297:
309:
250:
937:
928:
exclusively on insects for their first few days, and are gradually fed larger amounts of grains. The portion of insects in nestling diets is recorded at a range from 75 to over 90 percent. In preying on insects, the
Spanish sparrow is opportunistic, feeding on whichever insects are most common. In Central Asia, these are caterpillars, ants, grasshoppers, and crickets. While migrating through Central Asia in the spring, the Spanish sparrow feeds mostly on crops in cultivated areas, and while breeding it feeds mostly on insects, wild plants, and seeds from the previous year.
606:
325:
901:
837:
745:
83:
31:
369:
733:
58:
590:
257:
The
Spanish sparrow is a rather large sparrow, at 15–16 cm (6–6.5 in) in length, and 22–36 g (0.78–1.27 oz) in weight. It is slightly larger and heavier than house sparrows, and also has a slightly longer and stouter bill. The male is similar to the house sparrow in plumage, but
957:
The
European population of the Spanish sparrow comprises between 2,800,000 and 6,200,000 breeding pairs or 8,400,000–18,600,000 individuals. Partly from the European population, the global population is estimated to be between 17 and 74 million individuals. There have been population decreases in
864:
was the sole native sparrow. In the
Canaries, the Spanish sparrow occurs in most habitats, having ousted the rock sparrow from all but the driest localities. In Madeira the Spanish sparrow is common in cultivated areas, but it has not fully adapted to nesting in buildings or breeding in the drier
712:
and since the 1940s it has reached all the other islands. It reached
Madeira in May 1935, when numbers of sparrows were found across the island after nine days of strong, continuous easterly winds. It seems to have reached Cape Verde around the same time it reached the Canaries and it was first
2076:
927:
Like other sparrows, it feeds principally on the seeds of grains and other grasses, also eating leaves, fruits, and other plant materials. Young birds are fed mostly on insects, and adults also feed on insects and other animals during and before the breeding season. Nestlings are fed almost
400:
The
Italian sparrow has been classified as a hybrid between the Spanish sparrow and the house sparrow, a subspecies of the Spanish sparrow, a subspecies of the house sparrow and/or a separate species. The Spanish sparrow also hybridises freely with the house sparrow in parts of North Africa
336:
are similar to those of the house sparrow. The male gives a call somewhat different from that of the house sparrow when displaying at its nest. This call is a pair of strident, disyllabic chirps, similar to those of the house sparrow, but louder and high-pitched, transcribed as
852:, with the Spanish sparrow preferring moister habitats. In areas where house sparrows are absent, the Spanish sparrow may live in urban habitats, as in the Canary Islands, Madeira, and some Mediterranean islands. In a few urban areas, such as those in eastern
262:
rather than grey crown, and has white rather than grey cheeks. The female is effectively inseparable from the house sparrow in its basic plumage, which is grey-brown overall but more boldly marked. The female has light streaking on its sides, a pale cream
585:
A study has shown that vagrant individuals tend to occur very close to railway lines, much closer than with other vagrant passerines. This results suggests that
Spanish sparrows' vagrancy and expansion may be facilitated in part by cargo trains.
949:. Colonies may hold from ten pairs to hundreds of thousands of pairs. Each pair lays 3–8 eggs, which hatch in 12 days, with the chicks fledging when about 14 days old. Males spend more time constructing nests than females.
380:
Its taxonomy is greatly complicated by the "biological mix-up" it forms with the house sparrow in the
Mediterranean. In most of the Mediterranean, one or both of the two species occurs, with only a limited degree of
296:
944:
The
Spanish sparrow nests in large colonies of closely spaced or even multiple shared nests. Nests are usually placed in trees or bushes, amongst branches or underneath the nests of larger birds such as
804:
Valley. In Iran, it breeds in most of the country except the
Persian Gulf region, also breeding in central and northern Afghanistan. In Central Asia, it breeds from the regions of the
570:
from 1950 onwards; and in Macaronesia, where its range expansion has been attributed to introductions and travel by ship, but was more likely natural colonisation by migrating birds.
286:) – are recognised, with little visible difference between them in worn breeding plumage. They are more easily distinguished in fresh winter plumage, with the eastern subspecies
308:
241:, and the two species show their close relation in a "biological mix-up" of hybridisation in the Mediterranean region, which complicates the taxonomy of this species.
3032:
3084:
645:, they coexist with little hybridisation in the western half. In northern Italy and Corsica, the Spanish sparrow is replaced by the Italian sparrow and the two
413:), forming highly variable mixed populations with a full range of characters from pure house sparrows to pure Spanish sparrows. On the Mediterranean islands of
1419:
3177:
1934:
Metzmacher, Maxime (1990). "Climatic factors, activity budgets and breeding success of the Spanish Sparrow ". In Pinowski, J.; Summers-Smith, J. D. (eds.).
1399:
Roman, J.; Onrubia, A.; Roviralta, F.; Balmori, A.; Fernandez, J.; Sanz-Zuasti, J.; Gutierrez, C.; Jubete, F.; Roman, F.; Garcia, J.; Olea, P. P. (1997).
