165:; and the three 73: 21: 6107: 6106: 6102: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6097: 6096: 6092:Wine by country 6077: 6076: 6075: 6070: 6057: 6050: 6043: 6030: 6025:Toro de Osborne 5992: 5973:Public holidays 5884: 5845:Life expectancy 5768: 5734:Property bubble 5645: 5530: 5408: 5404:Spanish miracle 5357: 5331:Second Republic 5253: 5244: 5214: 5209: 5208: 5203: 5200:Wine portal 5192: 5185: 5176:History of wine 5134: 5118: 5090: 5042: 5024: 5005:Deacidification 4991: 4963: 4958: 4928: 4923: 4908:Wine portal 4900: 4891: 4830: 4792: 4697: 4687: 4660: 4547: 4528:Sauvignon blanc 4463:Cayetana blanca 4431: 4429:grape varieties 4422: 4315: 4243: 4200: 4195: 4160: 4146: 4141: 4095: 4074: 4048: 3974:North Macedonia 3857: 3746: 3695: 3693:Wine by country 3690: 3660: 3651: 3595: 3582: 3566: 3545: 3519: 3503: 3484:Barbanza e Iria 3472: 3456: 3440: 3424: 3403: 3389:Isla de Menorca 3362: 3358:Valle del Cinca 3321: 3228: 3219: 3198: 3172: 3156: 3140: 3122: 3120:Vino de calidad 3109: 3105:Vera de Estenas 3083: 3079:Prado de Irache 3057: 3048:Pago Florentino 3043:Pago Calzadilla 3003:Casa del Blanco 2986: 2968: 2955: 2924: 2903: 2877: 2873:Vinos de Madrid 2861: 2845: 2809: 2788: 2722: 2666: 2605: 2591:Valle de Güímar 2544: 2513: 2492: 2456: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2394: 2381: 2365: 2349: 2333: 2315: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2296: 2245: 2232: 2227: 2197: 2187: 2185: 2173: 2165: 2155: 2150: 2149: 2132: 2125: 2108: 2101: 2084: 2077: 2060: 2056: 2039: 2035: 2018: 1977: 1967: 1965: 1954: 1953: 1949: 1939: 1937: 1926: 1925: 1921: 1904: 1891: 1886: 1869: 1819:varieties like 1808:Codorníu Winery 1792:sparkling wine 1774: 1768: 1620: 1614: 1524: 1512:Cayetana Blanca 1508:Sauvignon blanc 1427:region. In the 1373: 1371:Grape varieties 1354:drip irrigation 1270: 1194: 1045:Each DOP has a 985: 972: 956: 814: 808: 660:those of France 644: 638: 545:discovered the 523: 435:-including the 433:barbaric tribes 402:Pliny the Elder 311: 305: 243: 237: 127:grape varieties 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6105: 6103: 6095: 6094: 6089: 6087:Spanish drinks 6079: 6078: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6068: 6063: 6056: 6055: 6048: 6040: 6039: 6036: 6035: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6028: 6021: 6016: 6015:Cultural icons 6013: 6008: 6002: 6000: 5994: 5993: 5991: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5934: 5933: 5928: 5920: 5915: 5910: 5905: 5900: 5894: 5892: 5886: 5885: 5883: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5786: 5780: 5774: 5773: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5700: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5663: 5657: 5651: 5650: 5647: 5646: 5644: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5622: 5621: 5616: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5595: 5594: 5592:Prime Minister 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5548: 5542: 5536: 5535: 5532: 5531: 5529: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5511: 5506: 5504:National parks 5501: 5499:Municipalities 5496: 5491: 5490: 5489: 5479: 5474: 5472:Extreme points 5469: 5464: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5432: 5426: 5420: 5414: 5413: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5379:Spanish Empire 5376: 5371: 5365: 5363: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5355: 5354: 5353: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5328: 5323: 5321:First Republic 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5291:Medieval Spain 5288: 5286:Roman Hispania 5283: 5278: 5272: 5270: 5261: 5255: 5254: 5245: 5243: 5242: 5235: 5228: 5220: 5211: 5210: 5205: 5204: 5190: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5142: 5140: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5132: 5126: 5124: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5100: 5098: 5092: 5091: 5089: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5066:Sugars in wine 5063: 5058: 5052: 5050: 5044: 5043: 5041: 5040: 5034: 5032: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5022: 5017: 5015:Chaptalization 5012: 5007: 5001: 4999: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4973: 