1698:
2014:
1961:
1908:
1857:
1645:
1592:
1431:
51:
1804:
1751:
1484:
234:
60:
1539:
1180:
1381:. The Constitution sets a minimum standard of fifteen years of experience in fields related to jurisprudence, including "magistrates and prosecutors, university professors, public officials and lawyers," and must not contemporaneously hold a position that may detract from their independence, such as a post in a political party or a representative position.
2169:, respected the decision of the Court, although they considered the decision a dangerous precedent since it meant that "the interruption of the legislative power is within the reach of a single deputy filing an appeal" which would prevent the "legitimate representatives of popular sovereignty" from "exercising their functions and debating or voting".
2813:
2090:, the design of the court reflects compromises between the reformists within the authoritarian regime and the leftist opposition seeking a rupture with that regime, particularly the Socialist Party (PSOE). Those rules have allowed the political actors to extend their influence through time in determining the composition of the court.
1324:
In addition, the Court has other powers not typical of the
Kelsenian model including determining whether non-legislative acts by the central government, its branches, or the regional governments abide by the distribution of powers defined by the Constitution and other higher laws, hearing complaints
1278:
model of constitutional justice, also called the
European Model because it has been adopted by most European countries. Unlike the main alternative, the American model, the features of the Kelsenian model are that only a constitutional court is empowered to find that a statute is unconstitutional,
2123:
In 2005, a challenge before the Court was presented denouncing the Same-sex
Marriage Act of 2005 arguing that the Constitution says that «men and women have the right to marry with full legal equality» and this did not allow same-sex marriages. In 2012, after seven years of study, the Court ruled
1290:
between the central and the regional governments. Because many of the constitutional provisions pertaining to autonomy questions are ambiguous and sometimes contradictory, it had been suggested from the outset that the Court would play a critical role in Spain's political and social development.
2146:
In 2022 the Court upheld an amparo appeal by the People's Party claiming a violation of their rights to exercise representative office and of the right of citizens to participate in public affairs through those representatives, by legislation which would have made changes to the
2135:
unconstitutional has been a source of much controversy and conflict since then, with some arguing that the judgement was illegitimate due to fact that one judge had died and had not been replaced and three other judges terms had expired three years prior to the judgement.
1253:, with the power to determine the constitutionality of acts and statutes made by any public body, central, regional, or local in Spain. It is defined in Part IX (sections 159 through 165) of the Constitution of Spain, and further governed by
1279:
secondly that of abstract review (that is without requiring legal cases but rather through application by public institutions), and thirdly, that appointments to the court are made largely by political bodies and have limited terms.
2528:"Constitutional Court of Spain rules that its courts may hear genocide cases even if they do not involve Spanish citizens, and holds that principle of universal jurisdiction takes precedence over alleged national interests".
1697:
846:
2719:
1257:
2/1979 (Law of the
Constitutional Court of 3 October 1979), 8/1984, 4/1985, 6/1988, 7/1999 and 1/2000. The Court is the "supreme interpreter" of the Constitution, but since the Court is not a part of the
2120:. In this instance, it reversed the decision made by the Supreme Court in the same case, which held that such cases could be brought before Spanish courts only if a Spanish victim was involved.
2615:
1336:
to the
Constitutional Court for protection against governmental acts that violate their "fundamental rights or freedoms". Only individuals directly affected can make this appeal, called a
2096:
Other studies show that many of the court's rulings have been unanimous demonstrating that a lot of the work of the Court is broadly detached from any major partisan-political stakes.
2746:
630:
1388:
is elected for a three-year term, who is assisted by a Vice
President, who is also justice, and a secretary-general, that is the responsible for overseeing the staff of the court.
1792:
2155:. The Court ordered that the bill to amend the laws should be suspended. This was the first time that the Constitutional Court had ordered the Parliament in this way. Both the
2143:
on
November 9, 2014 to pay 5 million euros. In addition, social agents from Spain have demanded that the distribution of public funds in the Catalan press should be audited.