2364:
Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Fringilliformes: Part III. Containing the Family Fringillidæ
345:, is used by birds arriving or departing at roosting sites. The Spanish sparrow's other calls are almost the same as those of the house sparrow. A soft
452:, referring to the moist habitat of this bird, is sometimes used, especially when the Italian sparrow is considered the same species. The genus name
3006:
3212:
3045:
2381:
2207:
2188:
2158:
2086:
2065:
1948:
1558:
1251:
1463:
2435:
1954:
1867:
1636:
912:
The Spanish sparrow is strongly gregarious, flocking and breeding in groups. In the winter, it mostly wanders nomadically or makes regular
2404:
958:
some parts of Europe, but in other areas the population has increased and the species is not seriously threatened, so it is assessed as
249:
2954:
936:
487:
1243:
848:
In most of its range, the Spanish sparrow occurs alongside the house sparrow. In such areas, both species breed in farmland and open
3187:
2334:
2113:
The Zoology of the H.M.S. Beagle, under the command of Captain Robert Fitzroy, R. N., during the years 1832 to 1836. Part III: Birds
3217:
828:, where agriculture was not developed until the 1950s. It winters in the plains of the Indian subcontinent and the Persian Gulf.
2350:
Catalogue of the collection of birds' eggs in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume V: Carinatæ (Passeriformes completed)
2967:
3207:
3192:
3050:
1982:
1237:
3202:
3071:
2704:
2610:
2590:
2344:
2787:
696:
The Spanish sparrow is likely to have been established on the western Canary Islands for some time, as it was found on
3197:
3141:
2892:
2714:
2985:
2146:
2010:
1400:
877:
3089:
1819:
1663:
2998:
2857:
885:
721:
in 1832. From then onwards it reached all the other larger islands, in a poorly recorded extension of its range.
2871:
2428:
82:
2797:
2792:
2719:
2313:
Metzmacher, M. (1990). "Climatic factors, time activity budget and breeding success of the Spanish sparrow (
1993:
437:
194:
2879:
2819:
2767:
2749:
2739:
2635:
2358:
2168:
641:
valleys. While the house sparrow and the Spanish sparrow form a "hybrid swarm" in the eastern half of the
448:, in southern Spain. The usual English name refers to the description of the species from Spain. The name
2897:
554:
in the south. Its range has expanded greatly by natural colonisation over the last two centuries, in the
3123:
2625:
2600:
2290:
Stratégies adaptatives des oiseaux granivores dans une zone semi-aride. Le cas des moineaux domestiques
884:, where it is the sole species of sparrow, it is common in all habitats, breeding both in the houses of
857:
397:, a puzzling type of sparrow apparently intermediate between the Spanish sparrow and the house sparrow.
177:
2595:
2398:
2078:
Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East, and North Africa: The Birds of the Western Palearctic
1011:
605:
324:
1545:
Summers-Smith, J. D. (1990). "Changes in distribution and habitat utilisation by members of the genus
900:
2646:
2630:
2620:
2575:
2539:
2260:
2121:
1602:
768:
through the Middle East and Central Asia to far western China. In the Middle East, it breeds through
714:
523:
230:
836:
2560:
2421:
2096:
1630:
Metzmacher, M. (1986). "Organisation spatio-temporelle de la reproduction chez le Moineau espagnol
476:
47:
919:
Little is known of the Spanish sparrow's survival rate, and the maximum age recorded is 11 years.
744:
2709:
2276:
1444:
571:
77:
3128:
1935:
1844:
824:, and a corner of China. Here it has also expanded its range, in the area around Lake Alakol in
3037:
1360:
1104:, dans une région de l'ouest algérien : analyse comparative de leur morphologie externe".
510:
have been noted as intermediates and the difference between the two subspecies may actually be
3110:
3063:
2915:
2744:
2444:
2377:
2330:
2203:
2184:
2154:
2082:
2061:
1944:
1554:
1247:
1191:
386:
333:
223:
144:
2802:
2640:
2570:
2545:
2448:
2322:
2301:
2268:
2243:
Meise, W. (1936). "Zur Systematik und Verbreitungsgesghichte der Haus- und Weidensperlinge,
1916:
1645:
1610:
1379:
1183:
1006:
881:
662:
382:
259:
226:
30:
3136:
2884:
368:
3182:
3115:
3097:
2605:
2555:
2518:
2413:
511:
394:
2348:
2136:
2125:
2111:
988:
2264:
1606:
732:
3154:
2993:
2980:
2730:
2666:
2615:
2533:
2528:
2503:
2180:
2173:
1920:
913:
718:
666:
646:
630:
507:
1998:. Conservation Series No. 12. Cambridge, England: BirdLife International. p. 263.
