Space suit - Knowledge (XXG)

2086:(FFD) is developing a commercial full IVA space suit, with their first suit completed in 2010. FFD's suits are intended as a light-weight, highly mobile, and inexpensive commercial space suits. Since 2011, FFD has upgraded IVA suit's designs, hardware, processes, and capabilities. FFD has built a total of 7 IVA space suit (2016) assemblies for various institutions and customers since founding, and has conducted high fidelity human testing in simulators, aircraft, microgravity, and hypobaric chambers. FFD has a Space Act Agreement with NASA's Commercial Space Capabilities Office to develop and execute a Human Rating Plan for FFD IVA suit. FFD categorizes their IVA suits according to their mission: Terra for Earth-based testing, Stratos for high altitude flights, and Exos for orbital space flights. Each suit category has different requirements for manufacturing controls, validations, and materials, but are of a similar architecture. 1609: 1209: 446:. The latter two figures add to 11.6 kPa (87 Torr; 1.7 psi), which is why many modern space suits do not use 20.7 kPa (160 Torr; 3.0 psi), but 32.4 kPa (240 Torr; 4.7 psi) (this is a slight overcorrection, as alveolar partial pressures at sea level are slightly less than the former). In space suits that use 20.7 kPa, the astronaut gets only 20.7 kPa − 11.6 kPa = 9.1 kPa (68 Torr; 1.3 psi) of oxygen, which is about the alveolar oxygen partial pressure attained at an altitude of 1,860 m (6,100 ft) above sea level. This is about 42% of normal partial pressure of oxygen at sea level, about the same as 687:

the bladder layer is larger than the restraint layer, the restraint takes all of the stresses caused by the pressure inside the suit. Since the bladder is not under pressure, it will not "pop" like a balloon, even if punctured. The restraint layer is shaped in such a way that bending a joint causes pockets of fabric, called "gores", to open up on the outside of the joint, while folds called "convolutes" fold up on the inside of the joint. The gores make up for the volume lost on the inside of the joint, and keep the suit at a nearly constant volume. However, once the gores are opened all the way, the joint cannot be bent any further without a considerable amount of work.

273: 1525: 1549: 1257: 2259: 1561: 1245: 1537: 1860: 729:

volume of air internally and do not have any counter-force. Therefore, the astronaut does not need to exert to hold the suit in any position. Hard suits can also operate at higher pressures which would eliminate the need for an astronaut to pre-breathe oxygen to use a 34 kPa (4.9 psi) space suit before an EVA from a 101 kPa (14.6 psi) spacecraft cabin. The joints may get into a restricted or locked position requiring the astronaut to manipulate or program the joint. The NASA

1881: 1848: 1824:(飞天号航天服) EVA space suit: Indigenously developed Chinese-made EVA space suit also used for the Shenzhou 7 mission. The suit was designed for a spacewalk mission of up to seven hours. Chinese astronauts have been training in the out-of-capsule space suits since July 2007, and movements are seriously restricted in the suits, with a mass of more than 110 kilograms (240 lb) each. A new generation of Feitian space suit has been used since 2021 as the construction of 1836: 1958: 76: 1597: 40: 1501: 798: 472:

ISS there is no cabin pressure reduction, instead a 4 hour oxygen pre-breathe at normal cabin pressure is used to desaturate nitrogen to an acceptable level. US studies show that a rapid decompression from 101kPa to 55kPa has an acceptable risk, and Russian studies show that direct decompression from 101kPa to 40kPa after 30 minutes of oxygen pre-breathing, roughly the time required for pre-EVA suit checks, is acceptable.

343: 5488: 1284: 1573: 1513: 1221: 190: 5499: 2076: 1585: 935: 561: 1233: 1489: 708: 2197:. The mobility of the North Dakota suit can be attributed to its low operating pressure; while the North Dakota suit was field tested at a pressure of 1 psi (6.9 kPa; 52 Torr) differential, NASA's EMU suit operates at a pressure of 4.7 psi (32 kPa; 240 Torr), a pressure designed to supply approximately sea-level oxygen partial pressure for 1269: 253: 58: 777:

mitigates the constant volume problem, reduces the possibility of a space suit depressurization and gives a very lightweight suit. When not worn, the elastic garments may appear to be that of clothing for a small child. These suits may be very difficult to put on and face problems with providing a uniform pressure. Most proposals use the body's natural

395: 147:, at around 19,000 m (62,000 ft) above Earth. Space suits augment pressure suits with complex system of equipment and environmental systems designed to keep the wearer comfortable, and to minimize the effort required to bend the limbs, resisting a soft pressure garment's natural tendency to stiffen against the vacuum. A self-contained 1925:(additive manufacturing) can be used to reduce the mass of hard-shell space suits while retaining the high mobility they provide. This fabrication method also allows for the potential for in-situ fabrication and repair of suits, a capability which is not currently available, but will likely be necessary for Martian exploration. The 2116:

meaning that astronauts would be able to transition directly from a one-atmosphere, mixed-gas space station environment, such as that on the International Space Station, to the suit, without risking decompression sickness, which can occur with rapid depressurization from an atmosphere containing nitrogen or another inert gas.

468:), this requires astronauts to "pre-breathe" (meaning pre-breathe pure oxygen for a period) before donning their suits and depressurizing in the air lock. This procedure purges the body of dissolved nitrogen, so as to avoid decompression sickness due to rapid depressurization from a nitrogen-containing atmosphere. 2238:

surface exploration. In a suitport system, a rear-entry space suit is attached and sealed against the outside of a spacecraft, such that an astronaut can enter and seal up the suit, then go on EVA, without the need for an airlock or depressurizing the spacecraft cabin. Suitports require less mass and

1663:

The suit, which is suitable for vacuum, offers protection against cabin depressurization through a single tether at the astronaut's thigh that feeds air and electronic connections. The helmets, which are 3D-printed, contain microphones and speakers. As the suits need the tether connection and do not

891:

included gloves made of a metal fabric called Chromel-r in order to prevent punctures. In order to retain a better sense of touch for the astronauts, the fingertips of the gloves were made of silicone. With the shuttle program, it became necessary to be able to operate spacecraft modules, so the ACES

590:

is needed to change the volume of a constant pressure system. If flexing a joint reduces the volume of the space suit, then the astronaut must do extra work every time they bend that joint, and they have to maintain a force to keep the joint bent. Even if this force is very small, it can be seriously

154:

Three types of space suits exist for different purposes: IVA (intravehicular activity), EVA (extravehicular activity), and IEVA (intra/extravehicular activity). IVA suits are meant to be worn inside a pressurized spacecraft, and are therefore lighter and more comfortable. IEVA suits are meant for use

2293:

The earliest space fiction ignored the problems of traveling through a vacuum, and launched its heroes through space without any special protection. In the later 19th century, however, a more realistic brand of space fiction emerged, in which authors have tried to describe or depict the space suits

776:

Skintight suits, also known as mechanical counterpressure suits or space activity suits, are a proposed design which would use a heavy elastic body stocking to compress the body. The head is in a pressurized helmet, but the rest of the body is pressurized only by the elastic effect of the suit. This

2266:

In 2012, NASA introduced the Z-1 space suit, the first in the Z-series of space suit prototypes designed by NASA specifically for planetary extravehicular activity. The Z-1 space suit includes an emphasis on mobility and protection for space missions. It features a soft torso versus the hard torsos

761:

replaces the HUT with a fabric soft upper torso to save weight, restricting the use of hard components to the joint bearings, helmet, waist seal, and rear entry hatch. Virtually all workable space suit designs incorporate hard components, particularly at interfaces such as the waist seal, bearings,

686:

All space suit designs try to minimize or eliminate this problem. The most common solution is to form the suit out of multiple layers. The bladder layer is a rubbery, airtight layer much like a balloon. The restraint layer goes outside the bladder, and provides a specific shape for the suit. Since

471:

In the US space shuttle, cabin pressure was reduced from normal atmospheric to 70kPa (equivalent to an altitude of about 3000m) for 24 hours before EVA, and after donning the suit, a pre-breathing period of 45 minutes on pure oxygen before decompressing to the EMU working pressure of 30kPa. In the

362:

During exploration of the Moon or Mars, there will be the potential for lunar or Martian dust to be retained on the space suit. When the space suit is removed on return to the spacecraft, there will be the potential for the dust to contaminate surfaces and increase the risks of inhalation and skin

358:

suit included eleven layers in all: an inner liner, a LCVG, a pressure bladder, a restraint layer, another liner, and a Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment consisting of five aluminized insulation layers and an external layer of white Ortho-Fabric. This space suit is capable of protecting the astronaut

2115:

is a NASA prototype, constructed by ILC Dover, which incorporates a hard lower torso section and a mix of soft and hard components. The Mark III is markedly more mobile than previous suits, despite its high operating pressure (57 kPa or 8.3 psi), which makes it a "zero-prebreathe" suit,

2136:

testing at the Space Systems Lab's Neutral Buoyancy Research Facility. By approximating the work envelope of a real EVA suit, without meeting the requirements of a flight-rated suit, the MX-2 provides an inexpensive platform for EVA research, compared to using EMU suits at facilities like NASA's

925:

The development of the spheroidal dome helmet was key in balancing the need for field of view, pressure compensation, and low weight. One inconvenience with some space suits is the head being fixed facing forwards and being unable to turn to look sideways. Astronauts call this effect "alligator

728:

Hard-shell suits are usually made of metal or composite materials and do not use fabric for joints. Hard suits joints use ball bearings and wedge-ring segments similar to an adjustable elbow of a stove pipe to allow a wide range of movement with the arms and legs. The joints maintain a constant

2156:

computer to capture sensor data, such as suit pressure, inlet and outlet air temperatures, and heart rate. Resizable suit elements and adjustable ballast allow the suit to accommodate subjects ranging in height from 68 to 75 inches (170–190 cm), and with a weight range of 120 lb

916:

that allowed the astronaut to explore the Moon without having to be attached to the space craft. The EMU space suit, used for spacewalks, allows the astronaut to manually control the internal environment of the suit. The Mark III suit has a backpack containing about 12 pounds of liquid air for

524:

Temperature in space can vary extremely depending on the exposure to radiant energy sources. Temperatures from solar radiation can reach up to 250 °F (121 °C), and in its absence, down to −387 °F (−233 °C). Because of this, space suits must provide sufficient insulation and

2270:

In 2014, NASA released the design for the Z-2 prototype, the next model in the Z-series. NASA conducted a poll asking the public to decide on a design for the Z-2 space suit. The designs, created by fashion students from Philadelphia University, were "Technology", "Trends in Society", and

3034:

Crew Dragon carries sufficient breathable gas stores to allow for a safe return to Earth in the event of a leak of up to an equivalent orifice of 0.25 inches in diameter. As an extra level of protection, the crew will wear SpaceX-designed space suits to protect them from a rapid cabin

540:). Human skin does not need to be protected from vacuum and is gas-tight by itself. It only needs to be mechanically restrained to retain its normal shape and the internal tissues to retain their volume. This can be accomplished with a tight-fitting elastic body suit and a 896:, are the first gloves to be designed with "laser scanning technology, 3D computer modeling, stereo lithography, laser cutting technology and CNC machining". This allows for cheaper, more accurate production, as well as increased detail in joint mobility and flexibility. 2213:

NASA's Prototype eXploration Suit (PXS), like the Z-series, is a rear-entry suit compatible with suitports. The suit has components which could be 3D printed during missions to a range of specifications, to fit different individuals or changing mobility requirements.

2176:

of western North Dakota. The suit has a mass of 47 pounds (21 kg) without a life support backpack, and costs only a fraction of the standard US$ 12,000,000 cost for a flight-rated NASA space suit. The suit was developed in just over a year by students from the

682:

is the resultant work. It is generally true that all suits are more mobile at lower pressures. However, because a minimum internal pressure is dictated by life support requirements, the only means of further reducing work is to minimize the change in volume.

2243:

mitigation, and prevent cross-contamination of the inside and outside environments. Patents for suitport designs were filed in 1996 by Philip Culbertson Jr. of NASA's Ames Research Center and in 2003 by Joerg Boettcher, Stephen Ransom, and Frank Steinsiek.

