599:
110:
94:
20:
610:
The loss of
American possessions in the first third of the 19th century cut off the inflow of precious metals into Spain and resulted in the gradual use of French coinage in local circulation. These subsequent changes to the Spanish currency system were never carried out in full:
580:= 0.9028 fine and the gold escudo (now worth 2 dollars or 40 reales de vellón) from 0.917 to 0.875 fine. Starting 1810 silver coin denominations were revised to their more common-sense values in reales de vellón: 20, 10, 4, 2 and 1 real with 1 real =
145:. It circulated beside various other silver coins until a 1497 ordinance eliminated all other coins and retained the real (now minted 67 to a mark of silver, 0.9306 fine, fine silver of 3.195 grams) subdivided into 34 maravedíes.
663:
753:
Coins were minted in Spain in copper 1, 2, 4 and 8 maravedíes, in silver coins equivalent to 1, 2, 4, 10 and 20 reales de vellón since 1737, and in gold coins equivalent to
763:, 1, 2, 4 and 8 escudos. New coins introduced after the 1850 decimalization include copper 5, 10 and 25 céntimos de real as well as a new gold 100-real (5-dollar) coin.
327:, or less than half silver). The relative autonomy of Spain's constituent kingdoms resulted in reales of varying silver content and worth considerably less than the
41:
for several centuries after the mid-14th century. It underwent several changes in value relative to other units throughout its lifetime until it was replaced by the
654:, and at the rate of 1 dollar = 20 reales = 5 pesetas. Consequently, the term real lived on, meaning a quarter of a peseta (25 céntimos de peseta).
992:
662:
341:
of a dollar. The monetary confusion would not be resolved until the real de vellón was fixed at 20 reales to the dollar in 1737.
927:
937:
570:
Subsequent changes until the end of the 18th century were minor and involved reducing the fineness of the silver dollar to
407:
worth 64 maravedíes). The ineffectiveness of these edicts meant that existing reales de vellón were worth even less than
987:
813:
777:
88:
542:
of 512 maravedíes as introduced in 1686 continued to be used as an accounting unit but worth a reduced value of
186:) became an internationally recognized trade coin in Europe, Asia and North America and were known variously as
243:
until the 19th century but was altered considerably in peninsular Spain beginning in the 17th century. This
750:. The portrait variety from 1772 and later are typically referred to as Spanish dollars or pillar dollars.
792:
244:
109:
954:
424:
The confusion to the monetary situation would not be resolved until 1737 in various stages, namely:
598:
344:
The first ordinance officially devaluing the
Spanish non-colonial real came out in 1642, with the
888:
316:
102:
389:
The same 1686 recoinage came with edicts in 1686–1687 fixing the real de vellón at one dollar =
968:
868:
226:
fine gold (3.101 g fine gold), and valued at 15–16 silver reales or approximately two dollars.
933:
850:
725:
721:
880:
680:
Coins were minted in both Spain and Latin
America from the 16th to 19th centuries in silver
122:
118:
960:
782:
642:
dollar, 10 reales de vellón or 100 céntimos de escudo (not equivalent to the gold escudo).
240:
787:
736:
710:
647:
629:
324:
212:
172:
71:
56:
43:
38:
981:
844:
906:
535:
dollar and equal to 34 maravedíes (hence 1 dollar = 20 reales = 680 maravedíes), and
651:
93:
772:
746:
603:
141:
462:
coins were reintroduced in 8-real and 4-real denominations worth 1 dollar and
821:
744:. Spanish dollars minted between 1732 and 1773 are also often referred to as
70:
which was used throughout Europe, America and Asia during the height of the
646:
The real was only retired completely with the introduction in 1868 of the
362:
to a mark of silver (hence, 10 reales to the dollar). Actual coins worth
158:-, 1-, 2-, 4- and 8-real denominations. After the discovery of silver in
19:
892:
167:
98:
716:
625:
dollar, 10 décimas or 100 céntimos, and with maravedíes discontinued.
159:
48:
884:
16:
Historical currency of Spain, used from the mid-14th century to 1868
661:
615:
The first decimal currency of 1850, with the real de vellón worth
597:
170:
in the 16th century, the 8-real coin (referred to since then as a
108:
92:
18:
730:
178:
163:
66:
33:(English: /ɹeɪˈɑl/ Spanish: /reˈal/) (meaning: "royal", plural:
47:
in 1868. The most common denomination for the currency was the
386:) were minted in 1686 and were poorly received by the public.
846:
The
History of Currency, 1252–1894; Appendix III: Spain
628:
The second decimal currency of 1864, with a new silver
714:(as the coin was minted to the specifications of the
372:, 1, 2, 4 and 8 reales provincial (the latter worth
955:
251:("national money") and underwent two more changes:
113:Spanish 1799 silver 8 reales, Charles IV (reverse)
23:Silver 8-real coin of 1768 from the Potosí mint.
