432:
488:
337:
501:
373:
456:
361:
211:
235:
408:
247:
314:
302:
513:
420:
223:
389:
20:
199:
349:
2012:
401:, each capable of 30,000 lbf (130 kN). The 16 vertical actuators allow for testing of up to a 75,000 lb (34,000 kg) article at the previously stated frequency and amplitude limits. Horizontal shaking is accomplished through use of 4 TEAM Corporation Horizontal Actuators. The horizontal actuators are used during Vertical testing to counteract cross axis forces and overturning moments.
192:
time vacuum conditions are occurring within. The concrete thickness varies from 6 to 8 feet (1.8 to 2.4 m) and contains a leak-tight steel containment barrier embedded within. The chamber's doors are 50 by 50 feet (15 by 15 m) and have inflatable seals. The space between the concrete enclosure and the aluminum test chamber is pumped down to a pressure of 20 torrs (2.7 kPa) during a test.
2024:
487:
183: in (35 mm). Welded circumferentially to the exterior surface is aluminum structural T-section members that are 3 feet (0.9 m) deep and 2 feet (0.6 m) wide. The doors of the test chamber are 50 by 50 feet (15 by 15 m) in size and have double door seals to prevent leakage. The chamber floor was designed for a load of 300 tons.
444:
528:
The SPF Facility layout is ideal for performing multiple test programs. The facility has two large high bay areas adjacent to either side of the vacuum chamber. The advantage of having both areas available is that it allows for two complex tests to be prepared simultaneously. One test can be prepared
476:
In addition to the sine vibe table, a fixed-base Modal floor sufficient for the 20 ft (6.1 m) diameter test article is available. The fixed based Modal Test
Facility is a 6 in (150 mm) thick steel floor on top of 19 ft (5.8 m) of concrete, that is tied to the earth using
396:
The
Mechanical Vibration Test Facility (MVF), is a three-axis vibration system. It will apply vibration in each of the three orthogonal axes (not simultaneously) with one direction in parallel to the Earth-launch thrust axis (X) at 5–150 Hz, 0-1.25 g-pk vertical, and 5–150 Hz 0-1.0 g-pk for
154:
The
Aluminum Test Chamber is a vacuum-tight aluminum plate vessel that is 100 feet (30 m) in diameter and 122 feet (37 m) high. Designed for an external pressure of 2.5 psi (17 kPa) and internal pressure of 5 psi (34 kPa), the chamber is constructed of Type 5083 aluminum
53:
The SPF is able to simulate a spacecraft's launch environment, as well as in-space environments. NASA has developed these capabilities under one roof to optimize testing of spaceflight hardware while minimizing transportation issues. Space Power
Facility has become a "One Stop Shop" to qualify flight
286:
and able to achieve MIL-STD-461F limits above approximately 80 MHz. In the spring of 2017 the low-power characterizations and calibrations from 2009 and 2011 were proven correct in a series of high-power tests performed in the chamber to validate its capabilities. The SPF chamber is currently
281:
and others after which the facility was understood to be, not only the world's largest Vacuum chamber, but also the world's largest EMI/EMC test facility. In 2011, the Glenn
Research Center successfully performed a calibration of the aluminum vacuum chamber using IEC 61000-4-21 methodologies. As a
191:
The concrete chamber enclosure serves not only as a radiological shield but also as a primary vacuum barrier from atmospheric pressure. 130 feet (40 m) in diameter and 150 feet (46 m) in height, the chamber was designed to withstand atmospheric pressure outside of the chamber at the same
118:
The facility was designed and constructed to test both nuclear and non-nuclear space hardware in a simulated Low-Earth-Orbiting environment. Although the facility was designed for testing nuclear hardware, only non-nuclear tests have been performed throughout its history. Some of the test programs
268:
Designed specifically as a large-scale thermal-vacuum test chamber for qualification testing of vehicles and equipment in outer-space conditions, it was discovered in the late 2000s that the unique construction of the SPF interior aluminum vacuum chamber also makes it an extremely large and
431:
329:
The
Reverberant Acoustic Test Facility has 36 nitrogen-driven horns to simulate the high noise levels that will be experienced during a space vehicle launch and supersonic ascent conditions. The RATF is capable of an overall sound pressure level of 163 dB within a 101,500-cubic-foot
336:
742:
99:-shaped space. It is the world's largest thermal vacuum chamber. It was originally commissioned for nuclear-electric power studies under vacuum conditions, but was later decommissioned. It was subsequently recommissioned for use in testing
551:
NIST TN-1558 - An electromagnetic evaluation of the NASA space power facility at Plum Brook
Station by Koepke, Galen H.; Ladbury, John; Camell, Dennis; Coder, Jason; Hammerschmidt, Chriss; Direeen, Randall; Guerrieri,
500:
372:
480:
There were over 21,000,000 pounds (9,500 t) of rock anchors, and 6,000,000 pounds (2,700 t) of concrete used in the construction of the fixed-base modal test facility and mechanical vibration test facility.
