40:
65:
39:
306:
was widely considered the only member of
Spalacinae, with all blind mole-rat species being grouped within it. However, phylogenetic and morphological evidence supported some of the species within it forming a distinct lineage that diverged from the others during the
715:
Norris, R. W.; Zhou, K. Y.; Zhou, C. Q.; Yang, G.; Kilpatrick, C. W.; Honeycutt, R. L. (2004). "The phylogenetic position of the zokors (Myospalacinae) and comments on the families of muroids (Rodentia)".
478:
Hadid, Yarin; Németh, Attila; Snir, Sagi; Pavlíček, Tomáš; Csorba, Gábor; Kázmér, Miklós; Major, Ágnes; Mezhzherin, Sergey; Rusin, Mikhail; Coşkun, Yüksel; Nevo, Eviatar (2012-01-09).
1711:
595:
Németh, Attila; Homonnay, Zalán G.; Krízsik, Virág; Csorba, Máté; Pavlíček, Tomáš; Hegyeli, Zsolt; Hadid, Yarin; Sugár, Szilárd; Farkas, János; Csorba, Gábor (2013).
763:
Steppan, S. J.; Adkins, R. A.; Anderson, J. (2004). "Phylogeny and divergence date estimates of rapid radiations in muroid rodents based on multiple nuclear genes".
1590:
1642:
1706:
640:
Jansa, S. A.; Weksler, M. (2004). "Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences".
1564:
865:
1603:
757:
451:
1171:
1621:
799:
Manov, Irena; Hirsh, Mark; Iancu, Theodore C; Malik, Assaf; Sotnichenko, Nick; Band, Mark; Avivi, Aaron; Shams, Imad (2013).
443:
1608:
153:
1629:
1251:
858:
1616:
1486:
1195:
597:"Old views and new insights: taxonomic revision of the Bukovina blind mole rat, Spalax graecus (Rodentia: Spalacinae)"
704:
1543:
437:
1343:
1295:
1227:
1203:
343:
1647:
801:"Pronounced cancer resistance in a subterranean rodent, the blind mole-rat, Spalax: in vivo and in vitro evidence"
1556:
1383:
1163:
401:
1311:
64:
1219:
1187:
1155:
851:
369:
20:
1701:
1426:
1179:
410:
392:
378:
47:
1491:
1668:
1243:
1235:
1211:
224:
170:
1017:
1512:
1473:
1375:
491:
360:
351:
578:
Philosophie zoologique ou exposition des considérations relatives à l'histoire naturelle des animaux
1410:
596:
1081:
619:
59:
1673:
1655:
1595:
1499:
1124:
1103:
986:
832:
780:
753:
733:
692:
657:
527:
509:
457:
447:
176:
1660:
1391:
1367:
1089:
1073:
1025:
822:
812:
772:
725:
682:
649:
611:
552:
517:
499:
230:
206:
200:
1696:
1359:
1303:
687:
671:"Evolutionary history of the most speciose mammals: molecular phylogeny of muroid rodents"
670:
218:
194:
495:
1551:
1538:
1351:
1335:
969:
827:
800:
522:
479:
283:
268:
212:
136:
843:
1690:
1009:
433:
623:
1464:
1138:
308:
291:
287:
236:
162:
1504:
576:
504:
1634:
1577:
1458:
1286:
1042:
961:
729:
653:
321:
273:
1478:
1112:
1061:
875:
776:
386:
264:
260:
126:
1449:
513:
1525:
911:
817:
461:
76:
836:
784:
737:
696:
661:
556:
531:
1443:
1052:
1000:
917:
893:
312:
96:
1569:
316:
185:
1582:
793:
Fauna of the USSR. Volume III: Mammals. Issue 3: Mole rats, Spalacidae
615:
905:
899:
887:
480:"Is Evolution of Blind Mole Rats Determined by Climate Oscillations?"
256:
116:
106:
86:
1420:
546:
1530:
707:." pp. 894–1531 in Wilson, D. E. and D. M. Reeder, eds.
267:(blind mole-rats). It is one of two extant genera in the subfamily
945:
927:
252:
709:
Mammal
Species of the World: a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
439:
Mammal
Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
1517:
1424:
847:
294:. They are completely blind and have a subterranean lifestyle.
711:. 3rd ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
1433:
1324:
1284:
1267:
1136:
1101:
1050:
1041:
998:
943:
926:
319:. These species were reclassified into the genus
669:Michaux, J.; Reyes, A.; Catzeflis, F. (2001).