2670:
2152:
712:
2239:
3055:
1371:
1385:
998:
268:
173:
2093:
A number of empirical studies show that a non-irrelevant part of the variance judicial decisions is explained by partisan alignments and political context.
1220:
725:
3075:
2652:
2140:
1374:. Having judges chosen by the three branches of government is unique but has not saved the Court from alleged politicisation or accusations of activism.
972:
967:
962:
1147:
673:
597:
1343:
The
General Electoral Law of June 1985 additionally allows appeals to this court in cases where electoral boards exclude candidates from the ballot.
958:
2948:
993:
708:
456:
2999:
1120:
988:
915:
2891:
2156:
933:
836:
626:
476:
1036:
1031:
841:
528:
486:
2255:
2128:
because the social concept of marriage had evolved so the
Constitution must to be interpreted according to the current cultural values.
1310:
1073:
910:
543:
385:
2547:
1400:, the vice president, currently Inmaculada Montalbán Huertas and ten justices (who can be judges or jurists with relevant experience).
3040:
2572:
1106:
1083:
1064:
895:
3125:
3152:
2916:
1286:
of laws, acts, or regulations set forth by the national or the regional parliaments. The Court has the power to settle conflicts of
1078:
3326:
3280:
3232:
3227:
3202:
3060:
2163:
2148:
2132:
2055:
1990:
1937:
1096:
693:
437:
403:
380:
114:
3262:
3257:
3207:
3167:
3115:
3105:
3100:
3065:
3050:
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3035:
3030:
3020:
2087:
1981:
1318:
1213:
1091:
947:
942:
937:
853:
831:
655:
593:
518:
295:
3331:
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3252:
3222:
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3197:
3187:
3182:
3142:
3095:
1043:
747:
508:
466:
451:
290:
3295:
3147:
3300:
3132:
1143:
920:
790:
513:
3247:
2902:
2692:
2510:
3217:
3177:
3157:
3137:
2301:
2193:
1299:
1193:
1153:
824:
613:
495:
391:
247:
1918:
730:
2013:
1960:
1907:
1856:
1644:
1591:
1430:
645:
523:
325:
50:
3120:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3025:
3242:
3192:
3172:
3110:
3070:
2297:
3162:
2992:
2908:
1549:
1206:
1021:
1014:
330:
1761:
2794:
1708:
1068:
796:
752:
619:
533:
501:
2633:
462:
3321:
1814:
1655:
1602:
538:
366:
352:
1494:
1397:
273:
183:
1441:
2883:
2109:
1581:
1309:
The abstract review request, that the court determine the constitutionality of a law, can be brought by the
1162:
868:
432:
320:
2747:"Batet acata la decisión del TC, pero se muestra crítica: "La interrupción está al alcance de un diputado""
2117:
2002:
1971:
1949:
1527:
1472:
1263:
1158:
874:
702:
660:
2985:
777:
570:
300:
255:
129:
2787:
Browning Seeley, Jo Ann (1990). "Government and
Politics". In Solsten, Eric; Meditz, Sandra W. (eds.).
2024:
1867:
1780:
1727:
1674:
1621:
1363:
1250:
1246:
1135:
757:
650:
586:
398:
2720:"Meritxell Batet y Ander Gil acatarán la decisión del TC, pero anuncian que presentarán alegaciones"
1803:
2926:
2798:
1985:
1932:
1886:
1833:
1750:
1722:
1669:
1616:
1455:
1326:
1325:
from the public about their constitutional rights and preventive review (prior to promulgation) of
1254:
1130:
811:
423:
416:
118:
2597:
2671:"Un TC dividido paraliza la tramitación en el Senado de la reforma que busca renovar el tribunal"
1845:
1739:
1633:
1125:
1101:
1026:
888:
858:
741:
686:
665:
1793:
Chair of the Administrative Chamber of the High Court of Justice of Andalusia, Ceuta and Melilla
2912:
2887:
2855:
2847:
2802:
2125:
2105:
1378:
1314:
1283:
1259:
1111:
863:
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636:
361:
345:
315:
305:
224:
2875:
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2216:
2071:
1686:
1483:
1355:
1238:
906:
563:
556:
443:
110:
17:
2086:
Like many other features of Spanish democratic institutions developed during and after the
2070:
Any previously appointed justice of the Constitutional Court becomes an emeritus justice (
2178:
2159:
2043:
1568:
1515:
1510:
1460:
1303:
580:
603:
472:
59:
2825:
2693:"El Constitucional paraliza la reforma exprés del Gobierno para acelerar su renovación"
1367:
2826:"The European model of constitutional review of legislation: Toward decentralization?"
