409:. Assessment is needed of the affected individual's goals, their function, and any symptoms that may be related to the movement disorder, such as pain. A thorough assessment will include analysis of posture, active movement, muscle strength, movement control and coordination, and endurance, as well as spasticity (response of the muscle to stretch). Spastic muscles typically demonstrate a loss of selective movement, including a loss of eccentric control (decreased ability to actively lengthen). While multiple muscles in a limb are usually affected in the upper motor neuron syndrome, there is usually an imbalance of activity, such that there is a stronger pull in one direction, such as into elbow flexion. Decreasing the degree of this imbalance is a common focus of muscle strengthening programs. Spastic movement disorders also typically feature a loss of
362:
compared to the non-spastic muscles in the same person's body (if any exist). Spasticity can be differentiated from rigidity with the help of simple clinical examination, as rigidity is a uniform increase in the tone of agonist and antagonist muscles which is not related to the velocity at which the movement is performed passively and remains the same throughout the range of movement while spasticity is a velocity-dependent increase in tone resulting from the hyperexcitability of stretch reflexes. It primarily involves the antigravity muscles – flexors of the upper limb and extensors of the lower limb. During the passive stretch, a brief "free interval" is appreciated in spasticity but not in rigidity because the resting muscle is electromyographically silent in spasticity. In contrast, in rigidity, the resting muscle shows firing.
382:
severity of the upper motor neuron damage. The result for the affected individual, is that they may have any degree of impairment, ranging from a mild to a severe movement disorder. A relatively mild movement disorder may contribute to a loss of dexterity in an arm, or difficulty with high level mobility such as running or walking on stairs. A severe movement disorder may result in marked loss of function with minimal or no volitional muscle activation. There are several scales used to measure spasticity, such as the King's hypertonicity scale, the
Tardieu, and the
177:
spasticity is actually caused by an injury to a part of the central nervous system (the brain or spinal cord) that controls voluntary movements. The damage causes a change in the balance of signals between the nervous system and the muscles. This imbalance leads to increased activity (excitability) in the muscles. Receptors in the muscles receive messages from the nervous system, which sense the amount of stretch in the muscle and sends that signal to the brain. The brain responds by sending a message back to reverse the stretch by contracting or shortening.
314:
characteristic of spasticity, which may be referred to as "seatbelt effect" of spasticity, is different as the amount of resistance offered by the muscle is directly proportional to velocity of the passive movement. It is caused by increased muscle spindle excitability and velocity sensitivity of Ia spindle afferent nerve fibres, resulting in excessive activation of alpha motor neurons of the spinal cord. It is similar to the tug we feel initially while pulling the seatbelt of a car beyond a certain velocity, hence the name "seatbelt effect"
454:
severe gait difficulties. In the event of contracture there is no role for conservative treatment. Hip dislocation and ankle equinus deformity are known to arise from muscle spasticity primarily. Orthopedic surgical reconstruction of the hip is commonly practiced to improve sitting balance, nursing care and relieve hip pain. Treatment should be done with firm and constant manual contact positioned over nonspastic areas to avoid stimulating the spastic muscle(s). Alternatively,
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program). Most people with a significant UMN lesion will have ongoing impairment, but most of these will be able to make progress. The most important factor to indicate ability to progress is seeing improvement, but improvement in many spastic movement disorders may not be seen until the affected individual receives help from a specialised team or health professional.
