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described by Brûlé. He cited the sharp incline, which would have made ascent difficult, as well as the lack of water. Archaeological evidence on the hill appeared to be in conflict with its having been the location of
Carantouan. But archeology was just being developed as an academic area, and early excavations did not follow current protocols for assessing layers and ages of artifacts. In addition, architectural development and looting could have destroyed important evidence.
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296:), which was subsequently included on a map published by de Champlain in 1632. In the early nineteenth century, a Native American man who lived in the area near Spanish Hill reportedly refused to ascend it, for fear of a deadly spirit that lived on top. According to the man, the spirit spoke with a thunderous voice and "made holes through Indians' bodies." Archaeologist Louise Welles Murray suggested that this could be a reference to cannon or musket fire.
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visible at the time as well as those no longer extant. Shepard enlisted the assistance of a longtime local resident, Charles Henry
Shepard, who claimed to remember "fortifications as consisting of an embankment with a trench behind, giving a height of four or five feet on the inside." In addition, an indent was discovered on the site which was pronounced to be a corn cache by Rev. W. M. Beauchamp.
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316:, as well as years of extensive farming activity in the area, may have contributed to the lack of artifacts found during the Griffin expedition. As Twig wrote: “Until more information is known, it seems imprudent to eliminate Spanish Hill as a possible site related to the nation of Carantouan, as some researchers have done.”
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discovered evidence of Native
American habitation, including shell heaps, corn and flint chips, along with various other implements. In 1918, historian and archaeologist George P. Donehoo, after a survey of the site, determined that it was impossible for Spanish Hill to have been the site of the town
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and preceding cultures. The most recent of these were built and occupied from the 9th to the 15th centuries CE, and earlier mounds have also been found. These mounds typically were built as the center of villages along the lowland of rivers throughout the
Mississippi and Ohio river valleys, and their
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town, populated by approximately 800 warriors and 4,000 individuals in total. He also described the dwellings and fortifications as being similar to those built by the
Wyandot people. Clark's conclusions were based in part on surveys he conducted at the site in 1878, when he observed what he believed
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The hill has been acknowledged and studied by historians and archaeologists for more than two hundred years. The source of the name is unknown, but individuals traveling through the area between 1795 and 1804 described "Spanish
Ramparts" as a feature of the hill. Some of the earliest settlers to the
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and ditch." In 1833, another individual visiting the hill described "the remains of a wall which runs around the whole exactly on the brow, and within a deep ditch or intrenchment running round the whole summit." In 1898, I.P. Shepard created a sketch of
Spanish Hill, including the portions still
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The site was a popular location, both for archaeological excavations and amateur collecting. According to Twigg, Spanish Hill was "looted" by
Moorehead, and his finds likely sold to collectors. In addition, the area was repeatedly scoured by relic collectors approximately since the early
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In the early twentieth century, archaeological and historical research was conducted regarding a potential connection between
Carantouan and the structures described in historical accounts of the hill. After surveying the area in spring and fall, archaeologist
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were fortifications atop the hill. Amateur archaeologist
Ellsworth C. Cowles conducted an excavation at the base of the hill in 1932, uncovering what he described as "seventy five postholes extending east and west," as well as the "effigy of a huge animal."
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According to John S. Clark, a surveyor and amateur historian active in the area until the early twentieth century, the topography and size of the site were appropriate to correspond with Brûlé's description of Carantouan; Brûlé described a
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tributaries. Many such mounds have been found at the site of former Cherokee villages in western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee narrow river valleys in the Appalachian foothills. The mounds were built as earthworks.
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Native Americans. It was a common site for both amateur and professional archaeology, as well as relic hunting. The source of the name remains unknown, but various theories have been proposed as to its origin.
312:, who found nothing of interest in the area following an archaeological survey in 1931. But 21st-century historian Deb Twigg suggests that prior excavations conducted by early twentieth-century archaeologist
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A sketch of Spanish Hill, including a diagram of its structures. The double lines indicate portions still visible in 1898, while the dotted line represents what the author believed to be a palisade.
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Early scholars believed that the monument was created by receding glaciers; Spanish Hill comprises approximately 10 acres (40,000 m) of earth in a site that is included within the Sayre
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327:, dedicated a memorial on Spanish Hill in honor of the tricentennial of the arrival of Brûlé to the present-day border of Pennsylvania. Later, in 1939, American artist
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In 1970 the hill was threatened with demolition to be used for highway fill. Lobbying by local amateur archaeologist Ellsworth Cowles preserved the hill.
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233:(USGS). Located at an elevation of 978 feet (298 m) above sea level, it rises approximately 230 feet (70 m) over the nearby
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The remnant of the hill depicted in the late 19th century etching show has a striking resemblance to major earthwork
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visited Spanish Hill while en route to Canada. He described the hill as "a mountain in the shape of a
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village and battlements, due to the site's similarity to the description found in the account of
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Donehoo, George P. (1918). "Report of the Work of the Susquehanna Archaeological Expedition".