234:
455:
1367:
493:
The modal test facility is a 6 in (150 mm) steel plate on top of 19 ft (5.8 m) of concrete, that is then tied to the shale utilizing tensioned rock anchors that are 50 ft (15 m)
360:
724:
210:
407:
246:
748:
313:
770:
38:
facility used to test spaceflight hardware under simulated launch and spaceflight conditions. The SPF is part of NASA's Neil A. Armstrong Test
Facility, which in turn is part of the
2065:
1189:
301:
1897:
881:
278:
1962:
1887:
1374:
631:
1668:
1644:
670:
1590:
1003:
529:
in a high bay while another test is being conducted in the vacuum chamber. Large chamber doors provide access to the test chamber from either high bay.
1678:
1597:
222:
1673:
512:
1982:
1715:
419:
859:
854:
139:
via a 4 MW quartz heat lamp array, solar spectrum by a 400 kW arc lamp, and cold environments (−320 °F (−195.6 °C)) with a
574:
IEC 61000-4-21:2011 - Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) - Part 4-21: Testing and measurement techniques - Reverberation chamber test methods
1560:
998:
730:
1957:
1764:
1287:
1540:
1514:
1470:
1774:
676:
198:
47:
1630:
1550:
1184:
718:
648:
594:
257:
Brian Cox of the BBC's Human
Universe filmed a rock and feather drop episode at the Space Power Facility. Below is a YouTube clip:
604:
1925:
1683:
1270:
1179:
886:
869:
624:
1144:
282:
result of these activities, the SPF is capable of performing radiated susceptibility EMI tests for vehicles and equipment per
146:
cold shroud. The facility is available on a full-cost reimbursable basis to government, universities, and the private sector.
2055:
2050:
1757:
1747:
1445:
140:
169:
absorption cross-section. The floor plate and vertical shell are 1 inch (25 mm) (total) thick, while the dome shell is
397:
the horizontal axes. Vertical, or the thrust axis, shaking is accomplished by using 16 vertical actuators manufactured by
1950:
790:
785:
1613:
1482:
736:
706:
165: in (3.2 mm) thick type 3003 aluminum for corrosion resistance. This material was selected because of its low
54:
hardware for crewed space flight. This facility provides the capability to perform the following environmental testing:
1967:
1914:
1877:
1836:
1730:
1435:
1415:
1330:
1154:
893:
839:
617:
128:
1769:
1710:
1585:
1497:
1227:
1093:
342:
The SpaceX Falcon 9 fairing was the first test article to utilize NASA's
Reverberant Acoustic Test Facility (RATF).