4971: 4965: 4964: 4959: 4957: 4956: 4949: 4942: 4934: 4925: 4924: 4922: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4896: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4842:Classification 4838: 4836: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4828: 4826:Sugars in wine 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4802: 4800: 4798:Wine chemistry 4794: 4793: 4791: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4773:Wine dispenser 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4704: 4702: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4685: 4680: 4674: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4662: 4661: 4659: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4576:Cabernet Franc 4573: 4568: 4563: 4557: 4555: 4549: 4548: 4546: 4545: 4543:Welschriesling 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4498:Müller-Thurgau 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4444: 4442: 4433: 4424: 4423: 4421: 4420: 4419: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4389: 4388: 4387: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4350: 4349: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4323: 4321: 4317: 4316: 4314: 4313: 4312: 4311: 4301: 4296: 4295: 4294: 4284: 4283: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4265:Ancient Greece 4262: 4253: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4210: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4196: 4194: 4193: 4186: 4179: 4171: 4165: 4162: 4161: 4152: 4143: 4142: 4140: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4103: 4101: 4097: 4096: 4094: 4093: 4088: 4082: 4080: 4076: 4075: 4073: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4056: 4054: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4046: 4044:United Kingdom 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3904:Czech Republic 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3865: 3863: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3754: 3752: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3703: 3701: 3697: 3696: 3691: 3689: 3688: 3681: 3674: 3666: 3657: 3656: 3653: 3652: 3650: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3620: 3619: 3600: 3597: 3596: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3583: 3581: 3580: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3564: 3559: 3553: 3551: 3547: 3546: 3544: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3527: 3525: 3521: 3520: 3518: 3517: 3511: 3509: 3505: 3504: 3502: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3480: 3478: 3474: 3473: 3471: 3470: 3464: 3462: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3454: 3448: 3446: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3438: 3432: 3430: 3426: 3425: 3423: 3422: 3417: 3411: 3409: 3405: 3404: 3402: 3401: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3370: 3368: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3360: 3355: 3350: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3329: 3327: 3323: 3322: 3320: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3304: 3299: 3294: 3289: 3284: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3238: 3236: 3229: 3224: 3221: 3220: 3215: 3208: 3207: 3204: 3203: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3196: 3191: 3186: 3180: 3178: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3170: 3168:Islas Canarias 3164: 3162: 3161:Canary Islands 3158: 3157: 3155: 3154: 3148: 3146: 3142: 3141: 3139: 3138: 3132: 3130: 3123: 3118: 3115: 3114: 3111: 3110: 3108: 3107: 3102: 3097: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3084: 3082: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3065: 3063: 3059: 3058: 3056: 3055: 3050: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2994: 2992: 2988: 2987: 2985: 2984: 2978: 2976: 2969: 2964: 2961: 2960: 2957: 2956: 2954: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2932: 2930: 2926: 2925: 2923: 2922: 2917: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2904: 2902: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2885: 2883: 2879: 2878: 2876: 2875: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2862: 2860: 2859: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2846: 