443:
return of payloads from the ISS is highly desirable . Therefore, a commercial system must examine the implications of including a pressurized payload return capability either in the initial design or as an enhanced feature of the service to be introduced in the future. Providing such capability requires the incorporation of thermal protection subsystem, deorbit targeting subsystems, landing recovery subsystems, ground recovery infrastructure, and FAA licensure. The recovery of unpressurized payloads presents unique challenges associated with the exposed nature of unpressurized carriers. To implement a recoverable reentry system for unpressurized payloads requires the development of an encapsulation system. Encapsulation activities must either occur autonomously prior to reentry or as a part of the operations associated with loading the unpressurized cargo carrier with return cargo. In either case, additional cost associated with spacecraft systems or increased operational requirements will be higher than simply loading and departing a pressurized carrier for a destructive reentry.
382:
non-government programs should favor a "buy" decision by commercial space station operators. As these markets arise, commercial companies will be in a position to provide logistics services at a fraction of the cost of government-developed systems. The resulting economies of scale will benefit both markets. This conclusion was reached by a Price-Waterhouse study chartered by NASA in 1991. The study concluded that the value of SPACEHAB's flight-asset-based commercial module service with an estimated net-present-value of $ 160 million would have cost the US government over $ 1 billion to develop and operate using standard cost plus contracting. SPACEHAB's commercial operations and developments (such as the
Integrated Cargo Carrier) since 1991 represent further cost savings over government-owned and operated systems.
970:"Cargo runs in general are vital to the Station, however, not least since the end of the massive capability enjoyed by the ISS via the Space Shuttle fleet. With the orbiters now retired, an array of resupply vehicles are aiming to take up the slack, ranging from the ongoing Russian Progress vehicles, to Europe's ATV, Japan's HTV and – to a very small extent – the Russian Soyuz vehicles. However, it was the additional capability of the Shuttle's downmass role with the ISS that was often understated during the final years of their flights to the Station, something the Russian, European and Japanese resupply vehicles could not mitigate once the fleet was retired, bar the very small downmass allowed by the Soyuz."
406:
operational capabilities. A commercially developed cargo module will maximize the use of existing technologies (off the shelf where possible) and seek technical advances only where system requirements or market conditions drive the need for such advances. Additionally, costs associated with the development of spacecraft are not limited to those associated with the vehicle systems. Significant costs associated with the infrastructure must also be considered. SPACEHAB's existing logistics and vehicle processing facilities co-located with the
Eastern launch range and at the Sea Launch facilities enable avoidance of significant system development costs.
484:(FAA) commercial launch and entry licensing requirements. ITAR licensing drives careful selection of the vehicle subsystem suppliers. Any utilization or manufacturing of spacecraft subsystems by non-US entities can only be implemented once the appropriate Department of State and/or Commerce approvals are in place. FAA licensing requirements necessitate careful selection of the launch and landing sites. Vehicles developed by a US organized corporation, even if launched in another country, require review of the vehicle system, operations, and safety program by the FAA to ensure that risks to people and property are within acceptable limits
85:
and development, acquisition, storage, movement, distribution, maintenance, evacuation, and disposition of space materiel", movement of people in space (both routine and for medical and other emergencies), and contracting and supplying any required support services for maintaining space travel. The space logistics research and practice primarily focus on the modeling and management of the astro-logistics supply chain from Earth and on to destinations throughout the solar system as well as the system architecture strategies to minimize both logistics requirements and operational costs of human and robotic operations in space.
457:
unnecessary costs associated with designing and flying structure that accommodates fixed relative capacities of all types of payloads, a modular approach is taken for CPS. Anticipated cargo transport requirements for ISS after the
Shuttle is retired indicate that dedicated pressurized and unpressurized missions can support the ISS up-mass requirements. Utilizing common base features (i.e. service module, docking system, etc.) and modularizing the pressurized and unpressurized carrier elements of the spacecraft assures flexibility while avoiding point solutions.
110:. While it is safe to say that all of us have undoubtedly been aware of many or most of the logistics requirements and problems in the discussion, at least in a general way, I think it is also safe to state that many of us have not realized the enormous scope of the tasks performed in the logistics area. I hope the discussions bring about a better understanding of the fact that logistics support is a major portion of most large development projects. Logistics support, in fact, is a major cause of the success or failure of many undertakings.
429:(ISPR) as the primary payload and experiment accommodations structure in all US operated modules. Transferring ISPRs onto and off the ISS requires passage through the hatch only found at the Common Berthing Mechanism (CBM) berthing locations. The diameter of the CBM combined with ISPR proportions typically drives cargo vehicle diameters to sizes only accommodated by 5 m payload fairings launched on Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicles (EELV).
