130:
315:
306:
295:
284:
273:
262:
57:
250:
239:
228:
211:
194:
183:
166:
149:
118:
221:
204:
176:
159:
2065:
1761:
republicans were victorious however
Calzada’s troops were able to escape destruction as Ricaurte’s cavalry did not press their attack but instead focused on looting their defeated enemy. Despite escaping total destruction Calzada's forces had suffered 200 dead and around 300 captured and missing as a result of the battle, nevertheless he continued his invasion pivoting northward and crossed the
1978:
refused to grant political recognition and would not commit the sufficient amount of economic and military aid to successfully resist
Morillo's force. In addition, the provinces themselves did not give each other much-needed aid. Finally, several notable individuals, whose leadership would have been
1727:
blew up off the coast of
Venezuela earlier that year, he began to order more offensive operations against the fortifications of the city. By early December, Morillo demanded the surrender the fortified city, at a council of war, the defenders of Cartagena decided not to capitulate, but to try to get
1719:
amongst the troops were the Honor guard battalion, Militia units, as well as
Venezuelan and foreign troops along with a contingent of dragoons and carabiners. There were also between 400 to 300 artillery troops to man the 400 artillery pieces that dotted the impressive fortifications that defended
1965:
On learning of the arrival of the expeditionary force, republican leaders assumed various positions. Internal divisions, which had developed during the previous years of struggle, softened but still remained a considerable obstacle. In the end, they prevented a coordinated effort by the different
1760:
of the
Casanare Province of New Granada. The only republican army in the vicinity was the Army of the East under the command of Colonel Joaquín Ricaurte who had at his disposal 150 infantrymen and 1,000 cavalry. Ricaurte intercepted Calzada's forces on 31 October in an area called Chire. The
1740:. Of the nearly 2,000 people who left on 6 merchant ships and 10 armed schooners, only 600 people managed to reach Haiti. Many ships sank, ran aground or returned to port and were captured by the Spaniards. The fortified city finally fell on December 6, 1815.
1582:
In 1814, with King
Ferdinand VII back on the Spanish throne, Spain decided to send to its most seditious colonies the strongest expeditionary force that it had ever sent to the Americas, this force was known as the Expeditionary army of Costa Firme (Spanish:
1994:, a small republic that had freed itself from French rule, where he and other independence leaders were given a friendly reception. Eventually, the growing exile community received money, volunteers and weapons from Haitian president
1595:, was chosen as its commander with Admiral Pascual Enrile as second in command and commander of the naval forces. The expeditionary force was made up of approximately 10,000 men and nearly 60 ships. Originally, they were to head for
1701:. Another royalist force would also support Morillo's invasion, that being 2,100 Venezuelan royalist troops of the V division under the command Colonel Sebastian de la Calzada who would invade from the east in Venezuela.
1986:, who had been acting under the authority of the United Provinces, left his command on 8 May 1815, after failing to subdue Cartagena in March in retaliation for its refusal to give him arms and men. Bolívar traveled to
364:
721:
1723:
By
November however the siege began to take a toll on the Spanish and their expeditionary troops began to suffer from tropical diseases, as Morillo had lost his siege train equipment when the ship
1979:
useful, decided to exile themselves, although other republican leaders remained in the region and tried to reorganize their military and political activities in order to face the new threat.
792:
1670:, there Morillo's forces picked up supplies as well as militia volunteers. Morillo's main objective and main effort would be concentrarted on capturing the republican fortress city of
1736:. On the night of 5 December, the Cartagena authorities and some of the defenders set sail on ships, many of them corsairs, others merchant ships, under command of the French corsair
357:
987:
872:
2053:
817:
714:
350:
2002:
with the locals. This formed the basis from which the struggle to establish republics successfully spread towards the other areas of South
America under Spanish control.
2274:
2021:
1413:
992:
541:
1562:, recently restored to the throne in Spain, decided to send military forces to retake most of the northern South American colonies, which had established autonomous
2848:
2843:
707:
1638:
in April, where no resistance was encountered. After leaving the island, Morillo's troops reinforced existing royalist forces in the
Venezuelan mainland, entering
2793:
2031:
1301:
1249:
1841:
1821:
was set up to judge those accused of treason and rebellion, resulting in the execution of more than a hundred notable
Republican officials, including:
1720:
the city. For the next five months, the Spanish laid a brutal siege that devastated the civilian population however the defenders stubbornly held out.