2844: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2823: 2817: 2815: 2811: 2810: 2808: 2807: 2802: 2796: 2794: 2790: 2789: 2787: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2741: 2736: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2723: 2721: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2667: 2665: 2664: 2659: 2654: 2649: 2647:Tierra de León 2644: 2639: 2634: 2629: 2624: 2619: 2613: 2611: 2607: 2606: 2604: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2552: 2550: 2549:Canary Islands 2546: 2545: 2543: 2542: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2521: 2519: 2518:Basque Country 2515: 2514: 2512: 2511: 2506: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2493: 2491: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2473:Campo de Borja 2470: 2464: 2462: 2458: 2457: 2455: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2418: 2416: 2409: 2406:de origen (DO) 2399: 2396: 2395: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2382: 2380: 2379: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2366: 2364: 2363: 2357: 2355: 2351: 2350: 2348: 2347: 2341: 2339: 2335: 2334: 2332: 2331: 2325: 2323: 2322:Basque Country 2316: 2301: 2298: 2297: 2295: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2254: 2250: 2247: 2246: 2241: 2234: 2233: 2228: 2226: 2225: 2218: 2211: 2203: 2196: 2195: 2183: 2163: 2162: 2154: 2153:External links 2151: 2148: 2147: 2123: 2099: 2075: 2061:T. Stevenson. 2054: 2033: 1975: 1947: 1919: 1907:The Wine Bible 1888: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1880: 1875: 1868: 1865: 1770:Main article: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1762: 1761: 1760: 1752: 1746: 1732: 1716: 1704: 1696: 1688: 1680: 1672: 1636:fortified wine 1616:Main article: 1613: 1610: 1579:jars known as 1523: 1520: 1372: 1369: 1294:powdery mildew 1269: 1266: 1265: 1264: 1254: 1244: 1198:aging the wine 1193: 1190: 1189: 1188: 1171: 1162: 1152: 1138: 1126: 1106: 1070:European Union 984: 983:Classification 981: 968:Main article: 955: 952: 916:flash flooding 893:Basque Country 807: 804: 775:European Union 716:under General 706:sparkling wine 691:Meseta Central 652:Industrial Age 637: 634: 594:Spanish Armada 563:European grape 522: 519: 427:Following the 386:Roman soldiers 304: 301: 291:Roman conquest 287:Roman Republic 263:Archaeologists 236: 233: 202:fortified wine 71:vino de España 26: 24: 18:Spanish (wine) 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6104: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6084: 6082: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6058: 6053: 6049: 6046: 6042: 6041: 6037: 6027: 6026: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5995: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5891: 5887: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5787: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5775: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5698: 5697:median income 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5684: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5652: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5611: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5593: 5590: 5589: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5567:Head of State 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5549: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5537: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5516: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5488: 5485: 5484: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5462: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5440: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5427: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5415: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5360: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5332: 5329: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5311:Enlightenment 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5241: 5236: 5234: 5229: 5227: 5222: 5221: 5218: 5202: 5201: 5196: 5188: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5137: 5131: 5128: 5127: 5125: 5121: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5093: 5087: 