670:
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children is usually generalized although with varying degrees of severity across the affected extremities and trunk musculature. Neglected or inappropriately treated spasticity can eventually lead to joint contractures. Both spasticity and contractures can cause joint subluxations or dislocations and
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is the sudden decrease of tone after initial resistance, also referred to as a lengthening reaction or a "catch-yield sequence". This is because of inverse stretch reflex activation mediated by the Golgi tendon organ on sustained muscle stretching resulting in sudden relaxation of the muscle. Another
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positive cells, similar to stem cells, are extremely adaptable and, when extracted from a brain, cultured and then re-injected in a lesioned area of the same brain, they can help repair and rebuild it. The treatment using them would take some time to be available for general public use, as it has to
172:
The cause of spasticity is thought to be where an imbalance occurs in the excitatory and inhibitory input to α motor neurons caused by damage to the spinal cord and/or central nervous system. The damage causes a change in the balance of signals between the nervous system and the muscles, leading to
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in the treatment program may help decrease spasm severity, promote functional independence, improve motor recovery and decrease medication required for spasticity, which may help reduce the side effects that are possible with oral drug treatments. A 2004 study compared the effects of hydrotherapy
420:
Secondary effects are likely to impact on assessment of spastic muscles. If a muscle has impaired function following an upper motor neuron lesion, other changes such as increased muscle stiffness are likely to affect the feeling of resistance to passive stretch. Other secondary changes such as loss
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is caused by spasticity of the hip adductor muscles while tip-toeing gait is caused by spasticity of the gastrocnemius-soleus muscle complex or calf musculature. Also, following an upper motor neuron lesion, there may be multiple muscles affected, to varying degrees, depending on the location and
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The prognosis for those with spastic muscles depends on multiple factors, including the severity of the spasticity and the associated movement disorder, access to specialised and intensive management, and ability of the affected individual to maintain the management plan (particularly an exercise
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injections into the muscle belly, to attempt to dampen the signals between nerve and muscle. The effectiveness of medications vary between individuals, and vary based on location of the upper motor neuron lesion (in the brain or the spinal cord). Medications are commonly used for spastic movement
588:
Historical progression of spasticity and the upper motor neuron lesion on which it is based has progressed considerably in recent decades. However, the term "spasticity" is still often used interchangeably with "upper motor neuron syndrome" in the clinical settings, and it is not unusual to see
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should be the mainstay of management, and is likely needed to be prescribed by a physiatrist (a doctor specialized in rehabilitation medicine), occupational therapist, physical therapist, accredited exercise physiologist (AEP) or other health professional skilled in neurological rehabilitation.
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Spasticity is assessed by feeling the resistance of the muscle to passive lengthening in its most relaxed state. A spastic muscle will have immediately noticeable, often quite forceful, increased resistance to passive stretch when moved with speed and/or while attempting to be stretched out, as
176:
One factor that is thought to be related to spasticity is the stretch reflex. This reflex is important in coordinating normal movements in which muscles are contracted and relaxed and in keeping the muscle from stretching too far. Although the result of spasticity is problems with the muscles,
188:
Overall, a defining feature of spasticity is that the increased resistance to passive stretch is velocity-dependent. Lance (1980) describes it this way: "...a motor disorder, characterised by a velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes (muscle tone) with exaggerated tendon jerks,
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likely due to their common physiological origins. Some consider clonus as simply an extended outcome of spasticity. Although closely linked, clonus is not seen in all patients with spasticity. Clonus tends to not be present with spasticity in patients with significantly increased
240:
for nerve signal conduction, and thus increases activity of structures innervated by the affected nerves (spasticity). Muscles affected in this way have many other potential features of altered performance in addition to spasticity, including muscle
458:
can be used to provide high volumes of passive or assisted movement, depending on the individual's requirements; this form of therapy can be useful if therapists are at a premium, and has been found effective at reducing spasticity in patients with
1754:
Beresneva J, Stirane D, Kiukucane E, Vetra A (2009). "The use of aquatic therapy in stroke patients for the management of spasticity...Proceedings of the 10th
Congress of the European Federation for Research in Rehabilitation, Riga, Latvia".
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551:(SCI). It was found that subjects who received hydrotherapy treatment obtained increased FIM scores and a decreased intake of oral baclofen medication. A 2009 study looked at the effect of hydrotherapy to decrease spasticity on post-
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disorders, but research has not shown functional benefit for some drugs. Some studies have shown that medications have been effective in decreasing spasticity, but that this has not been accompanied by functional benefits.
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of muscle fibres following acquired muscle weakness are likely to compound the weakness arising from the upper motor neuron lesion. In severely affected spastic muscles, there may be marked secondary changes, such as
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369:, there are likely to be multiple other changes in affected musculature and surrounding bones, such as progressive malalignments of bone structure around the spastic muscles (leading for example to the
389:
Assessment of a movement disorder featuring spasticity may involve several health professionals depending on the affected individual's situation, and the severity of their condition. This may include
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600:, but the evidence does not support these as effective. While splinting is not considered effective for decreasing spasticity, a range of different orthotics are effectively used for preventing
3784:
3762:
1400:
El-Sobky TA, Fayyad TA, Kotb AM, Kaldas B (May 2018). "Bony reconstruction of hip in cerebral palsy children Gross Motor
Function Classification System levels III to V: a systematic review".