233:
3315:
2817:
781:
482:
106:
1538:
1287:
1184:
310:
2977:
2415:
1506:
2188:
1317:, fifty members of congress, fifty senators, the executive or parliaments of an
1275:
2859:
2548:"I·CONnect – The Spanish Constitutional Tribunal's Same-Sex Marriage Decision"
1928:
1559:
2963:
2950:
2851:
2806:
2616:"Spanish auditors demand Catalan leaders pay for previous independence vote"
2511:"Guatemalan court to rule soon on Spanish request for arrest of ex-dictator"
2183:
2166:
2038:
2034:
1881:
1877:
1828:
1775:
1584:(1999–2017) and Member of the Consultative Council of Andalusia (2005–2017)
1563:
372:
2842:
2416:"Organic Law of General Electoral Regime in Spain (1985, as amended 2016)"
2305:
2118:
regardless of whether Spanish citizens were involved or directly affected
2113:
1771:
2774:
1298:
before they are ratified, if requested to do so by the Government, the
166:
2788:
1718:
1665:
1612:
1451:
1333:
1295:
95:
1362:) who serve for nine-year terms. Four of these are nominated by the
2904:
Institutions of modern Spain : a political and economic guide
2493:
2491:
2489:
2398:
2396:
1898:
Vicepresident of the Council for Statutory Guarantees of Catalonia
1824:
85:
2816:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2573:"Spain Constitutional Court rejects same-sex marriage challenge"
2371:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2359:
1370:, two by the executive branch of the government, and two by the
770:
155:
2981:
2653:"Spanish PM vows to end 'unjustifiable' block on court changes"
2600:[The Keys to the Renewal of the Constitutional Court].
1340:, and they can do this only after exhausting judicial appeals.
1346:
The decisions of the Constitutional Court cannot be appealed.
1396:
The Constitutional Court consists of a president, currently
2634:"181 millones para los medios en pleno proceso soberanista"
2422:. OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights.
2274:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2003:
Chair of the Administrative Chamber of the Supreme Court
1740:
Chair of the Criminal Chamber of the Audiencia Nacional
1282:
The Constitutional Court is authorized to rule on the
2598:"Claves de la renovación del Tribunal Constitucional"
2139:
In 2017, the court ordered those responsible for the
2131:
A decision in 2010 declaring several articles of the
2468:
2456:
2432:
2387:
2326:
3271:
3013:
210:
202:
197:
189:
179:
172:
162:
151:
143:
135:
125:
101:
91:
81:
73:
36:
2932:. Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 1978
2153:Spanish General Council of the Judiciary blockade
1274:The Court was established along the lines of the
2497:
2480:
2444:
2402:
2350:
2338:
1950:Chair of the Labour Chamber of the Supreme Court
2375:
2256:wikisource:Spanish Constitution of 1978/Part IX
1266:is the highest court for all judicial matters.
2901:Newton, Michael T.; Donaghy, Peter J. (1997).
2056:Member of the General Council of the Judiciary
2993:
2876:"Judicial Politics: The Constitutional Court"
2278:
1294:It also may rule on the constitutionality of
1214:
8:
1384:Amongst and by the justices of the Court, a
29:Court interpreting the Constitution of Spain
2874:Garoupa, Nuno; Magalhães, Pedro C. (2020).
2830:International Journal of Constitutional Law
3000:
2986:
2978:
1402:
1221:
1207:
219:
58:
2841:
2824:Ferreres Comella, Victor (July 1, 2004).
674:Solemn Opening of the Parliament of Spain
2878:. In Muro, Diego; Lago, Ignacio (eds.).