859:
8:
590:
588:
1421:
1281:
1047:
940:
866:
852:
844:
703:Musser, G. G. and M. D. Carleton (2005). "
38:
27:
826:
816:
752:. London: Johns Hopkins University Press
686:
604:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society
545:Database, Mammal Diversity (2022-02-01),
521:
503:
425:
311:, when a marine barrier formed between
1712:Taxa named by Johann Anton Güldenstädt
718:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
688:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003743
642:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
473:
471:
7:
1557:c0266ed6-4d76-4a4e-8627-2c0e82b71fb2
1172:Aberdare Mountains African mole-rat
329:one of two extant spalacine genera.
282:Species in this genus are found in
19:For the French record company, see
14:
1707:Extant Miocene first appearances
63:
675:Molecular Biology and Evolution
575:Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste (1809).
444:Johns Hopkins University Press
436:; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005).
1:
746:Walker's Mammals of the World
1198:(Tachyoryctes macrocephalus)
1196:Big-headed African mole-rat
505:10.1371/journal.pone.0030043
1344:Middle East blind mole-rat
1296:Middle East blind mole-rat
1204:Navivasha African mole-rat
791:Topachevskii, V. A. (1976)
730:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.10.020
654:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.07.002
1728:
1384:Kazakhstan blind mole-rat
1312:Anatolian blind mole-rat (
1252:Storey's African mole-rat
1164:Mianzini African mole-rat
18:
1407:
1238:(Tachyoryctes spalacinus)
882:
874:Extant species of family
777:10.1080/10635150490468701
548:Mammal Diversity Database
402:Kazakhstan blind mole-rat
191:
184:
168:
161:
60:Scientific classification
58:
46:
37:
30:
1298:(Nannospalax ehrenbergi)
1246:(Tachyoryctes splendens)
1228:Rudd's African mole-rat
1220:Rwanda African mole-rat
1206:(Tachyoryctes naivashae)
1188:Kenyan African mole-rat
1166:(Tachyoryctes annectens)
1156:Ankole African mole-rat
1370:(Spalax microphthalmus)
1180:Demon African mole-rat
1158:(Tachyoryctes ankoliae)
818:10.1186/1741-7007-11-91
370:Bukovina blind mole-rat
344:Mehely's blind mole-rat
21:Spalax (record company)
1306:(Nannospalax leucodon)
1254:(Tachyoryctes storeyi)
1244:East African mole-rat
1236:Embi African mole-rat
1222:(Tachyoryctes ruandae)
1212:King African mole-rat
1190:(Tachyoryctes ibeanus)
1092:(Rhizomys sumatrensis)
1020:(Eospalax rothschildi)
1012:(Eospalax fontanierii)
557:10.5281/zenodo.5945626
411:Podolsk blind mole-rat
393:Greater blind mole-rat
379:Oltenia blind mole-rat
48:Greater blind mole-rat
1669:Paleobiology Database
1314:Nannospalax xanthodon
1182:(Tachyoryctes daemon)
972:(Myospalax myospalax)
795:. New Delhi: Amerind.
744:Nowak, R. M. (1999).
225:Spalax microphthalmus
171:Spalax microphthalmus
1552:Fauna Europaea (new)
1230:(Tachyoryctes ruddi)
1174:(Tachyoryctes audax)
1076:(Rhizomys pruinosus)
989:(Myospalax psilurus)
705:Superfamily Muroidea
361:Giant blind mole-rat
352:Sandy blind mole-rat
1346:(Spalax ehrenbergi)
1084:(Rhizomys sinensis)
1082:Chinese bamboo rat
1018:Rothschild's zokor
964:(Myospalax aspalax)
496:2012PLoSO...730043H
1386:(Spalax uralensis)
1354:(Spalax giganteus)
1338:(Spalax arenarius)
1214:(Tachyoryctes rex)
1125:Lesser bamboo rat
1028:(Eospalax smithii)
987:Transbaikal zokor
765:Systematic Biology
1684:
1683:
1656:Open Tree of Life
1427:Taxon identifiers
1418:
1417:
1403:
1402:
1392:Podolsk mole-rat
1368:Greater mole-rat
1278:
1275:(Blind mole-rats)
1263:
1262:
1149:
1127:(Cannomys badius)
1118:
1090:Large bamboo rat
1074:Hoary bamboo rat
1067:
1037:
1036:
937:
758:978-0-8018-5789-8
681:(11): 2017–2031.