666:Relative sizes of Castilian silver coins, from
125:in the mid 14th century, with 66 minted from a
869:"The Spanish Dollar and the Colonial Shilling"
925:Krause, Chester L.; Clifford Mishler (1991).
210:. These reales were supplemented by the gold
8:
862:
860:
129:of silver (230.0465 grams) in a fineness of
814:"Spanish influence on American Currencies"
708:. The silver 8-real coin was known as the
676:to 8 reales, according to a 1657 document.
562:of a dollar). This was divided into eight
403:reales or 512 maravedíes (or 1 dollar = 8
961:The Colonial Coinage of Spanish America:
957:at gdlcoins.com (archived 28 April 2018)
964:An introduction by Daniel Frank Sedwick
804:
932:(18th ed.). Krause Publications.
456:or 0.9167 fine (24.809 g fine silver)
7:
306:or 0.9028 fine (3.054 g fine silver)
279:or 0.9167 fine (3.101 g fine silver)
812:Martínez, Mary (10 February 2017).
315:The various financial crises under
319:gave rise starting in 1600 to the
14:
478:coins were limited to 2-, 1- and
117:The first real was introduced by
247:was subsequently referred to as
928:Standard Catalog of World Coins
311:Spain – 17th and 18th centuries
873:The American Historical Review
421:of a dollar (0.0664 dollars).
148:The silver real was minted in
1:
843:Shaw, William Arthur (1896).
525:was finally fixed in 1737 at
83:In Spain and Spanish America
37:) was a unit of currency in
778:Currency of Spanish America
269:dollars) minted to a mark,
89:Currency of Spanish America
1009:
993:Modern obsolete currencies
602:1 real coin, Spain, 1852,
488:-real denominations worth
296:dollars minted to a mark,
139:(0.9306), and valued of 3
86:
216:, minted 68 to a mark of
239:dollar, was retained in
594:In Spain – 19th century
382:of a dollar and called
867:Sumner, W. G. (1898).
677:
607:
566:each of 64 maravedíes.
552:dollar (approximately
114:
106:
97:Silver real coined in
24:
793:Spanish colonial real
665:
601:
518:dollar, respectively.
472:dollar, respectively.
245:Spanish colonial real
112:
96:
22:
255:1728: 68 reales (or
101:during the reign of
988:Currencies of Spain
446:dollars to a mark,
432:reduced in 1728 to
348:debased from 67 to
849:. Putnam. p.
678:
650:, at par with the
608:
115:
107:
103:Peter I of Castile
25:
969:Coins of Spanish
824:on 7 October 2017
726:Habsburg monarchy
722:Holy Roman Empire
692:reales nacionales
430:reales nacionales
405:reales nacionales
229:This real, worth
1000:
943:
911:
910:
903:
897:
896:
864:
855:
854:
840:
834:
833:
831:
829:
820:. Archived from
809:
762:
761:
757:
704:, 1, 2, 4 and 8
703:
702:
698:
690:, 1, 2, 4 and 8
689:
688:
684:
675:
674:
670:
641:
640:
636:
624:
623:
619:
589:
588:
584:
579:
578:
574:
564:reales de cambio
561:
560:
556:
551:
550:
546:
534:
533:
529:
517:
516:
512:
507:
506:
502:
497:
496:
492:
487:
486:
482:
471:
470:
466:
455:
454:
450:
445:
444:
440:
437:
428:The dollar of 8
420:
419:
415:
412:
402:
401:
397:
394:
381:
380:
376:
371:
370:
366:
361:
360:
356:
353:
340:
339:
335:
305:
304:
300:
295:
294:
290:
287:
278:
277:
273:
268:
267:
263:
260:
238:
237:
233:
225:
224:
220:
157:
156:
152:
138:
137:
133:
1008:
1007:
1003:
1002:
1001:
999:
998:
997:
978:
977:
951:
946:
940:
924:
920:
915:
914:
905:
904:
900:
885:10.2307/1834139
866:
865:
858:
842:
841:
837:
827:
825:
811:
810:
806:
801:
783:Portuguese real
769:
759:
755:
754:
700:
696:
695:
686:
682:
681:
672:
668:
667:
660:
638:
634:
633:
621:
617:
616:
596:
586:
582:
581:
576:
572:
571:
558:
554:
553:
548:
544:
543:
531:
527:
526:
514:
510:
509:
504:
500:
499:
494:
490:
489:
484:
480:
479:
476:Real provincial
468:
464:
463:
452:
448:
447:
442:
438:
435:
433:
417:
413:
410:
408:
399:
395:
392:
390:
378:
374:
373:
368:
364:
363:
358:
354:
351:
349:
346:real provincial
337:
333:
332:
313:
302:
298:
297:
292:
288:
285:
283:
275:
271:
270:
265:
261:
258:
256:
249:moneda nacional
235:
231:
230:
222:
218:
217:
154:
150:
149:
135:
131:
130:
91:
85:
80:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1006:
1004:
996:
995:
990:
980:
979:
976:
975:
966:
958:
950:
949:External links
947:
945:
944:
938:
921:
919:
916:
913:
912:
898:
879:(4): 607–619.
