750:
1232:
20:
47:
954:. As this reform was mentioned only in later literary sources, the historicity of this division, or its survival after Khosrow I's reign, was questioned in the past, but a series of thirteen recently discovered seals, which provide the names of eight
375:
944:, where the northwestern province of Azerbaijan substitutes the term "north" because of the latter's negative connotations). The exact geographical definition of each command has been retrieved from
1208:("Boar of the Empire"), which are often treated as personal names. A further factor of confusion in later literary sources is the interchangeable use of the rank with the junior provincial ranks of
1281:
then made terms with the Arabs, which allowed him to remain as the practically independent ruler of
Tabaristan in exchange for an annual tribute. This marked the foundation of the
1269:, to find refuge, but Yazdgerd refused, and was killed in 651. Like many other local rulers throughout the former Sasanian domains, including those of the neighboring provinces of
739:
368:
2260:
1990:
361:
916:
2295:
2315:
349:
1959:
1854:
1805:
1783:
1563:
2422:
1983:
1289:
and incorporated into the
Caliphate as a province. The early rulers of the dynasty are ill-attested; they minted coins of their own with
2333:
2437:
2432:
2310:
2242:
1938:
1914:
1890:
1701:
1479:
666:, which succeeded the Arsacids, retained the title, which is attested in a series of inscriptions from the 3rd century, recorded in
886:. He was executed by Khosrow shortly after his accession for plotting with other nobles to overthrow him in favor of his brother
898:
To curb the power of the over-mighty generalissimo, Khosrow I—although this reform may already have been planned by his father,
2427:
2417:
2328:
2267:
1976:
1445:
in the 3rd century BC. The office, in a variously modified manner, survived into medieval and early modern
Georgia down to the
1390:, which was ruled by a branch of the Parthian Arsacid dynasty, adopted the term first in its Old Persian form, giving Armenian
421:
34:
749:
2121:
1387:
334:
1722:
1400:. The title was used, as in Persia, for the commander-in-chief of the royal army, and was borne in hereditary right by the
1692:
329:
324:
1326:
was also claimed by other lines of local rulers in the region, who claimed distant descent from the
Sasanian past: the
339:
2247:
2210:
875:
779:
765:
sources record a number of senior officers who might be holders of the rank in the early 6th century. Thus during the
97:
1330:
family, who saw themselves as heirs of the
Dabuyids and ruled central and western Tabaristan until 839/840, and the
1882:
1744:
1342:
neighbouring
Tabaristan. In some later texts from this region, the title came to signify simply a local chieftain.
649:
1727:
1254:
441:
344:
2359:
2290:
2215:
1434:, but differed in that it was a non-hereditary rank and included not only military but also civil functions.
2073:
667:
1928:
319:
2320:
1999:
1246:
695:
567:
269:
798:). His unnamed successor in the negotiations also bore this title. Some modern scholars have interpreted
2338:
2220:
1951:
Decline and Fall of the
Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran
1904:
963:
671:
85:
203:
2226:
2179:
1442:
656:
288:
1293:
legends and a dating system starting from the
Sasanian dynasty's fall in 651 and claimed the titles
874:(r. 531–579), appears. In 527 he took part in negotiations with Byzantine envoys, and in 531 he led
238:
2279:
2184:
2068:
1198:
Other holders of the rank are difficult to identify from the literary sources, since the office of
775:
743:
1924:
1900:
1052:
907:
603:
437:
245:
2412:
2305:
1955:
1934:
1910:
1886:
1868:
1850:
1801:
1779:
1754:
1697:
1559:
1475:
1231:
945:
937:
691:
629:
543:
525:
505:
278:
125:
2386:
2285:
2103:
1864:
1335:
921:
879:
758:
484:
463:
293:
119:
19:
887:
2353:
2300:
2012:
1872:
1840:
1820:
1771:
1465:
1425:
1290:
1282:
950:
812:
762:
663:
652:
583:
471:
410:
400:
38:
24:
648:"chief"), signifying the army's commander-in-chief. The title continued in use under the
1396:
and then again, under
Sasanian influence, from the Middle Persian form, giving the form
448:
of the East managed to retain his authority over the inaccessible mountainous region of
2085:
1793:
1739:
1735:
1446:
1428:
1334:
dynasty in the eastern mountains, whose various branches survived until well after the
1327:
1012:
1000:
766:
730:, who according to the list of precedence provided by the 9th-century Muslim historian
587:
2406:
2254:
2233:
2043:
1731:
1717:
1371:
830:("chief of the cavalry"), since the Greek sources give the name of the second man as
623:
417:
145:
2079:
2017:
1302:
1266:
1159:
563:
494:
303:
298:
231:
210:
139:
1949:
1876:
1844:
1469:
958:
s, provide contemporary evidence from the reigns of
Khosrow I and his successor,
2197:
2022:
1816:
1767:
1142:
883:
859:
725:
633:
453:
2204:
2110:
2096:
2055:
1878:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 4: From the Arab Invasion to the Saljuqs
1846:
The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In
1401:
1262:
1204:
1119:
1024:
967:
959:
731:
489:
449:
283:
114:
109:
103:
79:
66:
61:
1758:
1370:
in the early 9th century. In the 1090s, it appears as the personal name of a
2379:
2116:
2090:
2062:
871:
867:
609:
521:
501:
425:
196:
176:
1366:
of Nasa in 737, and the same title is used in connection with the king of
2365:
2150:
2132:
1968:
1420:
1392:
1331:
1286:
1210:
1148:
1069:
899:
807:
723:
Until the early 6th century, there was a single holder of the title, the
553:
515:
252:
224:
189:
2273:
1414:
1351:
1130:
816:. But it is likely that this Syriac word is simply a corrupted form of
537:
183:
132:
72:
2346:
2155:
2139:
2126:
2049:
1778:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 825–826.
1339:
1285:, which ruled Tabaristan until 759–761, when it was conquered by the
1270:
1237:
1113:
1040:
826:
810:
shortly before 503 for the purpose of weakening the authority of the
399:) is a Middle Persian title meaning "army chief" used chiefly in the
259:
217:
169:
91:
1930:
The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire: Volume III, AD 527–641
1619:
906:
into four regional commands, corresponding to the four traditional
46:
2372:
1906:
The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire: Volume II, AD 395–527
1375:
1367:
1359:
1274:
1230:
748:
655:, where it seems to have been a hereditary position in one of the
2190:
1424:
in neighboring Armenia, was designed under the influence of the
863:
753:
Modern reconstruction of late Sassanian-era millitary commander.
1972:
1690:
Robert Bedrosian, "Sparapet", in: Joseph Reese Strayer (1983),
577:
571:
487:
of the 13th century. An equivalent title of Persian origin,
1776:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume II/8: Aśoka IV–Āṯār al-Wozarāʾ
1437:
According to the medieval Georgian chronicles, the rank of
1202:
was held in tandem with other offices and titles, such as
1350:
In Khurasan, the title survived in usage among the local
1374:
commander, Isfabadh ibn Sawtigin, who seized control of
734:
occupied the fifth position in the court hierarchy. Two
782:
and died in 505, is named in the Syriac sources as an '
1338:
of the 13th century. The title was also used by the
681:
675:
582:). The title was revived in the 20th century by the
408:
2168:
2031:
1261:of Khurasan apparently retired to the mountains of
1721:
432:531–579) on, the office was split in four, with a
1645:Pourshariati (2008), pp. 98–101, 470 (Table 6.3)
1305:", the old name of Tabaristan's mountains), and
1798:Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire
802:as a new office corresponding to the Byzantine
708:
699:
547:
535:
529:
513:
1984:
1849:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Da Capo Press.