386:. Of these three, only the King's hypertonicity scale measures a range of muscle changes from the UMN lesion, including active muscle performance as well as passive response to stretch.
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398:
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increased excitability in muscles. This is common in people who have cerebral palsy, brain injuries or a spinal cord injury, but it can happen to anybody e.g. having a stroke.
129:, which is a group of permanent movement problems that do not get worse over time. GABA's inhibitory actions contribute to baclofen's efficacy as an anti-spasticity agent.
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patients with limited mobility and concluded that there was a significantly larger increase in FIM scores compared to the control group that did not receive hydrotherapy.
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Krebs HI, Palazzolo JJ, Dipietro L, Ferraro M, Krol J, Rannekleiv K, et al. (2003). "Rehabilitation robotics: Performance-based progressive robot-assisted therapy".
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spasticity. Also, from at least the 1950s through at least the 1980s, there was a strong focus on other interventions for spastic muscles, particularly stretching and
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Research has clearly shown that exercise is beneficial for spastic muscles, even though in the very early days of research it was assumed that strength exercise would
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1246:
Aloraini SM, Gäverth J, Yeung E, MacKay-Lyons M (18 February 2015). "Assessment of spasticity after stroke using clinical measures: a systematic review".
1296:"Botulinum Toxin A Injection in Treatment of Upper Limb Spasticity in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials"
3754:
679:
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A injection and various physical therapy modalities such as serial casting, sustained stretching and medical pharmacologic treatment. Spasticity in
281:, as the muscles are constantly active and therefore not engaging in the characteristic on/off cycle of clonus. Clonus results due to an increased
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2921:
1543:
3724:
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Bovend'Eerdt TJ, Newman M, Barker K, Dawes H, Minelli C, Wade DT (July 2008). "The effects of stretching in spasticity: a systematic review".
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1964:
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616:, that directly targets nerves in the spine that cause the spasticity, and destroys them, so that the spasticity cannot be activated at all.
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61:
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could be required for a tendon release in the case of a severe muscle imbalance leading to contracture. In spastic CP, selective dorsal
1199:"Current practice and preferences to management of equinus in children with ambulatory cerebral palsy: A survey of orthopedic surgeons"
441:
Muscles with severe spasticity are likely to be more limited in their ability to exercise, and may require help to do this. In spastic
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249:(a series of involuntary rapid muscle contractions often symptomatic of muscle over-exertion and/or muscle fatigue); exaggerated deep
474:
The initial focus on first activating contraction of antagonist muscles to provide reciprocal inhibition and lengthen spastic muscles
3509:
3312:
1122:
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patients labeled as "spastic" who actually demonstrate not just spasticity alone, but also an array of upper motor neuron findings.
1660:"Selection criteria for selective dorsal rhizotomy in children with spastic cerebral palsy: a systematic review of the literature"
236:
to rest in a more state. The combination of decreased inhibition and an increased depolarized state of cell membranes, decreases
477:
Reciprocal actions are attempted. Agonist contractions are performed first in small ranges progressing to larger arcs of movement
433:
Treatment should be based on assessment by relevant health professionals. For spastic muscles with mild-to-moderate impairment,
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muscle groups. Clonus is commonly seen in the ankle but may exist in other distal structures as well, such as the knee or spine.
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544:
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Patients and family/caregivers should be educated about the importance of maintaining range of motion and doing daily exercise
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3119:
2949:
3335:
1443:
Hillman M (2004). "Rehabilitation robotics from past to present: A historical perspective.". In Bien ZZ, Stefanov D (eds.).
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685:
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268:(i.e. involuntary, rhythmic, muscular contractions and relaxations) tends to co-exist with spasticity in many cases of
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467:, exercise may be assisted, and may require equipment, such as using a standing frame to sustain a standing position.
366:
154:
514:
baclofen therapy (IBT) when spasticity. IBT may also be used in patients with limited tolerance to other modalities.