2046:
1306:
1197:
1748:
While Cartagena was under siege, on 18 October 1815, Colonel Calzada's V division began their invasion of New Granada setting out from the town of
882:
2788:
1715:
By mid August, Morillo and his forces set sail and arrived off Cartagena, the city was defended by some 4,000 troops under the command of General
1281:
2803:
2783:
2159:
2113:
580:
2798:
2685:
2153:
1600:
1563:
1547:
1353:
1316:
1192:
1693:
battalion and a squadron of hussars. This advance force would penetrate the interior of the country and capture the important river port of
1440:
1998:, and resumed the struggle for independence in the remote border areas of both New Granada and Venezuela, where they established irregular
1423:
1348:
907:
837:
1895:
1772:
By early 1816, the combined efforts of Spanish and colonial forces, marching south from Cartagena and north from Royalist strongholds in
2758:
2039:
1264:
1202:
982:
892:
1430:
782:
1336:
2818:
2736:
2722:
1133:
1002:
56:
1138:
787:
765:
610:
2654:
Córdova: gloria y asesinato del héroe. Volume I pp. 114–119 / Armando Barona Mesa ; prólogo del académico Antonio Cacua Prada
2808:
2278:
1007:
847:
812:
440:
2705:
Jesús María y Arrubla Gerardo Henao, Historia de Colombia Para la Enseñanza Secundaria, Bogota, Voluntad, 1952, pp. 342-344
2165:
1967:
1244:
967:
942:
927:
862:
797:
755:
649:
122:
85:
31:
2593:
644:
134:
2708:
2653:
2123:
2118:
2090:
1762:
1418:
1398:
917:
750:
1311:
957:
877:
802:
2853:
2813:
2709:
Córdova : gloria y asesinato del héroe. Tomo I / Armando Barona Mesa ; prólogo del académico Antonio Cacua Prada
2454:
2444:
2346:
2016:
1913:
1837:
1551:
1363:
1326:
1321:
1172:
1162:
1148:
1143:
1104:
857:
390:
374:
232:
48:
2361:
2223:
2171:
1797:
1393:
1383:
1358:
1153:
1094:
887:
867:
488:
483:
254:
2778:
2245:
2177:
2147:
1403:
1378:
1062:
852:
807:
2356:
1869:
1831:
2838:
2833:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2527:
2495:
2485:
2084:
1950:
1932:
1716:
1604:
1542:
1388:
1331:
1296:
1229:
1109:
615:
288:
215:
99:
1037:
997:
2828:
2823:
2500:
1857:
1710:
1475:
1445:
1269:
1079:
1057:
1042:
1032:
1027:
922:
842:
822:
561:
473:
170:
1803:
Captured units of the Republican armies of New Granada were incorporated into the Royalist army and sent to the
410:
2298:
1502:
1368:
1291:
1239:
1128:
1017:
1012:
947:
912:
897:
605:
595:
527:
493:
450:
2404:
1781:
600:
2439:
2389:
2341:
2197:
1470:
1286:
1212:
952:
659:
502:
512:
400:
2665:
2640:
2521:
2282:
1907:
1817:
1559:
1254:
1167:
1118:
1074:
827:
566:
455:
266:
187:
2470:
2399:
1938:
684:
679:
674:
654:
517:
2677:
1885:
1879:
1480:
1234:
669:
590:
556:
522:
435:
425:
415:
405:
153:
1944:
620:
445:
532:
2424:
2384:
1957:
It is estimated that in total, some 7,000 people were executed by the Spanish between 1816 and 1819.