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5049: 5045: 5039: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5031: 5027: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4994: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4966: 4962: 4955: 4950: 4948: 4943: 4941: 4936: 4935: 4932: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4909: 4904: 4898: 4897: 4894: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4839: 4837: 4833: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4811:Acids in wine 4809: 4807: 4806:Aroma of wine 4804: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4795: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4695: 4690: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4670:Major regions 4667: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4626:Montepulciano 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4554: 4550: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4437: 4434: 4430: 4425: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4390: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4356: 4355: 4352: 4351: 4348: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4318: 4310: 4307: 4306: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4293: 4290: 4289: 4288: 4285: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4254: 4252: 4250: 4246: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4192: 4187: 4185: 4180: 4178: 4173: 4172: 4169: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4150: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4104: 4102: 4100:South America 4098: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4083: 4081: 4077: 4071: 4070:United States 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4057: 4055: 4053:North America 4051: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3949:Liechtenstein 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3866: 3864: 3860: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3755: 3753: 3749: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3704: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3687: 3682: 3680: 3675: 3673: 3668: 3667: 3664: 3648: 3645: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3637:Galician wine 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3622: 3621: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3601: 3598: 3593: 3579: 3576: 3575: 3573: 3569: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3554: 3552: 3548: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3528: 3526: 3522: 3516: 3513: 3512: 3510: 3506: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3481: 3479: 3475: 3469: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3459: 3453: 3450: 3449: 3447: 3443: 3437: 3434: 3433: 3431: 3427: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3412: 3410: 3406: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3384:Illes Balears 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3371: 3369: 3365: 3359: 3356: 3354: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3334: 3331: 3330: 3328: 3324: 3318: 3315: 3313: 3310: 3308: 3305: 3303: 3300: 3298: 3295: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3285: 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3263: 3260: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3239: 3237: 3233: 3230: 3227: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3209: 3195: 3192: 3190: 3187: 3185: 3182: 3181: 3179: 3175: 3169: 3166: 3165: 3163: 3159: 3153: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3143: 3137: 3134: 3133: 3131: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3116: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3086: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3066: 3064: 3060: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3038:Los Cerrillos 3036: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3024: 3021: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2995: 2993: 2989: 2983: 2980: 2979: 2977: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2962: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2941:Utiel-Requena 2939: 2937: 2934: 2933: 2931: 2927: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2886: 2884: 2880: 2874: 