685:
across into the Danube Valley of Romania and northern Serbia. It is found in mainland
3171:
3058:
2565:
2550:
2508:
2483:
2362:
997:
963:
959:
821:
701:
700:
when a naturalist first visited the island in 1828. In the 1830s, it was recorded on
238:
67:
62:
2280:
2100:
1488:
491:
2920:
2684:
2585:
2580:
2523:
2138:
The Birds of Africa, Comprising All the Species Which Occur in the Ethiopian Region
1512:"Field Notes on the Birds of Macedonia. With special reference to the Struma Plain"
1511:
889:
873:
861:
805:
705:
634:
622:
2972:
2907:
2319:
Proceedings of General Meetings of the Working Group on Granivorous Birds, INTECOL
2226:
Gavrilov, E. I. (1968). "A possible regulation mechanism of the sex ratio in the
3076:
3019:
2851:
1773:
1743:
946:
841:
817:
801:
678:
674:
589:
527:
353:
264:
1174:(Vieillot 1817): Speciation by stabilised hybridisation? A critical analysis".
3149:
2778:
1903:
Gavrilov, E. I. (1962). "A Contribution to the Biology of the Spanish Sparrow
1615:
1590:
1586:
1187:
866:
825:
809:
793:
682:
472:
373:
234:
2842:
1195:
2941:
1384:
860:. Before the Spanish sparrow arrived in the Canary Islands and Madeira, the
813:
777:
697:
681:
and smaller islands near the coast. In the Balkans, it occurs patchily from
625:, some islands, and the Balkans. In Iberia it is uncommon, occurring in the
465:
445:
430:
219:
134:
94:
2959:
1801:"Variation of Nestling Diet Across the Breeding Season in Spanish Sparrow
1799:
Marques, Paulo M.; Boieiro, Mário; Canário, Filipe; Vicente, LuĂs (2003).
2836:
2695:
870:
853:
849:
797:
761:
709:
690:
638:
575:
543:
535:
495:
114:
39:
3102:
2030:
3011:
2466:
2326:
2305:
2272:
1800:
1649:
773:
642:
567:
559:
555:
406:
402:
390:
865:
north of the island. The Spanish sparrow is not common on most of the
258:
differs in that its underparts are heavily streaked with black, has a
3024:
2866:
2494:
2408:
1995:
Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status
1719:
El-Sehhar, A. & Fraval, A. (1984). "Diet of the Spanish sparrow,
905:
789:
781:
765:
686:
658:
618:
579:
563:
539:
499:
426:
154:
104:
2933:
2813:
1170:
Töpfer, Till (2006). "The taxonomic status of the Italian Sparrow –
1096:
Metzmacher, M. (1986). "Moineaux domestiques et Moineaux espagnols,
2946:
2021:
spp.: from "pest species" to species of conservation concern].
2928:
2458:
935:
899:
835:
769:
743:
731:
670:
654:
650:
626:
604:
588:
547:
457:
433:, there are more apparently intermediate birds of unknown status.
422:
414:
410:
367:
323:
248:
2015:
spp.: da "problematici" a specie di interesse conservazionistico"
1725:
Actes de l'Institut Agronomique et Vétérinaire Hassan II, Morocco
785:
551:
531:
418:
124:
2817:
2417:
436:
The Spanish sparrow was first described by the Dutch zoologist
982:
980:
978:
522:
The Spanish sparrow has a highly complex distribution in the
376:
of a male Spanish sparrow (above) and an Italian sparrow pair
1365:) during its current range expansion in the Pannonian Basin"
2202:. illustrated by Euan Dunn. London: T. & A. D. Poyser.
1943:. Warszawa: Pánstwowe Wydawnictom Naukowe. pp. 11–29.
1553:. Warszawa: Pánstwowe Wydawnictom Naukowe. pp. 11–29.
341:. A similar call, softer and more like the house sparrow's
1723:(Temm.), in Morocco; seasonal and geographic variations".
2127:
Fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma: Birds
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1361:"Railway-facilitated dispersal of the Spanish Sparrow (
1317:
Obratil, S. (1985). "The range of the Spanish sparrow,
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
475:
of Spanish sparrow are usually recognised, the western
253:
Female in the Canary Islands (Note the streaked breast)
2153:(Concise ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2060:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
1242:. London, United Kingdom: Christopher Helm. pp.
2826:
2776:
2758:
2728:
2693:
2675:
2656:
2492:
2474:
2456:
661:. The Spanish sparrow is not known to breed in the
2183:. Calton, Staffs, England: T. & A. D. Poyser.
2172:
2056:Clement, Peter; Harris, Alan; Davis, John (1993).
1059:
1012:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22718179A154494920.en
1549:". In Pinowski, J.; Summers-Smith, J. D. (eds.).