616:10.1111/zoj.12081
453:978-0-8018-8221-0
397:S. microphthalmus
335:Species of genus
244:
243:
157:
52:S. microphthalmus
1719:
1677:
1676:
1664:
1663:
1651:
1650:
1638:
1637:
1635:NHMSYS0000377243
1625:
1624:
1612:
1611:
1599:
1598:
1586:
1585:
1573:
1572:
1560:
1559:
1547:
1546:
1534:
1533:
1521:
1520:
1508:
1507:
1495:
1494:
1482:
1481:
1469:
1468:
1467:
1454:
1453:
1452:
1422:
1378:(Spalax munzuri)
1376:Munzur mole-rat
1362:(Spalax graecus)
1360:Balkan mole-rat
1304:Lesser mole-rat
1282:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1117:
1116:
1108:
1066:
1065:
1057:
1048:
941:
936:
935:
931:
868:
861:
854:
845:
840:
830:
820:
788:
741:
700:
690:
665:
628:
627:
601:
592:
583:
582:
572:
566:
565:
564:
563:
542:
536:
535:
525:
507:
475:
466:
465:
442:(3rd ed.).
430:
231:Spalax uralensis
207:Spalax giganteus
201:Spalax arenarius
152:
68:
67:
42:
28:
16:Genus of rodents
1727:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1672:
1667:
1659:
1654:
1646:
1641:
1633:
1628:
1620:
1615:
1607:
1602:
1594:
1589:
1581:
1576:
1568:
1563:
1555:
1550:
1542:
1537:
1529:
1524:
1516:
1511:
1503:
1498:
1490:
1485:
1477:
1472:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1448:
1447:
1442:
1429:
1419:
1414:
1399:
1352:Giant mole-rat
1336:Sandy mole-rat
1320:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1259:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1132:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1097:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1033:
994:
970:Siberian zokor
933:
932:
930:
922:
878:
872:
798:
762:
714:
668:
639:
636:
634:Further reading
631:
599:
594:
593:
586:
574:
573:
569:
561:
559:
544:
543:
539:
477:
476:
469:
454:
432:
431:
427:
423:
340:
302:Prior to 2013,
300:
234:
228:
222:
219:Spalax istricus
216:
210:
204:
198:
195:Spalax antiquus
180:
174:
151:
62:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1725:
1723:
1715:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1689:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1665:
1652:
1639:
1626:
1613:
1600:
1587:
1574:
1561:
1548:
1539:Fauna Europaea
1535:
1522:
1509:
1496:
1483:
1470:
1455:
1439:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1416:
1415:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1394:(Spalax zemni)
1389:
1381:
1373:
1365:
1357:
1349:
1341:
1332:
1330:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1309:
1301:
1292:
1290:
1279:
1265:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1258:
1257:
1249:
1241:
1233:
1225:
1217:
1209:
1201:
1193:
1185:
1177:
1169:
1161:
1152:
1150:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1121:
1119:
1099:
1098:
1096:
1095:
1087:
1079:
1070:
1068:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1026:Smith's zokor
1023:
1015:
1010:Chinese zokor
1006:
1004:
996:
995:
993:
992:
976:
975:
967:
951:
949:
938:
924:
923:
921:
920:
914:
908:
902:
896:
890:
883:
880:
879:
873:
871:
870:
863:
856:
848:
842:
841:
796:
789:
771:(4): 533–553.
760:
742:
724:(3): 972–978.
712:
701:
666:
635:
632:
630:
629:
610:(4): 903–914.
584:
567:
537:
467:
452:
424:
422:
419:
418:
417:
408:
399:
390:
376:
367:
358:
349:
339:
333:
299:
296:
284:eastern Europe
259:in the family
242:
241:
213:Spalax graecus
189:
188:
182:
181:
175:
166:
165:
159:
158:
144:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
74:
70:
69:
56:
55:
44:
43:
35:
34:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1724:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1702:Rodent genera
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1692:
1675:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1413:
1412:
1406:
1396:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1317:
1315:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1280:
1270:
1266:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1226:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1114:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1063:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1030:
1029:
1024:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1002:
997:
991:
990:
984:
982:
978:
977:
974:
973:
968:
966:
965:
959:
957:
953:
952:
950:
948:
947:
942:
939:
929:
928:Myospalacinae
925:
919:
916:Superfamily:
915:
913:
909:
907:
903:
901:
897:
895:
891:
889:
885:
884:
881:
877:
869:
864:
862:
857:
855:
850:
849:
846:
838:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
810:
806:
802:
797:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
713:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
689:
684:
680:
676:
672:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
648:(1): 256–76.
647:
643:
638:
637:
633:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
598:
591:
589:
585:
580:
579:
571:
568:
558:
554:
550:
549:
541:
538:
533:
529:
524:
519:
515:
511:
506:
501:
497:
493:
490:(1): e30043.
489:
485:
481:
474:
472:
468:
463:
459:
455:
449:
445:
441:
440:
435:
434:Wilson, D. E.