1785:
1694:
1485:
1435:
962:
639:
478:
1919:
664:
551:
2480:
2326:
2286:
2239:
2026:
1995:
1804:
1681:, Morillo ordered that Brigadier Pedro Ruiz de Porras take 1,000 troops composed of the battalions
1678:
1671:
1450:
1224:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1047:
832:
770:
2379:
1983:
2505:
2292:
2235:
2229:
1825:
1522:
1123:
1099:
1084:
430:
420:
319:
2419:
2331:
1847:
1566:
and independent states. The Spanish expeditionary army under the command of Lieutenant General
17:
2732:
2718:
2681:
2475:
2321:
2141:
1999:
1737:
1465:
1460:
1373:
977:
932:
299:
1570:, with support from loyal colonial troops, completed the reconquest of New Granada by taking
2670:
2429:
2414:
2351:
2336:
2251:
1863:
1777:
972:
760:
571:
243:
198:
2409:
1901:
1765:
of the Andes through the Chita Pass into the Tunja Province with aims of marching towards
1698:
1555:
1490:
1276:
1089:
1052:
2641:
Jesús María Henao and Gerardo Arrubla: Historia de Colombia para la enseñanza secundaria
2096:
1971:
1651:
1635:
1592:
1455:
731:
629:
220:
203:
175:
158:
2715:
Response to Revolution: Imperial Spain and the Spanish American Revolutions, 1810-1840
2752:
2490:
2449:
2183:
2069:
2064:
1975:
1924:
1588:
1567:
1507:
1259:
1207:
1022:
277:
61:
2434:
1753:
1666:
The expeditionary forces arrived on the Neogranadine coast on 23 July, arriving in
2394:
2011:
1889:
1873:
1851:
1749:
1667:
1655:
1527:
342:
1793:
1596:
937:
902:
699:
2193:
1620:
64:, Commander-in-chief of the combined Spanish-Venezuelan expeditionary force.
1789:
1766:
1647:
1639:
1571:
1970:. One significant factor in the disunity was that representatives of the
1631:
1627:
1608:
1517:
1966:
factions, although there were some attempts to do so, such as under the
1796:, but their last stronghold was also captured after their defeat in the
2187:
1987:
1729:
1643:
1612:
1512:
1757:
1616:
1991:
1773:
1733:
129:
2035:
703:
346:
1674:, which was the most important port in all of the colony.
1646:
in May. A small part of the main corps set off towards
1591:
later promoted to Lieutenant General, a veteran of the
1982:
As a result of the internal conflicts in New Granada,
1898:, former president of the Junta of Cartagena de Indias
1603:, but soon it was decided to send these forces to the
2514:
2463:
2370:
2312:
2267:
2216:
2207:
2132:
2106:
2077:
1630:on 17 February 1815, the force initially landed at
2669:
2729:Spain and the Independence of Colombia, 1810-1825
1792:on 6 May 1816. The Republican government fled to
1788:in February 1816 and took the Republican capital
1780:completed the reconquest of New Granada. Colonel
1728:out of the besieged city by sea and head towards
2717:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986.
2626:Riaño, Camilo. (1966) "La batalla de cachiri",
2613:Riaño, Camilo. (1966) "La batalla de cachiri",
41:
2745:. Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1959.
1650:, while the main contingent was directed from
1270:Banda Oriental and Rio Grande do Sul (1762–63)
2047:
1260:Iberian Peninsula and South America (1762–63)
715:
358:
8:
2630:, (37), p. 32. doi: 10.25062/0120-0631.3107.
2617:, (37), p. 31. doi: 10.25062/0120-0631.3107.
2731:. Exter: University of Exter Press, 2000.
2275:Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada
2213:
2054:
2040:
2032:
2022:Bolívar's campaign to liberate New Granada
722:
708:
700:
386:
365:
351:
343:
55:
38:
1654:towards the Neogranadine coastal city of
27:Part of the Colombian war of independence
1904:, for aiding Revolutionary guerrilleros,
2546:
628:
579:
540:
501:
463:
389:
2849:1816 in the Viceroyalty of New Granada
2844:1815 in the Viceroyalty of New Granada
2743:Pablo Morillo and Venezuela, 1815-1820
2160:Venezuelan Declaration of Independence
1585:Ejército Expedicionario de Costa Firme
2794:Spanish American wars of independence
2154:Colombian Declaration of Independence
1578:The expeditionary force and campaigns
1548:Spanish American wars of independence
1255:Caribbean and North America (1739–48)
7:
1916:, for organizing a guerrilla group,
1658:which was still in Royalist hands.