607:
36:
471:
propellant requirements are adequately provided for by the
Russian Progress and ESA ATV, costs associated with incorporating these features can be avoided. However, the CPS' modular nature coupled with the inherent capability of selected subsystems enables economical alternatives to propellant transfer should ISS needs require.
358:
to supplement the
Shuttle eliminates the prepositioning requirement and aligns the estimated averages during 2007–2010 to approximately 24,000 kg for pressurized cargo and 6800 kg for unpressurized cargo. Considering the delivery capability of the remaining systems after the Shuttle is retired yields.
470:
The
Russian Segment of the ISS (RSOS) has the capability via the probe and cone docking mechanisms to support propellant transfer. Incorporation of propellant transfer capability introduces international issues requiring the coordination of multiple corporate and governmental organizations. Since ISS
381:
Finally, nascent interest in the development of non-government commercial space stations must take resupply issues into consideration. Such considerations will undoubtedly be subjected to a make/buy analysis. Existing systems which have amortized their development costs across multiple government and
357:
An increased unpressurized cargo delivery requirement is shown during the years 2007–2010. This increased rate is a result of a current plan to preposition unpressurized spares on the ISS prior to
Shuttle retirement. Provision of a commercial cargo carrier capable of transporting unpressurized spares
393:
Shortfalls in ISS cargo transport capacity, emerging opportunities, and experience gained from SPACEHAB's existing ground and flight operations have encouraged development of
Commercial Payload Service (CPS). As a commercially developed system, SPACEHAB recognizes that to optimize its capability and
375:
In addition to ISS support deficiencies, alternative opportunities for a commercial cargo transport system exist. The retirement of the
Shuttle will also result in an inability to conduct Low Earth Orbit (LEO) research independent of the ISS. A commercial payload service could serve as a free-flying
353:
An understanding of the future ISS cargo requirements is necessary to size a commercial cargo vehicle designed to replace the
Shuttle's capabilities and capacities and augment currently planned alternative vehicles. Accurate estimates of ISS cargo transfer requirements are difficult to establish due
168:
Sustainable space exploration is impossible without appropriate supply chain management and unlike Apollo, future exploration will have to rely on a complex supply network on the ground and in space. The primary goal of this project is to develop a comprehensive supply chain management framework and
387:
Commercial companies are more likely to efficiently invest private capital in service enhancements, assured continued availability, and enhanced service capability. This tendency, commonplace in non-aerospace applications, has been demonstrated by SPACEHAB in the commercial space systems market via
456:
Typically, the avoidance of point solutions provides flexibility for a given system to provide variable capabilities. Designing a cargo carrier that mixes pressurized and unpressurized systems can lead to increased cost if all associated cargo accommodations must be flown on every flight. To avoid
84:
is "the theory and practice of driving space system design for operability and supportability, and of managing the flow of materiel, services, and information needed throughout a space system lifecycle." It includes terrestrial logistics in support of space travel, including any additional "design
442:
The Russian Progress vehicle has long served as a cargo vehicle which, upon departing a space station, destructively reenters the atmosphere destroying all "cargo" on board. This approach works very effectively for removing unwanted mass from a space station. However, NASA has indicated that the
411:
Finally, SPACEHAB has realized cost and schedule reductions by employing commercial processes instead of Government processes. As a result, SPACEHAB's mission integration template for a Shuttle-based carrier is 14 months, compared to 22 months for a similar Shuttle-based Multi-Purpose Logistics
405:
The second one is the utilization of existing technology and capabilities, where appropriate. A typical feature of NASA programs is the continual reach for newly developed technologies. While attractive from a technical advancement perspective, this quest is expensive and often fails to create
361:
Retirement of the Shuttle and reliance on the Progress, ATV, and HTV for ISS logistics will result in no significant recoverable down-mass capability. Further, no evidence suggests that any of these cargo transport systems can increase production and launch rates to cover the cargo delivery
291:
A snapshot of the logistics of a single space facility, the International Space Station, was provided in 2005 via a comprehensive study done by James Baker and Frank Eichstadt. This article section makes extensive reference to that study.
590:
in October 2012, downmass capability from the ISS is now 3,000 kilograms (6,600 lb) per Dragon flight, a service that is provided by the Dragon cargo capsule routinely. A return capsule tested in 2018 called the
1055:
ability to return goods is currently unique because all the other regular supply ships - Europe's Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV), Japan's HTV (or "Kounotori") and Russia's Progress - all burn up during controlled
101:
We have a logistics problem coming up in space ... that will challenge the thinking of the most visionary logistics engineers. As you know, we are currently investigating three regions of space: near-Earth, the
399:
The first approach levies moderate requirements on the system. Introducing fundamental capabilities on the front end and scarring for enhanced capabilities later reduces cost to launch and shortens development
526:, there have been periods of time when downmass capability was severely restricted. For example, for approximately ten months from the time of the retirement of the Space Shuttle following the
534:
to Earth for subsequent use or analysis. During this period of time, of the four space vehicles capable of reaching and delivering cargo to the International Space Station, only the Russian
644:
Rodolfo Monti, ed. (2005). "Infinite Possibilities Global Realities: Selected Proceedings of the 55th International Astronautical Federation Congress, Vancouver, Canada, 4–8 October 2004".