429:
426:
420:
416:
412:
409:
407:
403:
400:
398:
394:
391:
388:
384:
380:
377:
375:
371:
368:
366:
362:
359:
357:
353:
350:
348:
347:, S. antiquus
345:
342:
341:
338:
334:
332:
331:
328:
324:
323:
318:
314:
310:
305:
297:
295:
293:
289:
285:
280:
279:
276:
275:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
249:
240:
239:
238:
233:
232:
227:
226:
221:
220:
215:
214:
209:
208:
203:
202:
197:
196:
190:
187:
183:
178:
173:
172:
167:
164:
160:
155:
150:
149:
145:
142:
141:
138:
135:
132:
131:
128:
125:
122:
121:
118:
115:
112:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
78:
75:
72:
71:
66:
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
36:
33:
29:
26:
22:
1434:
1409:
1393:
1385:
1377:
1369:
1361:
1353:
1345:
1337:
1326:
1325:
1313:
1305:
1297:
1285:
1268:
1253:
1245:
1237:
1229:
1221:
1213:
1205:
1197:
1189:
1181:
1173:
1165:
1157:
1139:Tachyoryctes
1137:
1126:
1102:
1091:
1083:
1075:
1051:
1027:
1019:
1011:
999:
988:
980:
979:
971:
963:
962:False zokor
956:M. myospalax
955:
954:
944:
808:
804:
792:
768:
764:
749:
745:
721:
717:
708:
678:
674:
645:
641:
607:
603:
577:
570:
560:, retrieved
547:
540:
487:
483:
438:
428:
414:
406:S. uralensis
405:
396:
382:
373:
365:S. giganteus
364:
356:S. arenarius
355:
346:
336:
330:
326:
320:
309:Late Miocene
303:
301:
292:central Asia
281:
278:
272:
271:, alongside
263:, subfamily
247:
246:
245:
237:Spalax zemni
235:
229:
223:
217:
211:
205:
199:
193:
192:
169:
163:Type species
147:
146:
51:
31:
25:
1578:iNaturalist
1459:Wikispecies
1287:Nannospalax
1146:(Mole rats)
1113:Bamboo rats
1062:Bamboo rats
1043:Rhizomyinae
981:M. psilurus
805:BMC Biology
383:S. istricus
322:Nannospalax
274:Nannospalax
177:Güldenstädt
154:Güldenstädt
133:Subfamily:
1691:Categories
1269:Spalacinae
910:Suborder:
876:Spalacidae
562:2022-03-08
421:References
385:(possibly
374:S. graecus
269:Spalacinae
265:Spalacinae
261:Spalacidae
137:Spalacinae
127:Spalacidae
946:Myospalax
912:Myomorpha
886:Kingdom:
514:1932-6203
325:, making
83:Kingdom:
77:Eukaryota
1622:13000025
1444:Wikidata
1411:Category
1104:Cannomys
1053:Rhizomys
1001:Eospalax
934:(Zokors)
918:Muroidea
906:Rodentia
900:Mammalia
894:Chordata
892:Phylum:
888:Animalia
837:23937926
785:15371245
738:15120394
697:11606698
662:15019624
624:82892241
581:. Dentu.
532:22253871
484:PLOS ONE
462:62265494
415:S. zemni
315:and the
313:Anatolia
298:Taxonomy
123:Family:
117:Rodentia
107:Mammalia
97:Chordata
93:Phylum:
87:Animalia
73:Domain:
1596:1023057
1570:2438880
1450:Q951670
904:Order:
898:Class:
828:3750378
523:3253805
492:Bibcode
387:extinct
317:Balkans
288:western
186:Species
143:Genus:
113:Order:
103:Class:
1697:Spalax
1661:816251
1609:632622
1583:852243
1544:305693
1531:1SPAXG
1518:111274
1492:101359
1479:Spalax
1465:Spalax
1435:Spalax
1327:Spalax
835:
825:
811:: 91.
783:
756:
736:
695:
660:
622:
530:
520:
512:
460:
450:
337:Spalax
327:Spalax
304:Spalax
290:&
257:rodent
248:Spalax
179:, 1770
156:, 1770
148:Spalax
32:Spalax
1674:41877
1648:10062
1591:IRMNG
983:group
958:group
620:S2CID
600:(PDF)
253:genus
251:is a
1643:NCBI
1604:ITIS
1565:GBIF
1526:EPPO
1505:7JWG
1487:BOLD
833:PMID
781:PMID
754:ISBN
734:PMID
693:PMID
658:PMID
528:PMID
510:ISSN
458:OCLC
448:ISBN
286:and
1630:NBN
1617:MSW
1513:EoL
1500:CoL
1474:ADW
823:PMC
813:doi
773:doi
726:doi
683:doi
650:doi
612:doi
608:169
553:doi
518:PMC
500:doi
255:of
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807:.
803:.
779:.
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767:.
750:II
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732:.
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679:18
677:.
673:.
656:.
646:31
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618:.
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602:.
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614::
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464:.
389:)
277:.
50:(
23:.
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