1593:Spanish struggle against the French
756:Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña (1478)
1662:Arrival in New Granada – July 1815
1601:Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
25:
2258:Spanish reconquest of New Granada
42:Spanish reconquest of New Granada
2114:Military career of Simón Bolívar
2063:
1834:, Colonel and Military engineer,
313:
304:
293:
282:
271:
260:
248:
237:
226:
219:
209:
202:
192:
181:
174:
164:
157:
147:
128:
116:
2166:United Provinces of New Granada
1968:United Provinces of New Granada
978:Argentine Northwest (1560–1667)
123:United Provinces of New Granada
86:United Provinces of New Granada
32:Spanish conquest of New Granada
18:Spanish invasion of New Granada
2789:Venezuelan War of Independence
2628:Revista de las Fuerzas Armadas
2615:Revista de las Fuerzas Armadas
2124:Venezuelan War of Independence
2119:Ecuadorian War of Independence
2091:Captaincy General of Venezuela
1:
2804:Military history of Venezuela
2784:Colombian War of Independence
2017:Reconquista (Spanish America)
1552:Colombian War of Independence
1546:in 1815–1816 was part of the
391:First Republic of New Granada
376:Colombian War of Independence
332:5,975 soldiers and militiamen
49:Colombian War of Independence
2799:Military history of Colombia
2362:Francisco de Paula Santander
2172:Second Republic of Venezuela
1798:Battle of Cuchilla del Tambo
1446:Dominican Republic (1863–65)
465:Spanish reconquest (1815-16)
2178:Third Republic of Venezuela
2148:First Republic of Venezuela
1896:José María García de Toledo
1756:and penetrated the eastern
1689:, and some elements of the
2870:
2759:Viceroyalty of New Granada
2553:Oswaldo Díaz Díaz (1964).
2528:Decree of War to the Death
2486:Juan Domingo de Monteverde
2445:Luisa Cáceres de Arismendi
2347:José Miguel Pey de Andrade
2085:Viceroyalty of New Granada
1933:Manuel del Castillo y Rada
1914:María Antonia Santos Plata
1838:Manuel de Bernardo Álvarez
1717:Manuel del Castillo y Rada
1708:
1605:Viceroyalty of New Granada
1302:Banda Oriental (1776–1777)
733:Spanish colonial campaigns
216:Manuel del Castillo y Rada
100:Viceroyalty of New Granada
29:
1711:Siege of Cartagena (1815)
1677:Prior to setting out for
1354:Spanish America (1808–33)
1349:Río de la Plata (1806–07)
741:
384:
326:
140:
109:
98:• Reestablishment of the
68:
54:
46:
2819:Wars involving Venezuela
2357:Manuel Rodríguez Torices
2087:(1717–1723), (1739-1819)
1870:Manuel Rodríguez Torices
1832:Francisco José de Caldas
1523:Western Sahara (1973–76)
1451:Peru and Chile (1864–66)
1250:Banda Oriental (1735–37)
751:Canary Islands (1402–96)
581:River and naval campaign
30:Not to be confused with
2809:Wars involving Colombia
2555:La reconquista española
2496:Daniel Florence O'Leary
2455:José Antonio Anzoátegui
2440:Juan Bautista Arismendi
2198:Republic of New Granada
2097:Peninsular War in Spain
1951:José de Ayala y Vergara
1888:, former member of the
1872:, former member of the
1850:, former member of the
1782:Sebastián de la Calzada
1587:). Then Field Marshall
1307:North America (1779–83)
1225:North America (1702–13)
1063:Philippines (1599-1600)
998:Philippines (1565–1898)
310:Sebastián de la Calzada
289:Francisco Tomás Morales
233:José Francisco Bermúdez
2501:José Prudencio Padilla
2279:Las Queseras del Medio
1908:Policarpa Salavarrieta
1858:Custodio García Rovira
1840:, former president of
1541:Spanish reconquest of
503:New Granada resistance
267:Ferdinand VII of Spain
188:Manuel Roergas Serviez
171:Custodio García Rovira
141:Commanders and leaders
2713:Costeloe, Michael P.
2678:Yale University Press
2672:Simón Bolívar: A Life
2405:Antonio José de Sucre
1886:Antonio Villavicencio
1880:Camilo Torres Tenorio
1550:in South America and
1528:Western Sahara (1975)
1481:Philippines (1896–98)
1436:Cochinchina (1858–62)
1337:Caribbean (1796–1802)
1198:Lake Maracaibo (1669)
1134:Philippines (1638-46)
1008:Philippines (1567–72)
863:El Salvador (1524–39)
858:Guatemala (1524–1697)
818:Puerto Rico (1511–29)
255:F. de Paula Santander
154:Camilo Torres Tenorio
2854:Attacks in Venezuela
2814:Wars involving Spain
2385:Francisco de Miranda
1626:Leaving the port of
1554:. Shortly after the
1208:New Mexico (1680–92)
2604:Cordova: pp. 95–96.