725:
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to ongoing changes in logistics requirements, crew tending levels, vehicle availabilities, and the evolving role the ISS will play in NASA's space exploration and research goals.
150:
177:, in-space and planetary transfer, and planetary surface logistics. The MIT-led interplanetary supply chain management model will take a four-phase development approach:
507:, the total logistics payload mass that is returned from space to the surface of the Earth for subsequent use or analysis. Downmass logistics are important aspects of
376:
research platform to fulfill this need. As logistics support requirements for NASA's space exploration initiative emerge, existing commercial system can be employed.
169:
planning tool for space logistics. The eventual integrated space logistics framework will encompass terrestrial movement of material and information, transfer to
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mission in July 2011—and the resultant loss of the Space Shuttle's ability to return payload mass—an increasing concern became returning downmass cargo from
334:
543:
1083:... 貨物船「こうのとり」は残り2機（8号機、9号機）で終了となり、2021年度に打ち上げ予定の新型宇宙ステーション補給機HTV-Xにバトンタッチする。今回と同様の小型回収カプセル実験は9号機で再度行う可能性はあるが、自立的な回収カプセルはHTV-Xが運ぶことになるだろう。 ...
477:
180:
1. Review of supply chain management lessons learned from Earth-based commercial and military projects, including naval submarine and arctic logistics
928:
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Station program implementation plan, vol. 6: Cargo Physical Integration, SSP 50200-06, December 1997.
301:
337:. As of 2004, the US Shuttle transported the majority of the pressurized and unpressurized cargo and provides virtually all of the recoverable
122:, and beyond, a number of deficiencies in both capacity and capability to support logistics needs even in low Earth orbit had been identified.
499:, or payload mass carried up to orbit from Earth, space station operations also have significant downmass requirements. Returning cargo from
735:
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work that occurs in orbital space facilities. In the 2020s, the term began to also be used in the context of mass movement to and from
426:
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to reduce costs by acquiring cargo transportation logistics services commercially following completion of the construction phase of the
953:
672:
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260:
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vehicle could return even a very small cargo payload to Earth. The Soyuz cargo downmass capability was limited as the entire
149:
logistics to support interplanetary material transport and transfer. Professors David Simchi-Levi and Olivier de Weck of the
810:
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was filled to capacity with the three ISS crew members who return on each Soyuz return. At the time none of the remaining
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Price Waterhouse, Analysis of NASA lease and purchase alternatives for the commercial Middeck augmentation module, 1991.
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595:(HSRC) could be used in future HTV flights. The HSRC has a maximum downmass capability of 20 kilograms (44 lb).
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2. Space logistics network analyses based on modeling Earth-Moon-Mars orbits and expected landing-exploration sites
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NASA has awarded $ 3.8 million to two MIT engineering professors to pursue an interdisciplinary study for adapting
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Federal Aviation Administration-Office of Commercial Space Transportation, 14 CFR, November 2000 (Chapter III).
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3. Demand/supply modeling that embraces uncertainty in demand, cargo mix, costs, and supply chain disruptions
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Indirect costs considered in developing the CPS architecture include licensing requirements associated with
631:
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G.W. Bush, A Renewed Spirit of Discovery: The Presidents Vision for U.S. Space Exploration, January 2004.
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United States Congress, National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, as amended, Public Law 85-568, 1984.
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985:"After NASA taps SpaceX's Starship for first Artemis landings, agency looks to on-ramp future vehicles"
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By 2005, analysts recognized the coming opportunity for the national governments involved with the
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affordability requires that certain approaches in system development and operations be taken.
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Baker, James D.; Eichstadt, Frank (May 2005). "Commercial cargo transport service for ISS".
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Baker, James D.; Eichstadt, James (May 2005). "Commercial cargo transport service for ISS".
811:"Supply chain management and material transport study goes interplanetary: Lunar Logistics"
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519:. For example, "the upmass and downmass capacity far exceeded NASA’s requirements"
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continued module enhancements and introduction of new logistics carriers.
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Among the supply classes identified by the MIT Space Logistics Center:
569:— could return any downmass cargo for terrestrial use or examination.
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By 2004, with NASA beginning a governmental initiative to explore the
954:"Cargo up and down: Dragon to demonstrate the importance of downmass"
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spoke of the necessity and the underdevelopment of space logistics:
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Interplanetary Supply Chain Management and Logistics Architecture
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capability (the capability of non-destructive reentry of cargo).