1996:, the Aouda.X analogue space suit has a sister in the form of Aouda.S. This is a slightly less sophisticated suit meant primarily to assist Aouda.X operations and be able to study the interactions between two (analogue) astronauts in similar suits. 244:

to objects in physical contact with the exterior of the suit. Since the temperature on the outside of the suit varies greatly between sunlight and shadow, the suit is heavily insulated, and air temperature is maintained at a comfortable

205:(which comprises about 78% of Earth's atmosphere and is not used by the body). Lower pressure allows for greater mobility, but requires the suit occupant to breathe pure oxygen for a time before going into this lower pressure, to avoid 2098:

is a space suit prototype also constructed by ILC Dover, which incorporates several design improvements over the EMU, including a weight-saving soft upper torso. Both the Mark III and the I-Suit have taken part in NASA's annual

1424:

used on the Space Shuttle starting in 1994. The Advanced Crew Escape Suit or ACES suit, is a full-pressure suit worn by all Space Shuttle crews for the ascent and entry portions of flight. The suit is a direct descendant of the

4514: 1768:

crewed space program. It has a mass of about 10 kilograms (20 lb), has an orange colour, and is made of high-resistance multi-layer polyester fabric. The astronaut could use it inside the cabin and conduct an EVA as

363:

exposure. Astronautical hygienists are testing materials with reduced dust retention times and the potential to control the dust exposure risks during planetary exploration. Novel ingress and egress approaches, such as

3048: 4620: 1324:

space suits (1965–1966) – there were three main variants developed: G3C designed for intra-vehicle use; G4C specially designed for EVA and intra-vehicle use; and a special G5C suit worn by the

276:

From left to right, Margaret R. (Rhea) Seddon, Kathryn D. Sullivan, Judith A. Resnick, Sally K. Ride, Anna L. Fisher, and Shannon W. Lucid—The first six female astronauts of the United States stand with a

1745:

to develop and provide astronauts with next generation spacesuit and spacewalk systems to first test and later use outside the International Space Station, as well as on the lunar surface for the crewed

1341:

suit (1966–1967) – a derivative of the Gemini suit, worn by primary and backup crews in training for two early Apollo missions. The nylon pressure garment melted and burned through in the

536:

as the expansion of gas can damage the lungs by overexpansion rupture. These effects have been confirmed through various accidents (including in very-high-altitude conditions, outer space and training

2169:

colleges collaborated on a new space suit prototype, funded by a US$ 100,000 grant from NASA, to demonstrate technologies which could be incorporated into a planetary suit. The suit was tested in the

1447:(ISS). The EMU is an independent anthropomorphic system that provides environmental protection, mobility, life support, and communications for a Space Shuttle or ISS crew member to perform an EVA in 3007: 1937:

glovebox to compare mobility to traditional soft suits. Initial research has focused on the feasibility of printing rigid suit elements, bearing races, ball bearings, seals, and sealing surfaces.

785:

or deposit on objects nearby: optics, sensors, the astronaut's visor, and other surfaces. The icy film and sweat residue may contaminate sensitive surfaces and affect optical performance.

655: 163:, are used outside spacecraft, for either planetary exploration or spacewalks. They must protect the wearer against all conditions of space, as well as provide mobility and functionality. 1949:

was created to build a better glove. Competitions have been held in 2007 and 2009, and another is planned. The 2009 contest required the glove to be covered with a micro-meteorite layer.

720:

Soft suits typically are made mostly of fabrics. All soft suits have some hard parts; some even have hard joint bearings. Intra-vehicular activity and early EVA suits were soft suits.

1981:. The suit is designed to study contamination vectors in planetary exploration analogue environments and create limitations depending on the pressure regime chosen for a simulation. 2932:

In the 1990s, several years after the first American women flew to space, budget cuts forced NASA to trim its space-suit program...The limited sizing affected some astronaut duties.

4225:

Graziosi, David; Stein, James; Ross, Amy; Kosmo, Joseph (January 21, 2011). Phase VI Advanced EVA Glove Development and Certification for the International Space Station (Report).

5204: 586:

A space suit should allow its user natural unencumbered movement. Nearly all designs try to maintain a constant volume no matter what movements the wearer makes. This is because

4745: 4117: 1352:

EVA and Moon suits – The Block II Apollo suit was the primary pressure suit worn for eleven Apollo flights, three Skylab flights, and the US astronauts on the

887:, the first U.S. space suit design, included lights at the tips of the gloves in order to provide visual aid. As the need for extravehicular activity grew, suits such as the 166:

The first full-pressure suits for use at extreme altitudes were designed by individual inventors as early as the 1930s. The first space suit worn by a human in space was the

3599:

Bartlett, Harrison; Bowser, Joseph; Callejon Hierro, Carlos; Garner, Sarah; Guloy, Lawrence; Hnatov, Christina; Kalman, Jonathan; Sosis, Baram; Akin, David (July 16, 2017).

892:

suits featured gripping on the gloves. EMU gloves, which are used for spacewalks, are heated to keep the astronaut's hands warm. The Phase VI gloves, meant for use with the

1201:

suits for extravehicular activity, originally developed for the Soviet lunar program as a lunar orbit EVA suit. It is Russia's current EVA suit. Used from 1977 to present.

374:

space suits, communications are provided via a cap worn over the head, which includes earphones and a microphone. Due to the coloration of the version used for Apollo and

517:

by disrupting essential biological processes. Exposure to radiation can create problems via two methods: the particles can react with water in the human body to produce

2048:

On August 2, 2006, NASA indicated plans to issue a Request for Proposal (RFP) for the design, development, certification, production, and sustaining engineering of the

3577: 2680:"skafandr" was proposed (Yevgeny Chertovsky, an engineer of Aviation Medicine Institute, designed the first full-pressure spacesuit in 1931 for stratospheric flights), 1208: 159:

suit. They include more protection from the harsh conditions of space, such as protection from micrometeoroids and extreme temperature change. EVA suits, such as the

410:, a space suit using pure oxygen must have a pressure of about 32.4 kPa (240 Torr; 4.7 psi), equal to the 20.7 kPa (160 Torr; 3.0 psi) 2361: 2387: 697:

The outermost layer of a space suit, the Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment, provides thermal insulation, protection from micrometeoroids, and shielding from harmful

532:. It is necessary to wear a suit that provides sufficient internal body pressure in space. The most immediate hazard is in attempting to hold one's breath during 1608: 591:

fatiguing to constantly fight against one's suit. It also makes delicate movements very difficult. The work required to bend a joint is dictated by the formula

2692: 3857: 117: 3018: 4544: 2981: 1524: 502:

of liquids, and the blood does not boil because it remains pressurized within the body, but human flesh expands up to about twice its volume due to

4668:

broadcast a 15-minute program on the evolution of space suits. A transcript and MP3 of the program, intended for English learners, can be found at

4044: 2294:

worn by their characters. These fictional suits vary in appearance and technology, and range from the highly authentic to the utterly improbable.

1548: 197:

A space suit must perform several functions to allow its occupant to work safely and comfortably, inside or outside a spacecraft. It must provide:

5182: 4772: 4604: 2346: 1308:

designed and built a working hard-shell suit, which was used inside vacuum chambers and was the predecessor of space suits used in NASA missions.

2775:

Dressing for Altitude: U.S. Aviation Pressure Suits, Wiley Post to Space Shuttle: U.S. Aviation Pressure Suits, Wiley Post to Space Shuttle None

2267:

seen in previous NASA EVA space suits, which reduces mass. It has been labeled the "Buzz Lightyear suit" due to its green streaks for a design.

1945:

There are certain difficulties in designing a dexterous space suit glove and there are limitations to the current designs. For this reason, the

354:

control (i.e., protecting astronauts from extremes of temperature, radiation, etc.), a space suit is essential for extravehicular activity. The

5741: 2100: 1859: 290: 3533: 1360:

after the Apollo 1 fire. This suit was the first to employ a liquid-cooled inner garment and outer micrometeoroid garment. Beginning with the

867:

Many space suit designs are taken from the U.S. Air Force suits, which are designed to work in "high-altitude aircraft pressure", such as the

5535: 4762: 4697: 4425: 4347: 4289: 4148: 3769: 2444: 2190: 2037: 3889: 3284: 2395: 2125: 1926: 1835: 1470:

mission . As a continuation of this suit design, SpaceX developed an EVA suit in 2024. The EVA version of the suit will be used during the

272: 4461: 1481:. It is derived from the Advanced Crew Escape Suit but is able to operate at a higher pressure and has improved mobility in the shoulders. 464:

When space suits below a specific operating pressure are used from craft that are pressurized to normal atmospheric pressure (such as the

3008:"Statement of Garrett Reisman before the Subcommittee on Space Committee on Science, Space, and Technology U.S. House Of Representatives" 1256: 4540: 4507: 4472: 3884: 2129: 1934: 1560: 4782: 2786: 2673: 2773: 1914:

Several companies and universities are developing technologies and prototypes which represent improvements over current space suits.

1536: 151:

supply and environmental control system is frequently employed to allow complete freedom of movement, independent of the spacecraft.

4802: 4382: 4312: 4254: 3774: 3123: 2582: 2340: 2194: 1664:

offer protection against radiation, they are not used for extra-vehicular activities. The suits are custom-made for each astronaut.

1437:

pilot-astronauts, and the Launch Entry Suits worn by NASA astronauts starting on the STS-26 flight. It is derived from a USAF model.

1412: 4125: 2366: 4246: 3035:

depressurization emergency event of even greater severity. The suits and the vehicle itself will be rated for operation at vacuum.

1244: 3717: 3100: 2170: 3310: 2802: 2040:, which as of 2006 consisted of several lower leg prototypes. Bio-suit is custom fit to each wearer, using laser body scanning. 293:(LCVG) in contact with the astronaut's skin, from which the heat is dumped into space through an external radiator in the PLSS. 4957: 3384: 3358: 2831: 2630: 2009: 771: 4479:. A list compiled by Lee Sledge and James H. Gerard of American space suits and the museum locations where they are displayed. 3879: 201:

A stable internal pressure. This can be less than Earth's atmosphere, as there is usually no need for the space suit to carry

5838: 5761: 5332: 5194: 4777: 4530: 4526: 2915: 1512: 529: 321: 4669: 1353: 2717: 212:

Mobility. Movement is typically opposed by the pressure of the suit; mobility is achieved by careful joint design. See the

3432: 3049:"The Man Behind America's New Spacesuit: How Elon Musk Took Hollywood Costume Designer Jose Fernandez From Batman To NASA" 2371: 2182: 1796:

suit, but it is believed to be a Chinese-made version rather than an actual Russian suit. Pictures show that the suits on

1675:

tested the spacesuit inside the Dragon 2 spacecraft in order to familiarize themselves with the suit. They wore it in the

782: 450:, and is the realistic lower limit for safe ordinary space suit pressurization which allows reasonable capacity for work. 4482: 1890: 1596: 528:

The vacuum environment of space has no pressure, so gases will expand and exposed liquids may evaporate. Some solids may

5828: 5646: 5631: 4898: 3657: 2303: 2276: 1440: 1367: 746: 565: 160: 137: 3234: 2884: 1974: 5751: 5310: 5146: 4893: 4740: 4492: 3410: 2138: 1847: 1444: 1364:

mission, it also introduced "commander's stripes" so that a pair of space walkers will not appear identical on camera.

913: 226: 69: 4565: 486:

The human body can briefly survive the hard vacuum of space unprotected, despite contrary depictions in some popular

597: 5848: 5833: 5746: 5621: 5382: 5151: 4824: 4641: 4556: 4550: 4486: 4176: 2258: 2186: 2178: 2103:(D-RATS) field trials, during which suit occupants interact with one another, and with rovers and other equipment. 1332: 978:" in 1935, which was to have been used during an open-basket balloon stratospheric flight scheduled for early 1936. 579: 533: 260: 4614: 3433:"Testimony of James Oberg: Senate Science, Technology, and Space Hearing: International Space Exploration Program" 844:

used by pilots of high-flying bombers in World War II, the high-altitude or vacuum suit required by pilots of the

5843: 5782: 5711: 5641: 5528: 5305: 5187: 4925: 4690: 4198: 2275:. The Z-2 suit will also differ from the Z-1 suit in that the torso reverts to the hard shell, as seen in NASA's 2064: 1421: 975: 872: 829: 737:

had a flexibility rating of 95%. The wearer could move into 95% of the positions they could without the suit on.

