Space suit - Knowledge (XXG)

2075:(FFD) is developing a commercial full IVA space suit, with their first suit completed in 2010. FFD's suits are intended as a light-weight, highly mobile, and inexpensive commercial space suits. Since 2011, FFD has upgraded IVA suit's designs, hardware, processes, and capabilities. FFD has built a total of 7 IVA space suit (2016) assemblies for various institutions and customers since founding, and has conducted high fidelity human testing in simulators, aircraft, microgravity, and hypobaric chambers. FFD has a Space Act Agreement with NASA's Commercial Space Capabilities Office to develop and execute a Human Rating Plan for FFD IVA suit. FFD categorizes their IVA suits according to their mission: Terra for Earth-based testing, Stratos for high altitude flights, and Exos for orbital space flights. Each suit category has different requirements for manufacturing controls, validations, and materials, but are of a similar architecture. 1598: 1198: 435:. The latter two figures add to 11.6 kPa (87 Torr; 1.7 psi), which is why many modern space suits do not use 20.7 kPa (160 Torr; 3.0 psi), but 32.4 kPa (240 Torr; 4.7 psi) (this is a slight overcorrection, as alveolar partial pressures at sea level are slightly less than the former). In space suits that use 20.7 kPa, the astronaut gets only 20.7 kPa − 11.6 kPa = 9.1 kPa (68 Torr; 1.3 psi) of oxygen, which is about the alveolar oxygen partial pressure attained at an altitude of 1,860 m (6,100 ft) above sea level. This is about 42% of normal partial pressure of oxygen at sea level, about the same as 676:

the bladder layer is larger than the restraint layer, the restraint takes all of the stresses caused by the pressure inside the suit. Since the bladder is not under pressure, it will not "pop" like a balloon, even if punctured. The restraint layer is shaped in such a way that bending a joint causes pockets of fabric, called "gores", to open up on the outside of the joint, while folds called "convolutes" fold up on the inside of the joint. The gores make up for the volume lost on the inside of the joint, and keep the suit at a nearly constant volume. However, once the gores are opened all the way, the joint cannot be bent any further without a considerable amount of work.

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volume of air internally and do not have any counter-force. Therefore, the astronaut does not need to exert to hold the suit in any position. Hard suits can also operate at higher pressures which would eliminate the need for an astronaut to pre-breathe oxygen to use a 34 kPa (4.9 psi) space suit before an EVA from a 101 kPa (14.6 psi) spacecraft cabin. The joints may get into a restricted or locked position requiring the astronaut to manipulate or program the joint. The NASA

1837: 1813:(飞天号航天服) EVA space suit: Indigenously developed Chinese-made EVA space suit also used for the Shenzhou 7 mission. The suit was designed for a spacewalk mission of up to seven hours. Chinese astronauts have been training in the out-of-capsule space suits since July 2007, and movements are seriously restricted in the suits, with a mass of more than 110 kilograms (240 lb) each. A new generation of Feitian space suit has been used since 2021 as the construction of 1825: 1947: 65: 1586: 29: 1490: 787: 461:

ISS there is no cabin pressure reduction, instead a 4 hour oxygen pre-breathe at normal cabin pressure is used to desaturate nitrogen to an acceptable level. US studies show that a rapid decompression from 101kPa to 55kPa has an acceptable risk, and Russian studies show that direct decompression from 101kPa to 40kPa after 30 minutes of oxygen pre-breathing, roughly the time required for pre-EVA suit checks, is acceptable.

332: 5477: 1273: 1562: 1502: 1210: 1870: 179: 5488: 2065: 1574: 924: 550: 1222: 1478: 697: 2186:. The mobility of the North Dakota suit can be attributed to its low operating pressure; while the North Dakota suit was field tested at a pressure of 1 psi (6.9 kPa; 52 Torr) differential, NASA's EMU suit operates at a pressure of 4.7 psi (32 kPa; 240 Torr), a pressure designed to supply approximately sea-level oxygen partial pressure for 1258: 242: 47: 766:

mitigates the constant volume problem, reduces the possibility of a space suit depressurization and gives a very lightweight suit. When not worn, the elastic garments may appear to be that of clothing for a small child. These suits may be very difficult to put on and face problems with providing a uniform pressure. Most proposals use the body's natural

384: 136:, at around 19,000 m (62,000 ft) above Earth. Space suits augment pressure suits with complex system of equipment and environmental systems designed to keep the wearer comfortable, and to minimize the effort required to bend the limbs, resisting a soft pressure garment's natural tendency to stiffen against the vacuum. A self-contained 1914:(additive manufacturing) can be used to reduce the mass of hard-shell space suits while retaining the high mobility they provide. This fabrication method also allows for the potential for in-situ fabrication and repair of suits, a capability which is not currently available, but will likely be necessary for Martian exploration. The 2105:

meaning that astronauts would be able to transition directly from a one-atmosphere, mixed-gas space station environment, such as that on the International Space Station, to the suit, without risking decompression sickness, which can occur with rapid depressurization from an atmosphere containing nitrogen or another inert gas.

457:), this requires astronauts to "pre-breathe" (meaning pre-breathe pure oxygen for a period) before donning their suits and depressurizing in the air lock. This procedure purges the body of dissolved nitrogen, so as to avoid decompression sickness due to rapid depressurization from a nitrogen-containing atmosphere. 2227:

surface exploration. In a suitport system, a rear-entry space suit is attached and sealed against the outside of a spacecraft, such that an astronaut can enter and seal up the suit, then go on EVA, without the need for an airlock or depressurizing the spacecraft cabin. Suitports require less mass and

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The suit, which is suitable for vacuum, offers protection against cabin depressurization through a single tether at the astronaut's thigh that feeds air and electronic connections. The helmets, which are 3D-printed, contain microphones and speakers. As the suits need the tether connection and do not

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included gloves made of a metal fabric called Chromel-r in order to prevent punctures. In order to retain a better sense of touch for the astronauts, the fingertips of the gloves were made of silicone. With the shuttle program, it became necessary to be able to operate spacecraft modules, so the ACES

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is needed to change the volume of a constant pressure system. If flexing a joint reduces the volume of the space suit, then the astronaut must do extra work every time they bend that joint, and they have to maintain a force to keep the joint bent. Even if this force is very small, it can be seriously

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Three types of space suits exist for different purposes: IVA (intravehicular activity), EVA (extravehicular activity), and IEVA (intra/extravehicular activity). IVA suits are meant to be worn inside a pressurized spacecraft, and are therefore lighter and more comfortable. IEVA suits are meant for use

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The earliest space fiction ignored the problems of traveling through a vacuum, and launched its heroes through space without any special protection. In the later 19th century, however, a more realistic brand of space fiction emerged, in which authors have tried to describe or depict the space suits

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Skintight suits, also known as mechanical counterpressure suits or space activity suits, are a proposed design which would use a heavy elastic body stocking to compress the body. The head is in a pressurized helmet, but the rest of the body is pressurized only by the elastic effect of the suit. This

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In 2012, NASA introduced the Z-1 space suit, the first in the Z-series of space suit prototypes designed by NASA specifically for planetary extravehicular activity. The Z-1 space suit includes an emphasis on mobility and protection for space missions. It features a soft torso versus the hard torsos

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replaces the HUT with a fabric soft upper torso to save weight, restricting the use of hard components to the joint bearings, helmet, waist seal, and rear entry hatch. Virtually all workable space suit designs incorporate hard components, particularly at interfaces such as the waist seal, bearings,

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All space suit designs try to minimize or eliminate this problem. The most common solution is to form the suit out of multiple layers. The bladder layer is a rubbery, airtight layer much like a balloon. The restraint layer goes outside the bladder, and provides a specific shape for the suit. Since

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In the US space shuttle, cabin pressure was reduced from normal atmospheric to 70kPa (equivalent to an altitude of about 3000m) for 24 hours before EVA, and after donning the suit, a pre-breathing period of 45 minutes on pure oxygen before decompressing to the EMU working pressure of 30kPa. In the

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During exploration of the Moon or Mars, there will be the potential for lunar or Martian dust to be retained on the space suit. When the space suit is removed on return to the spacecraft, there will be the potential for the dust to contaminate surfaces and increase the risks of inhalation and skin

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suit included eleven layers in all: an inner liner, a LCVG, a pressure bladder, a restraint layer, another liner, and a Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment consisting of five aluminized insulation layers and an external layer of white Ortho-Fabric. This space suit is capable of protecting the astronaut

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is a NASA prototype, constructed by ILC Dover, which incorporates a hard lower torso section and a mix of soft and hard components. The Mark III is markedly more mobile than previous suits, despite its high operating pressure (57 kPa or 8.3 psi), which makes it a "zero-prebreathe" suit,

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testing at the Space Systems Lab's Neutral Buoyancy Research Facility. By approximating the work envelope of a real EVA suit, without meeting the requirements of a flight-rated suit, the MX-2 provides an inexpensive platform for EVA research, compared to using EMU suits at facilities like NASA's

