258:
117:
196:, was a potential source of income for James, who sought ways to rule without depending on the Commons for subsidies. The policy of the Spanish Match was supported by the Howards and other Catholic-leaning ministers and diplomats—together known as the "Spanish Party"—but deeply distrusted by some Protestant groups in England. Sentiment was voiced vociferously in the Commons when James called his first parliament for seven years in 1621 to raise funds for a military expedition in support of
1517:"The aging monarch was no match for the two men closest to him. By the end of the year, the prince and the royal favourite spoke openly against the Spanish marriage and pressured James to call a parliament to consider their now repugnant treaties...with hindsight...the prince's return from Madrid marked the end of the king's reign. The prince and the favourite encouraged popular anti-Spanish sentiments to commandeer control of foreign and domestic policy." Krugler, pp 63–4.
36:
361:
586:; to the Countess of Olivares, a diamond cross; to her daughter, Lady Maria de Guzman, a ring; four jewels each to the Duke of HĂjar, the Marquis of MondĂ©jar, the King's Confessor, and the Bishop of Segovia; diamond rings for the gentlemen of the King's chamber; chains of gold for 14 pages, gold rings for the royal archers; to the Conde de la Puebla Maestre a chain of diamonds and a miniature of portrait of himself set with diamonds.
397:, had been given no warning of the Prince's intentions, and Philip IV was astonished. Charles and Buckingham were ignorant of the key facts, that Maria Anna was strongly averse to marrying a non-Catholic, and that the Spanish, who had been protracting the marriage negotiations to keep English troops out of the war, would never agree to such a match unless James and Charles pledged to repeal the anti-Catholic
523:. In fact it was considered that there was a need for confidential dealings with Spanish counterparts, and a subcommittee of the council was set up for that reason; which later became a vehicle for discussion of foreign policy more generally, and persisted into the next reign. The last word on the Spanish Match was the vote in the Privy Council to reject the Spanish terms, taking place in January 1624.
538:. To raise the necessary finance, they prevailed upon James to call another Parliament, which met in February 1624. For once, the outpouring of anti-Catholic sentiment in the Commons was echoed in court, where control of policy had shifted from James to Charles and Buckingham, who pressured the king to declare war and engineered the impeachment and imprisonment of the
156:, as well as Spain and France. From 1614 to her own death in 1619, Queen Anne gave some support to a Spanish match, preferring at times a French marriage, and recognising that the Spanish proposals were entirely based on self-interest. A point brought up against it in 1620 was that the previous "Spanish matches", those that had brought
272:
Outside the political process, feelings that were both anti-Spanish and anti-Catholic ran high. Pamphleteering attacks aimed at the
Spanish Match through the court, deploying "defamation, forgery and partisan distortion". Smears in the form of fabricated personal details about figures associated with
176:
At the beginning of 1618 James I and VI was in a strong diplomatic position. His efforts against wars in Europe had been largely effective, and his own status as a
Protestant ruler who was on good terms with Catholic powers was high. Success in reducing the religious factor in international relations
388:
When negotiations began to drag, Prince
Charles, now 22, and Buckingham decided to seize the initiative and travel to Castile incognito, to win the Infanta directly. Travelling under the names Thomas and John Smith, they arrived at the residence of the English ambassador in Madrid, the "House of the
248:
or they would risk punishment; to which provocation they reacted by issuing a statement protesting their rights, including freedom of speech. James wrote: "We cannot with patience endure our subjects to use such anti-monarchical words to us concerning their liberties, except they had subjoined that
244:, the Commons framed a petition asking not only for a war with Spain but for Prince Charles to marry a Protestant, and for enforcement of the anti-Catholic laws. When James heard of the petition, he is said to have cried, "God give me patience". James flatly told them not to interfere in matters of
573:
Charles was supplied with various jewels from the
English royal collection to give as gifts. King James sent advice on this gift giving to his son in Spain. When Charles gave his farewells to the Spanish court, his presents included; to the King, a sword set with diamonds; to the Queen, two large
232:
deposed the
Emperor as their king and elected James's son-in-law, Frederick V, Elector Palatine, in his place, triggering the Thirty Years' War. James reluctantly summoned parliament as the only means to raise the funds necessary to assist his daughter Elizabeth and Frederick, who had been ousted
560:
The outcome of the
Parliament of 1624 was ambiguous: James still refused to declare war, but Charles believed the Commons had committed themselves to financing a war against Spain, a stance which was to contribute to his problems with Parliament in his own reign. Charles eventually married
327:
in August 1624. It has been suggested that
Herbert connived at the unheard-of dramatic liberties taken in portraying members of the royal family, in a court now dominated by the anti-Spanish party. Plays of the previous two years that had Spanish settings,
304:
about public opinion on the match, criticising James's policy and noting
Gondomar's skill in gaining support for it by holding out the prospect of the Palatine being returned to Frederick V, he hedged his comments with pleas for secrecy.