1449:, en Algérie : observations complémentaires"
1219:
1217:
1767:
1765:
1121:
1119:
593:Distribution of the Spanish and Italian sparrows
1937:Granivorous birds in the agricultural landscape
1672:AnAge: the Animal Ageing and Longevity Database
1551:Granivorous birds in the agricultural landscape
736:A male and a female of the eastern subspecies (
1702:
1700:
2429:
2058:Finches and Sparrows: an Identification Guide
1890:
1782:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
1774:"The Biology of the Eastern Spanish Sparrow,
1752:Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
1706:
1637:L'Oiseau et la Revue française d'Ornithologie
1573:
1346:
1304:
1273:
1223:
1208:
1152:
1125:
8:
2367:. Vol. XII. London: Taylor and Francis.
1691:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1239:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
1148:
1146:
270:Two subspecies of the Spanish sparrow – the
237:. It is very similar to the closely related
2130:. Vol. II. London: Taylor and Francis.
2110:Gould, John (1838). Darwin, Charles (ed.).
1047:
812:-Afghanistan borders north to parts of the
2814:
2436:
2422:
2414:
1845:"Le menu des jeunes Moineaux domestiques,
56:
29:
20:
2175:The Sparrows: a Study of the Genus Passer
1614:
1489:"Further Notes on the Birds of Macedonia"
1383:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1010:
328:Sonogram of a male Spanish sparrow's song
2081:. Vol. 8. Oxford University Press.
2075:Cramp, S.; Perrins, C. M., eds. (1994).
1744:"A Note on the Eastern Spanish Sparrow,
1591:"The numbers of bird species on islands"
1405:(Temminck, 1820), en la submeseta norte"
629:valley and sporadically in the northern
1321:(Temminck) in Bosnia and Herzegovina".
1083:
1071:
974:
349:is given at the nest by mated pairs, a
302:ringed male (breeding plumage) in Malta
292:
267:, and broad cream streaks on its back.
2141:. Vol. III. London: R. H. Porter.
2105:. Vol. 1. London: Self-published.
1976:
1974:
888:and on the cliff walls of the volcano
816:basin in Kazakhstan, and westwards to
486:, described by Austrian ornithologist
393:, the two species are replaced by the
1532:
1401:"Sobre el status del gorrion moruno,
1137:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
856:, the primary sparrow species is the
7:
2999:076a4ca6-5521-48f3-8d21-aa972c347eb6
2399:Media related to the Spanish sparrow
2116:. London: Smith, Elder, and Company.
869:islands, due to the presence of the
502:are usually considered to belong to
3178:IUCN Red List least concern species
2151:The Birds of the Western Palearctic
1905:Passer hispaniolensis transcaspicus
1776:Passer hispaniolensis transcaspicus
1746:Passer hispaniolensis transcaspicus
998:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1921:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1962.tb08669.x
748:A male of the eastern subspecies (
488:Viktor von Tschusi zu Schmidhoffen
356:is given by flocking birds, and a
14:
1458:(in French, English, and Dutch).
2321:. Polish Scientific Publishers.
2198:Summers-Smith, J. Denis (1992).
1060:Clement, Harris & Davis 1993
784:, but is a very rare breeder in
633:, the eastern coast, and in the
538:about 15 degrees wide, from the
534:. It breeds mostly in a band of
307:
295:
290:being paler with less chestnut.
81:
2401:at the Internet Bird Collection
1981:BirdLife International (2004).
1960:from the original on 2012-10-22
1873:from the original on 2012-10-22
1825:from the original on 2011-09-30
1469:from the original on 2011-09-26
1445:"La distribution des Moineaux,
1425:from the original on 2012-04-20
987:BirdLife International (2019).
444:, from a specimen collected at
229:Passeridae. It is found in the
3213:Fauna of the Iberian Peninsula
649:in southern Italy, as well as
574:occur widely, as far north as
339:chweeng-chweeng, cheela-cheeli
1:
2353:. London: Taylor and Francis.
2294:L. et des moineaux espagnols
1860:Cahiers d'Éthologie Appliquée
1487:Sladen, Alexander B. (1918).
840:A nest in an acacia hedge in
693:, where it is also uncommon.
677:, but it occurs on Sardinia,
2705:Yellow-throated bush sparrow
2611:Southern grey-headed sparrow
2591:Northern grey-headed sparrow
2102:A manual of palæarctic birds
792:. It breeds sporadically in
2715:Yellow-spotted bush sparrow
1856:(PDF, French abstract only)
1853:Temm., en Oranie (Algérie)"
876:, and the house sparrow on
657:and nearby islands such as
530:, and southwest to central
506:, but birds as far east as
360:call is given as a threat.
235:south-west and central Asia
3234:
2376:. London: Academic Press.
2372:Shirihai, Hadoram (1996).
1236:Jobling, James A. (2010).
2149:; Perrins, C. M. (1998).
1862:(in French and English).
1640:(in French and English).
1616:10.1080/00063656909476244
1188:10.11646/zootaxa.1325.1.8
1108:(in French and English).
1005:: e.T22718179A154494920.
776:to about as far south as
494:, Turkmenistan. Birds in
183:
176:
78:Scientific classification
76:
54:
45:
37:
28:
23:
3188:Birds of Southern Europe
1772:Gavrilov, E. I. (1963).