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The development of the spheroidal dome helmet was key in balancing the need for field of view, pressure compensation, and low weight. One inconvenience with some space suits is the head being fixed facing forwards and being unable to turn to look sideways. Astronauts call this effect "alligator

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Hard-shell suits are usually made of metal or composite materials and do not use fabric for joints. Hard suits joints use ball bearings and wedge-ring segments similar to an adjustable elbow of a stove pipe to allow a wide range of movement with the arms and legs. The joints maintain a constant

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computer to capture sensor data, such as suit pressure, inlet and outlet air temperatures, and heart rate. Resizable suit elements and adjustable ballast allow the suit to accommodate subjects ranging in height from 68 to 75 inches (170–190 cm), and with a weight range of 120 lb

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that allowed the astronaut to explore the Moon without having to be attached to the space craft. The EMU space suit, used for spacewalks, allows the astronaut to manually control the internal environment of the suit. The Mark III suit has a backpack containing about 12 pounds of liquid air for

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Temperature in space can vary extremely depending on the exposure to radiant energy sources. Temperatures from solar radiation can reach up to 250 °F (121 °C), and in its absence, down to −387 °F (−233 °C). Because of this, space suits must provide sufficient insulation and

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In 2014, NASA released the design for the Z-2 prototype, the next model in the Z-series. NASA conducted a poll asking the public to decide on a design for the Z-2 space suit. The designs, created by fashion students from Philadelphia University, were "Technology", "Trends in Society", and

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Crew Dragon carries sufficient breathable gas stores to allow for a safe return to Earth in the event of a leak of up to an equivalent orifice of 0.25 inches in diameter. As an extra level of protection, the crew will wear SpaceX-designed space suits to protect them from a rapid cabin

529:). Human skin does not need to be protected from vacuum and is gas-tight by itself. It only needs to be mechanically restrained to retain its normal shape and the internal tissues to retain their volume. This can be accomplished with a tight-fitting elastic body suit and a 885:, are the first gloves to be designed with "laser scanning technology, 3D computer modeling, stereo lithography, laser cutting technology and CNC machining". This allows for cheaper, more accurate production, as well as increased detail in joint mobility and flexibility. 2202:

NASA's Prototype eXploration Suit (PXS), like the Z-series, is a rear-entry suit compatible with suitports. The suit has components which could be 3D printed during missions to a range of specifications, to fit different individuals or changing mobility requirements.

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of western North Dakota. The suit has a mass of 47 pounds (21 kg) without a life support backpack, and costs only a fraction of the standard US$ 12,000,000 cost for a flight-rated NASA space suit. The suit was developed in just over a year by students from the

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is the resultant work. It is generally true that all suits are more mobile at lower pressures. However, because a minimum internal pressure is dictated by life support requirements, the only means of further reducing work is to minimize the change in volume.

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mitigation, and prevent cross-contamination of the inside and outside environments. Patents for suitport designs were filed in 1996 by Philip Culbertson Jr. of NASA's Ames Research Center and in 2003 by Joerg Boettcher, Stephen Ransom, and Frank Steinsiek.

1985:, the Aouda.X analogue space suit has a sister in the form of Aouda.S. This is a slightly less sophisticated suit meant primarily to assist Aouda.X operations and be able to study the interactions between two (analogue) astronauts in similar suits. 233:

to objects in physical contact with the exterior of the suit. Since the temperature on the outside of the suit varies greatly between sunlight and shadow, the suit is heavily insulated, and air temperature is maintained at a comfortable

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is a space suit prototype also constructed by ILC Dover, which incorporates several design improvements over the EMU, including a weight-saving soft upper torso. Both the Mark III and the I-Suit have taken part in NASA's annual

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used on the Space Shuttle starting in 1994. The Advanced Crew Escape Suit or ACES suit, is a full-pressure suit worn by all Space Shuttle crews for the ascent and entry portions of flight. The suit is a direct descendant of the

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crewed space program. It has a mass of about 10 kilograms (20 lb), has an orange colour, and is made of high-resistance multi-layer polyester fabric. The astronaut could use it inside the cabin and conduct an EVA as

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exposure. Astronautical hygienists are testing materials with reduced dust retention times and the potential to control the dust exposure risks during planetary exploration. Novel ingress and egress approaches, such as

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space suits (1965–1966) – there were three main variants developed: G3C designed for intra-vehicle use; G4C specially designed for EVA and intra-vehicle use; and a special G5C suit worn by the

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From left to right, Margaret R. (Rhea) Seddon, Kathryn D. Sullivan, Judith A. Resnick, Sally K. Ride, Anna L. Fisher, and Shannon W. Lucid—The first six female astronauts of the United States stand with a

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to develop and provide astronauts with next generation spacesuit and spacewalk systems to first test and later use outside the International Space Station, as well as on the lunar surface for the crewed

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suit (1966–1967) – a derivative of the Gemini suit, worn by primary and backup crews in training for two early Apollo missions. The nylon pressure garment melted and burned through in the

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as the expansion of gas can damage the lungs by overexpansion rupture. These effects have been confirmed through various accidents (including in very-high-altitude conditions, outer space and training

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colleges collaborated on a new space suit prototype, funded by a US$ 100,000 grant from NASA, to demonstrate technologies which could be incorporated into a planetary suit. The suit was tested in the

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glovebox to compare mobility to traditional soft suits. Initial research has focused on the feasibility of printing rigid suit elements, bearing races, ball bearings, seals, and sealing surfaces.

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or deposit on objects nearby: optics, sensors, the astronaut's visor, and other surfaces. The icy film and sweat residue may contaminate sensitive surfaces and affect optical performance.

644: 152:, are used outside spacecraft, for either planetary exploration or spacewalks. They must protect the wearer against all conditions of space, as well as provide mobility and functionality. 1938:

was created to build a better glove. Competitions have been held in 2007 and 2009, and another is planned. The 2009 contest required the glove to be covered with a micro-meteorite layer.

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Soft suits typically are made mostly of fabrics. All soft suits have some hard parts; some even have hard joint bearings. Intra-vehicular activity and early EVA suits were soft suits.

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In the 1990s, several years after the first American women flew to space, budget cuts forced NASA to trim its space-suit program...The limited sizing affected some astronaut duties.

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Graziosi, David; Stein, James; Ross, Amy; Kosmo, Joseph (January 21, 2011). Phase VI Advanced EVA Glove Development and Certification for the International Space Station (Report).

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A space suit should allow its user natural unencumbered movement. Nearly all designs try to maintain a constant volume no matter what movements the wearer makes. This is because

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EVA and Moon suits – The Block II Apollo suit was the primary pressure suit worn for eleven Apollo flights, three Skylab flights, and the US astronauts on the

876:, the first U.S. space suit design, included lights at the tips of the gloves in order to provide visual aid. As the need for extravehicular activity grew, suits such as the 155:

The first full-pressure suits for use at extreme altitudes were designed by individual inventors as early as the 1930s. The first space suit worn by a human in space was the

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Bartlett, Harrison; Bowser, Joseph; Callejon Hierro, Carlos; Garner, Sarah; Guloy, Lawrence; Hnatov, Christina; Kalman, Jonathan; Sosis, Baram; Akin, David (July 16, 2017).

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suits featured gripping on the gloves. EMU gloves, which are used for spacewalks, are heated to keep the astronaut's hands warm. The Phase VI gloves, meant for use with the

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suits for extravehicular activity, originally developed for the Soviet lunar program as a lunar orbit EVA suit. It is Russia's current EVA suit. Used from 1977 to present.

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space suits, communications are provided via a cap worn over the head, which includes earphones and a microphone. Due to the coloration of the version used for Apollo and

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by disrupting essential biological processes. Exposure to radiation can create problems via two methods: the particles can react with water in the human body to produce

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On August 2, 2006, NASA indicated plans to issue a Request for Proposal (RFP) for the design, development, certification, production, and sustaining engineering of the

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suit. They include more protection from the harsh conditions of space, such as protection from micrometeoroids and extreme temperature change. EVA suits, such as the

399:, a space suit using pure oxygen must have a pressure of about 32.4 kPa (240 Torr; 4.7 psi), equal to the 20.7 kPa (160 Torr; 3.0 psi) 2350: 2376: 686:

The outermost layer of a space suit, the Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment, provides thermal insulation, protection from micrometeoroids, and shielding from harmful

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fatiguing to constantly fight against one's suit. It also makes delicate movements very difficult. The work required to bend a joint is dictated by the formula

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of liquids, and the blood does not boil because it remains pressurized within the body, but human flesh expands up to about twice its volume due to

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broadcast a 15-minute program on the evolution of space suits. A transcript and MP3 of the program, intended for English learners, can be found at

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worn by their characters. These fictional suits vary in appearance and technology, and range from the highly authentic to the utterly improbable.