207:
would have issued the required dispensation for the
Infanta to marry a Protestant. This fact was known to the Spanish king, but apparently Gondomar was kept in ignorance of the correspondence. Paul V died early in 1621, and his successor
1399:'Warrant of Indemnity and Discharge to Lionel Earl of Middlesex, Lord High Treasurer, and to the other Commissioners of the Jewels, for having delivered certain Jewels to King James the First, which were sent by his Majesty into Spain',
99:
The climax of the ensuing decade of high-level negotiation to secure a marriage between the leading
Protestant and Catholic royal families of Europe occurred in 1623 in Madrid, with the embassy of the Prince Charles and James's
372:
Denied the military option, James ignored public opinion and returned to the Spanish match as his only hope of restoring the possessions of Elizabeth and Frederick. The position was altered, however, by the death of
249:
they were granted unto them by the grace and favour of our predecessors." Urged on by Buckingham and the Spanish ambassador Gondomar, James ripped the protest out of the record book and dissolved Parliament.
145:
92:" in Spanish American waters. Further, he proposed a marriage alliance, offering a dowry of ÂŁ500,000 (later increased to ÂŁ600,000), which seemed especially attractive to James after the failure of the
216:
to Rome to lobby, putting the case on behalf of English Catholics. The matter was passed to a small group of cardinals, who emphasised that improved treatment for English Catholics was a prerequisite.
549:
Lord Bristol, though entirely blameless, was made the scapegoat for the failure of the match: he was recalled in disgrace, ordered to remain on his estates and later imprisoned for a time in the
416:
from Portsmouth to join the Prince. Wynn's account of the journey describes the costumes of Spanish country people and aristocrats, and the difficulties and uncertainties of the journey.
73:. Negotiations took place over the period 1614 to 1623, and during this time became closely related to aspects of British foreign and religious policy, before breaking down completely.
1328:
237:
in 1620. The Commons on the one hand granted subsidies inadequate to finance serious military operations in aid of Frederick, and on the other called for a war directly against Spain.
1825:
22:
1526:"The lord treasurer fell not on largely unproven grounds of corruption, but as the victim of an alliance between warmongering elements at court and in Parliament." Croft, p 125.
317:
allegorized the events surrounding the Spanish Match. It was particularly harsh on Gondomar, represented by the Black Knight. Plays were in any case censored, and
531:
Affronted by their treatment in Spain, Charles and Buckingham now turned James's Spanish policy on its head: they called for a French match and a war against the
85:
579:
382:
88:, who arrived in London in 1614 with the offer that Spain would not interfere with James's troubled rule in Ireland if James would restrain the English "
1800:
1795:
595:, was sent to Spain to collect jewels returned to the English ambassador in July 1624. The ship was threatened by a storm during the return voyage.
575:
543:
181:. In 1618 he was still concerned with detailed moves to improve his relationship with Spain, such as the translation of the anti-Calvinist Bishop
105:
553:. Charles thus antagonised one of his most gifted and trustworthy public servants, and they were not fully reconciled until the outbreak of the
108:. The wedding never took place despite the signing of a marriage contract by King James; criticism instead led to the dissolution of Parliament.
1535:"On that divergence of interpretation, relations between the future king and the Parliaments of the years 1625–9 were to founder." Croft, p 126.