1310:
607:
597:
591:
557:
457:
456:, where the title, often in its Islamic form
369:
8:
478:
1265:. There he invited the last Sasanian shah,
966:suggests that two may date to the reign of
852:
836:
2296:Marshal of the Mongolian People's Republic
2172:
2035:
1991:
1977:
1969:
1745:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
376:
362:
30:
2316:Marshal of the German Democratic Republic
1933:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1909:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1753:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 207–208.
1626:(Off-print): 87–127 – via Academia.
1577:
1575:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1490:
976:
483:), survived as a regnal title until the
18:
1457:
862:(526–532), a man named Aspebedes (i.e.
311:
268:
153:
53:
33:
1869:"The Minor Dynasties of Northern Iran"
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1449:annexation early in the 19th century.
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1412:The institution of the Georgian rank
1362:is mentioned in 709, al-Ishkand, the
902:(r. 499–531)—split the office of the
773:), who negotiated with the Byzantine
7:
1954:. London and New York: I.B. Tauris.
1825:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition
1800:. London and New York: I.B. Tauris.
1624:Late Antiquity: Eastern Perspectives
738:s, both named Raxš, are recorded in
682:
676:
1311:
598:
493:, gained great currency across the
475:
467:
1214:("frontier-warden, margrave") and
928:), the "army chief of the South" (
500:The title was also adopted by the
14:
2311:Marshal of the Russian Federation
1827:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation
1441:was introduced by the first king
932:), the "army chief of the West" (
1663:Kennedy (2007), pp. 178–179, 192
920:): the "army chief of the East (
403:. Originally there was a single
45:
1948:Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2008).
1618:Howard-Johnston, James (2012).
820:(which is normally recorded as
429:
1636:Pourshariati (2008), pp. 94–95
1608:Pourshariati (2008), pp. 95ff.
970:(r. 590–628). The eight known
866:), according to the historian
602:), equivalent to a three-star
1:
1693:Dictionary of the Middle Ages
628:The title is attested in the
452:on the southern shore of the
1681:Madelung (1975), pp. 200–202
1672:Madelung (1975), pp. 198–200
1581:Chaumont (1987), pp. 825–826
1544:Bosworth (1978), pp. 207–208
1418:, like its rough equivalent
769:of 502–506, a certain Boes (
572:
558:
548:
497:in the 10th–15th centuries.
409:
2423:Parthian titles and offices
2211:First marshal of the empire
1815:Gyselen, Rika (1996–2021).
1471:The History of Ancient Iran
1139:Khosrow II & Hormizd IV
806:, supposedly instituted by
608:
592:
536:
514:
479:
458:
23:Modern reconstruction of a
2454:
1883:Cambridge University Press
1558:. Routledge. p. 201.
1061:Khosrow I & Hormizd IV
942:kust ī Ādurbādagān spāhbed
936:), and the "army chief of
876:an invasion of Mesopotamia
709:
700:
659:of the Parthian nobility.
621:
578:
2438:Persian words and phrases
2433:Sasanian military offices
2175:
2038:
2006:
1599:Martindale (1992), p. 137
1590:Martindale (1980), p. 169
1554:Windfuhr, Gernot (2013).
1474:, C.H.Beck, p. 224,
1255:Muslim conquest of Persia
1073:(under Hormizd IV only),
934:kust ī khwarbārān spāhbed
566:. It is also attested in
530:
509:
442:Muslim conquest of Persia
16:Middle Persian army title
2360:Supreme Allied Commander
2291:Marshal of the air force
2216:General of the Air Force
1766:Chaumont, M. L. (1987).
1620:"The Late Sasanian Army"
1315:, a New Persian form of
926:kust ī khwarāsān spāhbed
824:in Syriac), or possibly
490:ispahsālār or sipahsālār
416:, who functioned as the
2074:Domestic of the Schools
1218:("district guardian").