1977:
1807:
1725:
1720:
1394:
849:
807:
2060:
1920:
1844:
1118:
694:
348:
969:
23:
NASA's Space Power Facility with RATF shown closest, then MVF and the modal plate, then the Thermo-Vac chamber
1752:
1689:
1664:
1509:
1362:
1297:
1008:
928:
829:
119:
that have been performed at the facility include high-energy experiments, rocket-fairing separation tests,
1992:
1935:
1457:
1440:
1386:
1349:
1149:
1123:
1078:
834:
108:
1940:
1930:
1872:
1742:
1737:
1578:
1243:
1205:
1174:
1083:
982:
964:
864:
100:
39:
1570:
1073:
958:
876:
844:
780:
775:
599:
120:
1335:
1857:
1823:
1354:
924:
712:
1654:
1232:
1139:
1113:
1053:
1037:
1013:
388:
19:
95:
in 1969. It stands 122 feet (37 m) high and 100 feet (30 m) in diameter, enclosing a
1618:
1502:
1462:
1422:
1342:
1302:
1169:
1159:
907:
2027:
954:
437:
One of 16 Vertical Actuators and Spherical Coupling Assemblies for Space Power Facility's MVF
1851:
1492:
1103:
682:
661:
292:
274:
270:
1830:
1800:
1263:
1237:
1164:
1088:
1063:
1058:
1018:
934:
688:
136:
104:
443:
1987:
1867:
1624:
1310:
1108:
1098:
944:
939:
797:
550:
88:
43:
2044:
2015:
1997:
1892:
1882:
1814:
1659:
1292:
1023:
802:
588:
1862:
1429:
563:
NASA TM—2014-218363 - Space Power Facility Reverberation Chamber Calibration Report
287:
being prepared for EMI radiated susceptibility testing of the crew module for the
562:
824:
700:
283:
1555:
1257:
1250:
765:
532:
466:
258:
124:
1972:
1945:
1793:
1705:
1565:
1534:
1527:
1324:
1222:
976:
288:
240:
NASA's SPF Thermo-Vac chamber VacCryo Pump as Seen from the Annulus Basement
143:
573:
103:
systems. Recent uses include testing the airbag landing systems for the
1487:
1477:
1380:
819:
166:
1521:
1452:
949:
814:
96:
277:
characteristics. In 2009 these characteristics were measured by the
42:. The Neil A. Armstrong Test Facility and the SPF are located near
1545:
1318:
1282:
1277:
1068:
387:
264:
Electromagnetic Interference/Compatibility (EMI/EMC) functionality
640:
132:
112:
92:
35:
613:
398:
366:
Larry Opper in front of one of the 25 Hz horns in the RATF
506:
Mechanical Vibration Facility's Table - Modal Test (Free-Free)
461:
TEAM Horizontal Actuator for the Mechanical Vibration Facility
378:
NASA's Vibro-Acoustic Control Room at the Space Power Facility
319:
Installation of EMI equipment in the Thermal-Vacuum Chamber
131:
hardware tests. The facility can sustain a high vacuum (10
216:
The Centaur Standard Shroud at the Space Power Facility.
609:
533:
NASA's Space Power Facility Vibro-Acoustic Construction
467:
NASA's Space Power Facility Vibro-Acoustic Construction
413:
Mechanical Vibration Facility with the table installed
70:
Electromagnetic interference and compatibility testing
477:
50 ft (15 m) deep tensioned rock anchors.
259:
Rock and Feather Drop at NASA's Space Power Facility
1906:
1783:
1698:
1643:
1606:
1405:
1215:
1202:
1132:
1046:
1036:
991:
917:
906:
758:
657:
647:
252:
NASA's SPF Thermo-Vac chamber Turbo Molecular Pumps
595:Skylab Shroud in Plum Brook Space Power Facility
155:which is a clad on the interior surface with a
307:EMI mode stirrer in the Thermal-Vacuum chamber
279:National Institute of Standards and Technology
2066:Buildings and structures in Erie County, Ohio
625:
228:NASA's SPF Thermo-Vac chamber Scavenger Plate
8:
1212:
1043:
1004:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
914:
654:
632:
618:
610:
111:, Spirit and Opportunity, under simulated
1898:Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images
204:The interior of the Space Power Facility.