2871: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2858: 2855: 2854: 2852: 2848: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2831:Ribeira Sacra 2829: 2827: 2824: 2822: 2819: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2797: 2795: 2791: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2740: 2737: 2735: 2732: 2731: 2729: 2725: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2663: 2660: 2658: 2655: 2653: 2650: 2648: 2645: 2643: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2633: 2630: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2614: 2612: 2608: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2553: 2551: 2547: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2533: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2523: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2510: 2509:Pla i Llevant 2507: 2505: 2502: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2465: 2463: 2459: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2419: 2417: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2397: 2392: 2378: 2375: 2374: 2372: 2368: 2362: 2359: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2346: 2343: 2342: 2340: 2336: 2330: 2327: 2326: 2324: 2320: 2317: 2314: 2299: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2253:Major regions 2252: 2251: 2248: 2244: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2224: 2219: 2217: 2212: 2210: 2205: 2204: 2201: 2194: 2184: 2182: 2177: 2172: 2168: 2160: 2157: 2156: 2152: 2144: 2143:0-19-860990-6 2140: 2136: 2130: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2119:0-19-860990-6 2116: 2112: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2095:0-7892-0883-0 2092: 2088: 2085:J. Robinson. 2082: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2071:0-7566-1324-8 2068: 2064: 2058: 2055: 2051: 2050:0-671-68702-6 2047: 2043: 2037: 2034: 2030: 2029:0-19-860990-6 2026: 2022: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1964: 1963: 1958: 1951: 1948: 1936: 1935: 1930: 1923: 1920: 1916: 1915:1-56305-434-5 1912: 1908: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1890: 1883: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1870: 1866: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1778: 1773: 1765: 1758: 1757: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1739: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1721: 1720:Pedro Ximénez 1717: 1714: 1710: 1709: 1705: 1702: 1701: 1697: 1694: 1693: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1665: 1664: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1602: 1598: 1592: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1565:Cyrus Redding 1562: 1557: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1541: 1533: 1528: 1521: 1519: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1484:Pedro Ximénez 1481: 1477: 1474:are used for 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1399:and prone to 1398: 1394: 1390: 1381: 1377: 1370: 1368: 1366: 1361: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1338: 1336: 1333:per acre (20 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1279: 1274: 1267: 1262: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1238: 1235: 1234: 1233: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1191: 1186: 1185:Super Tuscans 1182: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1156: 1153: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1130: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1107: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1084: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1024: 1019: 1018: 1013: 1012: 1007: 1003: 1002: 994: 989: 982: 980: 977: 971: 964: 960: 953: 951: 949: 948:Mediterranean 945: 941: 937: 936:Sierra Nevada 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 908: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 885:Bay of Biscay 882: 878: 877: 872: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 835: 827: 823: 818: 813: 805: 803: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 743: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 724: 719: 715: 711: 707: 702: 700: 696: 692: 688: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 643: 635: 633: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 