917:Šahrestānīhā ī Ērānšahr
618:Use in pre-Islamic Iran
27:-era military commander
2428:Positions of authority
2418:Military ranks of Iran
2321:Field marshal (Uganda)
2000:Highest military ranks
1654:Kennedy (2007), p. 187
1250:
1247:Khurshid of Tabaristan
893:
853:
837:
754:
696:Inscriptional Parthian
350:Revolts and civil wars
54:Armed forces and units
28:
2221:General of the Armies
1234:
930:kust ī nēmrōz spāhbed
858:). Again, during the
752:
672:Inscriptional Pahlavi
622:Further information:
22:
2227:Generalfeldmarschall
2180:Admiral of the fleet
1885:. pp. 198–249.
1696:, p. 460. Scribner,
1241:of the last Dabuyid
870:a maternal uncle of
289:Great Wall of Gorgan
2185:Admiral of the Navy
2069:Constable of France
1925:Martindale, John R.
1901:Martindale, John R.
908:cardinal directions
804:magister officiorum
776:magister officiorum
438:cardinal directions
424:. From the time of
1388:Kingdom of Armenia
1251:
1053:Bahram-i Mah Adhar
894:Khosrow I's reform
755:
657:seven great houses
604:Lieutenant General
29:
2400:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2306:Marshal of Poland
2164:
2163:
1961:978-1-84511-645-3
1856:978-0-306-81740-3
1807:978-1-85043-898-4
1785:978-0-71009-108-6
1565:978-1-135-79704-1
1556:Iranian Languages
1196:
1195:
946:Anania Shirakatsi
630:Achaemenid Empire
386:
385:
279:Wall of the Arabs
126:Gond-i Shahanshah
2445:
2286:Marshal of Italy
2173:
2104:Magister militum
2036:
1993:
1986:
1979:
1970:
1965:
1944:
1920:
1896:
1873:Frye, Richard N.
1860:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1821:Yarshater, Ehsan
1811:
1789:
1772:Yarshater, Ehsan
1762:
1725:
1705:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1637:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1600:
1597:
1591:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1570:
1569:
1551:
1545:
1542:
1509:
1506:
1485:
1484:
1462:
1336:Mongol conquests
1314:
1313:
1299:Padashwargarshah
1156:Gōrgōn or Gōrgēn
977:
856:
840:
716:spdpty (read as
715:
714:
712:
706:
705:
703:
702:𐭀𐭎𐭐𐭀𐭃𐭐𐭕𐭉
686:spʾhpt (read as
685:
684:
679:
678:
614:(full General).
613:
606:, ranking below
601:
600:
595:
581:
580:
575:
561:
551:
541:
533:
532:
519:
511:
485:Mongol conquests
482:
477:
469:
461:
436:for each of the
431:
415:
378:
371:
364:
294:Wall of Tammisha
211:Eran anbaraghbad
204:Pushtigban Salar
120:Sogdian warriors
49:
31:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2392:
2354:Reichsmarschall
2301:Marshal of Peru
2160:
2027:
2013:General officer
2002:
1997:
1962:
1947:
1941:
1923:
1917:
1899:
1893:
1863:
1857:
1839:
1830:
1828:
1814:
1808:
1794:Daryaee, Touraj
1792:
1786:
1765:
1740:Bosworth, C. E.
1718:Bosworth, C. E.
1716:
1713:
1708:
1689:
1685:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1635:
1631:
1617:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1543:
1512:
1507:
1488:
1482:
1466:Frye, Richard N
1464:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1410:
1384:
1348:
1319:) of Khurasan.