392:NASA's MVF Mechanical Vibration Facility
18:
1983:NASA International Space Apps Challenge
543:
483:
403:
332:
297:
194:
771:Administrator and Deputy Administrator
1561:Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
600:NASA image gallery, featuring the SPF
7:
2023:
518:Vibration Test Article - Modal Test
271:microwave or radio frequency cavity
677:National Aeronautics and Space Act
425:Control Accelerometer Installation
384:Mechanical Vibration Test Facility
354:Reverberant Acoustic Test Facility
325:Reverberant Acoustic Test Facility
48:Oxford Township, Erie County, Ohio
16:NASA test stand and vacuum chamber
14:
1631:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
1185:Commercial Lunar Payload Services
2022:
2011:
2010:
1926:Apollo 15 postal covers incident
1684:Space Flight Operations Facility
870:Operations and Checkout Building
511:
499:
486:
454:
442:
430:
418:
406:
371:
359:
347:
335:
312:
300:
245:
233:
221:
209:
197:
1145:Lunar Precursor Robotic Program
605:Detailed facility capabilities
61:Reverberation acoustic testing
1:
1963:Space program on U.S. stamps
1888:Gemini and Apollo medallions
1838:Solar System Family Portrait
1614:Joint Polar Satellite System
1483:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
737:Vision for Space Exploration
707:Space Exploration Initiative
589:Neil Armstrong Test Facility
64:Mechanical vibration testing
1958:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame
1915:We choose to go to the Moon
1878:Apollo 11 goodwill messages
1436:International Space Station
1416:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
1155:Great Observatories program
999:International Space Station
977:Roscosmos State Corporation
894:Science Mission Directorate
840:Manned Space Flight Network
273:with excellent reverberant
129:International Space Station
75:Thermal-Vacuum Test Chamber
2082:
1775:NASA cameras on spacecraft
1586:James Webb Space Telescope
1498:Solar Dynamics Observatory
719:U.S. National Space Policy
187:Concrete Chamber Enclosure
2006:
850:Vehicle Assembly Building
123:system tests, deployable
1921:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
1845:The Day the Earth Smiled
1180:Solar Terrestrial Probes
591:-- official NASA website
330:(2,870 m) chamber.
115:atmospheric conditions.
1978:Other primates in space
1690:Deep Space Atomic Clock
1510:Mars Science Laboratory
1298:Spitzer Space Telescope
887:Lunar Sample Laboratory
830:Launch Services Program
109:Mars Exploration Rovers
1993:National Astronaut Day
1936:The Astronaut Monument
1758:Space Shuttle missions
1458:Mars Exploration Rover
1441:Hubble Space Telescope
1350:Kepler space telescope
1150:Earth Observing System
1124:Mars Exploration Rover
835:Mercury Control Center
393:
58:Thermal-vacuum testing
24:
2056:Glenn Research Center
2051:Aerospace engineering
1941:Lunar sample displays
1931:Space Mirror Memorial
1873:Voyager Golden Record
1765:United States rockets
957: (with the
865:Launch Control Center
391:
269:electrically complex
150:Aluminum Test Chamber
135:, 130 μPa); simulate
101:spacecraft propulsion
40:Glenn Research Center
22:
959:Soviet space program
877:Johnson Space Center
845:Kennedy Space Center
808:spinoff technologies
81:Space Power Facility
28:Space Power Facility
1968:Apollo 17 Moon mice
1824:Pillars of Creation
1731:Space Shuttle crews
1209:(human and robotic)
1203:Individual featured
786:Ranks and positions
472:Modal Test Facility
1770:NASA cancellations
1665:Deep Space Network
1655:Near Earth Network
1140:Living With a Star
1114:Project Prometheus
1094:Planetary Observer
394:
25:
2038:
2037:
1951:stolen or missing
1748:uncrewed missions
1726:Apollo astronauts
1721:Gemini astronauts
1639:
1638:
1423:2001 Mars Odyssey
1198:
1197:
1074:Mars Surveyor '98
1032:
1031:
975: (with
908:Human spaceflight
902:
901:
860:Launch Complex 48
855:Launch Complex 39
449:Vertical Actuator
141:variable geometry
2073:
2026:
2025:
2014:
2013:
1852:Fallen Astronaut
1493:Van Allen Probes
1213:
1119:Mars Exploration
1044:
915:
683:Space Task Group
655:
634:
627:
620:
611:
576:
571:
565:
560:
554:
548:
515:
503:
490:
458:
446:
434:
422:
410:
399:TEAM Corporation
375:
363:
351:
339:
316:
304:
293:Orion spacecraft
275:electro-magnetic