1255:
1228:
1201:
1174:
1055:
938:
911:
814:
721:
694:
1830:
318:
224:
By the 1620s, events on the continent had stirred up anti-Catholic feeling to a new pitch. A conflict had broken out between the Catholic
1413:
192:
On the domestic front, the prospect of a Spanish dowry from a marriage between his heir Charles, Prince of Wales from 1616, and Infanta
1715:
398:
141:
121:
1744:
1730:
1693:
1678:
1661:
1113:
875:
1759:
1478:
1131:
1073:
956:
832:
772:
739:
471:
234:
133:
125:
480:; the "Portugal diamond"; the "Cobham pearl"; jewelled head attires; and a ring with a diamond frog and a ruby set in its head.
394:
1815:
664:
574:
diamonds, and a pair of earrings including diamonds as big as a bean; to the Infanta, a string of 250 pear shaped pearls; to
612:
concerns itself with the journey to Spain and the negotiations. The visit of Prince Charles is the background of the novel
257:
483:
Though a secret treaty was signed, the Prince and Duke returned to England in October without the Infanta. On their way to
1820:
423:
409:
390:
197:
124:, later Queen of Bohemia, called the Winter Queen. The black armband is thought to be a sign of mourning for her brother
1840:
21:
This article is about the proposed marriage of the Duke of Cornwall to Maria Anna of Spain. Not to be confused with the
297:
1835:
603:
443:
405:
1780:
1775:
1332:
608:
562:
467:
29:
520:
81:
77:
1446:"There was an immense outbreak of popular joy, with fireworks, bell ringing and street parties." Croft, p 120.
1810:
1805:
1790:
1785:
619:
614:
449:
289:
285:
278:
1329:“WITH THE SEARCH FOR THE REMAINS OF CALDERÓN WE REMEMBER A FIGURE THAT UNITED ALL THOSE WHO WERE DIFFERENT”
343:
213:
153:
116:
439:
338:
496:
365:
323:
177:
then deteriorated for James, in parallel with the failure of the Spanish Match, with the onset of the
1456:
454:
178:
55:
39:
1365:
Roy Strong, 'Three Royal Jewels: The Three Brothers, the Mirror of Great Britain and the Feather',
713:
Women on the Renaissance Stage: Anna of Denmark and Female Masquing in the Stuart Court (1590-1619)
476:
374:
261:
193:
157:
70:
66:
1603:
408:. The reception at court and the journey was described by the author Andrés de Almansa y Mendoza.
1754:
Robert Cross (2007). "Pretense and Perception in the Spanish Match, or History in a Fake Beard".
583:
459:
378:
348:
186:
161:
59:
265:
1218:
284:
In 1620, and again in 1621, James issued decrees against writing or speaking on state affairs.
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554:
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245:
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329:
308:
293:
35:
360:
550:
313:
209:
137:
1708:
The Spanish Match: Le mariage manqué du prince de Galles et de l'infante d'Espagne (1623)
412:, a Gentleman of the Bedchamber, sailed with other members of the royal household in the
539:
535:
532:
466:. He also brought a parcel of jewels for Prince Charles, many of which had belonged to
352:, have been given readings that set them against the match, necessarily more covertly.