399: 324:, which is the outermost layer of the suit. Experience has shown the greatest chance of exposure occurs near the 278: 4636: 2543: 734: 5691: 5420: 4920: 4908: 4880: 3965: 2049: 1657: 849: 83: 31: 5139: 2970: 5777: 5626: 5424: 5360: 5041: 4952: 4856: 4829: 4730: 4646: 2402: 2352: 2328: 2013:. A public display mock-up of Aouda.X (called Aouda.D) is currently on display at the Dachstein Ice Cave in 1699: 1680: 1500: 1463: 1426: 1383: 1283: 439: 133: 43: 1584: 5472: 5434: 4868: 4787: 4725: 4582: 3485: 2382: 1825: 1686:

On 4 May 2024, SpaceX unveiled a spacesuit designed for extravehicular activity based on the IVA suit for

1572: 1346:

cabin fire. This suit became obsolete when crewed Block I Apollo flights were discontinued after the fire.

971: 939: 459: 206: 4019: 3829: 3178: 1220: 177:

in 1961. Since then space suits have been worn beside in Earth orbit, en-route and on the surface of the

5696: 5322: 5129: 4767: 3017:. US House of Representatives publication of a SpaceX document provided to the committee. Archived from 2288: 2112: 2083: 2053: 1970: 1946: 1764: 1759: 893: 443: 431: 351: 4601: 4048: 415: 3475: 5823: 5716: 5521: 5491: 5392: 5375: 5012: 4947: 4940: 4797: 4683: 3987: 3665: 3208: 2253: 1985: 1966: 1648:. The first images of the suit were revealed in September 2017. A mannequin, called "Starman" (after 1641: 1232: 912:. However, with the Apollo missions, life support was configured into a removable capsule called the 730: 447: 109: 3074: 5818: 5706: 5387: 5365: 5300: 5019: 4863: 4153: 3545: 2334: 2033: 1978: 1930: 1660:

in February 2018. For this exhibition launch, the suit was not pressurized and carried no sensors.

1430: 1268: 549: 325: 5498: 3779: 3152: 2598: 2056:. NASA foresaw a single suit capable of supporting: survivability during launch, entry and abort; 1781: 1477:

Orion Crew Survival System (OCSS) – will be used during launch and re-entry on the

506:

in such conditions, giving the visual effect of a body builder rather than an overfilled balloon.

342: 5787: 5675: 5502: 5285: 5211: 5066: 4962: 4814: 4413: 3631:

Developing Technologies and Techniques for Additive Manufacturing of Spacesuit Bearings and Seals

3541: 2807: 2316: 2298: 2198: 2144:

The MX-2 has an operating pressure of 2.5–4 psi. It is a rear-entry suit, featuring a fiberglass

1821: 1711: 1676: 1478: 1467: 953: 762:

and in the case of rear-entry suits, the back hatch, where all-soft alternatives are not viable.

510: 407: 308: 98: 79: 4458: 3336: 1957: 1488: 75: 5636: 5616: 5457: 5097: 4992: 4967: 4913: 4903: 4720: 4439: 4431: 4421: 4396: 4388: 4378: 4361: 4353: 4343: 4326: 4318: 4308: 4285: 4268: 4260: 4250: 3924: 3572: 2782: 2669: 2578: 2440: 2231: 1929:

began development of a prototype 3D printed hard suit in 2016, based on the kinematics of the

1742: 1404: 1397:(1986) no pressure suits were worn during launch and reentry. The crew would wear only a blue- 1349: 1338: 1321: 1305: 1080: 965: 888: 694:'s arms and legs outside the space suit to stop the space suit from ballooning when in space. 495: 491: 355: 237: 156: 102: 5122: 4501: 4469: 3567: 3075:"SpaceX's New Suits Were Built for Superheroes, But What Would Wonder Woman Wear into Orbit?" 2271:"Biomimicry". The design "Technology" won, and the prototype is built with technologies like 5736: 5670: 5595: 5590: 5570: 5370: 5199: 5156: 5087: 5024: 4977: 4819: 4665: 4417: 3997: 3928: 3721: 2521: 2315:(1950s) also featured their own takes on space suit design. Science fiction authors such as 2145: 2133: 1807: 1793: 1633: 1448: 1356:

between 1968 and 1975. The pressure garment's nylon outer layer was replaced with fireproof

1301: 1274: 1182: 1172: 1156: 1036: 750: 514: 411: 61: 5415: 5315: 5268: 5166: 5107: 5092: 5046: 5029: 4935: 4930: 4661: 4608: 4586: 4569: 4511: 4476: 4465: 2149: 1803: 1747: 1703: 1691: 1629: 1418:. It was a partial pressure suit derived from a USAF model. It was used from 1988 to 1998. 1315: 1149: 909: 487: 241: 144: 39: 359:

from temperatures ranging from −156 °C (−249 °F) to 121 °C (250 °F).

3743: 3195:

Musk said at a press conference after the launch that there were no sensors in the suit.

1897:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

5565: 5462: 5449: 5342: 5273: 5263: 5248: 5226: 5216: 5112: 5102: 5051: 4972: 4301: 2057: 1653: 1637: 1434: 1018: 1012: 987: 905: 587: 537: 481: 329: 320:, some traveling at up to 27,000 kilometers per hour, provided by a puncture-resistant 317: 222: 170: 129: 121: 65: 4095:"Apparatus and method for putting on a protective suit – United States Patent 6959456" 2491: 2331: – Articulated pressure resistant anthropomorphic housing for an underwater diver 797: 5812: 5792: 5410: 5327: 5258: 5221: 5061: 4982: 4846: 4841: 4519: 3992: 3960: 3440: 1762:

space suit: First generation EVA space suit developed by China for the 1967 canceled

1379: 1076: 1057: 833: 575: 569: 545: 518: 465: 423: 248:

A communication system, with external electrical connection to the spacecraft or PLSS

113: 3388: 3362: 2839: 2638: 5611: 5467: 5402: 5071: 5056: 4757: 4752: 3916: 3893: 3209:"How SpaceX's sleek spacesuit changes astronaut fashion from the space shuttle era" 2337: – Equipment allowing or assisting the user to breath in a hostile environment 2166: 1687: 1471: 1311: 1140: 1045: 1022: 991: 884: 868: 861: 845: 837: 778: 189: 174: 167: 3179:"SpaceX Just Launched a Tesla Into Space on the Most Powerful Rocket in the World" 2075: 990:

created the space suits worn by the Project Mercury astronauts, including fitting

4625: 3917:"System Overview and Operations of the MX-2 Neutral Buoyancy Space Suit Analogue" 3510: 3506: 1632:

space capsule. Its appearance was jointly designed by Jose Fernandez—a Hollywood

5295: 5161: 4851: 4834: 4706: 4592: 4575: 4094: 4071: 3806: 2747: 2725: 2577:(Illustrated ed.). Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 166–67. 2308: 2272: 2148:. Air, LCVG cooling water, and power are open loop systems, provided through an 2004: 1922: 1774: 1738: 1726: 1672: 1668: 1649: 1398: 853: 841: 499: 435: 301: 105: 47: 3955: 1429:

high-altitude pressure suits worn by SR-71 Blackbird and U-2 spy plane pilots,

934: 560: 5756: 5580: 5429: 5337: 5280: 5240: 4735: 4496: 2461: 1815: 1797: 1789: 1785: 1722: 1695: 1357: 1194: 1114: 981: 857: 383: 233: 125: 4443: 4365: 4330: 3669: 2748:"Wiley Post: First Test of High Altitude Pressure Suits in the United States" 1800:

differ in detail from the earlier suit; they are also reported to be lighter.

1451:. Used from 1982 to present, but only available in limited sizing as of 2019. 690:

In some Russian space suits, strips of cloth were wrapped tightly around the

5439: 5290: 5007: 4888: 4809: 4792: 4629: 4400: 4272: 3834: 3480: 2892: 2014: 1645: 1361: 1190: 1122: 1061: 1053: 1029: 754: 707: 691: 286: 259:

Means of collecting and containing solid and liquid bodily waste (such as a

143:

Pressure suits are in general needed at low pressure environments above the

51: 3629: 3600: 1679:

flight launched on 30 May 2020. The suit is worn by astronauts involved in

521:

that break DNA molecules apart, or by directly breaking the DNA molecules.

494:

set in. No snap freeze effect occurs because all heat must be lost through

442:

to get alveolar oxygen partial pressure in 100% oxygen atmospheres, by the

252: 17: 4562: 3801: 2781:. Washington, D. C. , USA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 1778:

space suit: Cancelled project of second generation Chinese EVA space suit.

232:

Temperature regulation. Unlike on Earth, where heat can be transferred by

57: 27:

Garment worn to keep a human alive in the harsh environment of outer space

3932: 3691: 2665: 2312: 2223: 2173: 2153: 2029: 1394: 1343: 1326: 1176: 1072: 984:

experimented with a number of pressure suits for record-breaking flights.

698: 503: 364: 281:, a spherical life support ball for emergency transfer of people in space 202: 4589:. Section on the Apollo space suit and the Portable Life Support System. 4412:. Photographs by Mark Avino; introduction by Allan Needell; foreword by 3311:"NASA selects Axiom Space and Collins Aerospace for spacesuit contracts" 3285:"NASA Partners with Industry for New Spacewalking, Moonwalking Services" 3124:"SPACEX SUCCESSFULLY LAUNCHES THE FALCON HEAVY—AND ELON MUSK'S ROADSTER" 2355: – Activity done by an astronaut or cosmonaut outside a spacecraft 908:, life support in space suits was connected to the space capsule via an 5797: 5575: 4517:

by G. Ilyin, Vladimir Ivanov, and Ivan Pavlov. Originally published by

3858:"NASA Selects Commercial Space Partners for Collaborative Partnerships" 2969:

Shane E. Jacobs; Donald B. Tufts; Dustin M. Gohmert (July 8–12, 2018).

2343: – Equipment which allows the user to breathe at hypoxic altitudes 2227: 2018: 1993: 1714: 1108: 1104: 1087: 1068: 394: 4206: 3915:

Jacobs, Shane E.; Akin, David L.; Braden, Jeffrey R. (July 17, 2006).

3602:

In-Situ Fabricated Space Suits for Extended Exploration and Settlement

3439:. Reston, VA: SpaceRef Interactive Inc. April 27, 2004. Archived from 1103:

extravehicular activity spacesuit used during a crew exchange between

5701: 5585: 5253: 5117: 4093:

Boettcher, Joerg; Ransom, Stephen; Steinsiek, Frank (July 17, 2003).

2551: 2235: 2095: 1989: 1718: 1707: 1625: 1455: 1408: 1378:(1982) by a two-man crew used in conjunction with the then-installed 1164: 1132: 758: 541: 379: 375: 148: 4410:

Spacesuits: The Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum Collection

4551:"Analysis of the Space Shuttle Extravehicular Mobility Unit – 1986" 3259: 490:. Consciousness is retained for up to 15 seconds as the effects of 4557:"NASA Space Shuttle EVA tools and equipment reference book – 1993" 4435: 4392: 4357: 4264: 3923:. International Conference On Environmental Systems. Vol. 1. 3534:"China's astronaut outfitters design material for spacewalk suits" 2257: 2074: 2000: 1956: 1710:

on suit metrics during operation. It is more mobile, includes new

1390: 1375: 1371: 933: 706: 559: 393: 341: 271: 193:

Space suits being used to work on the International Space Station.

188: 74: 56: 38: 4596: 2319:

contributed to the development of fictional space suit concepts.