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resulting from hyper-excitability of the stretch reflex as one component of the upper motor neurone (UMN) syndrome".
3779:
3329:
3001:
2021:
Hidler JM, Rymer WZ (September 1999). "A simulation study of reflex instability in spasticity: origins of clonus".
1809:
Ivanhoe CB, Reistetter TA (October 2004). "Spasticity: the misunderstood part of the upper motor neuron syndrome".
783:
Hidler JM, Rymer WZ (September 1999). "A simulation study of reflex instability in spasticity: origins of clonus".
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in the affected region. This change in input to bodily structures tends to favor excitation and therefore increase
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330:, can be described as follows: in spastic diplegia, the upper motor neuron lesion arises often as a result of
1150:"Effectiveness of surgical and non-surgical management of crouch gait in cerebral palsy: A systematic review"
184:
Characteristic features, analogy, and pathophysiology of common types of hypertonia. GTO – Golgi Tendon Organ
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1983:
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threshold) and is common in muscles with long conduction delays, such as the long reflex tracts found in
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Grunt, Sebastian; Fieggen, A Graham; Vermeulen, R Jeroen; Becher, Jules G; Langerak, Nelleke G (2014).
1854:"Strengthening interventions increase strength and improve activity after stroke: a systematic review"
334:, while in conditions like multiple sclerosis, spasticity is thought by some to be as a result of the
3922:
3618:
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1988:
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1941:
656:
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390:
1350:"Botulinum toxin type A in the treatment of lower limb spasticity in children with cerebral palsy"
945:"'Seatbelt Effect' of spasticity: Contrasting velocity dependence from the clasp knife phenomenon"
92:. It is also colloquially referred to as an unusual "tightness", stiffness, or "pull" of muscles.
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For the societal implications of the term when applied as a label for a particular person, see
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and tip-toeing gait due to ankle equinus or ankle planter flexion deformity in spastic
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126:
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31:
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1974:
Wallace DM, Ross BH, Thomas CK (December 2005). "Motor unit behavior during clonus".
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Wallace DM, Ross BH, Thomas CK (December 2005). "Motor unit behavior during clonus".
609:
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96:
85:
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1997:
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The clinical underpinnings of two of the most common spasticity conditions, spastic
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2013:
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576:
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394:
378:
370:
282:
1259:
1102:
749:
Lance JW (1980). "Symposium
Synopsis". In Feldman RG, Young RR, Koella WP (eds.).
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children the main treatment modality of spasticity is conservative in the form of
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17:
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of spasticity, but which clinically is fundamentally different from the latter.
278:
197:
2107:
1906:
107:, an exaggerated deep tendon reflex. Spasticity is often treated with the drug
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89:
1720:
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1702:
Kesiktas N, Paker N, Erdogan N, Gülsen G, Biçki D, Yilmaz H (December 2004).
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1294:
Farag SM, Mohammed MO, El-Sobky TA, ElKadery NA, ElZohiery AK (March 2020).
641:
597:
528:
499:
254:
57:
2042:
2005:
1914:
1879:
1830:
1729:
1685:
1644:
1595:
1562:"Pharmacological interventions for spasticity following spinal cord injury"
1421:
1383:
1329:
1267:
1232:
1183:
1103:"Intrathecal baclofen for the control of spinal and supraspinal spasticity"
1045:
988:
924:
857:
804:
34:. For the most common type of spasticity-based neuromuscular disorder, see
165:
and is thus unrelated to the types of spasticity present in neuromuscular
3464:
3456:
3422:
3276:
3179:
2794:
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2453:
1520:
CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment: Physical
Medicine & Rehabilitation
540:
503:
491:
161:, where it occurs as a symptom of the progressively-worsening attacks on
108:
463:. For muscles that lack any volitional control, such as after complete
2872:
2543:
1676:
1659:
1019:
524:
112:
2068:
2034:
796:
3503:
3244:
3211:
2892:
2553:
2438:
2433:
2405:
2363:
2221:
2080:
552:
515:
460:
269:
265:
250:
246:
217:
146:
3981:
Gross Motor
Function Classification System - Expanded & Revised
3759:
Spinal muscular atrophy with lower extremity predominance (SMALED)
2548:
2538:
1197:
Gendy S, ElGebeily M, El-Sobky TA, Khoshhal KI, Jawadi AH (2019).