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A space suit must perform several functions to allow its occupant to work safely and comfortably, inside or outside a spacecraft. It must provide:

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designed and built a working hard-shell suit, which was used inside vacuum chambers and was the predecessor of space suits used in NASA missions.

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Dressing for Altitude: U.S. Aviation Pressure Suits, Wiley Post to Space Shuttle: U.S. Aviation Pressure Suits, Wiley Post to Space Shuttle None

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seen in previous NASA EVA space suits, which reduces mass. It has been labeled the "Buzz Lightyear suit" due to its green streaks for a design.

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There are certain difficulties in designing a dexterous space suit glove and there are limitations to the current designs. For this reason, the

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control (i.e., protecting astronauts from extremes of temperature, radiation, etc.), a space suit is essential for extravehicular activity. The

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after the Apollo 1 fire. This suit was the first to employ a liquid-cooled inner garment and outer micrometeoroid garment. Beginning with the

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Many space suit designs are taken from the U.S. Air Force suits, which are designed to work in "high-altitude aircraft pressure", such as the

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mission . As a continuation of this suit design, SpaceX developed an EVA suit in 2024. The EVA version of the suit will be used during the

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When space suits below a specific operating pressure are used from craft that are pressurized to normal atmospheric pressure (such as the

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Several companies and universities are developing technologies and prototypes which represent improvements over current space suits.

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supply and environmental control system is frequently employed to allow complete freedom of movement, independent of the spacecraft.

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offer protection against radiation, they are not used for extra-vehicular activities. The suits are custom-made for each astronaut.

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pilot-astronauts, and the Launch Entry Suits worn by NASA astronauts starting on the STS-26 flight. It is derived from a USAF model.

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depressurization emergency event of even greater severity. The suits and the vehicle itself will be rated for operation at vacuum.

1233: 3706: 3089: 2159: 3299: 2791: 2029:, which as of 2006 consisted of several lower leg prototypes. Bio-suit is custom fit to each wearer, using laser body scanning. 282:(LCVG) in contact with the astronaut's skin, from which the heat is dumped into space through an external radiator in the PLSS. 4946: 3373: 3347: 2820: 2619: 1998: 760: 4468:. A list compiled by Lee Sledge and James H. Gerard of American space suits and the museum locations where they are displayed. 3868: 190:

A stable internal pressure. This can be less than Earth's atmosphere, as there is usually no need for the space suit to carry

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Mobility. Movement is typically opposed by the pressure of the suit; mobility is achieved by careful joint design. See the

3421: 3038:"The Man Behind America's New Spacesuit: How Elon Musk Took Hollywood Costume Designer Jose Fernandez From Batman To NASA" 2360: 2171: 1785:

suit, but it is believed to be a Chinese-made version rather than an actual Russian suit. Pictures show that the suits on

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tested the spacesuit inside the Dragon 2 spacecraft in order to familiarize themselves with the suit. They wore it in the

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The vacuum environment of space has no pressure, so gases will expand and exposed liquids may evaporate. Some solids may

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mission, it also introduced "commander's stripes" so that a pair of space walkers will not appear identical on camera.

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The human body can briefly survive the hard vacuum of space unprotected, despite contrary depictions in some popular

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used by pilots of high-flying bombers in World War II, the high-altitude or vacuum suit required by pilots of the

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had a flexibility rating of 95%. The wearer could move into 95% of the positions they could without the suit on.

388: 313:, which is the outermost layer of the suit. Experience has shown the greatest chance of exposure occurs near the 267: 4625: 2532: 723: 5680: 5409: 4909: 4897: 4869: 3954: 2038: 1646: 838: 72: 20: 5128: 2959: 5766: 5615: 5413: 5349: 5030: 4941: 4845: 4818: 4719: 4635: 2391: 2341: 2317: 2002:. A public display mock-up of Aouda.X (called Aouda.D) is currently on display at the Dachstein Ice Cave in 1688: 1669: 1489: 1452: 1415: 1372: 1272: 428: 122: 32: 1573: 5461: 5423: 4857: 4776: 4714: 4571: 3474: 2371: 1814: 1675:

On 4 May 2024, SpaceX unveiled a spacesuit designed for extravehicular activity based on the IVA suit for

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cabin fire. This suit became obsolete when crewed Block I Apollo flights were discontinued after the fire.

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in 1961. Since then space suits have been worn beside in Earth orbit, en-route and on the surface of the

5685: 5311: 5118: 4756: 3006:. US House of Representatives publication of a SpaceX document provided to the committee. Archived from 2277: 2101: 2072: 2042: 1959: 1935: 1753: 1748: 882: 432: 420: 340: 4590: 4037: 404: 3464: 5812: 5705: 5510: 5480: 5381: 5364: 5001: 4936: 4929: 4786: 4672: 3976: 3654: 3197: 2242: 1974: 1955: 1637:. The first images of the suit were revealed in September 2017. A mannequin, called "Starman" (after 1630: 1221: 901:. However, with the Apollo missions, life support was configured into a removable capsule called the 719: 436: 98: 3063: 5807: 5695: 5376: 5354: 5289: 5008: 4852: 4142: 3534: 2323: 2022: 1967: 1919: 1649:

in February 2018. For this exhibition launch, the suit was not pressurized and carried no sensors.

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Orion Crew Survival System (OCSS) – will be used during launch and re-entry on the

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in such conditions, giving the visual effect of a body builder rather than an overfilled balloon.

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Developing Technologies and Techniques for Additive Manufacturing of Spacesuit Bearings and Seals

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The MX-2 has an operating pressure of 2.5–4 psi. It is a rear-entry suit, featuring a fiberglass

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and in the case of rear-entry suits, the back hatch, where all-soft alternatives are not viable.

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began development of a prototype 3D printed hard suit in 2016, based on the kinematics of the

1731: 1393: 1386:(1986) no pressure suits were worn during launch and reentry. The crew would wear only a blue- 1338: 1327: 1310: 1294: 1069: 954: 877: 683:'s arms and legs outside the space suit to stop the space suit from ballooning when in space. 484: 480: 344: 226: 145: 91: 5111: 4490: 4458: 3556: 3064:"SpaceX's New Suits Were Built for Superheroes, But What Would Wonder Woman Wear into Orbit?" 2260:"Biomimicry". The design "Technology" won, and the prototype is built with technologies like 5725: 5659: 5584: 5579: 5559: 5359: 5188: 5145: 5076: 5013: 4966: 4808: 4654: 4406: 3986: 3917: 3710: 2510: 2304:(1950s) also featured their own takes on space suit design. Science fiction authors such as 2134: 2122: 1796: 1782: 1622: 1437: 1345:

between 1968 and 1975. The pressure garment's nylon outer layer was replaced with fireproof

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from temperatures ranging from −156 °C (−249 °F) to 121 °C (250 °F).

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Musk said at a press conference after the launch that there were no sensors in the suit.

1886:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

5554: 5451: 5438: 5331: 5262: 5252: 5237: 5215: 5205: 5101: 5091: 5040: 4961: 4290: 2046: 1642: 1626: 1423: 1007: 1001: 976: 894: 576: 526: 470: 318: 309:, some traveling at up to 27,000 kilometers per hour, provided by a puncture-resistant 306: 211: 159: 118: 110: 54: 4084:"Apparatus and method for putting on a protective suit – United States Patent 6959456" 2480: 2320: – Articulated pressure resistant anthropomorphic housing for an underwater diver 786: 5801: 5781: 5399: 5316: 5247: 5210: 5050: 4971: 4835: 4830: 4508: 3981: 3949: 3429: 1751:

space suit: First generation EVA space suit developed by China for the 1967 canceled

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A communication system, with external electrical connection to the spacecraft or PLSS

102: 3377: 3351: 2828: 2627: 5600: 5456: 5391: 5060: 5045: 4746: 4741: 3905: 3882: 3198:"How SpaceX's sleek spacesuit changes astronaut fashion from the space shuttle era" 2326: – Equipment allowing or assisting the user to breath in a hostile environment 2155: 1676: 1460: 1300: 1129: 1034: 1011: 980: 873: 857: 850: 834: 826: 767: 178: 163: 156: 3168:"SpaceX Just Launched a Tesla Into Space on the Most Powerful Rocket in the World" 2064: 979:

created the space suits worn by the Project Mercury astronauts, including fitting

4614: 3906:"System Overview and Operations of the MX-2 Neutral Buoyancy Space Suit Analogue" 3499: 3495: 1621:

space capsule. Its appearance was jointly designed by Jose Fernandez—a Hollywood

5284: 5150: 4840: 4823: 4695: 4581: 4564: 4083: 4060: 3795: 2736: 2714: 2566:(Illustrated ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 166–67. 2297: 2261: 2137:. Air, LCVG cooling water, and power are open loop systems, provided through an 1993: 1911: 1763: 1727: 1715: 1661: 1657: 1638: 1387: 842: 830: 488: 424: 290: 94: 36: 3944: 1418:

high-altitude pressure suits worn by SR-71 Blackbird and U-2 spy plane pilots,

923: 549: 5745: 5569: 5418: 5326: 5269: 5229: 4724: 4485: 2450: 1804: 1786: 1778: 1774: 1711: 1684: 1346: 1183: 1103: 970: 846: 372: 222: 114: 4432: 4354: 4319: 3658: 2737:"Wiley Post: First Test of High Altitude Pressure Suits in the United States" 1789:

differ in detail from the earlier suit; they are also reported to be lighter.