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of a settlement called Carantouan. The area in the hill's vicinity was previously occupied by
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Twigg, Deborah (Fall 2005). "Revisiting the Mystery of "Carantouan" and Spanish Hill".
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to meet with Native American tribes in the hope of finding assistance to fight the
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839:. Vol. Part First, Volume II. Little Brown and Company, Boston. p. 235.
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Speculation that Spanish Hill was the site of the village was also countered by
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and various other Native American artifacts found at the Spanish Hill site
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Pioneers of France in the New World: France and England in North America
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Making Pictures in Stone: American Indian Rock Art of North America
763:, co-published with The Rowman & Littlefield Pub. Group, Inc.
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Native Americans in the Susquehanna River Valley, Past and Present
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791:"Aboriginal Sites in and Near "Teaoga," Now Athens, Pennsylvania"
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Spanish Hill from the south, as depicted in an 1881 lithograph
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Western Portion of Champlain's 1632 Map, including Carantouan
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A History of Old Tioga Point and Early Athens, Pennsylvania
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Spanish Hill and the Early Inhabitants of the Vicinity,
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referred to the hill either as "Hispan" or "Espan."
723:. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: New Era Printing Company.
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nations, against whom Champlain had allied with the
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16:Hill and archaeological site in Pennsylvania, USA
784:. Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania: The Raeder Press.
323:On October 15, 1915, the Historical Society of
253:people for centuries before European contact.
789:Murray, Louise Welles (July–September 1921).
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702:. Chicago, Illinois: Raintree. p. 32.
890:Landforms of Bradford County, Pennsylvania
852:(2). Society for Pennsylvania Archaeology.
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698:Blue, Rose J.; Naden, Corinne J. (2004).
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865:Google Street View image of Spanish Hill
496:United States Department of the Interior
700:Exploring the St. Lawrence River Region
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249:. This territory was occupied by the
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885:Archaeological sites in Pennsylvania
805:American Anthropological Association
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895:Geologic formations of Pennsylvania
487:Geographic Names Information System
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341:United States Post Office branch
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660:. wpamurals.com. Archived from
492:United States Geological Survey
231:United States Geological Survey
778:Murray, Louise Welles (1908).
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814:10.1525/aa.1921.23.2.02a00070
753:Minderhout, David J. (2013).
482:"Spanish Hill (Pennsylvania)"
337:Works Progress Administration
325:Bradford County, Pennsylvania
900:Archaeological controversies
736:University of Alabama Press
269:region reported that local
243:South Waverly, Pennsylvania
186:François Alexandre Frédéric
153:South Waverly, Pennsylvania
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846:Pennsylvania Archaeologist
833:Parkman, Francis (1897).
761:Bucknell University Press
728:Lenik, Edward J. (2009).
241:. The hill is located in
147:is a hill located in the
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79:41.9959074°N 76.5493893°W
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294:William Martin Beauchamp
280:was sent to the area by
51:978 ft (298 m)
828:(subscription required)
796:American Anthropologist
658:"New York New Deal Art"
84:41.9959074; -76.5493893
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521:Blue & Naden 2004
310:James Bennett Griffin
262:Mississippian culture
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335:commissioned by the
320:nineteenth-century.
576:, pp. 289–290.
339:for display in the
282:Samuel de Champlain
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734:. Tuscaloosa: The
229:documented by the
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41:Highest point
770:978-1-61148-487-8
745:978-0-8173-1629-7
547:, pp. 37–38.
511:, pp. 61–62.
345:Waverly, New York
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666:. Retrieved
662:the original
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120:Spanish Hill
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807:: 183–214.
709:141090337-0
589:Murray 1921
574:Murray 1921
562:Murray 1908
533:Murray 1908
509:Murray 1908
417:Murray 1908
405:Murray 1908
390:Murray 1921
82: /
57:Coordinates
879:Categories
682:Twigg 2005
668:2014-12-26
645:Twigg 2005
633:Twigg 2005
466:Lenik 2009
447:Lenik 2009
369:Twigg 2005
354:References
343:of nearby
329:Musa McKim
235:floodplain
227:quadrangle
190:sugar loaf
70:76°32′58″W
67:41°59′45″N
276:In 1615,
203:palisaded
184:In 1795,
172:Geography
95:Geography
47:Elevation
286:Iroquois
247:New York
823:i227229
260:of the
237:of the
210:History
194:parapet
149:borough
821:
767:
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819:JSTOR
803:(3).
133:, USA
765:ISBN
740:ISBN
704:ISBN
809:doi
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