1692:Cramp & Perrins 1994
740:) in southeastern Turkey
518:Distribution and habitat
442:Fringilla hispaniolensis
364:Taxonomy and systematics
3218:Birds described in 1820
2793:Rufous-necked snowfinch
2720:Yellow-throated sparrow
2288:Metzmacher, M. (1985).
2169:Summers-Smith, J. Denis
2135:Shelley, G. E. (1902).
2029:: 61–68. Archived from
2009:Dinetti, Marco (2008).
1843:Metzmacher, M. (1983).
1443:Metzmacher, M. (1986).
1385:10.3391/bir.2018.7.4.20
1048:Snow & Perrins 1998
780:. It breeds in eastern
756:The eastern subspecies
613:The western subspecies
438:Coenraad Jacob Temminck
280:eastern Spanish sparrow
272:western Spanish sparrow
2788:Père David's snowfinch
2768:White-rumped snowfinch
2750:Black-winged snowfinch
2740:White-winged snowfinch
2636:Arabian golden sparrow
2300:(Thesis) (in French).
2232:Intern. Stud. Sparrows
1510:Chasen, F. N. (1921).
941:
909:
845:
753:
741:
610:
594:
460:word for sparrow, and
377:
332:The Spanish sparrow's
329:
314:ringed female in Malta
254:
169:P. hispaniolensis
3208:Birds of North Africa
3193:Birds of Central Asia
3155:Passer-hispaniolensis
3124:Paleobiology Database
2872:passer-hispaniolensis
2858:Passer hispaniolensis
2828:Passer hispaniolensis
2626:Eurasian tree sparrow
2601:Parrot-billed sparrow
2315:Passer hispaniolensis
2296:Passer hispaniolensis
2228:Passer hispaniolensis
2200:In Search of Sparrows
1985:Passer hispaniolensis
1851:Passer hispaniolensis
1805:in Southern Portugal"
1803:Passer hispaniolensis
1721:Passer hispaniolensis
1666:Passer hispaniolensis
1634:en zone semi-aride".
1632:Passer hispaniolensis
1403:Passer hispaniolensis
1363:Passer hispaniolensis
1319:Passer hispaniolensis
991:Passer hispaniolensis
939:
903:
896:Behaviour and ecology
858:Eurasian tree sparrow
839:
747:
735:
608:
592:
371:
327:
252:
215:Passer hispaniolensis
187:Passer hispaniolensis
3203:Birds of Macaronesia
2994:Fauna Europaea (new)
2798:Blanford's snowfinch
2647:Passer predomesticus
2631:Sudan golden sparrow
2540:Plain-backed sparrow
2345:Ogilvie-Grant, W. R.
1372:BioInvasions Records
1050:, pp. 1506–1509
904:A male in a nest in
524:Mediterranean region
276:P. h. hispaniolensis
231:Mediterranean region
2561:Abd al-Kuri sparrow
2536:or cinnamon sparrow
2374:The Birds of Israel
2265:1936JOrni..84..631M
1742:Ali, Sálim (1963).
1607:1969BirdS..16..193L
1418:. Madrid: 453–456.
750:P. h. transcaspicus
738:P. h. transcaspicus
617:breeds in parts of
558:, where it reached
504:P. h. transcaspicus
477:nominate subspecies
409:, and northwestern
372:An illustration by
288:P. h. transcaspicus
284:P. h. transcaspicus
48:Conservation status
3198:Birds of West Asia
2710:Sahel bush sparrow
2596:Swainson's sparrow
2445:Old World sparrows
2359:Sharpe, R. Bowdler
2273:10.1007/BF01951015
2017:[The Sparrows
1987:, Spanish Sparrow"
1893:, pp. 173–177
1891:Summers-Smith 1988
1849:L., et espagnols,
1748:Tschusi, in India"
1709:, pp. 178–179
1707:Summers-Smith 1988
1576:, pp. 171–172
1574:Summers-Smith 1988
1359:Rozsa, L. (2018).