4322: 2606: 2240: 1792:, the first crewed Chinese space flight, it closely resembles a 1628:

began developing a space suit for astronauts to wear within the

1175:

crew members during launch and reentry. They were first worn on

1096: 427: 418:

at sea level, plus 5.3 kPa (40 Torr; 0.77 psi) CO

371: 178: 5517: 4679: 4579: 1933:. The prototype arm segment is designed to be evaluated in the 5513: 5134: 4675: 3628:

Garner, Sarah; Carpenter, Lemuel; Akin, David (July 8, 2018).

3101:"Elon Musk shares first full-body photo of SpaceX's spacesuit" 2662:

Design and Fabrication of Large Polymer Constructions in Space

1999:

The Aouda.X and Aouda.S space suits have been named after the

1874: 1474:

private space mission for the first ever commercial spacewalk.

792: 378:, which resembled the coloration of the comic strip character 313:

Means to maneuver, dock, release, and tether onto a spacecraft

256:

AstroRad developed by Israeli StemRad anti Radiation spacesuit

2297:

A very early fictional account of space suits can be seen in

2063:

On June 11, 2008, NASA awarded a US$ 745 million contract to

3153:"Starman's SpaceX Spacesuit Would Leave You Dead in Minutes" 1386:

model. These were removed once the Shuttle became certified.

994:

for his ride as America's first man in space on May 5, 1961.

745:

Hybrid suits have hard-shell parts and fabric parts. NASA's

674:

are respectively the initial and final volume of the joint,

5651: 4072:"Suitlock docking mechanism – United States Patent 5697108" 3235:"NASA astronauts test SpaceX spacesuits in the Crew Dragon" 2522:"The human body in space: Distinguishing fact from fiction" 2435:

Thomas, Kenneth S.; McMann, Harold J. (November 23, 2011).

1459: 124:. Basic space suits are worn as a safety precaution inside 4563:"Space Suit Evolution From Custom Tailored to Off-the-Rack 4241:

Abramov, Isaac P.; Skoog, Å. Ingemar; et al. (2003).

3770:"CONSTELLATION SPACE SUIT SYSTEM (CSSS), SOL NNJ06161022R" 3635: 3606: 2390: – Extravehicular activities outside the orbiting lab 1443:(EMU) – used on both the Space Shuttle and 704:

There are four main conceptual approaches to suit design:

2944: 2524:. Harvard University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences 1737:

On 1 June 2022, NASA announced it had selected competing

938:

Pressurised suit prototype designed by military engineer

781:

to keep cool. Sweat evaporates readily in vacuum and may

328:

of a moon or planet, so these were first employed on the

4020:"'The Martian' Shows 9 Ways NASA Tech Is Headed to Mars" 2462:"The Four Most Important Equations In Clinical Practice" 809: 525:

cooling for the conditions in which they will be used.

3636:

2018 International Conference on Environmental Systems

3607:

2017 International Conference on Environmental Systems

2978:

48th International Conference on Environmental Systems

2803:"Siegfried Hansen, Space Suit Father; Inventor Was 90" 1052:

the spacesuit was a modified SK-1 used by the crew of

236:

to the atmosphere, in space, heat can be lost only by

3720:(Press release). Austrian Space Forum. Archived from 2124:

The MX-2 is a space suit analogue constructed at the

1129:

designed for the canceled Soviet crewed Moon landing.

711:

NASA's experimental AX-5 hard-shell space suit (1988)

600: 225:; these gases are exchanged with the spacecraft or a 136:(EVA) more complex space suits are worn, featuring a 2230:, designed for use in hazardous environments and in 1969:

has been developing "Aouda.X", an experimental Mars

1314:

high-altitude/vacuum suit – used for

438:

pressure, both of which must be subtracted from the

5770: 5729: 5684: 5660: 5604: 5558: 5551: 5448: 5401: 5353: 5239: 5175: 5080: 5000: 4991: 4879: 4713: 4307:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. 3830:"Inventors to Unveil Private Spacesuit in New York" 476:

Physiological effects of unprotected space exposure

4300: 3718:"Mars 2013 - Morocco Mars Analog Field Simulation" 2349: – Medical issues associated with spaceflight 649: 3568:"Chinese astronauts begin training for spacewalk" 1893:may be compromised due to out-of-date information 956:created his full-pressure suit or high-altitude " 460:Decompression practice § Oxygen prebreathing 4602:"Space suit and Spacewalk History Image Gallery" 3578:Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party 116:, but also its temperature extremes, as well as 4340:The New Space Race: China vs. the United States 4149:"Intergalactic fashion: NASA's next space suit" 2599:"Ask an Astrophysicist: Human Body in a Vacuum" 2515: 2513: 1075:(1967–1971) no pressure suits were worn during 917:breathing, pressurization, and heat exchange. 448:pressure in a commercial passenger jet aircraft 221:Supply of breathable oxygen and elimination of 155:inside and outside the spacecraft, such as the 4373:Thomas, Kenneth S.; McMann, Harold J. (2006). 3802:"Get your first look at NASA's next spacesuit" 2388:List of International Space Station spacewalks 2060:EVA; lunar surface EVA; and Mars surface EVA. 1806:(海鹰号航天服) EVA space suit: The imported Russian 1335:MH-7 space suits for the canceled MOL program. 650:{\displaystyle W=\int _{V_{i}}^{V_{f}}\,P\,dV} 578:version, with three stars representing NASA's 334: 5742:Liquid Cooling and Ventilation Garment (LCVG) 5529: 4691: 4070:Culbertson, Philip Jr. (September 30, 1996). 3692:"Morocco 2013 Mars Analogue Field Simulation" 2485: 2483: 1017: – the spacesuit used for the 8: 2021:, after the experiments done there in 2012. 1841:Shenzhou Intra-Vehicular Activity space suit 1784:(神舟) space suit: The suit was first worn by 5762:Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment (TMG / ITMG) 3988:"That's one small step toward Mars mission" 1977:and on-board computing network to increase 1179:. They have been used from 1973 to present. 828:Related preceding technologies include the 5555: 5536: 5522: 5514: 4997: 4698: 4684: 4676: 4545:National Space Development Agency of Japan 4045:"The Next Generation of Suit Technologies" 3476:"China Ramps Up Human Spaceflight Efforts" 3387:. 雷霆万钧. September 16, 2005. Archived from 3361:. 雷霆万钧. September 19, 2005. Archived from 3099:Etherington, Darrell (September 8, 2017). 2362:List of spacewalks and moonwalks 1965–1999 1750:, and prepare for human missions to Mars. 4303:U.S. Space Gear: Outfitting The Astronaut 2439:. Springer Science & Business Media. 2307:(1898). Later comic book series such as 1667:In 2018, NASA commercial crew astronauts 1656:), wore the SpaceX space suit during the 1518:Manned Orbital Laboratory MH-7 space suit 640: 636: 628: 623: 616: 611: 599: 296:Additional requirements for EVA include: 3954:Freudenrich, Craig (December 14, 2000). 2872: 2860: 2693:"Google Translate: скафандр to English" 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2420: 2418: 1694:. As with the IVA suit, the helmets are 1462:which is worn by astronauts involved in 251: 5183:Effect of spaceflight on the human body 4217: 4047:. NASA. October 1, 2015. Archived from 2414: 2347:Effect of spaceflight on the human body 2202: 1865:Second generation of Feitian space suit 1831: 1484: 1329:crew for 14 days inside the spacecraft. 1204: 406:Generally, to supply enough oxygen for 214: 5205:Psychological and sociological effects 4177:"New Mars space suit unveiled by NASA" 3151:Specktor, Brandon (February 8, 2018). 3006:Reisman, Garrett (February 27, 2015). 2916:"The Original Sin of NASA Space Suits" 2625: 2623: 2573:Hanslmeier, Arnold (January 1, 2002). 2405: – NASA astronaut propulsion unit 2101:Desert Research and Technology Studies 1466:missions operated by SpaceX since the 291:Liquid Cooling and Ventilation Garment 4535:Walking to Olympus: An EVA Chronology 4377:. Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag. 4018:Howell, Elizabeth (August 25, 2015). 3177:Oberhaus, Daniel (February 6, 2018). 3146: 3144: 3122:Seemangal, Robin (February 6, 2018). 2374:, Astronauts walking in space to date 2038:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 509:In space, there are highly energized 7: 4489:. A complete listing of space suits. 4470:A Field Guide to American Spacecraft 2752:Defense Technical Information Center 2396:List of cumulative spacewalk records 2079:Final Frontier Design IVA Space Suit 2071:Final Frontier Design IVA Space Suit 1947:Centennial Astronaut Glove Challenge 974:designed and built a full-pressure " 942:for a stratospheric balloon flight. 3580:. Xinhua News Agency. July 18, 2007 3233:Kooser, Amanda (November 6, 2018). 2490:Bellows, Alan (November 27, 2006). 2226:is a theoretical alternative to an 1973:space suit focusing on an advanced 1411:(1988), the first flight after the 1028:No pressure suits were worn aboard 285:Advanced suits better regulate the 101:used for protection from the harsh 5752:Primary Life Support System (PLSS) 5647:Extravehicular Mobility Unit (EMU) 4914:Weather and environment monitoring 4635:Klesius, Michael (June 10, 2009). 3207:Howell, Elizabeth (May 22, 2020). 2971:"Space Suit Development for Orion" 1729:’s external unpressurized trunk. 25: 3986:MacPherson, James (May 7, 2006). 3810:. Associated Press. June 12, 2008 3775:NASA Acquisition Internet Service 3474:Malik, Tariq (November 8, 2004). 2987:from the original on July 6, 2019 2830:Jones, Eric (February 20, 2006). 2341:High altitude breathing apparatus 2195:Turtle Mountain Community College 1658:maiden launch of the Falcon Heavy 1025:on the first crewed space flight. 964:) in 1931. (скафандр also means " 678:is the pressure in the suit, and 5747:Maximum Absorbency Garment (MAG) 5642:Advanced Crew Escape Suit (ACES) 5622:Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) 5497: 5487: 5486: 4527:"U.S. Human Spaceflight History" 3339:. 国防科工委新闻宣传中心. November 14, 2005 2914:Koren, Marina (March 27, 2019). 2544:"Space Radiation Analysis Group" 2520:Springel, Mark (July 30, 2013). 2171:Theodore Roosevelt National Park 1879: 1858: 1846: 1834: 1607: 1595: 1583: 1571: 1559: 1547: 1535: 1523: 1511: 1499: 1487: 1282: 1267: 1255: 1243: 1231: 1219: 1207: 796: 4958:Space launch market competition 4576:"Engineering Aspects of Apollo" 4124:. TIME Magazine. Archived from 3658:"Spacesuit-simulator 'Aouda.X'" 2044:Constellation Space Suit system 2010:Around the World in Eighty Days 1988:by the Austrian Space Forum to 871:suit or the Gemini G4C, or the 772:Mechanical counterpressure suit 5195:Health threat from cosmic rays 4416:(1st ed.). Brooklyn, NY: 4342:. Berlin; New York: Springer. 4280:de Monchaux, Nicholas (2011). 3532:Xiao Jie, ed. (June 1, 2007). 3461: 2239:volume than airlocks, provide 2132:. The MX-2 is used for crewed 2067:to create the new space suit. 1006:Soviet and Russian suit models 382:, these caps became known as " 367:, are being explored as well. 322:Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment 1: 5778:Extravehicular activity (EVA) 4670:"The Evolution of Spacesuits" 4637:"Space Suits Past and Future" 4299:Kozloski, Lillian D. (1994). 3073:Bobb, Brooke (May 29, 2020). 2372:List of spacewalks since 2015 943: 215:Theories of space suit design 5632:Shuttle Ejection Escape Suit 4580:Apollo Lunar Surface Journal 4282:Spacesuit: Fashioning Apollo 3750:(Blog). Austrian Space Forum 3413:. 北京航空航天大学图书馆. March 1, 2000 2922:. The Atlantic Monthly Group 2836:Apollo Lunar Surface Journal 2367:List of spacewalks 2000–2014 2165:Beginning in May 2006, five 1733:Future NASA contracted suits 1706:providing information and a 1644:—and SpaceX founder and CEO 1620:SpaceX suit ("Starman suit") 1602:Extravehicular Mobility Unit 1554:Shuttle Ejection Escape Suit 1441:Extravehicular Mobility Unit 1370: – used from 1368:Shuttle Ejection Escape Suit 914:Portable Life Support System 747:Extravehicular Mobility Unit 566:Extravehicular Mobility Unit 402:pre-breathes prior to an EVA 227:Portable Life Support System 138:portable life support system 5311:Self-replicating spacecraft 5147:International Space Station 3993:The San Diego Union-Tribune 2980:. Albuquerque, New Mexico. 2891:. Mark Wade. Archived from 2772:Jenkins, Dennis R. (2012). 2724:. Mark Wade. Archived from 2718:"Escafandra Estratonautica" 2139:Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory 1683:missions involving SpaceX. 1445:International Space Station 70:International Space Station 5865: 4825:Space Liability Convention 4585:December 31, 2020, at the 4533:See link near page end to 3921:SAE Technical Paper Series 2664:. Amsterdam, Netherlands: 2660:Kondyurin, Alexey (2012). 2548:NASA, Johnson Space Center 2286: 2251: 2179:University of North Dakota 1333:Manned Orbiting Laboratory 873:Advanced Crew Escape Suits 769: 735:AX-5 hard-shell space suit 580:human spaceflight programs 479: 457: 307:Limited shielding against 261:Maximum Absorbency Garment 29: 5783:Astronaut propulsion unit 5712:Stratonautical space suit 5481: 5188:Space adaptation syndrome 4607:October 25, 2012, at the 4568:January 31, 2017, at the 4487:Encyclopedia Astronautica 2889:Encyclopedia Astronautica 2722:Encyclopedia Astronautica 2575:The Sun and Space Weather 2304:Edison's Conquest of Mars 2065:Oceaneering International 2052:to meet the needs of the 2036:under development at the 1986:Mars2013 analogue mission 1941:Astronaut Glove Challenge 1422:Advanced Crew Escape Suit 1354:Apollo–Soyuz Test Project 1295:United States suit models 999:List of space suit models 976:stratonautical space suit 830:stratonautical space suit 789:Contributing technologies 335:United States suit models 316:Protection against small 279:Personal Rescue Enclosure 5692:Constellation Space Suit 4921:Communications satellite 4541:NASDA Online Space Notes 4338:Seedhouse, Erik (2010). 4175:CBC News (May 1, 2014). 3966:Discovery Communications 3885:Space Systems Laboratory 3507:"神七准备中俄产两套航天服出舱者穿国产航天服" 2873:Thomas & McMann 2006 2861:Thomas & McMann 2006 2130:Space Systems Laboratory 2050:Constellation Space Suit 1935:Space Systems Laboratory 1636:known for his works for 1590:Advance Crew Escape Suit 1542:Apollo/Skylab space suit 1147:developed for pilots of 753:(HUT) and fabric limbs. 749:(EMU) uses a fiberglass 112:as a highly specialized 84:National Museum of China 32:Single-person spacecraft 30:Not to be confused with 5637:Launch Entry Suit (LES) 5425:reusable launch systems 5042:Extravehicular activity 4953:Commercial use of space 4857:Militarisation of space 4830:Registration Convention 4746:Accidents and incidents 4660:In April 2011, the VOA 4647:Smithsonian Institution 4510:March 29, 2018, at the 4475:March 25, 2018, at the 4464:April 27, 2018, at the 4118:"NASA's Z-1 Space Suit" 4097:. freepatentsonline.com 4074:. freepatentsonline.com 3744:"Aouda.D, ice princess" 2403:Manned Maneuvering Unit 2353:Extravehicular activity 2329:Atmospheric diving suit 1975:human–machine interface 1681:Commercial Crew Program 1530:Apollo Block I A1C suit 1464:Commercial Crew Program 1427:United States Air Force 900:Life support technology 864:gear, and many others. 534:explosive decompression 346:Layers of a space suit. 134:extravehicular activity 82:being displayed at the 5737:Hard Upper Torso (HUT) 5473:Mission control center 5435:Non-rocket spacelaunch 4869:Billionaire space race 4408:Young, Amanda (2009). 4205:. NASA. Archived from 3956:"How Space Suits Work" 3890:University of Maryland 3778:. NASA. Archived from 3698:. Austrian Space Forum 3486:TechMediaNetwork, Inc. 3385:"中国最早研制的航天服为桔黄色重10千克" 2838:. NASA. Archived from 2550:. NASA. Archived from 2492:"Outer Space Exposure" 2383:List of Mir spacewalks 2263: 2152:. The suit contains a 2126:University of Maryland 2080: 1962: 1927:University of Maryland 1918:Additive manufacturing 1826:Tiangong Space Station 1702:helmet incorporates a 1401:with an oxygen helmet. 949: 712: 651: 583: 403: 347: 289:'s temperature with a 282: 268:Secondary requirements 257: 207:decompression sickness 194: 86: 72: 54: 5839:Spacecraft components 5323:Spacecraft propulsion 4773:European Space Agency 3573:People's Daily Online 3443:on September 10, 2012 3024:on September 23, 2018 2832:"Commander's Stripes" 2289:Spacesuits in fiction 2261: 2084:Final Frontier Design 2078: 2054:Constellation Program 1979:situational awareness 1960: 1871:Emerging technologies 1717:, and materials used 1654:song of the same name 1642:science fiction films 1021:(1961–1963). Worn by 937: 770:Further information: 710: 652: 563: 444:alveolar gas equation 397: 352:astronautical hygiene 345: 332:lunar EVA suits (see 275: 255: 192: 78: 60: 42: 4948:Satellite navigation 4645:. Washington, D.C.: 4531:Johnson Space Center 4245:. London; New York: 4128:on February 20, 2015 4051:on December 15, 2015 3933:10.4271/2006-01-2287 3896:on September 3, 2012 3888:. College Park, MD: 3666:Austrian Space Forum 3391:on November 28, 2005 3365:on December 22, 2005 2554:on February 18, 2015 2254:Z series space suits 1984:Since 2012, for the 1967:Austrian Space Forum 1300:In the early 1950s, 731:Ames Research Center 598: 5829:Environmental suits 5707:Space activity suit 5333:Electric propulsion 5020:Life-support system 4904:Imagery and mapping 4864:Private spaceflight 4597:Historic Spacecraft 4593:"Space Suit Photos" 4493:Russian space suits 4199:"The NASA Z-2 Suit" 4154:The Washington Post 4147:Kirkpatrick, Nick. 3860:. December 23, 2014 3548:on January 25, 2008 2603:Image the Universe! 