856:
835:
803:
802:
800:
797:
796:
795:
790:
788:Real de alerce
785:
780:
775:
768:
765:
742:piece of eight
740:or the famous
711:Spanish dollar
659:
656:
648:Spanish peseta
644:
643:
626:
595:
592:
568:
567:
540:Peso de cambio
536:
523:Real de vellón
519:
473:
457:
321:real de vellón
317:King Philip II
312:
309:
308:
307:
280:
196:diuros fuertes
184:piece of eight
127:Castilian mark
84:
81:
79:
76:
72:Spanish Empire
57:Spanish dollar
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1005:
994:
991:
989:
986:
985:
983:
973:
972:
967:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
952:
948:
941:
935:
931:
929:
923:
922:
917:
908:
902:
899:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
863:
861:
857:
852:
848:
847:
839:
836:
823:
819:
815:
808:
805:
798:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
770:
766:
764:
751:
749:
748:
743:
739:
738:
733:
732:
727:
723:
719:
718:
713:
712:
707:
693:
664:
657:
655:
653:
649:
631:
627:
614:
613:
612:
606:. Silver 900.
605:
600:
593:
591:
565:
541:
537:
524:
520:
477:
474:
461:
460:Real nacional
458:
431:
427:
426:
425:
422:
406:
387:
385:
347:
342:
330:
329:real nacional
326:
322:
318:
310:
281:
254:
253:
252:
250:
246:
242:
241:Latin America
227:
215:
214:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
180:
175:
174:
169:
165:
161:
146:
144:
143:
128:
124:
120:
111:
104:
100:
95:
90:
82:
77:
75:
73:
69:
68:
63:
59:
58:
54:
50:
46:
45:
40:
36:
32:
31:
21:
970:
963:
926:
918:Bibliography
901:
876:
872:
845:
838:
826:. Retrieved
822:the original
817:
807:
752:
745:
741:
735:
729:
715:
709:
705:
694:and in gold
691:
679:
652:French franc
645:
609:
569:
563:
539:
522:
475:
459:
429:
423:
404:
388:
383:
345:
343:
328:
320:
314:
248:
228:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
177:
171:
147:
140:
126:
119:King Pedro I
116:
105:(1350–1369).
65:
61:
55:
52:
42:
34:
29:
28:
26:
930:: 1801–1991
773:Columnarios
747:columnarios
604:Isabella II
62:Real de a 8
982:Categories
974:at Numista
939:0873411501
907:"8 Reales"
799:References
384:peso maria
142:maravedíes
87:See also:
323:(made of
767:See also
590:dollar.
208:piastres
200:tlzalers
893:1834139
828:17 July
818:Kind-le
758:⁄
720:of the
706:escudos
699:⁄
685:⁄
671:⁄
637:⁄
620:⁄
585:⁄
575:⁄
557:⁄
547:⁄
530:⁄
513:⁄
503:⁄
493:⁄
483:⁄
467:⁄
451:⁄
441:⁄
416:⁄
398:⁄
377:⁄
367:⁄
357:⁄
336:⁄
301:⁄
291:⁄
274:⁄
264:⁄
234:⁄
221:⁄
204:dollars
168:Bolivia
153:⁄
134:⁄
123:Castile
99:Seville
78:History
936:
891:
717:thaler
632:worth
630:escudo
331:worth
325:billon
282:1772:
213:escudo
206:, and
173:dollar
160:Mexico
51:eight-
49:silver
44:peseta
35:reales
889:JSTOR
658:Coins
192:duros
188:pesos
64:) or
39:Spain
971:Real
934:ISBN
830:2018
737:duro
731:peso
724:and
538:The
521:The
508:and
179:peso
166:and
164:Peru
67:peso
53:real
30:real
27:The
881:doi
851:319
728:),
577:144
573:130
549:680
545:512
303:144
299:130
182:or
136:144
132:134
121:of
984::
887:.
875:.
871:.
859:^
816:.
734:,
622:20
587:20
532:20
515:20
505:10
498:,
453:12
449:11
418:34
409:15
400:34
391:15
350:83
276:12
272:11
223:12
219:11
202:,
198:,
194:,
190:,
176:,
162:,
74:.
942:.
909:.
895:.
883::
877:3
853:.
832:.
760:2
756:1
701:2
697:1
687:2
683:1
673:4
669:1
639:2
635:1
618:1
583:1
559:4
555:3
528:1
511:1
501:1
495:5
491:1
485:2
481:1
469:2
465:1
443:2
439:1
436:+
434:8
414:2
411:+
396:2
393:+
379:5
375:4
369:2
365:1
359:4
355:3
352:+
338:8
334:1
293:2
289:1
286:+
284:8
266:2
262:1
259:+
257:8
236:8
232:1
155:2
151:1
60:(
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