333:
149:
578:, a pointed diamond; to the Cardinal, a pectoral of topazes, diamonds, and pearls; to
1769:
680:
629:
In 2011, Sophia Institute Press released a novel based on historical events entitled
420:
301:
43:
1748:
1587:
The Life and Works of the Lancashire Novelist William Harrison Ainsworth, 1850-1882
1162:
635:
The Spanish Match is a large part of the plot in episode 7 of the Starz miniseries
1495:
1148:
1090:
973:
849:
789:
756:
582:, the "Portugal diamond" set with a pendant pearl, as a substitute for the famous
1669:
1614:
863:
508:
488:
435:
241:
204:
140:. After his death she supported the idea of a Spanish marriage for her daughter
136:, Charles's elder brother who had died in 1612, had been proposed by his mother
1487:
1082:
965:
781:
1140:
500:
427:
841:
748:
623:
101:
89:
1193:
Dictionary of Literary and Dramatic Censorship in Tudor and Stuart England
1106:
The Changeling and the Years of Crisis, 1619–1624: A Hieroglyph of Britain
1627:
504:
148:. For her second son Charles, there were candidate marriages mooted from
321:
as Master of the Revels passed it for performance; it was a short-lived
274:
229:
84:
had not been forgotten, was initiated during the embassy to England of
63:
1737:
The Prince and the Infanta: The Cultural Politics of the Spanish Match
903:
The Prince and the Infanta: The Cultural Politics of the Spanish Match
657:
The Prince and the Infanta: The Cultural Politics of the Spanish Match
1670:
English and Catholic: the Lords Baltimore in the Seventeenth Century
1632:, Mary & George, Julianne Moore, Nicholas Galitzine, Tony Curran
381:
the Spanish proponent of the marriage, Gondomar, lost influence to
511:. There was open delight shown by sections of the British people.
359:
256:
115:
34:
519:
From 1617 the negotiations for the match had been handled by the
16:
Proposed marriage between Prince Charles I and Infanta Maria Anna
1462:
Constitutional Documents of the Reign of James I, A.D. 1603-1625
1301:
Henry Ettinghausen, 'Greatest News Story', in Alexander Samson,
281:
is particularly noted for his part in this campaign, from 1619.
1600:
Captain Alatriste: A swashbuckling tale of action and adventure
1723:
The Spanish Match: Prince Charles's Journey to Madrid, 1623
1303:
The Spanish Match: Prince Charles's Journey to Madrid, 1623
1348:, vol.2 (Philadelphia, 1932), pp. 491, 497: John Nichols,
1047:
Censorship and Silencing: Practices of Cultural Regulation
212:
was thought amenable to the idea of the match. James sent
96:
to provide him with the financial subsidies he requested.
1435:
The Joyfull Returne of Charles, Prince of Great Brittaine
1437:(London, 1623), a translation of one of Almansa's works.
1167:
Reason of State, Propaganda, and the Thirty Years's War
389:
Seven Chimneys" on the Plaza de Rey, on 7 March 1623 (
23:
Act for the Marriage of Queen Mary to Philip of Spain
273:
the Spanish Party were published, especially by the
1354:
Issues of the Exchequer during the Reign of James I
1352:, vol. 4 (London, 1828), p. 924: Frederick Devon,
930:King James VI and I and the Reunion of Christendom
806:King James VI and I and the Reunion of Christendom
253:Opposition literature, censorship and imprisonment
1247:A World by Itself: A History of the British Isles
1003:
1001:
288:preached against the match in February 1621, at
76:The policy, unpopular with England's Protestant
546:, when he opposed the idea on grounds of cost.
442:, which was performed before the Prince at the
1656:Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
1465:. CUP Archive. p. 129. GGKEY:H4D5R61RT8L.
809:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 294–6.
689:. University of California Press. p. 73.
470:. These included; the jewelled sword given to
168:, had in the popular memory turned out badly.
1673:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
8:
1826:Marriage, unions and partnerships in England
1710:. Toulouse: Presses Universitaires du Midi.
1482:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1433:, vol. 4 (London, 1828), pp. 913-19 quoting
1135:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1077:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
960:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
836:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
776:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
743:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
716:. Manchester University Press. p. 136.
1196:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 129.
933:. Cambridge University Press. p. 318.
1576:, 2 (London: Colburn, 1849), pp. 465, 478.
1281:Devil-Land: England under Siege, 1588–1688
1169:. Oxford University Press. pp. 84–6.
737:Meikle, Maureen M.; Payne, Helen. "Anne".
1223:. Oxford University Press. p. 1726.
1572:Thomas Birch & Folkestone Williams,
830:McCullough, P. E. "Andrewes, Lancelot".
580:Gaspar de Guzmán, Count-Duke of Olivares
458:bringing the patent creating the titles
368:on his journey from Madrid to Santander.