1440:. Used from 1982 to present, but only available in limited sizing as of 2019. 679:

In some Russian space suits, strips of cloth were wrapped tightly around the

5428: 5279: 4996: 4877: 4798: 4781: 4618: 4389: 4261: 3823: 3469: 2881: 2003: 1634: 1350: 1179: 1111: 1050: 1042: 1018: 743: 696: 680: 275: 248:

Means of collecting and containing solid and liquid bodily waste (such as a

132:

Pressure suits are in general needed at low pressure environments above the

40: 3618: 3589: 1668:

flight launched on 30 May 2020. The suit is worn by astronauts involved in

510:

that break DNA molecules apart, or by directly breaking the DNA molecules.

483:

set in. No snap freeze effect occurs because all heat must be lost through

431:

to get alveolar oxygen partial pressure in 100% oxygen atmospheres, by the

241: 4551: 3790: 2770:. Washington, D. C. , USA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 1767:

space suit: Cancelled project of second generation Chinese EVA space suit.

221:

Temperature regulation. Unlike on Earth, where heat can be transferred by

46: 16:

Garment worn to keep a human alive in the harsh environment of outer space

3921: 3680: 2654: 2301: 2212: 2162: 2142: 2018: 1383: 1332: 1315: 1165: 1061: 973:

experimented with a number of pressure suits for record-breaking flights.

687: 492: 353: 270:, a spherical life support ball for emergency transfer of people in space 191: 4578:. Section on the Apollo space suit and the Portable Life Support System. 4401:. Photographs by Mark Avino; introduction by Allan Needell; foreword by 3300:"NASA selects Axiom Space and Collins Aerospace for spacesuit contracts" 3274:"NASA Partners with Industry for New Spacewalking, Moonwalking Services" 3113:"SPACEX SUCCESSFULLY LAUNCHES THE FALCON HEAVY—AND ELON MUSK'S ROADSTER" 2344: – Activity done by an astronaut or cosmonaut outside a spacecraft 897:, life support in space suits was connected to the space capsule via an 5786: 5564: 4506:

by G. Ilyin, Vladimir Ivanov, and Ivan Pavlov. Originally published by

3847:"NASA Selects Commercial Space Partners for Collaborative Partnerships" 2958:

Shane E. Jacobs; Donald B. Tufts; Dustin M. Gohmert (July 8–12, 2018).

2332: – Equipment which allows the user to breathe at hypoxic altitudes 2216: 2007: 1982: 1703: 1097: 1093: 1076: 1057: 383: 4195: 3904:

Jacobs, Shane E.; Akin, David L.; Braden, Jeffrey R. (July 17, 2006).

3591:

In-Situ Fabricated Space Suits for Extended Exploration and Settlement

3428:. Reston, VA: SpaceRef Interactive Inc. April 27, 2004. Archived from 1092:

extravehicular activity spacesuit used during a crew exchange between

5690: 5574: 5242: 5106: 4082:

Boettcher, Joerg; Ransom, Stephen; Steinsiek, Frank (July 17, 2003).

2540: 2224: 2084: 1978: 1707: 1696: 1614: 1444: 1397: 1367:(1982) by a two-man crew used in conjunction with the then-installed 1153: 1121: 747: 530: 368: 364: 137: 4399:

Spacesuits: The Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum Collection

4540:"Analysis of the Space Shuttle Extravehicular Mobility Unit – 1986" 3248: 479:. Consciousness is retained for up to 15 seconds as the effects of 4546:"NASA Space Shuttle EVA tools and equipment reference book – 1993" 4424: 4381: 4346: 4253: 3912:. International Conference On Environmental Systems. Vol. 1. 3523:"China's astronaut outfitters design material for spacewalk suits" 2246: 2063: 1989: 1945: 1699:

on suit metrics during operation. It is more mobile, includes new

1379: 1364: 1360: 922: 695: 548: 382: 330: 260: 182:

Space suits being used to work on the International Space Station.

177: 63: 45: 27: 4585: 2308:

contributed to the development of fictional space suit concepts.

4311: 2595: 2229: 1781:, the first crewed Chinese space flight, it closely resembles a 1617:

began developing a space suit for astronauts to wear within the

1164:

crew members during launch and reentry. They were first worn on

1085: 416: 407:

at sea level, plus 5.3 kPa (40 Torr; 0.77 psi) CO

360: 167: 5506: 4668: 4568: 1922:. The prototype arm segment is designed to be evaluated in the 5502: 5123: 4664: 3617:

Garner, Sarah; Carpenter, Lemuel; Akin, David (July 8, 2018).

3090:"Elon Musk shares first full-body photo of SpaceX's spacesuit" 2651:

Design and Fabrication of Large Polymer Constructions in Space

1988:

The Aouda.X and Aouda.S space suits have been named after the

1863: 1463:

private space mission for the first ever commercial spacewalk.

781: 367:, which resembled the coloration of the comic strip character 302:

Means to maneuver, dock, release, and tether onto a spacecraft

245:

AstroRad developed by Israeli StemRad anti Radiation spacesuit

2286:

A very early fictional account of space suits can be seen in

2052:

On June 11, 2008, NASA awarded a US$ 745 million contract to

3142:"Starman's SpaceX Spacesuit Would Leave You Dead in Minutes" 1375:

model. These were removed once the Shuttle became certified.

983:

for his ride as America's first man in space on May 5, 1961.

734:

Hybrid suits have hard-shell parts and fabric parts. NASA's

663:

are respectively the initial and final volume of the joint,

5640: 4061:"Suitlock docking mechanism – United States Patent 5697108" 3224:"NASA astronauts test SpaceX spacesuits in the Crew Dragon" 2511:"The human body in space: Distinguishing fact from fiction" 2424:

Thomas, Kenneth S.; McMann, Harold J. (November 23, 2011).

1448: 113:. Basic space suits are worn as a safety precaution inside 4552:"Space Suit Evolution From Custom Tailored to Off-the-Rack 4230:

Abramov, Isaac P.; Skoog, Å. Ingemar; et al. (2003).

3759:"CONSTELLATION SPACE SUIT SYSTEM (CSSS), SOL NNJ06161022R" 3624: 3595: 2379: – Extravehicular activities outside the orbiting lab 1432:(EMU) – used on both the Space Shuttle and 693:

There are four main conceptual approaches to suit design:

2933: 2513:. Harvard University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 1726:

On 1 June 2022, NASA announced it had selected competing

927:

Pressurised suit prototype designed by military engineer

770:

to keep cool. Sweat evaporates readily in vacuum and may

317:

of a moon or planet, so these were first employed on the

4009:"'The Martian' Shows 9 Ways NASA Tech Is Headed to Mars" 2451:"The Four Most Important Equations In Clinical Practice" 798: 514:

cooling for the conditions in which they will be used.

3625:

2018 International Conference on Environmental Systems

3596:

2017 International Conference on Environmental Systems

2967:

48th International Conference on Environmental Systems

2792:"Siegfried Hansen, Space Suit Father; Inventor Was 90" 1041:

the spacesuit was a modified SK-1 used by the crew of

225:

to the atmosphere, in space, heat can be lost only by

3709:(Press release). Austrian Space Forum. Archived from 2113:

The MX-2 is a space suit analogue constructed at the

1118:

designed for the canceled Soviet crewed Moon landing.