2745:Digital, Redacción (December 19, 2022).
1422:(most recent prior to joining the Court)
1354:This court consists of twelve justices (
1148:Spanish constitutional crisis of 2017–18
64:Headquarters of the Constitutional Court
2880:The Oxford Handbook of Spanish Politics
2836:(3). Oxford University Press: 461–491.
2291:
2289:
2287:
2231:
2205:
1580:Professor of Constittuional Law at the
1418:
1377:Justices are formally appointed by the
222:
2240:"Constitutional Court Budget for 2022"
1121:Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain
33:
2298:"A Guide to the Spanish Legal System"
2215:
2157:President of the Congress of Deputies
803:Deputy Governor of the Bank of Spain
7:
1846:Magistrate of the Audiencia Nacional
1634:Magistrate of the Audiencia Nacional
529:Spanish prime-ministerial transition
2217:[tɾiβuˈnalkonstituθjoˈnal]
2104:In 2005, the court ruled that the
1107:Liberalism and radicalism in Spain
25:
2718:SER, Cadena (December 19, 2022).
2673:. Europa Press. December 19, 2022
1919:María Luisa Segoviano Astaburuaga
2811:
2793:(2 ed.). Washington, D.C.:
2651:Jones, Sam (December 20, 2022).
2149:General Council of the Judiciary
2133:Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia
2012:
1991:General Council of the Judiciary
1959:
1938:General Council of the Judiciary
1906:
1855:
1802:
1749:
1696:
1643:
1590:
1537:
1482:
1429:
1372:General Council of the Judiciary
1178:
1097:Dictatorship of Francisco Franco
694:General Council of the Judiciary
404:Succession to the Spanish throne
232:
115:General Council of the Judiciary
49:
3008:Constitutional Courts of Europe
2699:(in Spanish). December 19, 2022
1528:Magistrate of the Supreme Court
1473:Magistrate of the Supreme Court
1092:Spanish transition to democracy
656:Bureaus of the Cortes Generales
519:Government Delegated Committees
296:Spanish transition to democracy
2108:could handle cases concerning
2078:) after their term of office.
1044:Politics of the European Union
1:
2124:that the Constitution allows
1687:Clerk of the Cortes Generales
1550:María Luisa Balaguer Callejón
1469:10 years, 192 days
1144:Catalan independence movement
791:Governor of the Bank of Spain
167:www.tribunalconstitucional.es
109:after being nominated by the
2515:International Herald Tribune
2498:Garoupa & Magalhães 2020
2481:Garoupa & Magalhães 2020
2445:Garoupa & Magalhães 2020
2403:Garoupa & Magalhães 2020
2351:Garoupa & Magalhães 2020
2302:Law Library Resource Xchange
2194:Rule according to higher law
1982:Santa María la Real de Nieva
1789:2 years, 314 days
1762:Inmaculada Montalbán Huertas
1736:2 years, 314 days
1683:2 years, 314 days
1630:2 years, 314 days
1577:7 years, 196 days
1524:7 years, 196 days
1154:Disputed status of Gibraltar
392:Leonor, Princess of Asturias
283:Inmaculada Montalbán Huertas
206:Inmaculada Montalbán Huertas
18:Spanish Constitutional Court
2604:(in Spanish). May 27, 2010.
1999:1 year, 262 days
1946:1 year, 262 days
1895:1 year, 262 days
1842:1 year, 262 days
1709:Concepción Espejel Jorquera
1419:Previous position or office
825:Administrative subdivisions
544:Economic and Social Council
524:Interministerial Committees
3348:
2927:"The Spanish Constitution"
2909:Cambridge University Press
2795:Federal Research Division
2471:, article 159(4), 159(5).