414:
300:
229:
193:
179:
3843:
1148:
Galey SA, Lerner ZF, Bulea TC, Zimbler S, Damiano DL (May 2017).
943:
Ramanathan, Venkateswaran; Baskar, Dipti; Pari, Hariswar (2022).
417:, so a thorough assessment requires this to be analysed as well.
2328:
2308:
2189:
116:
3847:
2917:
2158:
510:. If refractive to oral agents, spasticity may be treated with
1348:
Blumetti FC, Belloti JC, Tamaoki MJ, Pinto JA (October 2019).
95:
Clinically, spasticity results from the loss of inhibition of
1938:
Louis Calder
Memorial Library/Jackson Memorial Medical Center
470:
A general treatment guideline can be followed that involves:
490:
Medical interventions may include oral medications such as
224:
as a result of stroke or spinal cord injury, alter the of
1811:
American
Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation
1704:"The use of hydrotherapy for the management of spasticity"
753:. Chicago: Yearbook Medical Publishers. pp. 185–203.
480:
Highly stressful activities be minimized early in training
425:, particularly if management has been delayed or absent.
4049:
Works about cerebral palsy and other paralytic syndromes
1500:. Philadelphia, PA: F.A Davis Company. pp. 496–497.
1067:, Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, pp. 41–68,
1934:"Other Complications of Spinal Cord Injury: Spasticity"
200:
are damaged or fail to develop normally; these include
84:
performance with a combination of paralysis, increased
1955:. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven Publishers. pp.
350:
deficiencies present in the damaged nerves of spastic
1792:"The brain may be able to repair itself -- with help"
1065:
2058:
531:
has also been used to decrease muscle overactivity.
4031:
4008:
3973:
3961:
3931:
3888:
3881:
3680:
3657:
3648:
3641:
3596:
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2506:
2419:
2354:
2196:
2117:
2062:
51:
46:
1560:Taricco M, Adone R, Pagliacci C, Telaro E (2000).
80: 'drawing, pulling') is a feature of altered
1555:
1553:
879:Mukherjee, Angshuman; Chakravarty, Ambar (2010).
309:A commonly known feature of spasticity, known as
1895:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
1757:International Journal of Rehabilitation Research
1109:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 181–192,
2023:IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering
1611:"Anti-spasticity agents for multiple sclerosis"
1343:
1341:
1339:
785:IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering
1509:
1507:
1395:
1393:
157:, and can also be present in various types of
4018:Selective percutaneous myofascial lengthening
3859:
2929:
2170:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
137:Spasticity mostly occurs in disorders of the
8:
3993:Communication Function Classification System
1749:
1747:
1664:Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology
1289:
1287:
1285:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1061:"Functional Neuroanatomy of the Spinal Cord"
604:on patients with spasticity. In the case of
192:Spasticity is found in conditions where the
1952:Willard and Spackman's occupational therapy
1697:
1695:
1615:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1609:Shakespeare DT, Boggild M, Young C (2003).
1566:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1354:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1107:Upper Motor Neurone Syndrome and Spasticity
881:"Spasticity Mechanisms – for the Clinician"
483:Functional skills are targeted for training
232:excitability. CNS damage also causes nerve
3885:
3866:
3852:
3844:
3654:
3645:
3414:
3082:
3073:
2962:
2936:
2922:
2914:
2177:
2163:
2155:
2059:
1450:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. pp. 25–44.
43:
1987:
1869:
1719:
1675:
1634:
1585:
1373:
1319:
1222:
1173:
1035:
978:
960:
914:
896:
839:
413:of an affected limb or the head from the
1402:Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics. Part B
708:. American Heart Association. April 2022
1858:The Australian Journal of Physiotherapy
693:
342:around nerve endings—which in turn can
99:, causing excessive velocity-dependent
3725:Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies
3398:Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS
1949:Neistadt ME, Crepeau EB, eds. (1998).
354:children, leading to roughly the same
1708:Neurorehabilitation and Neural Repair
949:Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology
27:Abnormal stiffness of skeletal muscle
7:
3987:Manual Ability Classification System
3576:Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
1852:Ada L, Dorsch S, Canning CG (2006).