1347:Summers-Smith 1992
1307:, pp. 165–169
1305:Summers-Smith 1988
1276:, pp. 170–171
1274:Summers-Smith 1988
1226:, pp. 162–163
1224:Summers-Smith 1988
1211:, pp. 169–170
1209:Summers-Smith 1988
1153:Summers-Smith 1988
1128:, pp. 164–165
1126:Summers-Smith 1988
1074:, pp. 235–237
1062:, pp. 446–447
942:
910:
846:
754:
742:
713:recorded there on
611:
609:A male in Sardinia
595:
482:, and the eastern
378:
330:
255:
3165:
3164:
3111:Open Tree of Life
2820:Taxon identifiers
2811:
2810:
2745:Tibetan snowfinch
2621:Zarudny's sparrow
2576:Shelley's sparrow
2383:978-0-12-640255-1
2292:Passer domesticus
2245:Passer domesticus
2209:978-0-85661-073-8
2190:978-0-85661-048-6
2179:. illustrated by
2160:978-0-19-854099-1
2088:978-0-19-854679-5
2067:978-0-691-03424-9
1950:978-83-01-08460-8
1847:Passer domesticus
1664:"AnAge entry for
1560:978-83-01-08460-8
1253:978-1-4081-2501-4
1102:P. hispaniolensis
1098:Passer domesticus
387:Italian Peninsula
202:
201:
71:
3225:
3158:
3157:
3145:
3144:
3132:
3131:
3119:
3118:
3106:
3105:
3093:
3092:
3080:
3079:
3077:NHMSYS0000530538
3067:
3066:
3054:
3053:
3041:
3040:
3028:
3027:
3015:
3014:
3002:
3001:
2989:
2988:
2976:
2975:
2963:
2962:
2950:
2949:
2937:
2936:
2924:
2923:
2911:
2910:
2901:
2900:
2888:
2887:
2875:
2874:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2847:
2846:
2845:
2815:
2803:Afghan snowfinch
2641:Chestnut sparrow
2571:Kordofan sparrow
2546:Dead Sea sparrow
2438:
2431:
2424:
2415:
2387:
2368:
2354:
2340:
2309:
2284:
2239:
2213:
2194:
2178:
2164:
2142:
2131:
2122:Oates, Eugene W.
2117:
2106:
2092:
2071:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1991:
1978:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1959:
1942:
1931:
1925:
1924:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1878:
1872:
1857:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1824:
1809:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1769:
1760:
1759:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1695:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1627:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1474:
1468:
1453:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1424:
1409:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1369:
1356:
1350:
1349:, pp. 42–47
1344:
1327:
1326:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1277:
1271:
1258:
1257:
1233:
1227:
1221:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1167:
1156:
1150:
1141:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1114:
1113:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1063:
1057:
1051:
1045:
1024:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1014:
984:
663:Balearic Islands
546:in the north to
311:
299:
189:
86:
85:
65:
60:
59:
33:
24:Spanish sparrow
21:
3233:
3232:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3161:
3153:
3148:
3140:
3135:
3127:
3122:
3114:
3109:
3101:
3098:Observation.org
3096:
3088:
3083:
3075:
3070:
3062:
3057:
3049:
3044:
3036:
3031:
3023:
3018:
3010:
3005:
2997:
2992:
2984:
2979:
2971:
2966:
2958:
2953:
2945:
2940:
2932:
2927:
2919:
2914:
2906:
2904:
2896:
2891:
2883:
2878:
2870:
2865:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2841:
2840:
2835:
2822:
2812:
2807:
2772:
2754:
2724:
2689:
2671:
2660:
2652:
2606:Swahili sparrow
2556:Socotra sparrow
2542:or Pegu sparrow
2519:Italian sparrow
2514:Spanish sparrow
2488:
2470:
2452:
2442:
2405:Spanish sparrow
2395:
2390:
2384:
2371:
2357:
2343:
2337:
2312:
2287:
2242:
2225:
2221:
2219:Further reading
2216:
2210:
2197:
2191:
2167:
2161:
2145:
2134:
2120:
2109:
2095:
2089:
2074:
2068:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2036:
2034:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1989:
1980:
1979:
1972:
1963:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1940:
1933:
1932:
1928:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1876:
1874:
1870:
1855:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1807:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1771:
1770:
1763:
1741:
1740:
1736:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1705:
1698:
1690:
1686:
1676:
1674:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1572:
1568:
1561:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1531:
1527:
1509:
1508:
1504:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1451:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1407:
1398:
1397:
1393:
1367:
1358:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1330:
1325:. 36–37: 49–57.
1316:
1315:
1311:
1303:
1280:
1272:
1261:
1254:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1222:
1215:
1207:
1203:
1169:
1168:
1159:
1151:
1144:
1136:
1132:
1124:
1117:
1095:
1094:
1090:
1082:
1078:
1070:
1066:
1058:
1054:
1046:
1027:
1017:
1015:
986:
985:
976:
972:
955:
934:
925:
898:
834:
800:, north to the
730:
603:
542:Valley and the
520:
468:for "Spanish".
395:Italian sparrow
366:
322:
315:
312:
303:
300:
247:
206:Spanish sparrow
198:
191:
185:
172:
80:
72:
61:
57:
50:
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
3231:
3229:
3221:
3220:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3170:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3159:
3146:
3133:
3120:
3107:
3094:
3081:
3068:
3055:
3042:
3029:
3016:
3003:
2990:
2981:Fauna Europaea
2977:
2964:
2951:
2938:
2925:
2912:
2902:
2889:
2876:
2863:
2848:
2832:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2784:
2782:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2764:
2762:
2760:Onychostruthus
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2736:
2734:
2731:Montifringilla
2726:
2725:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2701:
2699:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2687:
2681:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2667:Pale rockfinch
2663:
2661:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2616:Desert sparrow
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2537:
2534:Russet sparrow
2531:
2529:Somali sparrow
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2504:Saxaul sparrow
2500:
2498:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2480:
2478:
2476:Hypocryptadius
2472:
2471:
2464:
2462:
2454:
2453:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2402:
2394:
2393:External links
2391:
2389:
2388:
2382:
2369:
2355:
2341:
2335:
2310:
2285:
2259:(4): 631–672.