700:

NASA's experimental AX-5 hard-shell space suit (1988)

589: 214:; these gases are exchanged with the spacecraft or a 125:(EVA) more complex space suits are worn, featuring a 2219:, designed for use in hazardous environments and in 1958:

has been developing "Aouda.X", an experimental Mars

1303:

high-altitude/vacuum suit – used for

427:

pressure, both of which must be subtracted from the

5759: 5718: 5673: 5649: 5593: 5547: 5540: 5437: 5390: 5342: 5228: 5164: 5069: 4989: 4980: 4868: 4702: 4296:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. 3819:"Inventors to Unveil Private Spacesuit in New York" 465:

Physiological effects of unprotected space exposure

4289: 3707:"Mars 2013 - Morocco Mars Analog Field Simulation" 2338: – Medical issues associated with spaceflight 638: 3557:"Chinese astronauts begin training for spacewalk" 1882:may be compromised due to out-of-date information 945:created his full-pressure suit or high-altitude " 449:Decompression practice § Oxygen prebreathing 4591:"Space suit and Spacewalk History Image Gallery" 3567:Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party 105:, but also its temperature extremes, as well as 4329:The New Space Race: China vs. the United States 4138:"Intergalactic fashion: NASA's next space suit" 2588:"Ask an Astrophysicist: Human Body in a Vacuum" 2504: 2502: 1064:(1967–1971) no pressure suits were worn during 906:breathing, pressurization, and heat exchange. 437:pressure in a commercial passenger jet aircraft 210:Supply of breathable oxygen and elimination of 144:inside and outside the spacecraft, such as the 4362:Thomas, Kenneth S.; McMann, Harold J. (2006). 3791:"Get your first look at NASA's next spacesuit" 2377:List of International Space Station spacewalks 2049:EVA; lunar surface EVA; and Mars surface EVA. 1795:(海鹰号航天服) EVA space suit: The imported Russian 1324:MH-7 space suits for the canceled MOL program. 639:{\displaystyle W=\int _{V_{i}}^{V_{f}}\,P\,dV} 567:version, with three stars representing NASA's 323: 5731:Liquid Cooling and Ventilation Garment (LCVG) 5518: 4680: 4059:Culbertson, Philip Jr. (September 30, 1996). 3681:"Morocco 2013 Mars Analogue Field Simulation" 2474: 2472: 1006: – the spacesuit used for the 8: 2010:, after the experiments done there in 2012. 1830:Shenzhou Intra-Vehicular Activity space suit 1773:(神舟) space suit: The suit was first worn by 5751:Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment (TMG / ITMG) 3977:"That's one small step toward Mars mission" 1966:and on-board computing network to increase 1168:. They have been used from 1973 to present. 817:Related preceding technologies include the 5544: 5525: 5511: 5503: 4986: 4687: 4673: 4665: 4534:National Space Development Agency of Japan 4034:"The Next Generation of Suit Technologies" 3465:"China Ramps Up Human Spaceflight Efforts" 3376:. 雷霆万钧. September 16, 2005. Archived from 3350:. 雷霆万钧. September 19, 2005. Archived from 3088:Etherington, Darrell (September 8, 2017). 2351:List of spacewalks and moonwalks 1965–1999 1739:, and prepare for human missions to Mars. 4292:U.S. Space Gear: Outfitting The Astronaut 2428:. Springer Science & Business Media. 2296:(1898). Later comic book series such as 1656:In 2018, NASA commercial crew astronauts 1645:), wore the SpaceX space suit during the 1507:Manned Orbital Laboratory MH-7 space suit 629: 625: 617: 612: 605: 600: 588: 285:Additional requirements for EVA include: 3943:Freudenrich, Craig (December 14, 2000). 2861: 2849: 2682:"Google Translate: скафандр to English" 2419: 2417: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 1683:. As with the IVA suit, the helmets are 1451:which is worn by astronauts involved in 240: 5172:Effect of spaceflight on the human body 4206: 4036:. NASA. October 1, 2015. Archived from 2403: 2336:Effect of spaceflight on the human body 2191: 1854:Second generation of Feitian space suit 1820: 1473: 1318:crew for 14 days inside the spacecraft. 1193: 395:Generally, to supply enough oxygen for 203: 5194:Psychological and sociological effects 4166:"New Mars space suit unveiled by NASA" 3140:Specktor, Brandon (February 8, 2018). 2995:Reisman, Garrett (February 27, 2015). 2905:"The Original Sin of NASA Space Suits" 2614: 2612: 2562:Hanslmeier, Arnold (January 1, 2002). 2394: – NASA astronaut propulsion unit 2090:Desert Research and Technology Studies 1455:missions operated by SpaceX since the 280:Liquid Cooling and Ventilation Garment 4524:Walking to Olympus: An EVA Chronology 4366:. Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag. 4007:Howell, Elizabeth (August 25, 2015). 3166:Oberhaus, Daniel (February 6, 2018). 3135: 3133: 3111:Seemangal, Robin (February 6, 2018). 2363:, Astronauts walking in space to date 2027:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 498:In space, there are highly energized 7: 4478:. A complete listing of space suits. 4459:A Field Guide to American Spacecraft 2741:Defense Technical Information Center 2385:List of cumulative spacewalk records 2068:Final Frontier Design IVA Space Suit 2060:Final Frontier Design IVA Space Suit 1936:Centennial Astronaut Glove Challenge 963:designed and built a full-pressure " 931:for a stratospheric balloon flight. 3569:. Xinhua News Agency. July 18, 2007 3222:Kooser, Amanda (November 6, 2018). 2479:Bellows, Alan (November 27, 2006). 2215:is a theoretical alternative to an 1962:space suit focusing on an advanced 1400:(1988), the first flight after the 1017:No pressure suits were worn aboard 274:Advanced suits better regulate the 90:used for protection from the harsh 5741:Primary Life Support System (PLSS) 5636:Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) 4903:Weather and environment monitoring 4624:Klesius, Michael (June 10, 2009). 3196:Howell, Elizabeth (May 22, 2020). 2960:"Space Suit Development for Orion" 1718:’s external unpressurized trunk. 14: 3975:MacPherson, James (May 7, 2006). 3799:. Associated Press. June 12, 2008 3764:NASA Acquisition Internet Service 3463:Malik, Tariq (November 8, 2004). 2976:from the original on July 6, 2019 2819:Jones, Eric (February 20, 2006). 2330:High altitude breathing apparatus 2184:Turtle Mountain Community College 1647:maiden launch of the Falcon Heavy 1014:on the first crewed space flight. 953:) in 1931. (скафандр also means " 667:is the pressure in the suit, and 5736:Maximum Absorbency Garment (MAG) 5631:Advanced Crew Escape Suit (ACES) 5611:Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) 5486: 5476: 5475: 4516:"U.S. Human Spaceflight History" 3328:. 国防科工委新闻宣传中心. November 14, 2005 2903:Koren, Marina (March 27, 2019). 2533:"Space Radiation Analysis Group" 2509:Springel, Mark (July 30, 2013). 2160:Theodore Roosevelt National Park 1868: 1847: 1835: 1823: 1596: 1584: 1572: 1560: 1548: 1536: 1524: 1512: 1500: 1488: 1476: 1271: 1256: 1244: 1232: 1220: 1208: 1196: 785: 4947:Space launch market competition 4565:"Engineering Aspects of Apollo" 4113:. TIME Magazine. Archived from 3647:"Spacesuit-simulator 'Aouda.X'" 2033:Constellation Space Suit system 1999:Around the World in Eighty Days 1977:by the Austrian Space Forum to 860:suit or the Gemini G4C, or the 761:Mechanical counterpressure suit 5184:Health threat from cosmic rays 4405:(1st ed.). Brooklyn, NY: 4331:. Berlin; New York: Springer. 4269:de Monchaux, Nicholas (2011). 3521:Xiao Jie, ed. (June 1, 2007). 3450: 2228:volume than airlocks, provide 2121:. The MX-2 is used for crewed 2056:to create the new space suit. 995:Soviet and Russian suit models 371:, these caps became known as " 356:, are being explored as well. 311:Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment 1: 5767:Extravehicular activity (EVA) 4659:"The Evolution of Spacesuits" 4626:"Space Suits Past and Future" 4288:Kozloski, Lillian D. (1994). 3062:Bobb, Brooke (May 29, 2020). 2361:List of spacewalks since 2015 932: 204:Theories of space suit design 5621:Shuttle Ejection Escape Suit 4569:Apollo Lunar Surface Journal 4271:Spacesuit: Fashioning Apollo 3739:(Blog). Austrian Space Forum 3402:. 北京航空航天大学图书馆. March 1, 2000 2911:. The Atlantic Monthly Group 2825:Apollo Lunar Surface Journal 2356:List of spacewalks 2000–2014 2154:Beginning in May 2006, five 1722:Future NASA contracted suits 1695:providing information and a 1633:—and SpaceX founder and CEO 1609:SpaceX suit ("Starman suit") 1591:Extravehicular Mobility Unit 1543:Shuttle Ejection Escape Suit 1430:Extravehicular Mobility Unit 1359: – used from 1357:Shuttle Ejection Escape Suit 903:Portable Life Support System 736:Extravehicular Mobility Unit 555:Extravehicular Mobility Unit 391:pre-breathes prior to an EVA 216:Portable Life Support System 127:portable life support system 5300:Self-replicating spacecraft 5136:International Space Station 3982:The San Diego Union-Tribune 2969:. Albuquerque, New Mexico. 