590: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 559:conquistadors 556: 552: 551:Spanish crown 548: 544: 540: 532: 527: 520: 518: 516: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 475: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 425: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 339: 338:Terraconensis 335: 328: 324: 321:built in the 320: 315: 310: 302: 300: 298: 297: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 275:Carthaginians 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 242: 234: 232: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 206: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 182: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 145:; the whites 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 115:United States 112: 108: 104: 103:third largest 100: 96: 92: 88: 85: 81: 77: 72: 67: 63: 59: 52: 47: 41: 40:Catalunya DOP 37: 32: 19: 6024: 6011:Coat of arms 5908:Bullfighting 5898:Architecture 5865:Prostitution 5825:Homelessness 5800:Demographics 5763: 5754:Trade unions 5692:unemployment 5677:Car industry 5609:Human rights 5557:Constitution 5513: 5459: 5439:ranked lists 5351:1975–present 5191: 5048:Fermentation 4899: 4882:Wine tasting 4503:Muscat blanc 4473:Chenin blanc 4270:Ancient Rome 4023: 3732:South Africa 3632:Catalan wine 3627:Spanish wine 3626: 3312:Torreperogil 3282:Los Palacios 3095:El Terrerazo 2966:Vino de Pago 2769:Pla de Bages 2566:Gran Canaria 2401:Denominación 2303:Denominación 2134: 2110: 2086: 2062: 2057: 2041: 2040:H. Johnson. 2036: 2020: 1966:. Retrieved 1960: 1950: 1938:. Retrieved 1932: 1922: 1906: 1905:K. MacNeil. 1845: 1811: 1803: 1783: 1756:Cream Sherry 1754: 1748: 1740: 1734: 1718: 1706: 1700:Palo Cortado 1698: 1690: 1682: 1674: 1666: 1661: 1633: 1605: 1597:American oak 1593: 1588: 1580: 1573:fermentation 1568: 1561:Richard Ford 1546: 1542: 1540:Spanish word 1537: 1532:American oak 1445: 1385: 1362: 1339: 1301: 1290:downy mildew 1283: 1261:Gran Reserva 1260: 1257:Gran Reserva 1256: 1250: 1246: 1240: 1236: 1230:Gran Reserva 1229: 1225: 1217: 1213: 1205: 1201: 1195: 1177:vino de mesa 1176: 1173: 1167: 1164: 1158: 1154: 1148: 1145:vino de pago 1144: 1140: 1132: 1128: 1120: 1112: 1108: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1081: 1067: 1051:viticultural 1044: 1027: 1021: 1015: 1009: 1005: 999: 997: 973: 954:Wine regions 909: 874: 867:Guadalquivir 851:Douro Valley 831: 771:middle class 757:and Spanish 747:co-operative 744: 721: 714:dictatorship 703: 686: 645: 591: 555:missionaries 538: 536: 472: 426: 422:Ars amatoria 421: 413: 370:Loire Valley 358:Italian wine 348:(modern-day 340:(modern-day 331: 294: 244: 227:as well the 183: 66:vino español 58:Spanish wine 57: 56: 49:Traditional 5830:Immigration 5820:Health care 5682:Communities 5667:Agriculture 5467:Earthquakes 5326:Restoration 5296:Reconquista 5151:Wine bottle 5123:Other steps 5114:Wine cellar 5071:Süssreserve 4763:Wine cellar 4753:Wine bottle 4694:accessories 4692:Packaging, 4651:Tempranillo 4280:Noah's wine 4260:Phoenicians 4206:Viticulture 4091:New Zealand 4034:Switzerland 3979:Netherlands 3828:Philippines 3468:Extremadura 3461:Extremadura 3333:Bajo Aragón 3053:Vallegarcía 2826:Rías Baixas 2793:Extremadura 2272:Rías Baixas 1853:Extremadura 1684:Amontillado 1628:Amontillado 1626:A glass of 1577:earthenware 1456:Rías Baixas 1405:Tempranillo 1358:evaporation 1268:Viticulture 1206:Sin crianza 1181:table wines 889:rain shadow 876:cordilleras 728:appellation 664:French wine 581:as well as 539:Reconquista 531:Phillip III 507:La Rochelle 495:Southampton 474:Reconquista 267:Phoenicians 251:viticulture 209:Rías Baixas 131:Tempranillo 99:wine grapes 74:) includes 36:Tempranillo 6081:Categories 5948:Mass media 5943:Literature 5835:Irreligion 5815:Euthanasia 5805:Disability 5587:Government 5562:Corruption 5384:Golden Age 5030:Maceration 5020:Wine press 5010:Destemming 4961:Winemaking 4867:Wine fraud 4862:Wine fault 4847:Oenophilia 4783:Wine label 4778:Wine glass 4743:Port tongs 4641:Sangiovese 4636:Pinot noir 4596:Douce noir 4523:Rkatsiteli 4468:Chardonnay 4458:Catarratto 4432:by acreage 4406:Biodynamic 4369:Aromatized 4158:winemaking 4004:San Marino 3969:Montenegro 3954:Luxembourg 3808:Kazakhstan 3768:Azerbaijan 3374:Formentera 3353:Valdejalón 3194:Valtiendas 3023:Finca Élez 3018:El Vicario 2982:Pago Aylés 2841:Valdeorras 2779:Terra Alta 2718:Valdepeñas 2504:Binissalem 1884:References 1873:Winemaking 1841:Pinot noir 1837:Chardonnay 1835:grapes of 1742:Pale Cream 1676:Manzanilla 1606:vino joven 1601:French oak 1551:winemaking 1522:Winemaking 1496:Chardonnay 1433:Monastrell 1350:Australian 1325:region of 1302:marco real 1202:vino joven 1063:wine label 1055:winemaking 839:Ebro river 810:See also: 799:irrigation 795:Chardonnay 656:phylloxera 640:See also: 622:Philip III 499:Edward III 445:winemaking 424:3.645-6). 