228:and the Protestant Palatinate, when the
185:, and the execution of the buccaneering
1479:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1387:, vol. 7 part 4 (Hague, 1739), pp. 75-6
1132:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1074:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
957:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
833:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
773:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
740:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
647:
544:Lionel Cranfield, 1st Earl of Middlesex
106:George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham
1758:. XXXVII:4 (Spring, 2007), 563–583. (
1557:HMC Manuscripts of the Marquis of Bath
1373:, 2 (London, 1930), pp. 162, 167, 171.
1129:Allen, Elizabeth. "Allen, Elizabeth".
364:Prince Charles was entertained at the
1476:Stevenson, David. "Hamilton, James".
1220:Thomas Middleton: The Collected Works
927:W. B. Patterson (14 September 2000).
906:. Yale University Press. p. 16.
803:W. B. Patterson (14 September 2000).
292:, and spent about half a year in the
146:married a prominent Protestant prince
7:
1756:Journal of Interdisciplinary History
1547:, vol. 4 (London, 1828), pp. 845-50.
1369:, 108:760 (July 1966), pp. 350-353:
1563:, vol. 4 (London, 1828), pp. 911-3.
1559:, vol. 2 (Dublin, 1907), pp. 72-3:
1420:, vol. 1 (London, 1778), pp. 406-8.
1414:Philip Yorke, 2nd Earl of Hardwicke
1104:A. A. Bromham; Zara Bruzzi (1990).
1739:New Haven: Yale University Press.
1684:Willson, David Harris ( 1963 ed).
1574:Court and Times of James the First
1316:Historia vitae et regni Ricardi II
1217:Thomas Middleton (25 March 2010).
1050:. Getty Publications. p. 94.
14:
1589:. Edwin Mellen Press, 2003. p.380
1108:. Pinter Publishers. p. 38.
377:, in 1621. With the accession of
203:There was in fact no chance that
1801:1620s in international relations
1796:1610s in international relations
1706:Nardone, Jean-Luc (ed.) (2020),
900:Glyn Redworth (1 January 2003).
770:Healy, Simon. "Alured, Thomas".
134:Henry Frederick, Prince of Wales
54:was a proposed marriage between
1626:Cossen, Florian (17 May 2024),
1071:Kelsey, Sean. "Scott, Thomas".
1721:Alexander Samson, ed. (2006),
954:Loomie, A. J. "Gage, George".
434:("Love, honor, and power"), a
28:For the historical novel, see
1:
1688:. London: Jonathan Cape Ltd.
1561:Progresses of James the First
1545:Progresses of James the First
1431:Progresses of James the First
1350:Progresses of James the First
1250:. Random House. p. 309.
868:England in Conflict 1603–1660
198:Frederick V, Elector Palatine
1496:UK public library membership
1149:UK public library membership
1091:UK public library membership
974:UK public library membership
850:UK public library membership
790:UK public library membership
757:UK public library membership
300:wrote in 1622 to his friend
1346:Letters of John Chamberlain
1333:Fundación Hispano Británica
1318:(Oxford, 1729), pp. 297-241
1305:(Ashgate, 2006), pp. 77-89.
1857:
1418:Miscellaneous State Papers
604:William Harrison Ainsworth
424:Pedro CalderĂłn de la Barca
419:During the visit, Spanish
404:They were welcomed at the
27:
20:
1667:Krugler, John D. (2004).
1598:The English translation,
1025:Quoted by Willson, p 423.
659:. Yale University Press.
563:Henrietta Maria of France
452:sailed to Castile in the
240:In November 1621, led by
122:Princess Elizabeth Stuart
30:The Spanish Match (novel)
1403:, XXI (1827), pp. 148-57
1283:(Penguin, 2022), p. 170.
1190:Dorothy Auchter (2001).
144:, but in 1613 Elizabeth
1831:England–Spain relations
1652:Croft, Pauline (2003).
1585:Carver, Stephen James.
1367:The Burlington Magazine
1356:(London, 1836), p. 269.
1344:Norman Egbert McClure,
1244:Jonathan Clark (2011).
870:. Arnold. p. 103.
655:Redworth, Glyn (2003).