2335:Breathing apparatus 2034:space activity suit 1810:EVA suit is called 1754:Chinese suit models 1566:Shuttle Flight Suit 1431:North American X-15 1289:Orlan-MK space suit 930:High-altitude suits 635: 550:space activity suit 511:subatomic particles 454:Oxygen prebreathing 326:gravitational field 128:in case of loss of 5788:Environmental suit 5286:Robotic spacecraft 5212:Space and survival 5067:Space colonization 4963:Space architecture 4815:Outer Space Treaty 4414:Thomas P. Stafford 4243:Russian Spacesuits 4209:on March 29, 2014. 4179:. CBC/Radio-Canada 3542:Xinhua News Agency 2808:The New York Times 2460:Martin, Lawrence. 2317:Robert A. Heinlein 2299:Garrett P. Serviss 2264: 2191:College of Science 2183:North Dakota State 2081: 2001:fictional princess 1963: 1853:Feitian space suit 1712:thermal insulation 1677:Crew Dragon Demo-2 1624:In February 2015, 1454:Aerospace company 1339:Apollo Block I A1C 1304:and colleagues at 1250:Krechet space suit 1238:Yastreb space suit 1199: – 1169: – 1145: – 1127: – 1101: – 1050: – 954:Evgeniy Chertovsky 950: 808:. You can help by 713: 647: 607: 584: 416:Earth's atmosphere 404: 390:Operating pressure 348: 309:particle radiation 300:Shielding against 283: 258: 195: 108:, mainly from its 99:environmental suit 87: 80:Feitian space suit 73: 64:worn by astronaut 55: 46:worn by astronaut 5849:Soviet inventions 5834:Human spaceflight 5806: 5805: 5725: 5724: 5511: 5510: 5458:Flight controller 5235: 5234: 4993:Human spaceflight 4968:Space exploration 4894:Earth observation 4427:978-1-576-87498-1 4349:978-1-4419-0879-7 4291:978-0-262-01520-2 3925:SAE International 3880:"MARS Suit: MX-2" 3638:. Albuquerque, NM 3015:science.house.gov 2631:"NASA Spacesuits" 2446:978-1-4419-9566-7 2232:human spaceflight 2161:North Dakota suit 1912: 1911: 1743:Collins Aerospace 1578:Launch Entry Suit 1405:Launch Entry Suit 1382:. Derived from a 1350:Apollo/Skylab A7L 1306:Litton Industries 1262:Strizh space suit 1226:Berkut space suit 921:Helmet technology 826: 825: 496:thermal radiation 492:oxygen starvation 440:alveolar pressure 414:of oxygen in the 400:Steven G. MacLean 356:Apollo/Skylab A7L 238:thermal radiation 16:(Redirected from 5856: 5844:Space technology 5556: 5538: 5531: 5524: 5515: 5501: 5490: 5489: 5200:Space psychology 5025:Animals in space 4998: 4978:Space technology 4820:Rescue Agreement 4700: 4693: 4686: 4677: 4666:Voice of America 4657: 4655: 4653: 4618: 4505: 4447: 4418:powerHouse Books 4404: 4369: 4334: 4306: 4295: 4276: 4227: 4226: 4222: 4211: 4210: 4195: 4189: 4188: 4186: 4184: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4161: 4144: 4138: 4137: 4135: 4133: 4113: 4107: 4106: 4104: 4102: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4067: 4061: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4041: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4015: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4004: 3998:Associated Press 3983: 3977: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3912: 3906: 3905: 3903: 3901: 3892:. Archived from 3876: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3865: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3826: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3787: 3782:on July 30, 2009 3766: 3760: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3724:on June 24, 2013 3714: 3708: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3668:. Archived from 3654: 3648: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3625: 3619: 3618: 3616: 3614: 3609:. Charleston, SC 3596: 3590: 3589: 3587: 3585: 3564: 3558: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3544:. Archived from 3529: 3523: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3503: 3497: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3411:"舱外航天服液冷服散热特性研究" 3407: 3401: 3400: 3398: 3396: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3333: 3327: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3307: 3301: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3256: 3250: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3230: 3224: 3223: 3221: 3219: 3204: 3198: 3197: 3192: 3190: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3148: 3139: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3096: 3090: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3070: 3064: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3044: 3038: 3037: 3031: 3029: 3023: 3012: 3003: 2997: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2986: 2975: 2966: 2960: 2959: 2957: 2955: 2941: 2935: 2934: 2929: 2927: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2881: 2875: 2870: 2864: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2842:on June 28, 2021 2827: 2821: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2780: 2769: 2763: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2744: 2738: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2714: 2708: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2697:Google Translate 2689: 2683: 2682: 2657: 2651: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2637:. Archived from 2627: 2618: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2595: 2589: 2588: 2570: 2564: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2540: 2534: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2517: 2508: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2496:Damn Interesting 2487: 2478: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2457: 2451: 2450: 2432: 2201:(see discussion 2134:neutral buoyancy 1965:Since 2009, the 1907: 1904: 1898: 1891:factual accuracy 1883: 1882: 1875: 1862: 1850: 1838: 1748:Artemis missions 1704:heads-up display 1634:costume designer 1611: 1599: 1587: 1575: 1563: 1551: 1539: 1527: 1515: 1503: 1491: 1302:Siegfried Hansen 1286: 1271: 1259: 1247: 1235: 1223: 1211: 1153:-class orbiters. 948: 945: 879:Glove technology 821: 818: 800: 793: 751:Hard Upper Torso 724:Hard-shell suits 656: 654: 653: 648: 634: 633: 632: 622: 621: 620: 515:radiation damage 412:partial pressure 62:Orlan space suit 44:Apollo spacesuit 21: 5864: 5863: 5859: 5858: 5857: 5855: 5854: 5853: 5809: 5808: 5807: 5802: 5766: 5721: 5680: 5656: 5600: 5547: 5542: 5512: 5507: 5477: 5444: 5416:Escape velocity 5397: 5349: 5316:Space telescope 5269:Reentry capsule 5231: 5171: 5076: 5047:Overview effect 5030:Bioastronautics 4987: 4875: 4709: 4704: 4664:service of the 4662:Special English 4651: 4649: 4642:AirSpaceMag.com 4634: 4616: 4615:Zvezda history 4609:Wayback Machine 4587:Wayback Machine 4570:Wayback Machine 4512:Wayback Machine 4503: 4477:Wayback Machine 4466:Wayback Machine 4455: 4450: 4428: 4407: 4385: 4372: 4350: 4337: 4315: 4298: 4292: 4279: 4257: 4247:Springer-Verlag 4240: 4236: 4231: 4230: 4224: 4223: 4219: 4214: 4197: 4196: 4192: 4182: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4169: 4159: 4157: 4146: 4145: 4141: 4131: 4129: 4115: 4114: 4110: 4100: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4087: 4077: 4075: 4069: 4068: 4064: 4054: 4052: 4043: 4042: 4038: 4028: 4026: 4017: 4016: 4012: 4002: 4000: 3985: 3984: 3980: 3970: 3968: 3964:. Atlanta, GA: 3953: 3952: 3948: 3938: 3936: 3914: 3913: 3909: 3899: 3897: 3878: 3877: 3873: 3863: 3861: 3856: 3855: 3851: 3841: 3839: 3838:. July 16, 2010 3828: 3827: 3823: 3813: 3811: 3800: 3799: 3795: 3785: 3783: 3768: 3767: 3763: 3753: 3751: 3742: 3741: 3737: 3727: 3725: 3716: 3715: 3711: 3701: 3699: 3690: 3689: 3685: 3675: 3673: 3672:on May 29, 2013 3656: 3655: 3651: 3641: 3639: 3627: 3626: 3622: 3612: 3610: 3598: 3597: 3593: 3583: 3581: 3566: 3565: 3561: 3551: 3549: 3538:English.news.cn 3531: 3530: 3526: 3516: 3514: 3513:. July 22, 2008 3505: 3504: 3500: 3490: 3488: 3473: 3472: 3468: 3460: 3456: 3446: 3444: 3431: 3430: 3426: 3416: 3414: 3409: 3408: 3404: 3394: 3392: 3383: 3382: 3378: 3368: 3366: 3357: 3356: 3352: 3342: 3340: 3335: 3334: 3330: 3320: 3318: 3309: 3308: 3304: 3294: 3292: 3283: 3282: 3278: 3268: 3266: 3264:Polaris Program 3258: 3257: 3253: 3243: 3241: 3232: 3231: 3227: 3217: 3215: 3206: 3205: 3201: 3188: 3186: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3161: 3159: 3157:livescience.com 3150: 3149: 3142: 3132: 3130: 3121: 3120: 3116: 3106: 3104: 3098: 3097: 3093: 3083: 3081: 3072: 3071: 3067: 3057: 3055: 3046: 3045: 3041: 3027: 3025: 3021: 3010: 3005: 3004: 3000: 2990: 2988: 2984: 2973: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2953: 2951: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2925: 2923: 2920:TheAtlantic.com 2913: 2912: 2908: 2898: 2896: 2895:on May 30, 2013 2883: 2882: 2878: 2871: 2867: 2859: 2855: 2845: 2843: 2829: 2828: 2824: 2814: 2812: 2811:. July 24, 2002 2801: 2800: 2796: 2789: 2778: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2756: 2754: 2746: 2745: 2741: 2731: 2729: 2728:on May 22, 2013 2716: 2715: 2711: 2701: 2699: 2691: 2690: 2686: 2676: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2644: 2642: 2641:on May 20, 2010 2629: 2628: 2621: 2611: 2609: 2597: 2596: 2592: 2585: 2572: 2571: 2567: 2557: 2555: 2542: 2541: 2537: 2527: 2525: 2519: 2518: 2511: 2501: 2499: 2489: 2488: 2481: 2471: 2469: 2468:. David McAuley 2459: 2458: 2454: 2447: 2437:U.S. Spacesuits 2434: 2433: 2416: 2412: 2325: 2291: 2285: 2262:Z-1 Series Suit 2256: 2250: 2220: 2211: 2187:Dickinson State 2163: 2122: 2109: 2092: 2073: 2046: 2027: 1955: 1943: 1920: 1908: 1902: 1899: 1896: 1888:This section's 1884: 1880: 1873: 1866: 1863: 1854: 1851: 1842: 1839: 1756: 1735: 1692:Polaris program 1622: 1615: 1612: 1603: 1600: 1591: 1588: 1579: 1576: 1567: 1564: 1555: 1552: 1543: 1540: 1531: 1528: 1519: 1516: 1507: 1506:Gemini G4C suit 1504: 1495: 1492: 1316:Project Mercury 1297: 1290: 1287: 1278: 1272: 1263: 1260: 1251: 1248: 1239: 1236: 1227: 1224: 1215: 1214:SK-1 space suit 1212: 1056:which included 1008: 1001: 946: 932: 923: 910:umbilical cable 906:Apollo missions 902: 881: 850:SR-71 Blackbird 822: 816: 813: 806:needs expansion 791: 774: 768: 766:Skintight suits 743: 726: 718: 699:solar radiation 672: 665: 624: 612: 596: 595: 588:mechanical work 558: 556:Design concepts 546:breathing gases 544:for containing 538:vacuum chambers 513:that can cause 488:science fiction 484: 478: 462: 456: 421: 392: 318:micrometeoroids 270: 187: 145:Armstrong limit 122:micrometeoroids 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5862: 5860: 5852: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5811: 5810: 5804: 5803: 5801: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5774: 5772: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5733: 5731: 5727: 5726: 5723: 5722: 5720: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5688: 5686: 5682: 5681: 5679: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5664: 5662: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5654: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5608: 5606: 5602: 5601: 5599: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5562: 5560: 5553: 5549: 5548: 5543: 5541: 5540: 5533: 5526: 5518: 5509: 5508: 5506: 5505: 5494: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5463:Ground station 5460: 5454: 5452: 5450:Ground segment 5446: 5445: 5443: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5418: 5413: 5407: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5383:Interplanetary 5380: 5379: 5378: 5376:Geosynchronous 5373: 5363: 5357: 5355: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5347: 5346: 5345: 5343:Gravity assist 5340: 5335: 5330: 5320: 5319: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5283: 5278: 5277: 5276: 5274:Service module 5271: 5266: 5264:Orbital module 5256: 5251: 5249:Launch vehicle 5245: 5243: 5237: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5229: 5227:Space sexology 5224: 5219: 5217:Space medicine 5214: 5209: 5208: 5207: 5197: 5192: 5191: 5190: 5179: 5177: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5143: 5142: 5132: 5127: 5126: 5125: 5120: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5084: 5082: 5078: 5077: 5075: 5074: 5069: 5064: 5059: 5054: 5052:Weightlessness 5049: 5044: 5039: 5038: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5017: 5016: 5015: 5004: 5002: 4995: 4989: 4988: 4986: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4973:Space research 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4944: 4943: 4938: 4933: 4928: 4918: 4917: 4916: 4911: 4909:Reconnaissance 4906: 4901: 4891: 4885: 4883: 4877: 4876: 4874: 4873: 4872: 4871: 4861: 4860: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4839: 4838: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4807: 4806: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4778:European Union 4775: 4770: 4765: 4755: 4750: 4749: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4723: 4717: 4715: 4711: 4710: 4705: 4703: 4702: 4695: 4688: 4680: 4674: 4673: 4658: 4632: 4623: 4612: 4599: 4590: 4573: 4560: 4554: 4548: 4547:(NASDA) (2001) 4538: 4524: 4523:, No. 6, 1978. 