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Often, literature produced by these writers conveyed themes of nostalgia for the past glory of Spain, especially its traditions and landscape. Conversely, they also present criticisms of the sociopolitical situation during that era, drawing conclusions about factors that caused the decline of Spain.
244:
The
Generation of '98 intellectuals objected to the meticulously organized structure of the Restoration system of government and the corruption that it fostered. After Spain's bloody and decisive defeat in the Spanish–American War, which resulted in thousands of dead Spaniards and the loss of all of
235:
Their work constituted an indirect repudiation of the official instruction of the time, which they had found ineffective, insufficient, and subject to suffocating control by political and religious interests. The
Institution departed from this norm by stressing the importance of intellectual freedom
121:
The group that has become known as The
Generation of '98 was affected by several major events and trends in Spanish history. According to Carr's definition of the group, most of them were born in the 1870s. These men were especially informed by Spain's defeat and humiliation in the Spanish–American
108:
The intellectuals included in this group are known for their criticism of the
Spanish literary and educational establishments, which they saw as having characteristics of conformism, ignorance, and a lack of any true spirit. Their criticism was coupled with and heavily connected to the group's
166:("peaceful alternation") was devised in which two political parties alternated control of the government, by means of a heavily orchestrated and controlled electoral process. The Restoration was reasonably successful in restoring political stability, but finally ended with the
245:
Spain's remaining colonies in the
Americas and the Pacific, these writers were prompted to voice their criticism. They agreed on the urgency of finding a means, in areas of thought and activity separate from politics, of rescuing Spain from its catatonic state.
179:
The first intellectual criticism took place at the dawn of the
Restoration movement. In 1875, the minister for development, Manuel Orovio (1817–1883), sought to reinforce traditional "Spanish values" such as the dogma of contemporary
196:
This "crackdown" was a response to various attempts, notably but not exclusively by the intellectual elite listed below, to introduce some form of liberal democracy both in
Spanish academic life and in the wider society.
310:
The criticism of the "Generation of '98" today from modern intellectuals is that the group was characterized by an increase of egoism, and by a great feeling of frustration with
Spanish society and politics.
516:
137:
in 1868 and the following six years of revolution, in which the country overthrew Queen
Isabella and the monarchy and then had to try to fill the political void with a stable government.
85:(commonly known as "Azorín") in his 1913 essays titled "La generación de 1898", alluding to the moral, political, and social crisis in Spain produced by the loss of the colonies of
232:, a secular private educational institution that started with university-level instruction and later extended its activities to primary and secondary education.
555:
105:
defines the
Generation of '98 as the "group of creative writers who were born in the seventies, whose major works fall in the two decades after 1898".
272:
and a heavy dependence on dialogue instead of descriptions to advance the narrative. Many writers also experimented with new forms of genres, as
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Most texts in this literary era were produced in the years immediately after 1910 and are generally marked by the justification of
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Melstrom, Tina. "Under the Influence: The Spanish-American War, Drugs, and Prohibition Politics in Tirano Banderas."
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Monarchism, marked by the oscillation of power (a zeal for reform characterized these years of Spanish history):
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369:
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The writers, poets and playwrights of this generation maintained a strong intellectual unity, opposed the
141:
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162:, which began shortly after Cánovas was appointed prime minister by Alfonso XII in 1874. A system called
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Pearsall, Priscilla. "Azorín's Myth of the Generation of 1898: Toward an Esthetic of Modernism."
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As such, common characteristics of these works involved a minimalistic writing style, employing
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of the monarchy in Spain, revived Spanish literary myths, and broke with classical schemes of
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256:. They brought back traditional and lost words and always alluded to the old kingdom of
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Jurkevich, Gayana. "Abulia, nineteenth-century psychology and the generation of 1898."
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Ramsden, Herbert. "The Spanish ‘Generation of 1898’: I. The history of a concept."
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63:
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Imperial Emotions: Cultural Responses to Myths of Empire in Fin-de-Siècle Spain
291:. Examples of this are the last poems incorporated to "Campos de Castilla", of
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804:
679:
634:
458:
Fox, Linda C. "The Vision Of Cain And Abel In Spain'S" Generation Of 1898"."
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446:
El espacio urbano en la narrativa del Madrid de la Edad de Plata (1900–1938)
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269:
75:
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814:
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74:(1898), committed to cultural and aesthetic renewal, and associated with
51:
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463:
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War in 1898, which crystallized into two distinct political movements,
473:
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Some of the key intellectual minds of the Generation of '98 include:
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533:
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after defeat in the Spanish–American War that same year. Historian
724:
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59:
674:
98:
86:
55:
537:
440:
Literary Criticism in the Essays of the Generation of 1898
200:
Several progressive professors were dismissed from the
113:movement that was occurring in Spanish government.