938:
936:
934:
751:Spasticity: Disordered Motor Control
62:physical medicine and rehabilitation
3807:Infantile progressive bulbar palsy
2227:Festinating gait/Parkinsonian gait
1823:10.1097/01.PHM.0000141125.28611.3E
365:As there are many features of the
25:
3510:Template:Cerebrovascular diseases
3313:Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
681:NINDS Spasticity Information Page
119:receptors, which are inhibitory.
3530:For more detailed coverage, see
3508:For more detailed coverage, see
3479:For more detailed coverage, see
3445:For more detailed coverage, see
3396:For more detailed coverage, see
2821:Overpronation/Flexible flat feet
1769:10.1097/00004356-200908001-00145
1101:Rushton, David N. (2008-04-24),
673: This article incorporates
668:
547:(FIM) scores of patients with a
1998:10.1152/japplphysiol.00649.2005
1518:. In Maitin IB, Cruz E (eds.).
850:10.1152/japplphysiol.00649.2005
545:Functional Independence Measure
1366:10.1002/14651858.CD001408.pub2
1166:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.02.024
580:clear regulations and trials.
245:; decreased movement control;
1:
3823:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
3708:Hereditary spastic paraplegia
3566:Normal pressure hydrocephalus
1976:Journal of Applied Physiology
1871:10.1016/s0004-9514(06)70003-4
1514:Saulino M, Goldman L (2014).
1260:10.3109/09638288.2015.1014933
1248:Disability and Rehabilitation
828:Journal of Applied Physiology
728:"Spasticity: Pathophysiology"
686:National Institutes of Health
305:Characteristics of spasticity
297:Characteristics of spasticity
169:rooted spasticity disorders.
4044:Cerebral palsy organizations
3967:General movements assessment
3792:Progressive muscular atrophy
2272:Myopathic gait/Waddling gait
1790:Bloch J (15 February 2016).
1414:10.1097/BPB.0000000000000503
1115:10.1017/cbo9780511544866.011
1002:Petek Balci, Belgin (2018).
3302:Primary progressive aphasia
1544:"UK Approves New Botox Use"
1073:10.1007/978-981-19-0228-4_3
1008:Archives of Neuropsychiatry
518:injections can be used, or
367:upper motor neuron syndrome
155:upper motor neuron syndrome
125:is the most common form of
103:. This ultimately leads to
4086:
4039:People with cerebral palsy
3624:Hashimoto's encephalopathy
3330:Posterior cortical atrophy
3151:Striatonigral degeneration
3002:Cavernous sinus thrombosis
1907:10.1016/j.apmr.2008.02.015
614:selective dorsal rhizotomy
612:treatment for spasticity,
608:there is also a permanent
238:action potential threshold
29:
3949:Dyskinetic cerebral palsy
3898:Upper motor neuron lesion
3730:Spinal muscular atrophies
3698:Primary lateral sclerosis
3556:Intracranial hypertension
3336:Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
2673:Lower motor neuron lesion
2668:Upper motor neuron lesion
2473:Myotonia / Pseudomyotonia
2188:relating to movement and
1627:10.1002/14651858.CD001332
1578:10.1002/14651858.CD001131
1312:10.2106/JBJS.RVW.19.00119
399:rehabilitation physicians
3797:Progressive bulbar palsy
3588:Intracranial hypotension
3571:Choroid plexus papilloma
2985:Herpesviral encephalitis
1721:10.1177/1545968304270002
962:10.4103/aian.aian_817_21
898:10.3389/fneur.2010.00149
393:, physicians (including
348:gamma amino butyric acid
253:reflexes; and decreased
3999:Modified Ashworth scale
3944:Athetoid cerebral palsy
3309:Frontotemporal dementia
2995:Encephalitis lethargica
1498:Physical Rehabilitation
1475:10.1023/A:1024494031121
1447:Rehabilitation Robotics
1004:"Spasticty measurement"
632:Gamma-aminobutyric acid
456:rehabilitation robotics
407:occupational therapists
3983:(gross motor function)
3903:Spastic cerebral palsy
3614:Hepatic encephalopathy
1215:10.1051/sicotj/2019003
1059:Ko, Hyun-Yoon (2022),
885:Frontiers in Neurology
675:public domain material
306:
285:excitation (decreased
185:
139:central nervous system
123:Spastic cerebral palsy
3939:Ataxic cerebral palsy
3672:Ataxia–telangiectasia
3629:Static encephalopathy
3352:Mitochondrial disease
3190:Spasmodic torticollis
3100:Basal ganglia disease
2780:Boutonniere deformity
1496:O'Sullivan S (2007).