2584:Henao: pp. 333-334.
2522:Carmañola Americana
2481:Juan Manuel Cajigal
2327:Benito Salas Vargas
2027:History of Colombia
1882:, former president,
1866:, former president,
1860:, former president,
1828:, former president,
1805:Viceroyalty of Peru
1763:Cordillera Oriental
1683:Fijo de Puerto Rico
1441:Morocco (1859–1860)
1431:Balanguingui (1848)
1399:Venezuela (1811–23)
1364:Argentina (1810–18)
878:Yucatán (1527–1697)
853:Chiapas (1523–1695)
611:Cartagena (1820–21)
2779:Colonial Venezuela
2741:Stoan, Stephen K.
2594:Cartagena Explorer
2506:Miguel de la Torre
2236:Admirable Campaign
2230:Magdalena campaign
1953:, military leader.
1947:, military leader,
1945:Carlos de Montúfar
1941:, military leader,
1935:, military leader,
1929:, military leader,
1826:Jorge Tadeo Lozano
1800:on 29 June 1816.
1705:Siege of Cartagena
1634:and the island of
1486:Puerto Rico (1898)
1456:Puerto Rico (1868)
1414:Colombia (1819–20)
1409:Colombia (1815–16)
1389:El Salvador (1811)
1374:Paraguay (1810–11)
1317:New Granada (1781)
1287:Philippines (1762)
1193:Porto Bello (1668)
1163:Philippines (1646)
1119:Philippines (1630)
1075:Philippines (1602)
1058:Puerto Rico (1598)
1048:Philippines (1596)
1043:Puerto Rico (1595)
1038:Cambodia (1593–97)
918:Colombia (1537–40)
868:Honduras (1524–39)
833:Mexico (1519–1821)
542:Bolívar's campaign
489:Cuchilla del Tambo
421:Magdalena campaign
320:Miguel de la Torre
2839:1816 in Venezuela
2834:1815 in Venezuela
2774:Colonial Colombia
2769:Conflicts in 1816
2764:Conflicts in 1815
2687:978-0-300-12604-4
2537:
2536:
2476:Louis-Michel Aury
2425:Cristóbal Mendoza
2390:José Antonio Páez
2342:José María Obando
2308:
2307:
2246:Alto de los Godos
1961:Patriot reactions
1818:consejo de guerra
1786:Battle of Cachirí
1738:Louis-Michel Aury
1697:which lay on the
1536:
1535:
1518:Morocco (1957–58)
1513:Morocco (1920–26)
1508:Morocco (1911–12)
1471:Morocco (1893–94)
1419:Ecuador (1820–22)
1359:Bolivia (1809–25)
1292:Chile (1766–1767)
1240:Chile (1723–1726)
1173:Hispaniola (1655)
1080:Insulindia (1603)
1033:Insulindia (1585)
1028:Insulindia (1582)
938:Chile (1546–1662)
828:Algeria (1517–18)
697:
696:
692:
691:
562:Gameza and Topaga
441:Nariño's Campaign
341:
340:
105:
104:
16:(Redirected from
2861:
2829:1816 in Colombia
2824:1815 in Colombia
2727:Earle, Rebecca.