249:
237:
225:
213:
201:
182:
181:
177:
174:
164:
163:
159:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2061:NASA facilities
2041:
2040:
2039:
2034:
2002:
1902:
1893:Mission patches
1868:Pioneer plaques
1831:Mystic Mountain
1808:Family Portrait
1801:The Blue Marble
1785:
1779:
1753:Apollo missions
1694:
1646:
1635:
1602:
1407:
1401:
1238:Mercury-Atlas 6
1208:
1204:
1194:
1128:
1064:Mariner Mark II
1028:
1009:Commercial Crew
987:
910:
898:
882:Mission Control
781:Astronaut Corps
776:Chief Scientist
754:
659:
643:
638:
585:
580:
579:
572:
568:
561:
557:
549:
545:
540:
526:
519:
516:
507:
504:
495:
491:
474:
462:
459:
450:
447:
438:
435:
426:
423:
414:
411:
386:
379:
376:
367:
364:
355:
352:
343:
340:
327:
320:
317:
308:
305:
266:
253:
250:
241:
238:
229:
226:
217:
214:
205:
202:
189:
179:
175:
172:
170:
161:
157:
156:
152:
137:solar radiation
105:Mars Pathfinder
77:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2079:
2077:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2043:
2042:
2036:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2020:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1988:Astronauts Day
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1804:
1797:
1789:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1740:
1735:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1687:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1662:
1657:
1651:
1649:
1647:and navigation
1645:Communications
1641:
1640:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1628:
1625:Europa Clipper
1621:
1616:
1610:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1595:
1594:
1593:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1507:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1426:
1419:
1411:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1384:
1377:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1352:
1347:
1340:
1333:
1328:
1321:
1316:
1308:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1274:
1273:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1219:
1217:
1210:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1079:New Millennium
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1050:
1048:
1041:
1034:
1033:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
995:
993:
989:
988:
986:
985:
980:
967:
962:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
921:
919:
912:
904:
903:
900:
899:
897:
896:
891:
890:
889:
884:
874:
873:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
811:
810:
800:
795:
794:
793:
788:
778:
773:
768:
762:
760:
756:
755:
753:
752:
746:
740:
734:
728:
722:
716:
710:
704:
698:
692:
686:
680:
674:
667:
665:
652:
645:
644:
639:
637:
636:
629:
622:
614:
608:
607:
602:
597:
592:
584:
583:External links
581:
578:
577:
566:
555:
542:
541:
539:
536:
525:
522:
521:
520:
517:
510:
508:
505:
498:
496:
492:
485:
473:
470:
464:
463:
460:
453:
451:
448:
441:
439:
436:
429:
427:
424:
417:
415:
412:
405:
385:
382:
381:
380:
377:
370:
368:
365:
358:
356:
353:
346:
344:
341:
334:
326:
323:
322:
321:
318:
311:
309:
306:
299:
265:
262:
255:
254:
251:
244:
242:
239:
232:
230:
227:
220:
218:
215:
208:
206:
203:
196:
188:
185:
151:
148:
89:vacuum chamber
76:
73:
72:
71:
68:
65:
62:
59:
44:Sandusky, Ohio
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2078:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2031:
2030:
2021:
2019:
2018:
2009:
2008:
2005:
1999:
1998:Nikon NASA F4
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1883:NASA insignia
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1863:Lunar plaques
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1816:
1815:Pale Blue Dot
1812:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1745:
1744:
1743:NASA missions
1741:
1739:
1738:NASA aircraft
1736:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1660:Space Network
1658:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1642:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1569:
1568:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1404:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1385:
1383:
1382:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1339:
1338:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1293:Space Shuttle