2469:Spanish Constitution 1978
2457:Spanish Constitution 1978
2433:Spanish Constitution 1978
2388:Spanish Constitution 1978
2327:Spanish Constitution 1978
2279:Newton & Donaghy 1997
1656:Enrique Arnaldo Alcubilla
1603:Juan Ramón Sáez Valcárcel
1405:
534:List of agencies in Spain
69:
57:
48:
41:
2530:International Law Update
1815:Juan Carlos Campo Moreno
1392:Current sitting Justices
1332:Individual citizens may
806:Margarita Delgado Tejero
424:Government of the Nation
3327:National supreme courts
2884:Oxford University Press
2164:President of the Senate
2110:crimes against humanity
2106:Spanish judicial system
1442:Ricardo Enríquez Sancho
1243:Tribunal Constitucional
1163:Second Spanish Republic
43:Tribunal Constitucional
3056:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2790:Spain: a country study
2213:Spanish pronunciation:
2075:
1359:
1296:international treaties
1242:
1159:Republicanism in Spain
832:Autonomous communities
797:Pablo Hernández de Cos
748:High courts of justice
731:Francisco Marín Castán
661:Board of Spokespersons
514:Government Delegations
502:Sánchez III Government
291:Constitutional history
139:9 years, non renewable
3332:Constitutional courts
2726:(in European Spanish)
2339:Ferreres Comella 2004
2304:, LLC. Archived from
1495:Cándido Conde-Pumpido
1398:Cándido Conde-Pumpido
778:European Central Bank
571:15th Cortes Generales
452:Deputy Prime Minister
274:Cándido Conde-Pumpido
184:Cándido Conde-Pumpido
2886:. pp. 268–275.
2843:10.1093/icon/2.3.461
2640:. September 8, 2014.
2622:. September 5, 2017.
2552:www.iconnectblog.com
2376:Browning Seeley 1990
2076:magistrados eméritos
1972:César Tolosa Tribiño
1781:Congress of Deputies
1728:Congress of Deputies
1675:Congress of Deputies
1622:Congress of Deputies
1582:University of Malaga
1408:birthdate and place
1364:Congress of Deputies
1327:statutes of autonomy
1319:Autonomous Community
1300:Congress of Deputies
1251:Spanish Constitution
1235:Constitutional Court
758:Prosecution Ministry
651:Permanent Deputation
646:Parliamentary groups
614:Congress of Deputies
496:Council of Ministers
263:Constitutional Court
158:28.42 million (2022)
130:Spanish Constitution
37:Constitutional Court
3272:States with limited
2960: /
2799:Library of Congress
2536:(10). October 2005.
2517:. December 6, 2006.
1723:Community of Madrid
1670:Community of Madrid
1617:Community of Madrid
1456:Community of Madrid
1247:supreme interpreter
1027:Diplomatic missions
875:Plazas de soberanía
812:Royal Mint of Spain
463:María Jesús Montero
144:Number of positions
2964:40.4415°N 3.7176°W
2420:Legislation Online
2390:, article 162(1a).
2353:, p. 256,260.
2141:Catalan referendum
2126:same-sex marriages
2082:Judicial Behaviour
1716:September 15, 1959
1503:September 22, 1949
1416:length of service
1102:Anarchism in Spain
742:Audiencia Nacional
666:People's Defender
326:Capital punishment
102:Composition method
3309:
3308:
2893:978-0-19-882693-4
2459:, article 159(2).
2435:, article 164(1).
2329:, article 123(1).
2308:on April 21, 2016
2100:Notable decisions
2066:Emeritus Justices
2063:
2062:
2025:José María Macías
1786:November 18, 2021
1769:November 26, 1959
1733:November 18, 2021
1680:November 18, 2021
1627:November 18, 2021
1338:recurso de amparo
1284:constitutionality
1260:Spanish Judiciary
1231:
1230:
1112:Spanish Civil War
1065:Political parties
1022:Foreign relations
1015:Foreign relations
900:Recent elections
896:Political parties
854:Autonomous cities
753:Court of Auditors
637:Francina Armengol
331:Life imprisonment
225:Politics of Spain
218:
217:
136:Judge term length
105:Appointed by the
16:(Redirected from
3339:
3014:Sovereign states
3002:
2995:
2988:
2979:
2975:
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2972:
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2970:
2969:40.4415; -3.7176
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2922:
2897:
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2815:
2814:
2810:
2775:Official website
2763:
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2758:
2742:
2736:
2735:
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2709:
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2697:theobjective.com
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2017:
2016:
1997:
1986:Castile and León
1976:
1975:
1974:
1964:
1963:
1944:
1933:Castile and León
1923:
1922:
1921:
1911:
1910:
1893:
1872:
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1870:
1868:Laura Díez Bueso
1860:
1859:
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1822:October 17, 1961
1819:
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1329:of the regions.