647:Stroke rehabilitation
304:
261:Spasticity and clonus
214:acquired brain injury
183:
4070:Cerebral palsy types
3923:Spastic quadriplegia
3619:Toxic encephalopathy
3325:Lewy bodies dementia
2851:Clasp-knife response
1014:(Suppl 1): S49–S53.
738:on 27 February 2010.
539:on spasticity, oral
311:Clasp-knife response
141:(CNS) affecting the
3667:Friedreich's ataxia
3050:Meningoencephalitis
2990:Limbic encephalitis
2883:Conversion disorder
2785:Swan neck deformity
2708:Locomotive syndrome
1942:University of Miami
1817:(10 Suppl): S3–S9.
657:Transverse myelitis
627:Brunnstrom Approach
602:muscle contractures
391:physical therapists
338:destruction of the
143:upper motor neurons
111:, which acts as an
3989:(manual dexterity)
3974:Measurement scales
3918:Spastic hemiplegia
3882:Symptoms and signs
3703:Pseudobulbar palsy
3441:Status epilepticus
3392:Multiple sclerosis
3229:Myoclonic epilepsy
3092:movement disorders
3038:Acute disseminated
2980:Viral encephalitis
2620:Spastic paraplegia
2610:Spastic paraplegia
2605:Periodic paralysis
2514:Abnormal posturing
2379:Dysdiadochokinesia
2315:Asynchronous gait
2277:Trendelenburg gait
2237:Marche Ă petit pas
2186:Signs and symptoms
2118:External resources
1677:10.1111/dmcn.12277
1546:. 5 February 2014.
1154:Gait & Posture
1020:10.29399/npa.23339
549:spinal cord injury
465:spinal cord injury
423:muscle contracture
328:multiple sclerosis
307:
274:spinal cord injury
210:spinal cord injury
206:multiple sclerosis
186:
159:multiple sclerosis
101:muscle contraction
4057:
4056:
3957:
3956:
3932:Ataxia and others
3841:
3840:
3837:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3637:
3636:
3542:
3541:
3481:Template:Headache
3447:Template:Epilepsy
3368:
3367:
3342:Vascular dementia
3185:Status dystonicus
3058:
3057:
3033:Encephalomyelitis
2911:
2910:
2600:Flaccid paralysis
2421:Abnormal movement
2411:Hemimotor neglect
2369:Cerebellar ataxia
2319:Gunslinger's gait
2217:Cerebellar ataxia
2152:
2151:
2035:10.1109/86.788469
1966:978-0-397-55192-7
1944:. 3 October 2002.
1529:978-0-07-179329-2
1254:(25): 2313–2323.
1082:978-981-19-0227-7
797:10.1109/86.788469
760:978-0-88372-128-5
384:modified Ashworth
332:neonatal asphyxia
226:peripheral nerves
145:in the form of a
67:
66:
41:Medical condition
18:Spastic paralysis
16:(Redirected from
4077:
3913:Spastic diplegia
3886:
3868:
3861:
3854:
3845:
3655:
3646:
3604:Brain herniation
3415:
3255:Intention tremor
3250:Essential tremor
3115:Postencephalitic
3083:
3074:
2963:
2944:Diseases of the
2938:
2931:
2924:
2915:
2615:Spastic diplegia
2582:Tonic immobility
2574:Waxy flexibility
2518:Stooped posture
2324:Hemiparetic gait
2305:Asymmetric gait
2204:Gait abnormality
2179:
2172:
2165:
2156:
2060:
2054:
2017:
1991:
1982:(6): 2166–2172.
1970:
1945:
1919:
1918:
1901:(7): 1395–1406.