4499: 4490: 4480: 4454: 4453:External links 4451: 4449: 4448: 4426: 4405: 4383: 4370: 4348: 4335: 4313: 4296: 4290: 4277: 4255: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4229: 4228: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4212: 4190: 4167: 4139: 4108: 4085: 4062: 4036: 4010: 3978: 3946: 3935:. 2006-01-2287 3907: 3871: 3849: 3821: 3793: 3761: 3735: 3709: 3683: 3649: 3620: 3591: 3559: 3524: 3498: 3466: 3462:Seedhouse 2010 3454: 3424: 3402: 3376: 3350: 3328: 3317:. June 1, 2022 3302: 3291:. June 1, 2021 3276: 3260:"Polaris Dawn" 3251: 3225: 3199: 3169: 3140: 3114: 3091: 3065: 3039: 2998: 2961: 2936: 2906: 2876: 2865: 2853: 2822: 2794: 2788:978-0160901102 2787: 2764: 2739: 2709: 2684: 2675:978-0128168035 2674: 2652: 2619: 2590: 2583: 2565: 2535: 2509: 2498:. Article #237 2479: 2452: 2445: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2407: 2406: 2400: 2399: 2398: 2393: 2392: 2391: 2385: 2377: 2376: 2375: 2369: 2364: 2350: 2344: 2338: 2332: 2324: 2321: 2287:Main article: 2284: 2281: 2252:Main article: 2249: 2246: 2219: 2216: 2210: 2207: 2162: 2159: 2157:(54 kg). 2121: 2118: 2108: 2105: 2091: 2088: 2072: 2069: 2045: 2042: 2026: 2023: 2007:'s 1873 novel 1954: 1951: 1942: 1939: 1919: 1916: 1910: 1909: 1887: 1885: 1878: 1872: 1869: 1868: 1867: 1864: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1819: 1801: 1779: 1770: 1755: 1752: 1734: 1731: 1621: 1618: 1617: 1616: 1613: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1594: 1592: 1589: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1486: 1483: 1482: 1475: 1452: 1438: 1419: 1407:first used on 1402: 1387: 1380:ejection seats 1365: 1347: 1336: 1330: 1319: 1309: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1291: 1288: 1281: 1279: 1273: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1254: 1252: 1249: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1230: 1228: 1225: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1206: 1203: 1202: 1180: 1171:suits worn by 1154: 1130: 1112: 1084: 1065: 1064:during (1965). 1033: 1026: 1019:Vostok program 1007: 1004: 1000: 997: 996: 995: 988:Russell Colley 985: 979: 972:Emilio Herrera 969: 940:Emilio Herrera 931: 928: 922: 919: 901: 898: 880: 877: 824: 823: 803: 801: 790: 787: 767: 764: 742: 739: 725: 722: 717: 714: 670: 663: 658: 657: 646: 643: 639: 631: 627: 619: 615: 610: 606: 603: 557: 554: 482:Space exposure 480:Main article: 477: 474: 455: 452: 419: 391: 388: 340: 339: 314: 311: 305: 269: 266: 265: 264: 249: 246: 230: 223:carbon dioxide 219: 210: 186: 183: 130:cabin pressure 103:environment of 66:Michael Fincke 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5861: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5793:Pressure suit 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5769: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5734: 5732: 5728: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5689: 5687: 5685:Developmental 5683: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5659: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5627:Apollo/Skylab 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5609: 5607: 5605:United States 5603: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5559:USSR / Russia 5557: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5539: 5534: 5532: 5527: 5525: 5520: 5519: 5516: 5504: 5500: 5495: 5493: 5484: 5483: 5480: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5447: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5411:Direct ascent 5409: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5400: 5394: 5393:Intergalactic 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5368: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5352: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5328:Rocket engine 5326: 5325: 5324: 5321: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5288: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5261: 5260: 5259:Space capsule 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5238: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5222:Space nursing 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5206: 5203: 5202: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5184: 5181: 5180: 5178: 5176:Health issues 5174: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5141: 5138: 5137: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5130:Space Shuttle 5128: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5115: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5079: 5073: 5070: 5068: 5065: 5063: 5062:Space tourism 5060: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5022: 5021: 5018: 5014: 5011: 5010: 5009: 5006: 5005: 5003: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4990: 4984: 4983:Space weather 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4942: 4939: 4937: 4934: 4932: 4929: 4927: 4924: 4923: 4922: 4919: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4896: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4882: 4878: 4870: 4867: 4866: 4865: 4862: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4847:Space command 4845: 4844: 4843: 4842:Space warfare 4840: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4812: 4811: 4808: 4804: 4803:United States 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4760: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4728: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4721:Astrodynamics 4719: 4718: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4701: 4696: 4694: 4689: 4687: 4682: 4681: 4678: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4648: 4644: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4631: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4613: 4610: 4606: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4594: 4591: 4588: 4584: 4581: 4577: 4574: 4571: 4567: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4555: 4552: 4549: 4546: 4542: 4539: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4525: 4522: 4521: 4520:Nauka i Zhizn 4516: 4513: 4509: 4506: 4502:"Space suit" 4500: 4498: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4484: 4483:"Space Suits" 4481: 4478: 4474: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4460: 4459:"Space suits" 4457: 4456: 4452: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4384:0-387-27919-9 4380: 4376: 4375:US Spacesuits 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4345: 4341: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4314:0-87474-459-8 4310: 4305: 4304: 4297: 4293: 4287: 4284:. MIT Press. 4283: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4256:1-85233-732-X 4252: 4248: 4244: 4239: 4238: 4233: 4221: 4218: 4208: 4204: 4200: 4194: 4191: 4178: 4171: 4168: 4156: 4155: 4150: 4143: 4140: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4112: 4109: 4096: 4089: 4086: 4073: 4066: 4063: 4050: 4046: 4040: 4037: 4025: 4021: 4014: 4011: 3999: 3995: 3994: 3989: 3982: 3979: 3967: 3963: 3962: 3961:HowStuffWorks 3957: 3950: 3947: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3911: 3908: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3886: 3881: 3875: 3872: 3859: 3853: 3850: 3837: 3836: 3831: 3825: 3822: 3809: 3808: 3803: 3797: 3794: 3781: 3777: 3776: 3771: 3765: 3762: 3749: 3745: 3739: 3736: 3723: 3719: 3713: 3710: 3697: 3693: 3687: 3684: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3653: 3650: 3637: 3633: 3632: 3624: 3621: 3608: 3604: 3603: 3595: 3592: 3579: 3575: 3574: 3569: 3563: 3560: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3528: 3525: 3512: 3508: 3502: 3499: 3487: 3483: 3482: 3477: 3470: 3467: 3463: 3458: 3455: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3428: 3425: 3412: 3406: 3403: 3390: 3386: 3380: 3377: 3364: 3360: 3354: 3351: 3338: 3337:"为中华航天史册再添辉煌" 3332: 3329: 3316: 3312: 3306: 3303: 3290: 3286: 3280: 3277: 3265: 3261: 3255: 3252: 3240: 3236: 3229: 3226: 3214: 3210: 3203: 3200: 3196: 3185:. Motherboard 3184: 3180: 3173: 3170: 3158: 3154: 3147: 3145: 3141: 3129: 3125: 3118: 3115: 3103:. Tech Crunch 3102: 3095: 3092: 3080: 3076: 3069: 3066: 3054: 3050: 3047:Martin, Guy. 3043: 3040: 3036: 3020: 3016: 3009: 3002: 2999: 2983: 2979: 2972: 2965: 2962: 2950: 2946: 2940: 2937: 2933: 2921: 2917: 2910: 2907: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2869: 2866: 2863:, pp. 38, 368 2862: 2857: 2854: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2826: 2823: 2810: 2809: 2804: 2798: 2795: 2790: 2784: 2777: 2776: 2768: 2765: 2753: 2749: 2743: 2740: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2713: 2710: 2698: 2694: 2688: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2656: 2653: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2626: 2624: 2620: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2594: 2591: 2586: 2584:1-4020-0684-5 2580: 2576: 2569: 2566: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2539: 2536: 2523: 2516: 2514: 2510: 2497: 2493: 2486: 2484: 2480: 2467: 2463: 2456: 2453: 2448: 2442: 2438: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2419: 2415: 2409: 2404: 2401: 2397: 2394: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2380: 2378: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2359: 2357: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2348: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2326: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2305: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2274: 2268: 2260: 2255: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2237: 2234:, especially 2233: 2229: 2225: 2217: 2215: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2175: 2172: 2168: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2142: 2140: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2097: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2077: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2061: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2043: 2041: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2024: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2011: 2006: 2002: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1982: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1959: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1932: 1928: 1924: 1917: 1915: 1906: 1894: 1892: 1886: 1877: 1876: 1870: 1861: 1856: 1849: 1844: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1780: 1777: 1776: 1771: 1767: 1766: 1761: 1758: 1757: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1744: 1740: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1698:, though the 1697: 1693: 1689: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1665: 1661: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1619: 1610: 1605: 1598: 1593: 1586: 1581: 1574: 1569: 1562: 1557: 1550: 1545: 1538: 1533: 1526: 1521: 1514: 1509: 1502: 1497: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1476: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1439: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1423: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1410: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1366: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1331: 1328: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1298: 1294: 1285: 1280: 1276: 1270: 1265: 1258: 1253: 1246: 1241: 1234: 1229: 1222: 1217: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1089: 1085: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1063: 1060:on the first 1059: 1058:Alexei Leonov 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1038: 1034: 1031: 1027: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1014: 1010: 1009: 1005: 1003: 998: 993: 989: 986: 983: 980: 977: 973: 970: 967: 963: 959: 955: 952: 951: 941: 936: 929: 927: 920: 918: 915: 911: 907: 904:Prior to the 899: 897: 895: 894:Mark III suit 890: 886: 878: 876: 874: 870: 865: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 820: 811: 807: 804:This section 802: 799: 795: 794: 788: 786: 784: 780: 773: 765: 763: 760: 756: 752: 748: 740: 738: 736: 733:experimental 732: 723: 721: 715: 709: 705: 702: 700: 695: 693: 688: 684: 681: 677: 673: 666: 644: 641: 637: 629: 625: 617: 613: 608: 604: 601: 594: 593: 592: 589: 581: 577: 576:Space Shuttle 573: 571: 567: 562: 555: 553: 551: 548:, known as a 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 526: 522: 520: 519:free radicals 516: 512: 507: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 483: 475: 473: 469: 467: 466:Space Shuttle 461: 453: 451: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 422:and 6.3 417: 413: 409: 401: 396: 389: 387: 385: 381: 377: 373: 368: 366: 360: 357: 353: 344: 337: 336: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 312: 310: 306: 303: 299: 298: 297: 294: 292: 288: 280: 274: 267: 262: 254: 250: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 228: 224: 220: 217: 216: 211: 208: 204: 200: 199: 198: 191: 184: 182: 180: 176: 173:suit worn by 172: 169: 164: 162: 158: 152: 150: 146: 141: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 114:pressure suit 111: 107: 104: 100: 96: 92: 85: 81: 77: 71: 67: 63: 59: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 5667:Shenzhou IVA 5612:Navy Mark IV 5544: 5403:Space launch 5388:Interstellar 5354:Destinations 5123:Apollo–Soyuz 5072:Space diving 5057:Space toilet 5034: 4881:Applications 4798:Soviet Union 4758:Space policy 4753:Space launch 4650:. Retrieved 4640: 4626:"Spacesuits" 4617:(in Russian) 4534: 4518: 4504:(in Russian) 4409: 4374: 4339: 4302: 4281: 4242: 4234:Bibliography 4220: 4207:the original 4202: 4193: 4183:February 17, 4181:. Retrieved 4170: 4160:February 17, 4158:. Retrieved 4152: 4142: 4132:February 17, 4130:. Retrieved 4126:the original 4121: 4116:TIME Staff. 