1283:Dabuyid dynasty
1229:
1224:
1157:
1128:
1098:aspbed ī pārsīg
1050:
1022:
1021:Dād-Burzēn-Mihr
998:
964:P. Pourshariati
896:
813:wuzurg framadar
710:
701:
664:Sasanian Empire
653:Parthian Empire
626:
620:
584:Pahlavi dynasty
401:Sasanian Empire
382:
39:Sasanian Empire
37:
35:Military of the
17:
12:
11:
5:
2451:
2449:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2405:
2404:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2383:
2376:
2369:
2362:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2276:
2271:
2268:Jenderal besar
2264:
2261:Chom Thap Thai
2257:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2245:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2187:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2136:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2107:
2100:
2093:
2088:
2086:Grand Domestic
2083:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2047:
2039:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1960:
1945:
1939:
1927:, ed. (1992).
1921:
1915:
1903:, ed. (1980).
1897:
1891:
1861:
1855:
1837:
1812:
1806:
1790:
1784:
1763:
1728:van Donzel, E.
1712:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1683:
1674:
1665:
1656:
1647:
1638:
1629:
1610:
1601:
1592:
1583:
1571:
1564:
1546:
1510:
1508:Gyselen (2004)
1486:
1480:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1409:
1406:
1383:
1380:
1347:
1344:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1222:Islamic period
1220:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1153:
1152:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1124:
1123:
1116:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1049:Wahrām Ādurmāh
1046:
1045:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:Simah-i Burzin
994:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
962:(r. 579–590);
895:
892:
786:(also spelled
767:Anastasian War
746:inscriptions.
677:𐭮𐭯𐭠𐭧𐭯𐭲𐭩
668:Middle Persian
619:
616:
588:Modern Persian
542:), as well as
393:(also spelled
384:
383:
381:
380:
373:
366:
358:
355:
354:
353:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
325:Arabian tribes
322:
314:
313:
309:
308:
307:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
273:
272:
266:
265:
264:
263:
256:
249:
242:
239:Savaran Sardar
235:
228:
221:
214:
207:
200:
193:
180:
173:
166:
156:
155:
151:
150:
149:
148:
143:
136:
129:
122:
117:
112:
107:
100:
95:
88:
83:
76:
69:
64:
56:
55:
51:
50:
42:
41:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2450:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2375:
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2044:Amir al-umara
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1888:
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1881:. Cambridge:
1880:
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1841:Kennedy, Hugh
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1723:"Ispahbed̲h̲"
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1702:0-684-16760-3
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1481:9783406093975
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1399:
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1389:
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1379:
1378:for a while.
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1354:princes. The
1353:
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1005:
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992:Other titles
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988:
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764:
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751:
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
727:
721:
719:
707:ʾspʾdpty and
697:
693:
689:
673:
669:
665:
660:
658:
654:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
625:
624:Sasanian army
617:
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612:
611:
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569:
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481:
473:
465:
460:
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451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
427:
423:
422:Sasanian army
419:
418:generalissimo
414:
412:
407:, called the
406:
402:
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372:
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270:Defense lines
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111:
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86:War elephants
84:
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21:
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2196:
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2145:
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2131:
2109:
2102:
2095:
2080:Dux bellorum
2078:
2061:
2054:
2042:
2018:Flag officer
1950:
1929:
1905:
1877:
1865:Madelung, W.
1845:
1829:. Retrieved
1824:
1797:
1775:
1750:
1743:
1711:Bibliography
1691:
1686:
1677:
1668:
1659:
1650:
1641:
1632:
1623:
1613:
1604:
1595:
1586:
1555:
1549:
1470:
1460:
1438:
1436:
1431:
1419:
1413:
1411:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1363:
1355:
1349:
1346:Central Asia
1323:
1321:
1316:
1306:
1303:Patashwargar
1298:
1294:
1278:
1267:Yazdgerd III
1258:
1252:
1249:(r. 740–761)
1242:
1236:
1215:
1209:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1190:
1178:Sēd-hōsh (?)