1223:
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1187:
1185:Spain portal
1183:
1182:
1181:
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564:Cortes Generales
539:Council of State
381:Heir presumptive
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62:
53:
34:
21:
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3342:
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3322:Courts in Spain
3312:
3311:
3310:
3305:
3291:Northern Cyprus
3273:
3267:
3188:North Macedonia
3009:
3006:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2946:
2945:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2919:
2900:
2894:
2873:
2864:
2862:
2823:
2812:
2786:
2783:
2771:
2766:
2756:
2754:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2729:
2727:
2717:
2716:
2712:
2702:
2700:
2691:
2690:
2686:
2676:
2674:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2614:
2613:
2609:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2581:
2579:
2571:
2570:
2566:
2556:
2554:
2546:
2545:
2541:
2527:
2526:
2522:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2496:
2487:
2479:
2475:
2467:
2463:
2455:
2451:
2443:
2439:
2431:
2427:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2401:
2394:
2386:
2382:
2374:
2357:
2349:
2345:
2337:
2333:
2325:
2321:
2311:
2309:
2295:
2294:
2285:
2277:
2262:
2254:
2250:
2242:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2179:Austrian System
2175:
2160:Meritxell Batet
2102:
2084:
2068:
2058:
2051:
2048:
2033:
2031:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2011:
2005:
1998:
1996:January 9, 2023
1995:
1980:
1978:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1958:
1952:
1945:
1943:January 9, 2023
1942:
1927:
1925:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1905:
1899:
1894:
1892:January 9, 2023
1891:
1876:
1874:
1866:
1865:
1864:
1854:
1848:
1841:
1839:January 9, 2023
1838:
1823:
1821:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1801:
1795:
1788:
1785:
1770:
1768:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1748:
1742:
1735:
1732:
1717:
1715:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1695:
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1682:
1679:
1664:
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1654:
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1629:
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1611:
1609:
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1589:
1576:
1573:
1558:
1556:
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1501:
1493:
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1491:
1481:
1475:
1468:
1465:
1450:
1448:
1440:
1439:
1438:
1428:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1407:
1394:
1352:
1272:
1227:
1198:
1194:Other countries
1179:
1177:
1176:
1169:
1168:
1140:
1088:
1057:
1049:
1048:
1017:
1007:
1006:
1003:
979:
952:
927:
891:
881:
880:
827:
817:
816:
786:
785:
780:
773:
763:
762:
698:
697:
689:
679:
678:
667:
617:
584:
576:
575:
568:
567:
559:
549:
548:
428:
427:
419:
409:
408:
357:
356:
353:Royal Household
348:
338:
337:
280:Vice President
250:
227:
214:12 January 2023
193:12 January 2023
65:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3345:
3343:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3314:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3277:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3263:United Kingdom
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3078:
3076:Czech Republic
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3017:
3015:
3011:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2982:
2943:
2942:
2923:
2917:
2898:
2892:
2871:
2821:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2770:
2769:External links
2767:
2765:
2764:
2737:
2710:
2684:
2662:
2643:
2625:
2607:
2589:
2577:www.jurist.org
2564:
2539:
2520:
2502:
2500:, p. 273.
2485:
2483:, p. 261.
2473:
2461:
2449:
2447:, p. 259.
2437:
2425:
2407:
2405:, p. 260.
2392:
2380:
2378:, p. 221.
2355:
2343:
2341:, p. 461.
2331:
2319:
2296:Olga Cabrero.