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1175:New Frontiers
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1131:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1084:Lunar Orbiter
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1025:
1024:Lunar Gateway
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
996:
994:
990:
984:
983:Constellation
981:
978:
974:
973:
968:
966:
965:Space Shuttle
963:
960:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
930:
926:
923:
922:
920:
916:
913:
909:
905:
895:
892:
888:
885:
883:
880:
879:
878:
875:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
847:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
809:
806:
805:
804:
803:NASA research
801:
799:
796:
792:
789:
787:
784:
783:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
763:
761:
757:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
668:
666:
663:
656:
653:
650:
646:
642:
635:
630:
628:
623:
621:
616:
615:
612:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
590:
587:
586:
582:
575:
570:
567:
564:
559:
556:
553:
547:
544:
537:
535:
534:
530:
524:Assembly Area
523:
514:
509:
502:
497:
489:
484:
482:
478:
471:
469:
468:
457:
452:
445:
440:
433:
428:
421:
416:
409:
404:
402:
400:
390:
383:
374:
369:
362:
357:
350:
345:
338:
333:
331:
324:
315:
310:
303:
298:
296:
294:
290:
285:
280:
276:
272:
263:
261:
260:
248:
243:
236:
231:
224:
219:
212:
207:
200:
195:
193:
186:
184:
168:
149:
147:
145:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
74:
69:
67:Modal testing
66:
63:
60:
57:
56:
55:
51:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
21:
2028:
2016:
1850:
1843:
1837:
1829:
1822:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1623:
1572:Perseverance
1571:
1533:
1526:
1503:
1463:
1446:
1430:New Horizons
1428:
1421:
1414:
1387:
1379:
1355:
1343:
1336:
1323:
1311:
1303:
1264:
1256:
1249:
1242:
971:
955:Apollo–Soyuz
569:
558:
546:
531:
527:
479:
475:
465:
395:
328:
267:
256:
190:
153:
117:
84:
80:
78:
52:
31:
27:
26:
1858:Deep fields
1786:and artwork
1784:NASA images
1356:Opportunity
825:NASA Social
651:and history
284:MIL-STD-461
121:Mars Lander
2045:Categories
1946:Moon rocks
1706:Astronauts
1699:NASA lists
1556:OSIRIS-REx
1390:helicopter
1258:Pioneer 11
1251:Pioneer 10
1054:Hitchhiker
929:suborbital
766:Space Race
538:References
291:of NASA's
127:tests and
125:Solar Sail
1973:Moon tree
1794:Earthrise
1669:Goldstone
1566:Mars 2020
1535:Voyager 2
1528:Voyager 1
1464:Curiosity
1408:operating
1406:Currently
1388:Ingenuity
1325:MESSENGER
1304:Sojourner
1233:Mercury 3
1223:Apollo 11
1170:Discovery
1160:Explorers
749:Augustine
713:Augustine
289:Artemis 1
144:cryogenic
91:built by
2017:Category
1679:Canberra
1591:timeline
1579:timeline
1515:timeline
1471:timeline
1368:observed
1363:timeline
1331:Aquarius
1271:timeline
1244:Magellan
1206:missions
1104:Surveyor
1040:programs
970:Shuttle–
911:programs
743:Aldridge
662:creation
107:and the
2029:Commons
1907:Related
1716:by year
1711:by name
1488:GOES 15
1478:GOES 14
1395:flights
1381:InSight
1337:Cassini
1265:Galileo
1190:SIMPLEx
1165:Voyager
1133:Current
1089:Pioneer
1059:Mariner
1038:Robotic
1019:Artemis
992:Current
935:Mercury
927: (
820:NASA TV
759:General
658:History
178:⁄
167:neutron
160:⁄
87:) is a
34:) is a
1674:Madrid
1607:Future
1522:NuSTAR
1453:THEMIS
1375:RHESSI
1312:Spirit
1109:Viking
1099:Ranger
950:Skylab
945:Apollo
940:Gemini
798:Budget
751:(2009)
745:(2004)
739:(2004)
733:(2003)
727:(2002)
725:CFUSAI
721:(1996)
715:(1990)
709:(1989)
703:(1987)
697:(1986)
695:Rogers
691:(1986)
685:(1958)
679:(1958)
673:(1915)
649:Policy
97:bullet
1619:NISAR
1574:rover
1546:MAVEN
1466:rover
1447:Swift
1358:rover
1319:LADEE
1314:rover
1306:rover
1283:GRAIL
1278:GALEX
1069:MESUR
1014:Orion
815:NASA+
791:Chief
689:Paine
552:Jeff.
494:long.
1598:PACE
1541:WISE
1504:Juno
1344:Dawn
1288:WMAP
1228:COBE
1216:Past
1047:Past
925:X-15
918:Past
731:CAIB
701:Ride
671:NACA
641:NASA
133:torr
113:Mars
93:NASA
79:The
36:NASA
1551:MMS
972:Mir
85:SPF
50:).
32:SPF
2047::
295:.
1917:"
1913:"
1686:)
1667:(
979:)
961:)
931:)
664:)
660:(
633:e
626:t
619:v
180:8
176:3
173:+
171:1
162:8
158:1
83:(
46:(
30:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.