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However, in 2004, it was already anticipated that the European
259:(HTV) expendable unmanned resupply spacecraft developed by the
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727:
Wernher von Braun discussing the importance of space logistics
665:"Space Logistics: The Ultimate Logistics Enterprise Challenge"
228:
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4. Development of an interplanetary supply chain architecture.
29:
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173:, integration of payload onto launch vehicles and launch to
250:, expendable unmanned resupply spacecraft developed by the
333:(HTV) would be introduced into service before the end of
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57:
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is the only expendable unmanned resupply spacecraft to
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1012:"SpaceX capsule returns with safe landing in Pacific"
756:
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1039:"When Dragon made commercial spaceflight a reality"
153:will spearhead the project in partnership with the
1114:... 回収能力はわずか約２０キロ。試料を冷蔵する場合は５キロ足らずだ。 ...
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493:While significant focus of space logistics is on
244:, Russian expendable unmanned resupply spacecraft
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572:After 2012, with the successful berthing of the
141:According to Manufacturing Business Technology,
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837:"Classes of Supply for Exploration Logistics"
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287:State of the ISS logistics capability in 2005
56:. Consider transferring direct quotations to
8:
1096:"日本独自の宇宙回収カプセル開発進む ＩＳＳの実験試料を迅速に研究者へ 有人船に応用も"
843:. MIT Space Logistics Center. Archived from
314:, and to a very limited extent, the Russian
227:In the category of space transportation for
322:systems capable of transporting ISS cargo.
478:International Traffic in Arms Regulations
466:Baker and Eichstadt also wrote, in 2005:
452:Baker and Eichstadt also wrote, in 2005:
438:Baker and Eichstadt also wrote, in 2005:
421:Baker and Eichstadt also wrote, in 2005:
371:Baker and Eichstadt also wrote, in 2005:
349:Baker and Eichstadt also wrote, in 2005:
434:Recoverable reentry–pressurized payloads
687:
588:initiation of operational cargo flights
821:(8): 12. 1 August 2005. Archived from
269:, reusable cargo carrier developed by
47:too many or overly lengthy quotations
7:
1069:Hayashi, Kimiyo (13 December 2018).
1071:"数多くの困難、時間との闘いを乗り越えて。小型回収カプセルが拓く未来"
1037:Black, Charles (24 December 2012).
983:Burghardt, Thomas (20 April 2021).
427:International Standard Payload Rack
673:International Society of Logistics
663:Evans, Andy (January–March 2005).
563:Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
503:to Earth is known as transporting
261:Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency
25:
815:Manufacturing Business Technology
628:Crew Space Transportation System
605:
151:MIT Engineering Systems Division
34:
952:Bergin, Chris (20 April 2012).
907:10.1016/j.actaastro.2005.04.001
785:10.1016/j.actaastro.2005.04.001
700:"Definition of Space Logistics"
482:Federal Aviation Administration
205:Crew Provisions and Operations
1:
586:mission in May 2012, and the
217:Habitation and Infrastructure
1104:(in Japanese). 18 March 2018
524:International Space Station
220:Transportation and Carriers
131:International Space Station
1171:
724:Wernher von Braun (1960).
593:HTV Small Re-entry Capsule
345:Cargo vehicle capabilities
327:Automated Transfer Vehicle
248:Automated Transfer Vehicle
194:Examples of supply classes
27:Logistics for space travel
448:Mixed manifest capability
231:Support, one might list:
155:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
133:, then expected by 2010.
417:Rack transfer capability
54:summarize the quotations
574:commercially contracted
544:cargo resupply vehicles
318:vehicles were the only
632:Commercial spaceflight
517:other planetary bodies
367:Commercial opportunity
331:H-IIA Transfer Vehicle
296:ISS cargo requirements
208:Maintenance and Upkeep
112:
555:European Space Agency
425:The ISS utilizes the
281:Chinese Space Station
277:Tianzhou (spacecraft)
257:H-II Transfer Vehicle
252:European Space Agency
211:Stowage and Restraint
202:Propellants and Fuels
163:United Space Alliance
137:Activities after 2005
127:Space Shuttle program
99:
621:Autonomous logistics
548:Russian Space Agency
899:2005AcAau..57..257B
825:on 6 November 2012.
777:2005AcAau..57..257B
738:on 18 October 2010.
462:Propellant transfer
329:(ATV) and Japanese
242:Progress spacecraft
669:Logistics Spectrum
613:Spaceflight portal
214:Waste and Disposal
93:As early as 1960,
1018:. 28 October 2012
886:Acta Astronautica
764:Acta Astronautica
647:Acta Astronautica
267:Dragon spacecraft
95:Wernher von Braun
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16:(Redirected from
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847:on 5 July 2008
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