2249:hispaniolensis
2240:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2208:
2195:
2189:
2181:Robert Gillmor
2165:
2159:
2143:
2132:
2118:
2107:
2097:Dresser, H. E.
2093:
2087:
2072:
2066:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2001:
1970:
1949:
1926:
1915:(3): 416–417.
1895:
1883:
1866:(2): 191–294.
1835:
1791:
1778:in Kazakhstan"
1761:
1734:
1711:
1696:
1684:
1655:
1622:
1601:(4): 193–209.
1578:
1566:
1559:
1537:
1525:
1502:
1479:
1435:
1414:(in Spanish).
1391:
1378:(4): 469–473.
1351:
1328:
1309:
1278:
1259:
1252:
1228:
1213:
1201:
1172:Passer italiae
1157:
1142:
1130:
1115:
1088:
1076:
1064:
1052:
1025:
973:
971:
968:
954:
951:
933:
930:
924:
921:
897:
894:
833:
830:
729:
723:
719:Charles Darwin
667:Aegean Islands
615:hispaniolensis
602:
600:hispaniolensis
596:
519:
516:
480:hispaniolensis
462:hispaniolensis
450:willow sparrow
401:(northeastern
365:
362:
347:quer quer quer
321:
318:
317:
316:
313:
306:
304:
301:
294:
246:
243:
210:willow sparrow
200:
199:
192:
181:
180:
174:
173:
166:
164:
160:
159:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
74:
73:
55:
52:
51:
46:
43:
42:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3230:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2864:
2859:
2853:
2849:
2844:
2838:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2775:
2769:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2566:Kenya sparrow
2564:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2551:Great sparrow
2549:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2509:House sparrow
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2485:
2484:Cinnamon ibon
2482:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2451:: Passeridae)
2450:
2446:
2439:
2434:
2432:
2427:
2425:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2410:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2385:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2336:9788301084608
2332:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2255:(in German).
2254:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2223:
2218:
2211:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2182:
2177:
2176:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2080:
2079:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2033:on 2010-05-05
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2014:
2005:
2002:
1997:
1996:
1988:
1986:
1977:
1975:
1971:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1939:
1938:
1930:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1884:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1839:
1836:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1806:
1804:
1795:
1792:
1788:(2): 301–317.
1787:
1783:
1779:
1777:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1758:(2): 318–321.
1757:
1753:
1749:
1747:
1738:
1735:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1694:, p. 311
1693:
1688:
1685:
1673:
1669:
1667:
1659:
1656:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1633:
1626:
1623:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1567:
1562:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1506:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1480:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1450:
1448:
1439:
1436:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1406:
1404:
1395:
1392:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1366:
1364:
1355:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1320:
1313:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1155:, p. 177
1154:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1140:, p. 239
1139:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1089:
1086:, p. 291
1085:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1013:
1008:
1004:
1000:
999:
994:
992:
983:
981:
979:
975:
969:
967:
965:
964:IUCN Red List
961:
960:least concern
952:
950:
948:
938:
931:
929:
922:
920:
917:
915:
907:
902:
895:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
872:
868:
863:
859:
855:
851:
843:
838:
831:
829:
827:
823:
822:Karatal River
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
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178:Binomial name
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63:Least Concern
53:
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27:
22:
19:
2827:
2777:
2759:
2729:
2694:
2685:Rock sparrow
2676:
2657:
2645:
2586:Cape sparrow
2581:Iago sparrow
2524:Sind sparrow
2513:
2493:
2475:
2465:
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2112:
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2057:
2035:. Retrieved
2031:the original
2026:
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2012:
2004:
1994:
1984:
1962:. Retrieved
1936:
1929:
1912:
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1898:
1886:
1875:. Retrieved
1863:
1859:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1827:. Retrieved
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1811:
1802:
1794:
1785:
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1671:
1665:
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1528:
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1471:. Retrieved
1459:
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1415:
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1371:
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1109:
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1091:
1084:Dresser 1902
1079:
1072:Shelley 1902
1067:
1055:
1016:. Retrieved
1002:
996:
990:
956:
947:white storks
943:
926:
918:
911:
890:Pico do Fogo
874:Iago sparrow
862:rock sparrow
847:
806:Turkmenistan
760:breeds from
757:
755:
749:
737:
726:
706:Gran Canaria
695:
635:Guadalquivir
623:North Africa
614:
612:
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550:and central
521:
503:
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222:bird of the
214:
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3020:iNaturalist
2852:Wikispecies
2327:2268/162547
2306:2268/162205
2147:Snow, D. W.
2049:Works cited
2011:"I passeri
1731:(1): 53–61.
1650:2268/162264
1644:: 229–262.
1587:Lack, David
1462:: 131–138.