4111: 4099:. Retrieved 4088: 4076:. Retrieved 4065: 4055:December 18, 4053:. Retrieved 4049:the original 4039: 4029:December 18, 4027:. Retrieved 4023: 4013: 4001:. Retrieved 3991: 3981: 3969:. Retrieved 3959: 3949: 3937:. Retrieved 3920: 3910: 3898:. Retrieved 3894:the original 3883: 3874: 3864:December 24, 3862:. Retrieved 3852: 3840:. Retrieved 3833: 3824: 3812:. Retrieved 3805: 3796: 3784:. Retrieved 3780:the original 3773: 3764: 3752:. Retrieved 3747: 3738: 3726:. Retrieved 3722:the original 3712: 3700:. Retrieved 3695: 3686: 3674:. Retrieved 3670:the original 3661: 3652: 3642:December 11, 3640:. Retrieved 3630: 3623: 3613:December 11, 3611:. Retrieved 3601: 3594: 3582:. Retrieved 3571: 3562: 3550:. Retrieved 3546:the original 3537: 3527: 3515:. Retrieved 3501: 3479: 3469: 3457: 3445:. Retrieved 3441:the original 3436: 3427: 3415:. Retrieved 3405: 3393:. Retrieved 3389:the original 3379: 3367:. Retrieved 3363:the original 3353: 3341:. Retrieved 3331: 3319:. Retrieved 3314: 3305: 3293:. Retrieved 3288: 3279: 3267:. Retrieved 3263: 3254: 3242:. Retrieved 3238: 3228: 3216:. Retrieved 3212: 3202: 3194: 3187:. Retrieved 3182: 3172: 3160:. Retrieved 3156: 3131:. Retrieved 3127: 3117: 3105:. Retrieved 3094: 3082:. Retrieved 3078: 3068: 3056:. Retrieved 3052: 3042: 3033: 3028:February 28, 3026:. Retrieved 3019:the original 3014: 3001: 2989:. Retrieved 2977: 2964: 2952:. Retrieved 2948: 2939: 2931: 2924:. Retrieved 2919: 2909: 2897:. Retrieved 2893:the original 2888: 2879: 2868: 2856: 2844:. Retrieved 2840:the original 2835: 2825: 2813:. Retrieved 2806: 2797: 2774: 2767: 2755:. Retrieved 2751: 2742: 2730:. Retrieved 2726:the original 2721: 2712: 2700:. Retrieved 2696: 2687: 2679: 2661: 2655: 2645:February 17, 2643:. Retrieved 2639:the original 2634: 2612:December 14, 2610:. Retrieved 2602: 2593: 2574: 2568: 2558:February 16, 2556:. Retrieved 2552:the original 2547: 2538: 2526:. Retrieved 2500:. Retrieved 2495: 2470:. Retrieved 2465: 2455: 2436: 2379:By station: 2311:(1930s) and 2302: 2296: 2292: 2269: 2265: 2221: 2212: 2189:, the state 2167:North Dakota 2164: 2143: 2123: 2110: 2093: 2082: 2062: 2058:zero-gravity 2047: 2028: 2008: 1998: 1983: 1964: 1944: 1921: 1913: 1900: 1889: 1811: 1782:Shenzhou IVA 1773: 1763: 1736: 1688:Polaris Dawn 1685: 1666: 1662: 1623: 1494:Mercury suit 1472:Polaris Dawn 1413: 1318:(1961–1963). 1312:Navy Mark IV 1198: 1186: 1168: 1160: 1148: 1144: 1141:swift (bird) 1136: 1126: 1118: 1100: 1092: 1086: 1049: 1046:golden eagle 1041: 1035: 1023:Yuri Gagarin 1011: 1002: 992:Alan Shepard 961: 957: 924: 903: 882: 866: 862:scuba diving 846:Lockheed U-2 838:World War II 827: 817:October 2010 814: 810:adding to it 805: 779:perspiration 775: 744: 741:Hybrid suits 727: 719: 703: 696: 689: 685: 679: 675: 668: 661: 659: 585: 568: 527: 523: 508: 485: 470: 463: 430:; 0.91 405: 369: 361: 349: 333: 295: 284: 213: 196: 185:Requirements 175:Yuri Gagarin 165: 153: 142: 94: 90: 88: 68:outside the 36: 5824:Rebreathers 5652:SpaceX suit 5545:Space suits 5361:Sub-orbital 5296:Space probe 5162:New Shepard 5140:Shuttle–Mir 4899:Archaeology 4852:Space force 4835:Moon Treaty 4707:Spaceflight 3807:NBCNews.com 3576:. Beijing: 3540:. Beijing: 3244:November 9, 3189:February 8, 3133:February 6, 3107:February 6, 2815:February 9, 2309:Buck Rogers 2273:3D printing 2199:respiration 2005:Jules Verne 1923:3D printing 1775:Project 863 1765:Project 714 1739:Axiom Space 1727:Crew Dragon 1690:mission in 1673:Doug Hurley 1669:Bob Behnken 1650:David Bowie 1614:SpaceX suit 1460:an IVA suit 1449:Earth orbit 1399:flight suit 947: 1935 885:Mercury IVA 869:Mercury IVA 854:diving suit 842:oxygen mask 500:evaporation 436:water vapor 408:respiration 384:Snoopy caps 350:As part of 302:ultraviolet 126:spacecrafts 106:outer space 48:Buzz Aldrin 18:Space suits 5819:Spacesuits 5813:Categories 5757:Snoopy cap 5730:Components 5581:Krechet-94 5430:Launch pad 5421:Expendable 5371:Geocentric 5338:Solar sail 5281:Spaceplane 5241:Spacecraft 5035:Space suit 5013:commercial 4941:Television 4736:Space Race 4497:NPP Zvezda 4436:2009075080 4393:2005929632 4358:2009936076 4265:2003045585 3489:Retrieved 3269:August 20, 2528:October 6, 2410:References 2283:In fiction 1903:April 2017 1816:Shenzhou 7 1814:. Used on 1798:Shenzhou 6 1790:Shenzhou 5 1786:Yang Liwei 1723:interstage 1696:3D-printed 1479:Orion MPCV 1458:developed 1414:Challenger 1393:(1982) to 1374:(1981) to 1358:Beta cloth 1277:space suit 1195:bald eagle 1115:Krechet-94 982:Wiley Post 889:Apollo A7L 858:rebreather 716:Soft suits 458:See also: 398:Astronaut 242:conduction 234:convection 157:Gemini G4C 91:space suit 5440:Spaceport 5291:Satellite 5008:Astronaut 4936:Telephone 4889:Astronomy 4810:Space law 4763:Australia 4630:ILC Dover 4444:276334393 4366:695700526 4331:623508754 4024:space.com 3835:Space.com 3584:August 1, 3481:Space.com 3447:April 12, 3359:"航天服充压实验" 3315:SpaceNews 3213:Space.com 2926:March 29, 2757:March 17, 2702:March 17, 2466:GlobalRPh 2236:planetary 2218:Suitports 2150:umbilical 2015:Obertraun 2003:from the 1794:Sokol-KV2 1646:Elon Musk 1638:superhero 1362:Apollo 13 1275:Sokol-KV2 1191:sea-eagle 1189:meaning " 1163:meaning " 1139:meaning " 1123:gyrfalcon 1121:meaning " 1095:meaning " 1062:spacewalk 1054:Voskhod 2 1044:meaning " 1030:Voskhod 1 1013:SK series 783:desublime 755:ILC Dover 692:cosmonaut 609:∫ 570:Vitruvian 530:sublimate 426:(47 365:suitports 304:radiation 287:astronaut 118:radiation 95:spacesuit 52:Apollo 11 5717:Z series 5697:Mark III 5492:Category 5157:Tiangong 5152:Shenzhou 5081:Programs 4926:Internet 4731:Timeline 4652:June 20, 4605:Archived 4583:Archived 4566:Archived 4508:Archived 4473:Archived 4462:Archived 4401:61477760 4323:92-34611 4273:51922847 4203:NASA.gov 4101:June 15, 4078:June 15, 4003:June 19, 3971:June 19, 3939:June 12, 3900:June 19, 3842:July 17, 3814:June 19, 3786:June 19, 3754:June 19, 3728:June 19, 3702:June 19, 3676:June 19, 3517:July 22, 3491:June 19, 3464:, p. 180 3437:SpaceRef 3417:July 23, 3395:July 24, 3369:July 24, 3343:July 22, 3321:June 14, 3239:cnet.com 3183:vice.com 2982:Archived 2945:"SpaceX" 2899:June 19, 2846:April 7, 2732:June 19, 2666:Elsevier 2502:June 19, 2472:June 19, 2358:By era: 2323:See also 2313:Dan Dare 2301:' novel 2248:Z-series 2224:suitport 2174:badlands 2154:Mac Mini 2113:Mark III 2107:Mark III 2030:Bio-Suit 2025:Bio-Suit 1971:analogue 1760:Shuguang 1630:Dragon 2 1416:disaster 1395:STS-51-L 1344:Apollo 1 1327:Gemini 7 1177:Soyuz 12 1073:Soyuz 11 962:скафандр 958:skafandr 836:used in 834:gas mask 572:Spaceman 504:ebullism 218:section. 203:nitrogen 97:) is an 5798:SuitSat 5771:Related 5676:Feitian 5671:Haiying 5576:Yastreb 5366:Orbital 5167:Artemis 5098:Voskhod 5093:Mercury 5001:General 4741:Records 4726:History 4714:General 4621:English 4611:at NASA 4578:at the 4543:at the 4529:at the 4515:English 3748:PolAres 3696:PolAres 3662:PolAres 3552:June 1, 3295:June 5, 3218:June 3, 3162:June 3, 3084:June 3, 3058:June 3, 2991:July 6, 2228:airlock 2019:Austria 1994:Morocco 1961:Aouda.X 1953:Aouda.X 1822:Feitian 1812:Haiying 1808:Orlan-M 1804:Haiying 1715:fabrics 1111:(1969). 1109:Soyuz 5 1105:Soyuz 4 1088:Yastreb 1081:reentry 1069:Soyuz 1 968:suit"). 926:head". 574:patch ( 564:NASA's 552:(SAS). 498:or the 338:below). 5702:I-Suit 5617:Gemini 5586:Strizh 5571:Berkut 5552:Models 5503:Portal 5496: 5485: 5301:Lander 5254:Rocket 5118:Skylab 5113:Apollo 5103:Gemini 5088:Vostok 4793:Russia 4537:(PDF). 4442: 4434: 4424: 4399: 4391: 4381: 4364: 4356: 4346: 4329: 4321: 4311: 4288: 4271: 4263: 4253: 3053:Forbes 2954:May 4, 2949:SpaceX 2885:"ACES" 2785: 2672: 2581: 2443: 2279:suit. 2096:I-Suit 2090:I-Suit 1990:Erfoud 1828:began. 1719:Falcon 1708:camera 1671:, and 1626:SpaceX 1468:Demo-2 1456:SpaceX 1435:Gemini 1409:STS-26 1322:Gemini 1193:" or " 1165:falcon 1133:Strizh 1119:Кречет 1093:Ястреб 1077:launch 1042:Беркут 1037:Berkut 966:diving 852:, the 840:, the 832:, the 759:I-Suit 660:where 542:helmet 380:Snoopy 376:Skylab 330:Apollo 245:level. 240:or by 229:(PLSS) 168:Soviet 149:oxygen 132:. For 110:vacuum 5661:China 5596:Orlan 5591:Sokol 5306:Rover 5108:Soyuz 4931:Radio 4788:Japan 4783:India 4768:China 4572:(PDF) 4559:(PDF) 4553:(PDF) 3128:Wired 3079:Vogue 3022:(PDF) 3011:(PDF) 2985:(PDF) 2974:(PDF) 2779:(PDF) 2203:above 2032:is a 1769:well. 1391:STS-5 1389:From 1376:STS-4 1372:STS-1 1187:Орлан 1183:Orlan 1173:Soyuz 1161:Сокол 1157:Sokol 1150:Buran 1137:Стриж 1067:From 5566:SK-1 5468:Pass 5423:and 4654:2013 4440:OCLC 4432:LCCN 4422:ISBN 4397:OCLC 4389:LCCN 4379:ISBN 4362:OCLC 4354:LCCN 4344:ISBN 4327:OCLC 4319:LCCN 4309:ISBN 4286:ISBN 4269:OCLC 4261:LCCN 4251:ISBN 4185:2015 4162:2015 4134:2015 4122:TIME 4103:2006 4080:2006 4057:2015 4031:2015 4005:2013 3973:2013 3941:2007 3902:2013 3866:2010 3844:2010 3816:2013 3788:2013 3756:2013 3730:2013 3704:2013 3678:2013 3644:2018 3615:2018 3586:2007 3554:2007 3519:2008 3493:2013 3449:2011 3419:2008 3397:2008 3371:2008 3345:2008 3323:2022 3297:2021 3289:NASA 3271:2024 3246:2018 3220:2020 3191:2023 3164:2020 3135:2018 3109:2018 3086:2020 3060:2020 3030:2015 2993:2019 2956:2024 2928:2019 2901:2013 2848:2019 2817:2008 2783:ISBN 2759:2024 2734:2013 2704:2024 2670:ISBN 2647:2015 2635:NASA 2614:2008 2607:NASA 2579:ISBN 2560:2015 2530:2023 2504:2013 2474:2013 2441:ISBN 2241:dust 2193:and 2120:MX-2 2111:The 2094:The 1931:AX-5 1741:and 1725:and 1640:and 1433:and 1384:USAF 1107:and 1097:hawk 1079:and 1015:(CK) 883:The 848:and 667:and 428:Torr 372:NASA 179:Moon 171:SK-1 120:and 93:(or 5135:Mir 4628:at 4595:at 4495:at 4485:at 4468:at 3929:doi 2277:EMU 2209:PXS 2205:). 2146:HUT 2128:'s 1788:on 1721:’s 1700:EVA 1652:'s 1071:to 960:" ( 812:. 757:'s 432:psi 424:kPa 386:". 370:In 161:EMU 50:on 5815:: 4639:. 4438:. 4430:. 4420:. 4395:. 4387:. 4360:. 4352:. 4325:. 4317:. 4267:. 4259:. 4249:. 4201:. 4151:. 4120:. 4022:. 3996:. 3990:. 3958:. 3927:. 3919:. 3882:. 3832:. 3804:. 3772:. 3746:. 3694:. 3664:. 3660:. 3634:. 3605:. 3570:. 3536:. 3511:搜狐 3509:. 3484:. 3478:. 3435:. 3313:. 3287:. 3262:. 3237:. 3211:. 3193:. 3181:. 3155:. 3143:^ 3126:. 3077:. 3051:. 3032:. 3013:. 2976:. 2947:. 2930:. 2918:. 2887:. 2834:. 2805:. 2750:. 2720:. 2695:. 2678:. 2668:. 2633:. 2622:^ 2605:. 2601:. 2546:. 2512:^ 2494:. 2482:^ 2464:. 2417:^ 2222:A 2185:, 2181:, 2141:. 2017:, 1992:, 1197:") 1167:") 1143:") 1125:") 1099:") 1048:") 944:c. 875:. 860:, 856:, 701:. 434:) 181:. 140:. 89:A 5537:e 5530:t 5523:v 4699:e 4692:t 4685:v 4672:. 4656:. 4446:. 4403:. 4368:. 4333:. 4294:. 4275:. 4187:. 4164:. 4136:. 4105:. 4082:. 4059:. 4033:. 4007:. 3975:. 3943:. 3931:: 3904:. 3868:. 3846:. 3818:. 3790:. 3758:. 3732:. 3706:. 3680:. 3646:. 3617:. 3588:. 3556:. 3521:. 3495:. 3451:. 3421:. 3399:. 3373:. 3347:. 3325:. 3299:. 3273:. 3248:. 3222:. 3166:. 3137:. 3111:. 3088:. 3062:. 2995:. 2958:. 2903:. 2850:. 2819:. 2791:. 2761:. 2736:. 2706:. 2649:. 2616:. 2587:. 2562:. 2532:. 2506:. 2476:. 2449:. 1905:) 1901:( 1895:. 1818:. 1772:' 1185:( 1159:( 1135:( 1117:( 1091:( 1083:. 1040:( 1032:. 819:) 815:( 680:W 676:P 671:f 669:V 664:i 662:V 645:V 642:d 638:P 630:f 626:V 618:i 614:V 605:= 602:W 582:) 420:2 263:) 209:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index