444:Royal Alcázar of Madrid
438:about the life of King
406:Royal Alcázar of Madrid
290:St Martin-in-the-Fields
132:A Spanish marriage for
1735:Glyn Redworth (2003).
1488:10.1093/ref:odnb/12085
1083:10.1093/ref:odnb/24916
966:10.1093/ref:odnb/10270
782:10.1093/ref:odnb/70628
710:Clare McManus (2002).
369:
269:
171:
129:
47:
1816:Parliament of England
1686:King James VI & I
1604:was published in 2006
1141:10.1093/ref:odnb/8998
440:Edward III of England
363:
260:
119:
38:
1821:Charles I of England
1457:Joseph Robson Tanner
1371:HMC Mar & Kellie
1044:Robert Post (1998).
986:Willson, pp 408–416.
842:10.1093/ref:odnb/520
749:10.1093/ref:odnb/559
620:Arturo PĂ©rez-Reverte
615:El capitán Alatriste
426:made his debut as a
235:Emperor Ferdinand II
220:Political opposition
1841:Philip III of Spain
1508:Croft, pp 120–121.
624:its film adaptation
432:Amor, honor y poder
393:). The ambassador,
375:Philip III of Spain
194:Maria Anna of Spain
158:Catherine of Aragon
80:, where the recent
71:Philip III of Spain
67:Maria Anna of Spain
1836:Philip IV of Spain
1292:Croft, pp 118–119.
631:The Spanish Match.
599:In popular fiction
584:La Peregrina pearl
497:Alcázar of Segovia
474:during the masque
460:Duke of Buckingham
379:Philip IV of Spain
370:
366:Alcázar of Segovia
349:Match Me in London
324:succès de scandale
270:
262:Infanta Maria Anna
200:, his son-in-law.
187:Sir Walter Raleigh
162:Philip II of Spain
130:
94:Parliament of 1614
69:, the daughter of
48:
1494:(Subscription or
1257:978-0-7126-6496-7
1230:978-0-19-958053-8
1203:978-0-313-31114-7
1176:978-0-19-957571-8
1147:(Subscription or
1089:(Subscription or
1057:978-0-89236-484-8
972:(Subscription or
940:978-0-521-79385-8
913:978-0-300-10198-0
848:(Subscription or
816:978-0-521-79385-8
788:(Subscription or
755:(Subscription or
723:978-0-7190-6250-6
696:978-0-520-05146-1
609:The Spanish Match
555:English Civil War
515:The Privy Council
493:Palace of Valsain
446:on 29 June 1623.
246:royal prerogative
226:Holy Roman Empire
183:Lancelot Andrewes
179:Thirty Years' War
82:Anglo-Spanish War
1848:
1781:1620s in England
1776:1610s in England
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734:
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707:
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677:
671:
670:
652:
533:Habsburg Spanish
477:Tethys' Festival
464:Earl of Coventry
356:Charles in Spain
309:Thomas Middleton
294:Gatehouse Prison
172:James I's policy
160:to England, and
78:House of Commons
62:of England, and
1856:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1766:
1765:
1760:link to article
1703:
1701:Further reading
1649:
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1103:
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1043:
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1038:
1034:Willson, p 243.
1033:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1016:Willson, p 442.
1015:
1011:
1007:Willson, p 421.
1006:
999:
995:Willson, p 417.
994:
990:
985:
981:
971:
953:
952:
948:
941:
926:
925:
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914:
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890:Willson, p 357.