2693:
2691:
2675:
2662:
2656:
2651:
2645:
2637:
2631:
2624:
2618:
2611:
2605:
2602:
2596:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2576:
2573:
2567:
2564:
2558:
2551:
2471:José Tomás Boves
2430:Mariano Montilla
2415:Carlos Soublette
2400:José Félix Ribas
2352:Antonio Ricaurte
2214:
2068:
2067:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2033:
1996:Alexandre Pétion
1939:José María Cabal
1928:
1744:Cachirí Campaign
1424:Mexico (1821–29)
1379:Mexico (1810–21)
1282:Nicaragua (1762)
933:Halmahera (1545)
903:Brazil (1534-36)
838:Mexico (1519–21)
736:
734:
724:
717:
710:
701:
474:Cartagena (1815)
387:
379:
377:
367:
360:
353:
344:
318:
317:
316:
309:
308:
307:
298:
297:
296:
287:
286:
285:
276:
275:
274:
265:
264:
263:
253:
252:
251:
244:Carlos Soublette
242:
241:
240:
231:
230:
229:
223:
214:
213:
212:
206:
197:
196:
195:
186:
185:
184:
178:
169:
168:
167:
161:
152:
151:
150:
135:Kingdom of Spain
133:
132:
121:
120:
119:
70:
69:
59:
39:
21:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2863:
2862:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2749:
2748:
2702:
2697:
2696:
2688:
2664:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2648:
2638:
2634:
2625:
2621:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2588:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2566:Cordova: p. 62.
2565:
2561:
2552:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2510:
2459:
2420:Santiago Mariño
2410:Rafael Urdaneta
2372:
2366:
2332:Joaquín Camacho
2314:
2304:
2281:, April 1819 –
2263:
2254:(December 1813)
2242:, February 1813
2209:
2203:
2134:
2128:
2102:
2073:
2062:
2060:
2008:
2000:guerrilla bands
1963:
1922:
1902:Mercedes Abrego
1848:Joaquín Camacho
1813:
1811:Reign of Terror
1752:, crossing the
1746:
1713:
1707:
1699:Magdalena River
1664:
1580:
1574:on 6 May 1816.
1556:Napoleonic Wars
1537:
1532:
1404:Chile (1812–27)
1265:Portugal (1762)
1158:Valdivia (1643)
1095:Petén (1618–97)
737:
732:
730:
728:
698:
693:
650:Second Taindalá
596:Chorros Blancos
380:
375:
373:
371:
336:
322:
314:
312:
311:
305:
303:
302:
294:
292:
291:
283:
281:
280:
272:
270:
269:
261:
259:
249:
247:
246:
238:
236:
235:
227:
225:
224:
210:
208:
207:
193:
191:
190:
182:
180:
179:
165:
163:
162:
148:
146:
127:
117:
115:
97:
96:Spanish victory
88:
60:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2867:
2865:
2857:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2746:
2739:
2725:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2686:
2657:
2646:
2632:
2619:
2606:
2597:
2586:
2577:
2575:Henao: p. 332.
2568:
2559:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2525:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2376:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2322:Antonio Nariño
2318:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2299:Lake Maracaibo
2296:
2290:
2289:, August 1819)
2285:, July 1819 –
2271:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2233:
2227:
2220:
2218:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2191:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2142:Luz de América
2138:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2070:Gran Colombian
2061:
2059:
2058:
2051:
2044:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2007:
2004:
1972:United Kingdom
1962:
1959:
1955:
1954:
1948:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1920:Antonio Baraya
1917:
1911:
1905:
1899:
1893:
1883:
1877:
1867:
1861:
1855:
1845:
1835:
1829:
1812:
1809:
1745:
1742:
1709:Main article:
1706:
1703:
1663:
1660:
1652:Puerto Cabello
1579:
1576:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1503:Morocco (1909)
1499:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1476:Cuba (1895–98)
1473:
1468:
1466:Cuba (1879–80)
1463:
1461:Cuba (1868–78)
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1394:Uruguay (1811)
1391:
1386:
1384:Peru (1811–24)
1381:
1376:
1371:
1369:Florida (1810)
1366:
1361:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1327:Algiers (1784)
1324:
1322:Algiers (1783)
1319:
1314:
1312:Peru (1780–82)
1309:
1304:
1299:
1297:Algiers (1775)
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1267:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1235:Bahamas (1720)
1232:
1227:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1213:Morocco (1689)