2283:
2260:
2248:
2230:
2228:
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2222:
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2204:
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2198:
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2171:
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2098:
2083:
2080:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2060:
2053:
2046:
2041:
2018:
2008:
2007:
2000:
1993:
1988:
1965:
1955:
1954:
1947:
1940:
1935:
1912:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1889:
1884:
1861:
1851:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1831:
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1596:
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1585:
1578:
1574:March 15, 2017
1571:
1566:
1543:
1533:
1532:
1525:
1521:March 15, 2017
1518:
1513:
1488:
1478:
1477:
1470:
1466:March 19, 2014
1463:
1458:
1435:
1425:
1424:
1417:
1412:
1409:
1393:
1390:
1366:, four by the
1351:
1348:
1311:Prime Minister
1271:
1268:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1156:
1151:
1141:
1139:
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1133:
1128:
1116:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1061:
1058:
1056:Related topics
1055:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1024:
1018:
1013:
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1005:
1004:
1002:
1001:
996:
991:
984:
982:
981:
980:
978:
977:
970:
965:
955:
953:
951:
950:
945:
940:
930:
928:
926:
925:
918:
913:
903:
898:
892:
887:
886:
883:
882:
879:
878:
871:
869:Municipalities
866:
861:
856:
851:
850:
849:
844:
839:
828:
823:
822:
819:
818:
815:
814:
809:
808:
807:
801:
800:
799:
775:
774:
769:
768:
765:
764:
761:
760:
755:
750:
745:
738:
737:
736:
735:
734:
726:Vice President
723:
722:
721:
719:Isabel Perelló
691:
690:
685:
684:
681:
680:
677:
676:
671:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
642:
641:
640:
639:
610:
609:
608:
607:
606:
561:
560:
555:
554:
551:
550:
547:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
505:
504:
492:
491:
490:
480:
470:
448:
447:
446:
433:Prime Minister
421:
420:
415:
414:
411:
410:
407:
406:
401:
396:
395:
394:
377:
376:
375:
350:
349:
344:
343:
340:
339:
336:
335:
334:
333:
328:
323:
318:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
287:
286:
285:
284:
278:
277:
276:
259:
251:
246:
245:
242:
241:
238:
237:
229:
228:
223:
216:
215:
212:
208:
207:
204:
200:
199:
198:Vice President
195:
194:
191:
187:
186:
181:
177:
176:
170:
169:
164:
160:
159:
153:
149:
148:
145:
141:
140:
137:
133:
132:
127:
123:
122:
103:
99:
98:
93:
89:
88:
83:
79:
78:
75:
71:
70:
67:
66:
63:
55:
54:
46:
45:
39:
38:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3344:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3296:South Ossetia
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3270:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3239:
3236:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3148:Liechtenstein
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3012:
3003:
2998:
2996:
2991:
2989:
2984:
2983:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2918:0-521-57348-3
2914:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2899:
2895:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2872:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2822:
2819:
2818:public domain
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2791:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2752:
2748:
2741:
2738:
2725:
2721:
2714:
2711:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2647:
2644:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2590:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2524:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2503:
2499:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2477:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2441:
2438:
2434:
2429:
2426:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2347:
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2332:
2328:
2323:
2320:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2249:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2226:
2218:
2209:
2206:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2151:to break the
2150:
2144:
2142:
2137:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2073:
2065:
2057:
2054:
2052:59 days
2049:July 30, 2024
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2009:
2004:
2001:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1973:
1966:
1962:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1948:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1909:
1904:
1903:
1897:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1844:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1820:
1816:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1799:
1794:
1791:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1763:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1738:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1710:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1685:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1632:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1614:
1610:June 23, 1957
1608:
1604:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1551:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1526:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1471:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1447:
1443:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1426:
1413:
1411:Nominated by
1410:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1280:
1277:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1264:Supreme Court
1261:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1224:
1219:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1142:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1011:
1010:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:Referendums:
986:
985:
983:
976:
975:
971:
969:
966:
964:
960:
957:
956:
954:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
935:
932:
931:
929:
924:
923:
919:
917:
914:
912:
908:
905:
904:
902:
901:
899:
897:
894:
893:
890:
885:
884:
877:
876:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
834:
833:
830:
829:
826:
821:
820:
813:
810:
805:
804:
802:
798:
795:
794:
793:
792:
788:
787:
784:
783:
782:Bank of Spain
779:
772:
767:
766:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
743:
739:
732:
729:
728:
727:
724:
720:
717:
716:
714:
710:
707:
706:
705:
704:
703:Supreme Court
700:
699:
696:
695:
688:
683:
682:
675:
672:
670:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
638:
635:
634:
632:
628:
625:
624:
621:
620:15th Congress
616:
615:
611:
605:
602:
601:
599:
595:
592:
591:
588:
583:
582:
578:
577:
572:
566:
565:
558:
553:
552:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
503:
500:
499:
498:
497:
493:
488:
484:
483:Teresa Ribera
481:
478:
474:
471:
468:
464:
461:
460:
458:
454:
453:
449:
445:
444:Pedro Sánchez
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2781:Bibliography
2757:December 20,
2755:. Retrieved
2753:(in Spanish)
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2728:. Retrieved
2723:
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2703:December 20,
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3183:Netherlands
2967: /
2659:. Guardian.