2880:. Mark Wade. Archived from 2761:Jenkins, Dennis R. (2012). 2713:. Mark Wade. Archived from 2707:"Escafandra Estratonautica" 2128:Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory 1672:missions involving SpaceX. 1434:International Space Station 59:International Space Station 5854: 4814:Space Liability Convention 4574:December 31, 2020, at the 4522:See link near page end to 3910:SAE Technical Paper Series 2653:. Amsterdam, Netherlands: 2649:Kondyurin, Alexey (2012). 2537:NASA, Johnson Space Center 2275: 2240: 2168:University of North Dakota 1322:Manned Orbiting Laboratory 862:Advanced Crew Escape Suits 758: 724:AX-5 hard-shell space suit 569:human spaceflight programs 468: 446: 296:Limited shielding against 250:Maximum Absorbency Garment 18: 5772:Astronaut propulsion unit 5701:Stratonautical space suit 5470: 5177:Space adaptation syndrome 4596:October 25, 2012, at the 4557:January 31, 2017, at the 4476:Encyclopedia Astronautica 2878:Encyclopedia Astronautica 2711:Encyclopedia Astronautica 2564:The Sun and Space Weather 2293:Edison's Conquest of Mars 2054:Oceaneering International 2041:to meet the needs of the 2025:under development at the 1975:Mars2013 analogue mission 1930:Astronaut Glove Challenge 1411:Advanced Crew Escape Suit 1343:Apollo–Soyuz Test Project 1284:United States suit models 988:List of space suit models 965:stratonautical space suit 819:stratonautical space suit 778:Contributing technologies 324:United States suit models 305:Protection against small 268:Personal Rescue Enclosure 5681:Constellation Space Suit 4910:Communications satellite 4530:NASDA Online Space Notes 4327:Seedhouse, Erik (2010). 4164:CBC News (May 1, 2014). 3955:Discovery Communications 3874:Space Systems Laboratory 3496:"神七准备中俄产两套航天服出舱者穿国产航天服" 2862:Thomas & McMann 2006 2850:Thomas & McMann 2006 2119:Space Systems Laboratory 2039:Constellation Space Suit 1924:Space Systems Laboratory 1625:known for his works for 1579:Advance Crew Escape Suit 1531:Apollo/Skylab space suit 1136:developed for pilots of 742:(HUT) and fabric limbs. 738:(EMU) uses a fiberglass 101:as a highly specialized 73:National Museum of China 21:Single-person spacecraft 19:Not to be confused with 5626:Launch Entry Suit (LES) 5414:reusable launch systems 5031:Extravehicular activity 4942:Commercial use of space 4846:Militarisation of space 4819:Registration Convention 4735:Accidents and incidents 4649:In April 2011, the VOA 4636:Smithsonian Institution 4499:March 29, 2018, at the 4464:March 25, 2018, at the 4453:April 27, 2018, at the 4107:"NASA's Z-1 Space Suit" 4086:. freepatentsonline.com 4063:. freepatentsonline.com 3733:"Aouda.D, ice princess" 2392:Manned Maneuvering Unit 2342:Extravehicular activity 2318:Atmospheric diving suit 1964:human–machine interface 1670:Commercial Crew Program 1519:Apollo Block I A1C suit 1453:Commercial Crew Program 1416:United States Air Force 889:Life support technology 853:gear, and many others. 523:explosive decompression 335:Layers of a space suit. 123:extravehicular activity 71:being displayed at the 5726:Hard Upper Torso (HUT) 5462:Mission control center 5424:Non-rocket spacelaunch 4858:Billionaire space race 4397:Young, Amanda (2009). 4194:. NASA. Archived from 3945:"How Space Suits Work" 3879:University of Maryland 3767:. NASA. Archived from 3687:. Austrian Space Forum 3475:TechMediaNetwork, Inc. 3374:"中国最早研制的航天服为桔黄色重10千克" 2827:. NASA. Archived from 2539:. NASA. Archived from 2481:"Outer Space Exposure" 2372:List of Mir spacewalks 2252: 2141:. The suit contains a 2115:University of Maryland 2069: 1951: 1916:University of Maryland 1907:Additive manufacturing 1815:Tiangong Space Station 1691:helmet incorporates a 1390:with an oxygen helmet. 938: 701: 640: 572: 392: 336: 278:'s temperature with a 271: 257:Secondary requirements 246: 196:decompression sickness 183: 75: 61: 43: 5828:Spacecraft components 5312:Spacecraft propulsion 4762:European Space Agency 3562:People's Daily Online 3432:on September 10, 2012 3013:on September 23, 2018 2821:"Commander's Stripes" 2278:Spacesuits in fiction 2250: 2073:Final Frontier Design 2067: 2043:Constellation Program 1968:situational awareness 1949: 1860:Emerging technologies 1706:, and materials used 1643:song of the same name 1631:science fiction films 1010:(1961–1963). Worn by 926: 759:Further information: 699: 641: 552: 433:alveolar gas equation 386: 341:astronautical hygiene 334: 321:lunar EVA suits (see 264: 244: 181: 67: 49: 31: 4937:Satellite navigation 4634:. Washington, D.C.: 4520:Johnson Space Center 4234:. London; New York: 4117:on February 20, 2015 4040:on December 15, 2015 3922:10.4271/2006-01-2287 3885:on September 3, 2012 3877:. College Park, MD: 3655:Austrian Space Forum 3380:on November 28, 2005 3354:on December 22, 2005 2543:on February 18, 2015 2243:Z series space suits 1973:Since 2012, for the 1956:Austrian Space Forum 1289:In the early 1950s, 720:Ames Research Center 587: 5818:Environmental suits 5696:Space activity suit 5322:Electric propulsion 5009:Life-support system 4893:Imagery and mapping 4853:Private spaceflight 4586:Historic Spacecraft 4582:"Space Suit Photos" 4482:Russian space suits 4188:"The NASA Z-2 Suit" 4143:The Washington Post 4136:Kirkpatrick, Nick. 3849:. December 23, 2014 3537:on January 25, 2008 2592:Image the Universe! 2324:Breathing apparatus 2023:space activity suit 1799:EVA suit is called 1743:Chinese suit models 1555:Shuttle Flight Suit 1420:North American X-15 1278:Orlan-MK space suit 919:High-altitude suits 624: 539:space activity suit 500:subatomic particles 443:Oxygen prebreathing 315:gravitational field 117:in case of loss of 5777:Environmental suit 5275:Robotic spacecraft 5201:Space and survival 5056:Space colonization 4952:Space architecture 4804:Outer Space Treaty 4403:Thomas P. Stafford 4232:Russian Spacesuits 4198:on March 29, 2014. 4168:. CBC/Radio-Canada 3531:Xinhua News Agency 2797:The New York Times 2449:Martin, Lawrence. 2306:Robert A. Heinlein 2288:Garrett P. Serviss 2253: 2180:College of Science 2172:North Dakota State 2070: 1990:fictional princess 1952: 1842:Feitian space suit 1701:thermal insulation 1666:Crew Dragon Demo-2 1613:In February 2015, 1443:Aerospace company 1328:Apollo Block I A1C 1293:and colleagues at 1239:Krechet space suit 1227:Yastreb space suit 1188: – 1158: – 1134: – 1116: – 1090: – 1039: – 943:Evgeniy Chertovsky 939: 797:. You can help by 702: 636: 596: 573: 405:Earth's atmosphere 393: 379:Operating pressure 337: 298:particle radiation 289:Shielding against 272: 247: 184: 97:, mainly from its 88:environmental suit 76: 69:Feitian space suit 62: 53:worn by astronaut 44: 35:worn by astronaut 5838:Soviet inventions 5823:Human spaceflight 5795: 5794: 5714: 5713: 5500: 5499: 5447:Flight controller 5224: 5223: 4982:Human spaceflight 4957:Space exploration 4883:Earth observation 4416:978-1-576-87498-1 4338:978-1-4419-0879-7 4280:978-0-262-01520-2 3914:SAE International 3869:"MARS Suit: MX-2" 3627:. Albuquerque, NM 3004:science.house.gov 2620:"NASA Spacesuits" 2435:978-1-4419-9566-7 2221:human spaceflight 2150:North Dakota suit 1901: 1900: 1732:Collins Aerospace 1567:Launch Entry Suit 1394:Launch Entry Suit 1371:. Derived from a 1339:Apollo/Skylab A7L 1295:Litton Industries 1251:Strizh space suit 1215:Berkut space suit 910:Helmet technology 815: 814: 485:thermal radiation 481:oxygen starvation 429:alveolar pressure 403:of oxygen in the 389:Steven G. MacLean 345:Apollo/Skylab A7L 227:thermal radiation 5845: 5833:Space technology 5545: 5527: 5520: 5513: 5504: 5490: 5479: 5478: 5189:Space psychology 5014:Animals in space 4987: 4967:Space technology 4809:Rescue Agreement 4689: 4682: 4675: 4666: 4655:Voice of America 4646: 4644: 4642: 4607: 4494: 4436: 4407:powerHouse Books 4393: 4358: 4323: 4295: 4284: 4265: 4216: 4215: 4211: 4200: 4199: 4184: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4161: 4155: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4102: 4096: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4068: 4056: 4050: 4049: 4047: 4045: 4030: 4024: 4023: 4021: 4019: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3987:Associated Press 3972: 3966: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3881:. Archived from 3865: 3859: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3834: 3832: 3815: 3809: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3787: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3771:on July 30, 2009 3755: 3749: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3713:on June 24, 2013 3703: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3677: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3657:. Archived from 3643: 3637: 3636: 3634: 3632: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3598:. Charleston, SC 