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861:
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824:
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797:
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735:
731:
724:
709:
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704:
697:
679:
678:
674:
667:
654:
653:
649:
645:
637:Mary and George
601:
571:
569:Gifts of jewels
551:Tower of London
529:
517:
468:Anne of Denmark
358:
314:A Game at Chess
266:Diego Velázquez
255:
242:Sir Edward Coke
233:from Prague by
222:
210:Pope Gregory XV
174:
138:Anne of Denmark
126:Henry Frederick
114:
33:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1854:
1852:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1811:James VI and I
1808:
1806:Stuart England
1803:
1798:
1793:
1791:1620s in Spain
1788:
1786:1610s in Spain
1783:
1778:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1763:
1752:
1733:
1719:
1716:978-2810706891
1702:
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1537:
1528:
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1468:
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1429:John Nichols,
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1397:Robert Lemon,
1390:
1383:Thomas Rymer,
1375:
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729:
722:
702:
695:
686:King Charles I
672:
665:
646:
644:
641:
606:'s 1865 novel
600:
597:
570:
567:
540:Lord Treasurer
528:
525:
516:
513:
450:Francis Stuart
357:
354:
339:The Changeling
254:
251:
221:
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173:
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113:
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56:Prince Charles
15:
13:
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6:
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3:
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1745:0-300-10198-8
1742:
1738:
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1731:9781351881647
1728:
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1694:0-224-60572-0
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1679:0-8018-7963-9
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1662:0-333-61395-3
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1335:, March 2021.
1334:
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1270:Croft, p 118.
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681:Pauline Gregg
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521:Privy Council
514:
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469:
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429:
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421:national poet
417:
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355:
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350:
345:
344:Thomas Dekker
341:
340:
335:
331:
326:
325:
320:
319:Henry Herbert
316:
315:
311:'s 1624 play
310:
306:
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302:Thomas Hobbes
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91:
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68:
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58:, the son of
57:
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52:Spanish match
45:
44:Daniel Mytens
41:
37:
31:
24:
19:
1755:
1736:
1722:
1707:
1685:
1668:
1653:
1634:, retrieved
1628:
1621:
1615:Google Books
1610:
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1409:
1401:Archaeologia
1400:
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1185:
1166:
1163:Noel Malcolm
1157:
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1124:
1105:
1099:
1072:
1066:
1046:
1039:
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1021:
1012:
991:
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955:
949:
929:
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902:
895:
886:
867:
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825:
805:
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771:
765:
738:
732:
712:
705:
685:
675:
656:
650:
634:
630:
628:
613:
607:
602:
590:
589:A ship, the
588:
572:
559:
548:
530:
518:
482:
475:
472:Prince Henry
453:
448:
431:
418:
413:
410:Richard Wynn
403:
387:
371:
347:
337:
322:
312:
307:
298:Robert Mason
286:John Everard
283:
279:Thomas Scott
271:
239:
223:
202:
191:
175:
131:
120:Portrait of
98:
75:
60:King James I
51:
49:
42:portrait by
18:
1654:King James.
864:Derek Hirst
489:El Escorial
436:verse drama
264:, portrait
214:George Gage
205:Pope Paul V
1770:Categories
1647:References
1498:required.)
1151:required.)
1093:required.)
976:required.)
852:required.)
792:required.)
759:required.)
666:0300101988
618:(1996) by
576:Don Carlos
501:Valladolid
428:playwright
399:Penal Laws
395:John Digby
166:Queen Mary
112:Background
90:privateers
1725:Ashgate.
592:Mary Rose
527:Aftermath
485:Santander
455:St George
414:Adventure
330:Middleton
277:faction.
230:Bohemians
164:to marry
142:Elizabeth
102:favourite
40:Charles I
1459:(1961).
1165:(2010).
866:(1999).
683:(1984).
509:FrĂłmista
505:Palencia
383:Olivares
86:Gondomar
1385:Foedera
296:. When
275:Puritan
154:Tuscany
64:Infanta
1749:Review
1743:
1729:
1714:
1692:
1677:
1660:
1636:29 May
1492:
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1227:
1200:
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536:empire
507:, and
495:, the
491:, the
334:Rowley
268:, 1630
46:, 1631
643:Notes
430:with
150:Savoy
1741:ISBN
1727:ISBN
1712:ISBN
1690:ISBN
1675:ISBN
1658:ISBN
1638:2024
1252:ISBN
1225:ISBN
1198:ISBN
1171:ISBN
1110:ISBN
1052:ISBN
935:ISBN
908:ISBN
872:ISBN
811:ISBN
718:ISBN
691:ISBN
661:ISBN
622:and
462:and
342:and
332:and
152:and
50:The
1747:. (
1629:War
1484:doi
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