1182:: 117–145.
1018:12 November
878:SĂŁo Vicente
818:Lake Alakol
802:Terek River
752:) in Israel
725:Subspecies
679:Pantelleria
675:Peloponnese
598:Subspecies
528:Macaronesia
508:Ceylanpınar
354:flight call
265:supercilium
245:Description
3172:Categories
3150:Xeno-canto
2779:Pyrgilauda
2658:Carpospiza
1964:2010-05-21
1877:2010-07-03
1829:2011-08-02
1595:Bird Study
1533:Gould 1838
1473:2011-07-25
1456:Le Gerfaut
1429:2010-11-12
1138:Oates 1890
1112:: 317–334.
1106:Le Gerfaut
970:References
914:migrations
886:SĂŁo Filipe
867:Cape Verde
826:Kazakhstan
810:Tajikistan
808:-Iran and
794:Azerbaijan
683:Montenegro
647:intergrade
473:subspecies
374:John Gould
145:Passeridae
2317:TEMM.)".
2247:(L.) und
1196:1175-5334
844:, Algeria
814:Syr Darya
778:Jerusalem
698:Lanzarote
466:Neo-Latin
446:Algeciras
431:Karpathos
385:. On the
220:passerine
163:Species:
101:Kingdom:
95:Eukaryota
3064:22718179
3038:11291375
2885:22718179
2880:BirdLife
2837:Wikidata
2696:Gymnoris
2677:Petronia
2361:(1888).
2347:(1912).
2281:39371043
2238:: 20–24.
2171:(1988).
2124:(1890).
2099:(1902).
2037:20 April
2023:Avocetta
1955:Archived
1909:The Ibis
1868:Archived
1820:Archived
1589:(1969).
1516:The Ibis
1493:The Ibis
1464:Archived
1420:Archived
1412:EcologĂa
932:Breeding
908:, Greece
854:Sardinia
850:woodland
842:Es SĂ©nia
798:Dagestan
762:Anatolia
715:Santiago
710:Tenerife
691:Bulgaria
639:Guadiana
576:Scotland
572:Vagrants
544:Aral Sea
536:latitude
496:Anatolia
260:chestnut
195:Temminck
141:Family:
115:Chordata
111:Phylum:
105:Animalia
91:Domain:
68:IUCN 3.1
40:Sardinia
38:Male in
3012:5231209
2934:spaspa1
2908:spaspa1
2843:Q466200
2467:Species
2261:Bibcode
2253:J. Orn.
2230:Temm".
1812:Ardeola
1677:25 June
1603:Bibcode
1246:, 294.
1176:Zootaxa
962:on the
923:Feeding
871:endemic
832:Habitat
774:Lebanon
673:or the
643:Maghreb
568:Moldova
560:Romania
556:Balkans
492:Ýolöten
456:is the
407:Tunisia
403:Algeria
391:Corsica
351:quer-it
343:tschilp
224:sparrow
218:) is a
197:, 1820)
151:Genus:
131:Order:
121:Class:
66: (
3183:Passer
3129:373330
3051:561880
2968:EURING
2947:PASSHI
2898:119790
2867:ARKive
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2449:family
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2013:Passer
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953:Status
906:Lesbos
820:, the
790:Kuwait
782:Turkey
766:Cyprus
687:Greece
665:, the
659:Rhodes
631:meseta
619:Iberia
580:Norway
566:, and
564:Serbia
540:Danube
512:clinal
500:Cyprus
454:Passer
427:Rhodes
278:) and
227:family
156:Passer
3142:12972
3090:56115
3033:IRMNG
3025:13854
2986:97439
2973:15920
2955:EUNIS
2929:eBird
2921:75SCW
2905:BOW:
2459:Genus
2277:S2CID
1990:(PDF)
1958:(PDF)
1941:(PDF)
1871:(PDF)
1823:(PDF)
1808:(PDF)
1467:(PDF)
1452:(PDF)
1423:(PDF)
1408:(PDF)
1368:(PDF)
1323:Larus
880:. On
770:Syria
671:Corfu
655:Crete
651:Malta
627:Tagus
548:Libya
458:Latin
423:Crete
415:Malta
411:Libya
320:Voice
3116:9416
3103:1579
3085:NCBI
3059:IUCN
3046:ITIS
3007:GBIF
2960:1186
2942:EPPO
2893:BOLD
2378:ISBN
2331:ISBN
2298:TEMM
2204:ISBN
2185:ISBN
2155:ISBN
2083:ISBN
2062:ISBN
2039:2010
1945:ISBN
1679:2010
1555:ISBN
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1248:ISBN
1192:ISSN
1180:1325
1020:2021
1003:2019
940:Eggs
882:Fogo
796:and
788:and
786:Iraq
772:and
764:and
708:and
689:and
637:and
621:and
578:and
552:Iran
532:Asia
498:and
471:Two
464:is
429:and
419:Gozo
389:and
233:and
204:The
125:Aves
3137:TSA
3072:NBN
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