2582:October 26,
2557:October 26,
2312:December 8,
2189:Rule of law
1360:magistrados
1350:Composition
842:Governments
668:(ombudsman)
587:15th Senate
557:Legislature
362:The Monarch
321:Nationality
74:Established
3316:Categories
3218:San Marino
3178:Montenegro
3158:Luxembourg
3138:Kazakhstan
3041:Azerbaijan
2952:40°26′29″N
2860:1124233270
2724:cadena SER
2227:References
2112:, such as
2088:transition
1929:Valladolid
1887:Government
1834:Government
916:2019 (Nov)
911:2019 (Apr)
847:Presidents
509:Ministries
119:Government
111:Parliament
3153:Lithuania
2955:3°43′03″W
2936:August 3,
2865:August 3,
2852:1474-2640
2184:Judiciary
2167:Ander Gil
2039:Catalonia
2035:Barcelona
1882:Catalonia
1878:Barcelona
1829:Andalusia
1776:Andalusia
1564:Andalusia
1507:La Coruña
1386:President
1315:Ombudsman
1302:, or the
1276:Kelsenian
1245:) is the
889:Elections
859:Provinces
709:President
687:Judiciary
417:Executive
373:Felipe VI
346:The Crown
269:President
203:Currently
180:Currently
174:President
3281:Abkhazia
3233:Slovenia
3228:Slovakia
3203:Portugal
3061:Bulgaria
2807:44200005
2638:El Mundo
2602:El Mundo
2173:See also
2162:and the
2114:genocide
1772:Iznalloz
1136:Galician
1037:in Spain
1032:of Spain
959:European
934:Regional
864:Comarcas
733:(acting)
316:Abortion
306:Taxation
117:and the
92:Location
3258:Ukraine
3208:Romania
3168:Moldova
3126:Ireland
3121:Iceland
3116:Hungary
3106:Germany
3101:Georgia
3091:Finland
3086:Estonia
3081:Denmark
3066:Croatia
3051:Belgium
3046:Belarus
3036:Austria
3031:Armenia
3026:Andorra
3021:Albania
2620:Reuters
2072:Spanish
1900:(2022)
1560:Almería
1511:Galicia
1356:Spanish
1249:of the
1239:Spanish
1131:Catalan
1079:Podemos
907:General
627:Speaker
594:Speaker
163:Website
3286:Kosovo
3253:Turkey
3243:Sweden
3223:Serbia
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1719:Madrid
1666:Madrid
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1452:Madrid
1368:Senate
1334:appeal
1313:, the
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1270:Powers
1262:, the
1126:Basque
581:Senate
477:second
113:, the
96:Madrid
3238:Spain
3163:Malta
3133:Italy
2930:(PDF)
2243:(PDF)
2200:Notes
1825:Osuna
487:third
467:first
211:Since
190:Since
86:Spain
2938:2024
2913:ISBN
2888:ISBN
2867:2024
2856:OCLC
2848:ISSN
2803:OCLC
2759:2022
2751:COPE
2732:2022
2705:2022
2679:2022
2584:2018
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2314:2006
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