334:Roman rule 307:See also: 239:See also: 143:Monastrell 5938:Languages 5840:Languages 5810:Education 5759:Transport 5599:Elections 5582:Judiciary 5521:Provinces 5418:Geography 5399:Civil War 5306:Expansion 4982:Noble rot 4872:Winemaker 4852:Sommelier 4788:Wine rack 4768:Wine cork 4758:Wine cave 4748:Screw cap 4718:Corkscrew 4683:New World 4678:Old World 4656:Zinfandel 4631:Mourvèdre 4538:Trebbiano 4478:Colombard 4379:Noble rot 4359:Fortified 4337:Sparkling 4304:New World 4107:Argentina 4086:Australia 3823:Palestine 3562:3 Riberas 3408:Cantabria 3235:Andalusia 3129:Andalusia 3033:La Jaraba 2821:Monterrei 2774:Tarragona 2739:Catalunya 2727:Catalonia 2693:Manchuela 2688:La Mancha 2581:Lanzarote 2571:La Gomera 2561:El Hierro 2483:Somontano 2468:Calatayud 2415:Andalusia 2338:Catalonia 2308:de origen 1857:Catalonia 1833:Champagne 1825:Parellada 1794:Champagne 1587:known as 1468:Parellada 1401:oxidation 1397:alcoholic 1059:harvested 932:Andalusia 863:La Mancha 855:Port wine 783:La Mancha 755:sauternes 710:Champagne 699:rootstock 697:American 680:Catalonia 630:Argentina 618:Argentina 602:Philip II 547:New World 541:in 1492, 441:Visigoths 350:Andalucia 342:Tarragona 217:Catalonia 171:Parellada 84:sparkling 51:vineyards 6061:Category 5922:Fiestas 5870:Religion 5855:Pensions 5850:Naturism 5790:Abortion 5729:Taxation 5719:Forestry 5631:Monarchy 5626:Military 5619:Intersex 5540:Politics 5526:Wildlife 5461:Comarcas 5394:Military 5389:Economic 5362:By topic 5268:Timeline 5251:articles 4997:Pressing 4919:Glossary 4835:Industry 4728:Jug wine 4723:Decanter 4713:Box wine 4611:Isabella 4606:Grenache 4586:Carignan 4533:Sémillon 4518:Riesling 4513:Palomino 4256:Ancient 4239:Vineyard 4234:Veraison 4219:Oenology 4127:Paraguay 4019:Slovenia 4014:Slovakia 3989:Portugal 3889:Bulgaria 3843:Thailand 3758:Abkhazia 3737:Tanzania 3717:Ethiopia 3623:See also 3578:Castelló 3571:Valencia 3531:Abanilla 3508:La Rioja 3489:Betanzos 3452:Castilla 3394:Mallorca 3145:Asturias 3088:Valencia 3069:Arínzano 2946:Valencia 2936:Alicante 2929:Valencia 2850:La Rioja 2759:Montsant 2703:Mondéjar 2698:Méntrida 2576:La Palma 2478:Cariñena 2354:La Rioja 1962:Statista 1934:Statista 1867:See also 1829:Xarel·lo 1708:Moscatel 1644:Moscatel 1547:fabricar 1543:elaborar 1488:varietal 1480:Palomino 1472:Xarel·lo 1448:Albariño 1431:region, 1409:synonyms 1380:Xarel·lo 1319:Burgundy 1315:Bordeaux 1214:vendimia 1109:DOCa/DOQ 924:moderate 920:Valencia 871:Atlantic 865:region; 847:Portugal 736:Valencia 695:grafting 668:Pyrenees 561:brought 439:and the 420:drunk. ( 418:mistress 414:Saguntum 398:Germania 392:and the 382:Bordeaux 378:Provence 374:Brittany 366:Normandy 362:amphorae 325:city of 319:aqueduct 296:Hispania 261:period. 259:Tertiary 231:region. 175:Xarel·lo 159:Palomino 147:Albariño 139:Garnacha 6045:Outline 5998:Symbols 5918:Cuisine 5890:Culture 5778:Society 5749:Tourism 5655:Economy 5494:Islands 5477:Forests 5455:Climate 5450:Borders 5259:History 5181:Terroir 5139:Related 4987:Vintage 4969:Harvest 4914:Outline 4738:Muselet 4700:storage 4591:Cinsaut 4566:Barbera 4493:Macabeo 4453:Aligoté 4411:Organic 4401:Natural 4354:Dessert 4299:Georgia 4249:History 4229:Terroir 4224:Species 4137:Uruguay 4112:Bolivia 4079:Oceania 4039:Ukraine 3994:Romania 3964:Moldova 3939:Ireland 3934:Hungary 3924:Germany 3919:Georgia 3909:Denmark 3894:Croatia 3879:Belgium 3874:Austria 3869:Albania 3853:Vietnam 3813:Lebanon 3763:Armenia 3742:Tunisia 3727:Namibia 3722:Morocco 3707:Algeria 3642:Txakoli 3609:Jumilla 3550:Navarre 3477:Galicia 3420:Liébana 3257:Córdoba 3136:Lebrija 3062:Navarre 3028:Guijoso 2915:Navarra 2908:Navarre 