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1188:Jamaica (1658)
1185:
1183:Jamaica (1657)
1180:
1178:Jamaica (1655)
1175:
1170:
1168:Tortuga (1654)
1165:
1160:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1090:Morocco (1614)
1087:
1085:Tunisia (1605)
1082:
1077:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1018:Tunisia (1574)
1015:
1013:Tunisia (1573)
1010:
1005:
1003:Florida (1565)
1000:
995:
993:Morocco (1564)
990:
988:Morocco (1563)
985:
983:Algeria (1563)
980:
975:
973:Tunisia (1560)
970:
968:Algeria (1558)
965:
963:Algeria (1556)
960:
958:Algeria (1555)
955:
950:
948:Tunisia (1550)
945:
943:Algeria (1547)
940:
935:
930:
928:Algeria (1543)
925:
923:Algeria (1541)
920:
915:
913:Tunisia (1535)
910:
908:Algeria (1535)
905:
900:
898:Tunisia (1534)
895:
893:Peru (1532–72)
890:
888:Algeria (1531)
885:
883:Algeria (1529)
880:
875:
873:Morocco (1525)
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
848:Tunisia (1520)
845:
843:Algeria (1519)
840:
835:
830:
825:
823:Algeria (1516)
820:
815:
813:Tunisia (1510)
810:
808:Tripoli (1510)
805:
803:Algeria (1510)
800:
798:Algeria (1509)
795:
793:Morocco (1508)
790:
788:Algeria (1507)
785:
783:Algeria (1505)
779:
778:
774:
773:
771:Melilla (1497)
768:
766:Algeria (1497)
763:
758:
753:
747:
746:
742:
739:
738:
729:
727:
726:
719:
712:
704:
695:
694:
690:
689:
688:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
645:First Taindalá
642:
634:
633:
630:Pasto Campaign
626:
625:
624:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
585:
584:
577:
576:
575:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
546:
545:
538:
537:
536:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
507:
506:
499:
498:
497:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
468:
467:
461:
460:
459:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
423:
418:
413:
408:
403:
395:
394:
385:
382:
381:
372:
370:
369:
362:
355:
347:
339:
338:
333:
329:
328:
324:
323:
300:Juan de Sámano
257:
143:
142:
138:
137:
125:
112:
111:
107:
106:
103:
102:
94:
90:
89:
84:
82:
78:
77:
74:
66:
65:
52:
51:
44:
43:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2866:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2744:
2740:
2738:
2737:0-85989-612-9
2734:
2730:
2726:
2724:
2723:0-521-32083-6
2720:
2716:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2689:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2650:
2647:
2644:. pp. 343-344
2643:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2590:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2572:
2569:
2563:
2560:
2557:p.45. Lerner.
2556:
2550:
2547:
2540:
2529:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2491:Pablo Morillo
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:Other figures
2462:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2380:Simón Bolívar
2378:
2377:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2337:Liborio Mejía
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2311:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2206:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2185:
2184:Gran Colombia
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2009:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1984:Simón Bolívar
1980:
1977:
1976:United States
1973:
1969:
1960:
1958:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1926:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1910:, for spying,
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1864:Liborio Mejía
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1718:
1712:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1607:(present-day
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1589:Pablo Morillo
1586:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1568:Pablo Morillo
1565:
1561:
1560:Ferdinand VII
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1544:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1230:Chiloé (1712)
1228:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1203:Panama (1671)
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1152:
1150:
1149:Taiwan (1642)
1147:
1145:
1144:Taiwan (1641)
1142:
1140:
1139:Brazil (1640)
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1129:Brazil (1638)
1127:
1125:
1124:Brazil (1631)
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1105:Taiwan (1626)