3585: 3579: 3578: 3576: 3574: 3553: 3547: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3533:. Archived from 3518: 3512: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3492: 3486: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3400:"舱外航天服液冷服散热特性研究" 3396: 3390: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3370: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3322: 3316: 3315: 3313: 3311: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3270: 3264: 3263: 3261: 3259: 3245: 3239: 3238: 3236: 3234: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3181: 3179: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3137: 3128: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3108: 3102: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3085: 3079: 3078: 3076: 3074: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3033: 3027: 3026: 3020: 3018: 3012: 3001: 2992: 2986: 2985: 2983: 2981: 2975: 2964: 2955: 2949: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2918: 2916: 2900: 2894: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2870: 2864: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2831:on June 28, 2021 2816: 2810: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2788: 2782: 2781: 2769: 2758: 2752: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2733: 2727: 2726: 2724: 2722: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2686:Google Translate 2678: 2672: 2671: 2646: 2640: 2639: 2637: 2635: 2626:. Archived from 2616: 2607: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2584: 2578: 2577: 2559: 2553: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2529: 2523: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2506: 2497: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2485:Damn Interesting 2476: 2467: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2446: 2440: 2439: 2421: 2190:(see discussion 2123:neutral buoyancy 1954:Since 2009, the 1896: 1893: 1887: 1880:factual accuracy 1872: 1871: 1864: 1851: 1839: 1827: 1737:Artemis missions 1693:heads-up display 1623:costume designer 1600: 1588: 1576: 1564: 1552: 1540: 1528: 1516: 1504: 1492: 1480: 1291:Siegfried Hansen 1275: 1260: 1248: 1236: 1224: 1212: 1200: 1142:-class orbiters. 937: 934: 868:Glove technology 810: 807: 789: 782: 740:Hard Upper Torso 713:Hard-shell suits 645: 643: 642: 637: 623: 622: 621: 611: 610: 609: 504:radiation damage 401:partial pressure 51:Orlan space suit 33:Apollo spacesuit 5853: 5852: 5848: 5847: 5846: 5844: 5843: 5842: 5798: 5797: 5796: 5791: 5755: 5710: 5669: 5645: 5589: 5536: 5531: 5501: 5496: 5466: 5433: 5405:Escape velocity 5386: 5338: 5305:Space telescope 5258:Reentry capsule 5220: 5160: 5065: 5036:Overview effect 5019:Bioastronautics 4976: 4864: 4698: 4693: 4653:service of the 4651:Special English 4640: 4638: 4631:AirSpaceMag.com 4623: 4605: 4604:Zvezda history 4598:Wayback Machine 4576:Wayback Machine 4559:Wayback Machine 4501:Wayback Machine 4492: 4466:Wayback Machine 4455:Wayback Machine 4444: 4439: 4417: 4396: 4374: 4361: 4339: 4326: 4304: 4287: 4281: 4268: 4246: 4236:Springer-Verlag 4229: 4225: 4220: 4219: 4213: 4212: 4208: 4203: 4186: 4185: 4181: 4171: 4169: 4163: 4162: 4158: 4148: 4146: 4135: 4134: 4130: 4120: 4118: 4104: 4103: 4099: 4089: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4076: 4066: 4064: 4058: 4057: 4053: 4043: 4041: 4032: 4031: 4027: 4017: 4015: 4006: 4005: 4001: 3991: 3989: 3974: 3973: 3969: 3959: 3957: 3953:. Atlanta, GA: 3942: 3941: 3937: 3927: 3925: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3888: 3886: 3867: 3866: 3862: 3852: 3850: 3845: 3844: 3840: 3830: 3828: 3827:. July 16, 2010 3817: 3816: 3812: 3802: 3800: 3789: 3788: 3784: 3774: 3772: 3757: 3756: 3752: 3742: 3740: 3731: 3730: 3726: 3716: 3714: 3705: 3704: 3700: 3690: 3688: 3679: 3678: 3674: 3664: 3662: 3661:on May 29, 2013 3645: 3644: 3640: 3630: 3628: 3616: 3615: 3611: 3601: 3599: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3572: 3570: 3555: 3554: 3550: 3540: 3538: 3527:English.news.cn 3520: 3519: 3515: 3505: 3503: 3502:. July 22, 2008 3494: 3493: 3489: 3479: 3477: 3462: 3461: 3457: 3449: 3445: 3435: 3433: 3420: 3419: 3415: 3405: 3403: 3398: 3397: 3393: 3383: 3381: 3372: 3371: 3367: 3357: 3355: 3346: 3345: 3341: 3331: 3329: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3309: 3307: 3298: 3297: 3293: 3283: 3281: 3272: 3271: 3267: 3257: 3255: 3253:Polaris Program 3247: 3246: 3242: 3232: 3230: 3221: 3220: 3216: 3206: 3204: 3195: 3194: 3190: 3177: 3175: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3150: 3148: 3146:livescience.com 3139: 3138: 3131: 3121: 3119: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3095: 3093: 3087: 3086: 3082: 3072: 3070: 3061: 3060: 3056: 3046: 3044: 3035: 3034: 3030: 3016: 3014: 3010: 2999: 2994: 2993: 2989: 2979: 2977: 2973: 2962: 2957: 2956: 2952: 2942: 2940: 2932: 2931: 2927: 2914: 2912: 2909:TheAtlantic.com 2902: 2901: 2897: 2887: 2885: 2884:on May 30, 2013 2872: 2871: 2867: 2860: 2856: 2848: 2844: 2834: 2832: 2818: 2817: 2813: 2803: 2801: 2800:. July 24, 2002 2790: 2789: 2785: 2778: 2767: 2760: 2759: 2755: 2745: 2743: 2735: 2734: 2730: 2720: 2718: 2717:on May 22, 2013 2705: 2704: 2700: 2690: 2688: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2665: 2648: 2647: 2643: 2633: 2631: 2630:on May 20, 2010 2618: 2617: 2610: 2600: 2598: 2586: 2585: 2581: 2574: 2561: 2560: 2556: 2546: 2544: 2531: 2530: 2526: 2516: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2500: 2490: 2488: 2478: 2477: 2470: 2460: 2458: 2457:. David McAuley 2448: 2447: 2443: 2436: 2426:U.S. Spacesuits 2423: 2422: 2405: 2401: 2314: 2280: 2274: 2251:Z-1 Series Suit 2245: 2239: 2209: 2200: 2176:Dickinson State 2152: 2111: 2098: 2081: 2062: 2035: 2016: 1944: 1932: 1909: 1897: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1877:This section's 1873: 1869: 1862: 1855: 1852: 1843: 1840: 1831: 1828: 1745: 1724: 1681:Polaris program 1611: 1604: 1601: 1592: 1589: 1580: 1577: 1568: 1565: 1556: 1553: 1544: 1541: 1532: 1529: 1520: 1517: 1508: 1505: 1496: 1495:Gemini G4C suit 1493: 1484: 1481: 1305:Project Mercury 1286: 1279: 1276: 1267: 1261: 1252: 1249: 1240: 1237: 1228: 1225: 1216: 1213: 1204: 1203:SK-1 space suit 1201: 1045:which included 997: 990: 935: 921: 912: 899:umbilical cable 895:Apollo missions 891: 870: 839:SR-71 Blackbird 811: 805: 802: 795:needs expansion 780: 763: 757: 755:Skintight suits 732: 715: 707: 688:solar radiation 661: 654: 613: 601: 585: 584: 577:mechanical work 547: 545:Design concepts 535:breathing gases 533:for containing 527:vacuum chambers 502:that can cause 477:science fiction 473: 467: 451: 445: 410: 381: 307:micrometeoroids 259: 176: 134:Armstrong limit 111:micrometeoroids 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5851: 5849: 5841: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5800: 5799: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5763: 5761: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5722: 5720: 5716: 5715: 5712: 5711: 5709: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5677: 5675: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5653: 5651: 5647: 5646: 5644: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5597: 5595: 5591: 5590: 5588: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5551: 5549: 5542: 5538: 5537: 5532: 5530: 5529: 5522: 5515: 5507: 5498: 5497: 5495: 5494: 5483: 5471: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5452:Ground station 5449: 5443: 5441: 5439:Ground segment 5435: 5434: 5432: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5407: 5402: 5396: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5384: 5379: 5374: 5372:Interplanetary 5369: 5368: 5367: 5365:Geosynchronous 5362: 5352: 5346: 5344: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5336: 5335: 5334: 5332:Gravity assist 5329: 5324: 5319: 5309: 5308: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5272: 5267: 5266: 5265: 5263:Service module 5260: 5255: 5253:Orbital module 5245: 5240: 5238:Launch vehicle 5234: 5232: 5226: 5225: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5218: 5216:Space sexology 5213: 5208: 5206:Space medicine 5203: 5198: 5197: 5196: 5186: 5181: 5180: 5179: 5168: 5166: 5162: 5161: 5159: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5132: 5131: 5121: 5116: 5115: 5114: 5109: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5073: 5071: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5041:Weightlessness 5038: 5033: 5028: 5027: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5006: 5005: 5004: 4993: 4991: 4984: 4978: 4977: 4975: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4962:Space research 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4933: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4907: 4906: 4905: 4900: 4898:Reconnaissance 4895: 4890: 4880: 4874: 4872: 4866: 4865: 4863: 4862: 4861: 4860: 4850: 4849: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4828: 4827: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4796: 4795: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4767:European Union 4764: 4759: 4754: 4744: 4739: 4738: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4712: 4706: 4704: 4700: 4699: 4694: 4692: 4691: 4684: 4677: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4647: 4621: 4612: 4601: 4588: 4579: 4562: 4549: 4543: 4537: 4536:(NASDA) (2001) 4527: 4513: 4512:, No. 6, 1978. 