1160:Golon Mihran
1147:
1118:
1097:
1078:
1074:
1067:
1039:
997:Chihr-Burzēn
971:
955:
949:
941:
933:
929:
925:
915:
911:
904:Ērān-spāhbed
903:
897:
851:
847:
843:
835:
831:
825:
821:
817:
811:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
774:
770:
756:
735:
724:
722:
717:
711:𐭎𐭐𐭃𐭐𐭕𐭉
687:
683:𐭮𐭯𐭠𐭧𐭯𐭲
680:spʾhpty and
661:
645:
644:"army" and *
641:
637:
627:
564:Central Asia
499:
495:Muslim world
488:
445:
440:. After the
433:
404:
395:
394:
389:
388:
387:
345:Muslim Arabs
330:Hephthalites
299:Derbent Wall
258:
251:
244:
237:
232:Paygan-salar
230:
223:
216:
209:
202:
195:
188:
182:
175:
168:
162:
161:
140:Stor Bezashk
138:
131:
124:
102:
90:
78:
71:
2325:Yugoslavia
2198:Dayuanshuai
2023:Air officer
1831:30 November
1736:Pellat, Ch.
1253:During the
1191:šahr-aspbed
1143:Ispahbudhān
880:Chanaranges
878:along with
860:Iberian War
698:script) as
674:script) as
634:Old Persian
570:sources as
454:Caspian Sea
2407:Categories
2205:Dai-gensui
2111:Megas doux
2097:Ispahsalar
2056:Autokrator
1749:Volume IV:
1453:References
1408:In Georgia
1402:Mamikonian
1382:In Armenia
1340:Daylamites
1322:The title
1301:("Shah of
1263:Tabaristan
1227:Tabaristan
1205:Shahrwarāz
1120:Shahrwarāz
1110:Khosrow II
1085:Wēh-Shāpūr
1033:Hormizd IV
1025:Wuzurgmihr
968:Khosrow II
960:Hormizd IV
938:Azerbaijan
718:(a)spāẟbed
552:) and the
520:) and the
450:Tabaristan
340:Ethiopians
284:Gawri Wall
246:Gond Salar
115:Daylamites
110:Sarmatians
104:Pushtigban
80:Grivpanvar
67:Clibanarii
62:Cataphract
2380:Yuanshuai
2122:Rigsmarsk
2117:Polemarch
2091:Imperator
2063:Beylerbey
1817:"SPĀHBED"
1768:"ASTABED"
1759:758278456
1732:Lewis, B.
1443:P’arnavaz
1398:aspahapet
1364:ispahbadh
1356:ispahbadh
1324:ispahbadh
1307:ispahbadh
1243:ispahbadh
1216:pāygōsbān
1184:Khosrow I
1168:Khosrow I
1091:Khosrow I
1009:Khosrow I
951:Geography
884:Mermeroes
872:Khosrow I
868:Procopius
844:Aspevedes
838:Aspebedus
832:Aspebedes
827:asp(a)bed
759:Byzantine
740:Shapur-KZ
690:) and in
638:spādapati
610:arteshbod
586:, in the
579:ἀσπαβέδης
573:aspabedēs
522:Georgians
502:Armenians
480:ʾiṣbahbaḏ
459:ispahbedh
426:Khosrow I
312:Conflicts
197:Masmughan
177:Paygosban
98:Immortals
2413:Spahbeds
2366:Taewonsu
2151:Sparapet
2133:Serasker
1867:(1975).
1843:(2007).
1796:(2009).
1751:Iran–Kha
1742:(eds.).
1720:(1978).
1468:(1984),
1426:Sasanian
1421:sparapet
1404:family.