1103:
1101:
1100:Brazil (1625)
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1023:Brunei (1578)
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
780:
776:
775:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
761:Guinea (1478)
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
748:
744:
743:
740:
735:
725:
720:
718:
713:
711:
706:
705:
702:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
637:
636:
635:
631:
627:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
601:Laguna Salada
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
588:
587:
586:
582:
578:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
549:
548:
547:
543:
539:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
514:
511:
510:
509:
508:
504:
500:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
471:
470:
469:
466:
462:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
407:
404:
402:
399:
398:
397:
396:
392:
388:
383:
378:
368:
363:
361:
356:
354:
349:
348:
345:
334:
331:
330:
325:
321:
301:
290:
279:
278:Pablo Morillo
268:
258:
256:
245:
234:
222:
217:
205:
200:
199:Liborio Mejía
189:
177:
172:
160:
155:
145:
144:
139:
136:
131:
126:
124:
114:
113:
108:
101:
95:
92:
91:
87:
83:
80:
79:
75:
72:
71:
67:
63:
62:Pablo Morillo
58:
53:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2742:
2728:
2714:
2700:Bibliography
2671:
2660:
2649:
2639:
2635:
2627:
2622:
2614:
2609:
2600:
2589:
2580:
2571:
2562:
2554:
2549:
2435:Pedro Camejo
2283:Vargas Swamp
2257:
2072:independence
1981:
1964:
1956:
1842:Cundinamarca
1816:
1815:A permanent
1814:
1802:
1771:
1754:Arauca River
1747:
1724:
1722:
1714:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1676:
1665:
1625:
1584:
1581:
1540:
1538:
1497:20th century
1408:
1343:19th century
1332:Chile (1792)
1219:18th century
1155:
1114:Nevis (1629)
1111:
1069:17th century
953:Libya (1551)
777:16th century
745:15th century
567:Vargas Swamp
464:
110:Belligerents
47:Part of the
36:
2666:Lynch, John
2395:Manuel Piar
2301:(July 1823)
2295:(June 1821)
2248:, May 1813)
2232:(1812-1813)
2226:(June 1812)
2224:La Victoria
2186:(1819–31) (
2099:(1808–1814)
2093:(1777–1821)
2012:Patria Boba
1974:and of the
1923: [
1890:Triumvirate
1874:Triumvirate
1852:Triumvirate
1750:Guasdualito
1668:Santa Marta
1656:Santa Marta
1543:New Granada
1491:Guam (1898)
1277:Cuba (1762)
1245:Oran (1732)
1053:Cuba (1596)
632:(1822-1825)
583:(1819-1821)
513:Guasdualito
505:(1816-1819)
401:Bajo Palacé
393:(1810-1816)
2753:Categories
2692:pp. 90–92.
2541:References
2450:Luis Brión
2371:Venezuelan
2277:(1819–20:
2078:Background
1990:and later
1597:Montevideo
1110:St. Kitts
451:Palo River
335:10,000 men
2313:Colombian
2260:(1815–16)
2194:Venezuela
2180:(1817–19)
2174:(1813–14)
2168:(1811–16)
2150:(1810–12)
2133:Political
1725:San Pedro
1679:Cartagena
1672:Cartagena
1636:Margarita
1621:Venezuela
685:Sucumbíos
680:Barbacoas
675:Mapachico
655:Catambuco
616:Fundación
518:El Yagual
436:Civil War
431:Admirable
411:La Ladera
337:60 ships
76:1815–1816
2668:(2006).
2293:Carabobo
2208:Military
2107:Overview
2006:See also
1784:won the
1632:Carupano
1609:Colombia
670:Calvario
606:Tenerife
591:Riohacha
557:Corrales
528:Chocontá
523:Achaguas
494:La Plata
426:Carrillo
406:Iscuandé
327:Strength
81:Location
2373:figures
2315:figures
2268:1819–23
2238:(1813:
2217:1812–16
2210:history
2200:, 1831)
2188:Ecuador
2135:history
1988:Jamaica
1794:Popayán
1730:Jamaica
1691:Albuera
1687:Granada
1644:Caracas
1613:Ecuador
1599:in the
1558:ended,
1154:Chiloé
640:Bomboná
621:Ciénaga
479:Cachirí
446:Enmedio
416:Sabanas
2735:
2721:
2684:
2530:(1813)
2524:(1797)
2287:Boyacá
2252:Araure
2240:Cúcuta
2190:, 1830
2162:(1811)
2156:(1810)
2144:(1809)
1790:Bogotá
1767:Cúcuta
1758:llanos
1695:Mompox
1648:Panamá
1640:Cumaná
1619:) and
1617:Panama
1572:Bogotá
1564:juntas
660:Ibarra
572:Boyaca
544:(1819)
533:Pienta
484:Cancán
218:
201:
173:
156:
93:Result
2515:Other
1992:Haiti
1927:]
1778:Pasto
1774:Quito
1734:Haiti
1628:Cádiz
665:Pasto
2733:ISBN
2719:ISBN
2682:ISBN
1776:and
1642:and
1539:The
552:Paya
456:Tolú
73:Date
1769:.
1732:or
2755::
2680:.
2676:.
1925:es
1807:.
1685:,
1623:.
1615:,
1611:,
2690:.
2196:/
2055:e
2048:t
2041:v
1892:,
1876:,
1854:,
1844:,
1156:·
1112:·
723:e
716:t
709:v
366:e
359:t
352:v
34:.
20:)
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