4488: 4479: 4469: 4443: 4442:External links 4440: 4438: 4437: 4415: 4394: 4372: 4359: 4337: 4324: 4302: 4285: 4279: 4266: 4244: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4218: 4217: 4205: 4204: 4202: 4201: 4179: 4156: 4128: 4097: 4074: 4051: 4025: 3999: 3967: 3935: 3924:. 2006-01-2287 3896: 3860: 3838: 3810: 3782: 3750: 3724: 3698: 3672: 3638: 3609: 3580: 3548: 3513: 3487: 3455: 3451:Seedhouse 2010 3443: 3413: 3391: 3365: 3339: 3317: 3306:. June 1, 2022 3291: 3280:. June 1, 2021 3265: 3249:"Polaris Dawn" 3240: 3214: 3188: 3158: 3129: 3103: 3080: 3054: 3028: 2987: 2950: 2925: 2895: 2865: 2854: 2842: 2811: 2783: 2777:978-0160901102 2776: 2753: 2728: 2698: 2673: 2664:978-0128168035 2663: 2641: 2608: 2579: 2572: 2554: 2524: 2498: 2487:. Article #237 2468: 2441: 2434: 2402: 2400: 2397: 2396: 2395: 2389: 2388: 2387: 2382: 2381: 2380: 2374: 2366: 2365: 2364: 2358: 2353: 2339: 2333: 2327: 2321: 2313: 2310: 2276:Main article: 2273: 2270: 2241:Main article: 2238: 2235: 2208: 2205: 2199: 2196: 2151: 2148: 2146:(54 kg). 2110: 2107: 2097: 2094: 2080: 2077: 2061: 2058: 2034: 2031: 2015: 2012: 1996:'s 1873 novel 1943: 1940: 1931: 1928: 1908: 1905: 1899: 1898: 1876: 1874: 1867: 1861: 1858: 1857: 1856: 1853: 1846: 1844: 1841: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1822: 1819: 1818: 1808: 1790: 1768: 1759: 1744: 1741: 1723: 1720: 1610: 1607: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1571: 1569: 1566: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1535: 1533: 1530: 1523: 1521: 1518: 1511: 1509: 1506: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1487: 1485: 1482: 1475: 1472: 1471: 1464: 1441: 1427: 1408: 1396:first used on 1391: 1376: 1369:ejection seats 1354: 1336: 1325: 1319: 1308: 1298: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1280: 1277: 1270: 1268: 1262: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1219: 1217: 1214: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1195: 1192: 1191: 1169: 1160:suits worn by 1143: 1119: 1101: 1073: 1054: 1053:during (1965). 1022: 1015: 1008:Vostok program 996: 993: 989: 986: 985: 984: 977:Russell Colley 974: 968: 961:Emilio Herrera 958: 929:Emilio Herrera 920: 917: 911: 908: 890: 887: 869: 866: 813: 812: 792: 790: 779: 776: 756: 753: 731: 728: 714: 711: 706: 703: 659: 652: 647: 646: 635: 632: 628: 620: 616: 608: 604: 599: 595: 592: 546: 543: 471:Space exposure 469:Main article: 466: 463: 444: 441: 408: 380: 377: 329: 328: 303: 300: 294: 258: 255: 254: 253: 238: 235: 219: 212:carbon dioxide 208: 199: 175: 172: 119:cabin pressure 92:environment of 55:Michael Fincke 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5850: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5805: 5803: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5782:Pressure suit 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5758: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5717: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5678: 5676: 5674:Developmental 5672: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5648: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5616:Apollo/Skylab 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5594:United States 5592: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5552: 5550: 5548:USSR / Russia 5546: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5528: 5523: 5521: 5516: 5514: 5509: 5508: 5505: 5493: 5489: 5484: 5482: 5473: 5472: 5469: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5448: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5436: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5400:Direct ascent 5398: 5397: 5395: 5393: 5389: 5383: 5382:Intergalactic 5380: 5378: 5375: 5373: 5370: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5357: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5347: 5345: 5341: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5317:Rocket engine 5315: 5314: 5313: 5310: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5277: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5250: 5249: 5248:Space capsule 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5235: 5233: 5231: 5227: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5211:Space nursing 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5195: 5192: 5191: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5178: 5175: 5174: 5173: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5165:Health issues 5163: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5130: 5127: 5126: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5119:Space Shuttle 5117: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5068: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5051:Space tourism 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5011: 5010: 5007: 5003: 5000: 4999: 4998: 4995: 4994: 4992: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4979: 4973: 4972:Space weather 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4912: 4911: 4908: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4885: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4867: 4859: 4856: 4855: 4854: 4851: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4836:Space command 4834: 4833: 4832: 4831:Space warfare 4829: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4801: 4800: 4797: 4793: 4792:United States 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4749: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4717: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4710:Astrodynamics 4708: 4707: 4705: 4701: 4697: 4690: 4685: 4683: 4678: 4676: 4671: 4670: 4667: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4637: 4633: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4620: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4602: 4599: 4595: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4583: 4580: 4577: 4573: 4570: 4566: 4563: 4560: 4556: 4553: 4550: 4547: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4535: 4531: 4528: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4514: 4511: 4510: 4509:Nauka i Zhizn 4505: 4502: 4498: 4495: 4491:"Space suit" 4489: 4487: 4483: 4480: 4477: 4473: 4472:"Space Suits" 4470: 4467: 4463: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4449: 4448:"Space suits" 4446: 4445: 4441: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4373:0-387-27919-9 4369: 4365: 4364:US Spacesuits 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4334: 4330: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4303:0-87474-459-8 4299: 4294: 4293: 4286: 4282: 4276: 4273:. MIT Press. 4272: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4245:1-85233-732-X 4241: 4237: 4233: 4228: 4227: 4222: 4210: 4207: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4183: 4180: 4167: 4160: 4157: 4145: 4144: 4139: 4132: 4129: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4101: 4098: 4085: 4078: 4075: 4062: 4055: 4052: 4039: 4035: 4029: 4026: 4014: 4010: 4003: 4000: 3988: 3984: 3983: 3978: 3971: 3968: 3956: 3952: 3951: 3950:HowStuffWorks 3946: 3939: 3936: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3900: 3897: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3875: 3870: 3864: 3861: 3848: 3842: 3839: 3826: 3825: 3820: 3814: 3811: 3798: 3797: 3792: 3786: 3783: 3770: 3766: 3765: 3760: 3754: 3751: 3738: 3734: 3728: 3725: 3712: 3708: 3702: 3699: 3686: 3682: 3676: 3673: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3642: 3639: 3626: 3622: 3621: 3613: 3610: 3597: 3593: 3592: 3584: 3581: 3568: 3564: 3563: 3558: 3552: 3549: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3517: 3514: 3501: 3497: 3491: 3488: 3476: 3472: 3471: 3466: 3459: 3456: 3452: 3447: 3444: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3417: 3414: 3401: 3395: 3392: 3379: 3375: 3369: 3366: 3353: 3349: 3343: 3340: 3327: 3326:"为中华航天史册再添辉煌" 3321: 3318: 3305: 3301: 3295: 3292: 3279: 3275: 3269: 3266: 3254: 3250: 3244: 3241: 3229: 3225: 3218: 3215: 3203: 3199: 3192: 3189: 3185: 3174:. Motherboard 3173: 3169: 3162: 3159: 3147: 3143: 3136: 3134: 3130: 3118: 3114: 3107: 3104: 3092:. 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