387:
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208:(1781–1832), a German philosopher who advocated
549:
529:History and images about the Generation of 98
8:
220:In 1876, these dismissed professors, led by
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542:
534:
501:Revista Canadiense de Estudios Hispánicos
381:
7:
513:Bulletin of the John Rylands Library
405:"Spanish Generation of '98 overview"
391:
482:(Liverpool University Press, 2013)
260:, with many supporting the idea of
240:A movement of criticism and ideals
25:
216:La Institución Libre de Enseñanza
972:
230:The Free Educational Institution
299:'s articles written during the
206:Karl Christian Friedrich Krause
303:or in the essayistic texts of
226:Institución Libre de Enseñanza
144:of 1873 lasted only 22 months.
1:
154:, was an attempt to create a
236:and moral self-improvement.
202:Central University of Madrid
152:Antonio Cánovas del Castillo
276:did in conceptualizing the
222:Francisco Giner de los Ríos
204:for promoting the ideas of
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1004:Spanish literary movements
18:Spanish Generation of 1898
999:Cultural history of Spain
968:
910:San Francisco Renaissance
575:
184:by an edict known as the
135:"The Glorious Revolution"
27:Spanish cultural movement
175:The restoration project
168:Second Spanish Republic
156:constitutional monarchy
148:The Restoration project
81:The name was coined by
740:Generation of the '30s
615:British Poetry Revival
515:56.2 (1974): 463-491.
472:60.2 (1992): 181-194.
462:21.4 (1978): 499-512.
339:Ramón del Valle-Inclán
270:third person narration
142:First Spanish Republic
47:
39:
790:Informationist poetry
370:Consuelo Álvarez Pool
915:Scottish Renaissance
610:Black Mountain poets
448:by Cristián H. Ricci
72:Spanish–American War
855:New American Poetry
605:Black Arts Movement
585:Akhmatova's Orphans
493:180 (2017): 59-75.
262:Spanish Regionalism
192:Academic repression
182:Spanish Catholicism
70:at the time of the
930:Southern Agrarians
825:Metaphysical poets
765:Harlem Renaissance
434:A History of Spain
344:José Martínez Ruiz
117:Historical context
83:José Martínez Ruiz
50:), was a group of
48:Generación de 1898
44:Generation of 1898
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979:Poetry portal
775:Hungry generation
770:Harvard Aesthetes
745:Generation of '98
735:Generation of '27
710:The poets of Elan
503:(1986): 179-184.
442:by Mary E. Buffum
334:Miguel de Unamuno
297:Miguel de Unamuno
274:Miguel de Unamuno
160:Victorian Britain
40:Generación del 98
32:Generation of '98
16:(Redirected from
1011:
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976:
890:Parnassian poets
860:New Apocalyptics
835:Modernist poetry
650:Confessionalists
640:Churchyard poets
558:
551:
544:
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478:Krauel, Javier.
430:
427:Spain, 1808–1939
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365:Ramiro de Maeztu
109:dislike for the
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935:Spasmodic poets
920:Sicilian School
870:New York School
690:Dolce Stil Novo
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470:Hispanic Review
455:
453:Further reading
436:by Simon Barton
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355:Antonio Machado
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301:First World War
293:Antonio Machado
254:literary genres
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42:), also called
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810:Language poets
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750:Georgian poets
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880:Objectivists
840:The Movement
744:
705:Ego-Futurism
695:Dymock poets
670:Cyclic Poets
665:Culteranismo
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103:Raymond Carr
80:
64:philosophers
43:
31:
29:
940:Sung poetry
925:Sons of Ben
850:Neotericism
830:Misty Poets
795:İkinci Yeni
645:Conceptismo
620:Cairo poets
595:Auden Group
491:Hispanófila
460:CLA Journal
315:Key figures
250:Restoration
111:Restoration
95:Philippines
91:Puerto Rico
993:Categories
945:Surrealism
900:Précieuses
895:La Pléiade
805:Lake Poets
680:Deep image
635:Chhayavaad
376:References
350:Pío Baroja
305:Pío Baroja
285:radicalism
228:(ILE), or
66:active in
46:(Spanish:
950:Symbolism
845:Négritude
780:Imaginism
760:The Group
730:Gay Saber
720:Fugitives
700:Ecopoetry
600:The Beats
392:Carr 1966
289:rebellion
158:based on
76:modernism
60:essayists
52:novelists
815:Marinism
655:Créolité
425:(1966).
346:(Azorín)
210:Krausism
170:in 1931.
960:Zutiste
785:Imagism
755:Goliard
580:Acmeism
565:Schools
416:Sources
258:Castile
128:Carlist
36:Spanish
885:Others
875:Oberiu
569:poetry
517:online
505:online
495:online
484:online
474:online
464:online
278:nivola
97:, and
93:, the
62:, and
725:Garip
715:Flarf
68:Spain
56:poets
675:Dada
287:and
140:The
126:and
99:Guam
87:Cuba
30:The
567:of
264:.
150:of
995::
384:^
307:.
295:;
280:.
212:.
188:.
89:,
78:.
58:,
54:,
38::
557:e
550:t
543:v
486:.
429:.
407:.
394:.
34:(
20:)
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