1352:Soghdian
1332:Bavandid
1295:Gīlgīlan
1287:Abbasids
1149:Hazarbed
1127:Wistakhm
1079:šābestan
1075:nēwānbed
1070:hazāruft
1043:ī pāhlav
922:Khurasan
900:Kavadh I
854:Aspetius
850:(Latin:
848:Aspetios
834:(Latin:
808:Kavadh I
796:astabadh
784:astable'
728:-spāhbed
692:Parthian
593:sepahbod
554:Sogdians
538:spaspeti
531:სპასპეტი
526:Georgian
516:sparapet
510:սպարապետ
506:Armenian
413:-spāhbed
253:Darigbed
225:Hazarbed
190:Kanarang
25:Sasanian
2387:Marshal
2339:Marshal
2280:Mareşal
2274:Marshal
2248:Marshal
2146:Spahbed
2032:Ancient
1875:(ed.).
1823:(ed.).
1774:(ed.).
1447:Russian
1439:spaspet
1432:spahbad
1429:Persian
1415:spaspet
1393:parapet
1317:spahbad
1291:Pahlavi
1279:spahbad
1259:spahbad
1235:Silver
1211:marzbān
1200:spāhbed
1131:Vistahm
1094:Unknown
1064:Unknown
983:Command
974:s are:
972:spāhbed
956:spāhbed
822:aspabid
818:spāhbed
800:astabed
792:astabad
788:astabed
744:Paikuli
736:spahbad
732:Ya'qubi
713:
704:
688:spāhbed
650:Arsacid
640:(from *
632:in its
464:Persian
446:spāhbed
434:spāhbad
420:of the
405:spāhbad
396:spahbod
390:Spāhbad
184:Marzban
163:Spahbed
133:Darigan
73:Aswaran
2347:Mushir
2169:Modern
2156:Hetman
2140:Shōgun
2127:Sardar
2050:Ataman
1958:
1937:
1913:
1889:
1853:
1804:
1782:
1757:
1738:&
1700:
1562:
1478:
1372:Seljuk
1312:اسپهبذ
1277:, the
1271:Gurgan
1257:, the
1238:dirham
1187:Mihrān
1171:Mihrān
1114:Mihrān
1041:aspbed
989:Family
914:, cf.
763:Syriac
642:spāda-
636:form,
559:spʾdpt
544:Khotan
528::
476:اصبهبذ
472:Arabic
468:اسپهبذ
444:, the
320:Romans
304:Darial
260:Navbed
218:Argbed
170:Aspbed
92:Paygan
2373:Wonsu
1871:. In
1819:. In
1770:. In
1726:. In
1376:Mecca
1368:Kabul
1360:Balkh
1328:Karen
1275:Gilan
1181:North
1165:North
1107:South
1104:Pīrag
1088:South
1068:šahr-
1058:South
1036:Kārin
1013:Kārin
888:Zames
846:, or
780:Celer
646:pati-
599:سپهبد
590:form
568:Greek
562:) in
549:spāta
470:; in
335:Turks
154:Ranks
2191:Aluf
1956:ISBN
1935:ISBN
1911:ISBN
1887:ISBN
1851:ISBN
1833:2012
1802:ISBN
1780:ISBN
1755:OCLC
1698:ISBN
1560:ISBN
1476:ISBN
1386:The
1273:and
1136:West
1030:East
1006:East
986:King
980:Name
924:)" (
912:kust
882:and
864:Bawi
761:and
757:The
742:and
726:Ērān
662:The
411:Ērān
146:Navy
1358:of
948:'s
940:" (
842:),
771:Bōē
720:).
2409::
1747:.
1734:;
1730:;
1622:.
1574:^
1513:^
1489:^
1297:,
1245:,
1077:,
890:.
794:,
790:,
534:,
512:,
508::
474::
466::
430:r.
187:,
1992:e
1985:t
1978:v
1964:.
1943:.
1919:.
1895:.
1859:.
1835:.
1810:.
1788:.
1761:.
1704:.
1568:.
1309:(
1162:)
1158:(
1133:)
1129:(
1055:)
1051:(
1027:)
1023:(
1003:)
999:(
910:(
694:(
670:(
596:(
576:(
556:(
546:(
524:(
504:(
462:(
428:(
377:e
370:t
363:v
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