2894:Jumilla 2836:Ribeiro 2814:Galicia 2764:Penedès 2754:Empordà 2683:Jumilla 2678:Almansa 2632:Cigales 2622:Arribes 2617:Arlanza 2427:Granada 2370:Navarre 2345:Priorat 2267:Priorat 2262:Navarra 2167:Portals 1968:21 June 1940:21 June 1821:Macabeo 1816:ferment 1812:Champan 1788:of the 1729:raisins 1692:Oloroso 1581:tinajas 1464:Macabeo 1452:Verdejo 1429:Levante 1425:Priorat 1421:Penedès 1342:harvest 1323:Jumilla 1311:hectare 1278:Galicia 1251:Reserva 1247:Reserva 1241:Crianza 1237:Crianza 1222:harvest 1218:cosecha 1210:vintage 1078:Jumilla 1040:Priorat 1032:Catalan 912:drought 901:Galicia 834:plateau 822:Galicia 779:Galicia 759:chablis 751:generic 687:barrica 676:Navarre 596:in the 515:Germany 503:Gascony 487:Bristol 483:English 465:caliphs 461:alcohol 406:Martial 390:Britain 360:, with 346:Baetica 327:Segovia 235:History 229:Priorat 225:Penedès 213:Galicia 194:Jumilla 179:Macabeo 169:grapes 163:Macabeo 155:Verdejo 62:Spanish 6066:Portal 6006:Anthem 5913:Cinema 5860:People 5709:Energy 5249: 5146:Winery 5109:Solera 4733:Kvevri 4621:Merlot 4616:Malbec 4416:Kosher 4392:Other 4347:Orange 4320:Styles 4287:France 4117:Brazil 4065:Mexico 4060:Canada 4029:Sweden 4009:Serbia 3999:Russia 3984:Poland 3929:Greece 3914:France 3899:Cyprus 3862:Europe 3848:Turkey 3838:Taiwan 3803:Jordan 3793:Israel 3773:Bhutan 3700:Africa 3647:Malaga 3536:Murcia 3524:Murcia 3326:Aragon 3247:Bailén 3152:Cangas 2975:Aragon 2889:Bullas 2882:Murcia 2866:Madrid 2734:Alella 2627:Bierzo 2461:Aragon 2437:Málaga 2403: 2310: 2305: 2141: 2117: 2093: 2069: 2048: 2027: 1913: 1849:Aragon 1827:, and 1804:VECPRD 1790:French 1749:Medium 1735:Blends 1656:solera 1630:Sherry 1618:Sherry 1612:Sherry 1589:cueros 1516:Mencía 1504:Merlot 1470:, and 1393:brandy 1346:Toledo 1337:/ha). 1327:Murcia 1212:year ( 1088:Madrid 648:Malaga 606:Mexico 583:Málaga 511:France 491:London 479:Bilbao 453:Muslim 368:, the 332:Under 317:Roman 205:Sherry 177:, and 161:, and 141:, and 119:yields 111:France 82:, and 6052:Index 5978:Sport 5953:Music 5880:Women 5795:Crime 5672:Banks 5301:Union 5247:Spain 5096:Aging 4646:Syrah 4601:Gamay 4571:Bobal 4483:Glera 4448:Airén 4440:White 4396:Table 4384:Straw 4374:Fruit 4332:White 4275:China 4154:Wines 4122:Chile 4024:Spain 3959:Malta 3944:Italy 3833:Syria 3818:Nepal 3798:Japan 3783:India 3778:China 3712:Egypt 3617:Rioja 3379:Ibiza 3252:Cádiz 3074:Otazu 2899:Yecla 2713:Uclés 2642:Rueda 2556:Abona 2377:Rioja 2361:Rioja 2329:Rioja 2287:Rueda 2282:Rioja 2193:Spain 1648:yeast 1585:resin 1500:Syrah 1460:Rueda 1437:Bobal 1413:Rioja 1389:Airén 1288:like 1117:Italy 1036:Rioja 993:Rioja 843:Duero 826:Rioja 726:(DO) 672:Rioja 626:Chile 614:Chile 469:emirs 449:Moors 437:Suebi 356:than 271:Cádiz 247:grape 186:Rioja 151:Airén 135:Bobal 107:Italy 95:Spain 87:wines 80:white 6019:Flag 5875:Time 5764:Wine 5614:LGBT 4698:and 4427:Top 4342:Rosé 4198:Wine 4156:and 4132:Peru 3788:Iran 3751:Asia 3605:Cava 2951:Cava 2920:Cava 2857:Cava 2805:Cava 2784:Cava 2662:Cava 2657:Toro 2540:Cava 2488:Cava 2257:Cava 2181:Wine 2139:ISBN 2115:ISBN 2091:ISBN 2067:ISBN 2046:ISBN 2025:ISBN 1970:2024 1942:2024 1911:ISBN 1839:and 1772:Cava 1766:Cava 1668:Fino 1652:flor 1514:and 1506:and 1482:and 1458:and 1450:and 1441:rosé 1435:and 1419:and 1317:and 1307:acre 1292:and 1228:and 1149:pago 1053:and 1038:and 897:Haro 859:Tajo 793:and 781:and 678:and 616:and 610:Peru 557:and 513:and 493:and 467:and 410:Ovid 404:and 380:and 354:Gaul 279:Mago 255:pips 221:Cava 188:and 167:Cava 109:and 5903:Art 5687:GDP 5104:Oak 4553:Red 4364:Ice 4327:Red 1556:oak 1331:ton 1216:or 1174:VdM 1165:IGP 1119:'s 1095:DOP 849:'s 684:oak 670:to 396:in 76:red 68:or 6083:: 3615:· 3611:· 3607:· 2126:^ 2102:^ 2078:^ 1978:^ 1959:. 1931:. 1892:^ 1843:. 1823:, 1518:. 1502:, 1498:, 1494:, 1466:, 1443:. 1415:, 1348:, 1335:hl 1232:. 1157:– 1155:VC 1143:– 1141:VP 1131:– 1129:DO 1111:– 1097:– 1042:. 907:. 674:, 612:, 608:, 589:. 489:, 376:, 372:, 299:. 207:; 181:. 173:, 157:, 153:, 149:, 137:, 133:, 93:, 78:, 64:: 5441:) 5437:( 5239:e 5232:t 5225:v 4953:e 4946:t 4939:v 4696:, 4190:e 4183:t 4176:v 3685:e 3678:t 3671:v 2222:e 2215:t 2208:v 2169:: 2145:. 2121:. 2097:. 2073:. 2052:. 2031:. 1972:. 1944:. 1917:. 1802:( 60:( 20:)

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