1890:
1884:
1883:
1873:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1751:
1742:
1741:
1723:
1699:
1690:
1689:
1679:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1638:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1589:
1557:
1548:
1547:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1511:
1502:
1501:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1463:Automatic Robots
1458:
1452:
1451:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1397:
1388:
1387:
1377:
1360:(10): CD001408.
1345:
1334:
1333:
1323:
1291:
1280:
1279:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1226:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1177:
1145:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1039:
999:
993:
992:
982:
964:
940:
929:
928:
918:
900:
876:
870:
869:
843:
834:(6): 2166–2172.
823:
817:
816:
780:
765:
764:
746:
740:
739:
734:. Archived from
724:
718:
717:
715:
713:
698:
689:
672:
671:
606:spastic diplegia
287:action potential
220:. Damage to the
151:spastic diplegia
44:
36:spastic diplegia
21:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4027:
4004:
3995:(communication)
3969:
3953:
3927:
3877:
3872:
3842:
3829:
3755:Congenital DSMA
3676:
3633:
3592:
3538:
3526:Sleep disorders
3514:
3491:Cerebrovascular
3485:
3451:
3408:
3402:
3364:
3346:
3271:
3217:Choreoathetosis
3090:
3067:
3054:
3018:
2952:
2942:
2912:
2907:
2878:Motion sickness
2811:Rachitic rosary
2799:
2748:Joint stiffness
2723:Range of motion
2717:
2684:
2680:Sleep paralysis
2664:General causes
2586:
2502:
2415:
2350:
2262:Vestibular gait
2242:Propulsive gait
2192:
2183:
2153:
2148:
2147:
2113:
2112:
2071:
2057:
2020:
1989:10.1.1.501.9581
1973:
1967:
1948:
1932:
1928:
1926:Further reading
1923:
1922:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1753:
1752:
1745:
1701:
1700:
1693:
1657:
1656:
1652:
1621:(4): CD001332.
1608:
1607:
1603:
1572:(2): CD001131.
1559:
1558:
1551:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1530:
1522:. McGraw Hill.
1513:
1512:
1505:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1442:
1441:
1437:
1399:
1398:
1391:
1347:
1346:
1337:
1293:
1292:
1283:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1147:
1146:
1137:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1001:
1000:
996:
942:
941:
932:
878:
877:
873:
841:10.1.1.501.9581
825:
824:
820:
782:
781:
768:
761:
748:
747:
743:
726:
725:
721:
711:
709:
700:
699:
695:
690:
678:
669:
666:
661:
622:
586:
574:
565:
520:botulinum toxin
447:botulinum toxin
431:
320:
299:
263:
135:
133:Pathophysiology
82:skeletal muscle
42:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4083:
4081:
4073:
4072:
4062:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4052:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4020:
4014:
4012:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3996:
3990:
3984:
3977:
3975:
3971:
3970:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3894:
3892:
3883:
3879:
3878:
3875:Cerebral palsy
3873:
3871:
3870:
3863:
3856:
3848:
3839:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3825:
3814:
3813:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3809:
3804:
3794:
3789:
3788:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3776:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3727:
3713:
3712:
3711:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3686:
3684:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3669:
3663:
3661:
3652:
3643:
3639:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3611:
3606:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3593:
3591:
3590:
3585:
3583:Cerebral edema
3580:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3552:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3532:Template:Sleep
3522:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3506:
3501:
3495:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3483:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3461:
3459:
3453:
3452:
3450:
3449:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3427:
3425:
3412:
3404:
3403:
3401:
3400:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3378:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3366:
3365:
3363:
3362:
3360:Leigh syndrome
3356:
3354:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3298:
3297:
3281:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3209:
3204:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3096:
3094:
3087:Extrapyramidal
3080:
3071:
3069:encephalopathy
3060:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3029:
3027:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3004:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2971:
2969:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2946:nervous system
2943:
2941:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2918:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2868:Astasia-abasia
2865:
2860:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2831:Bow-leggedness
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2738:
2727:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2694:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2677:
2676:
2675:
2670:
2662:
2661:
2660:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2632:
2624:
2623:
2622:
2617:
2607:
2602:
2596:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2579:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2530:
2529:
2524:
2516:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2396:Sensory ataxia
2393:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2384:Pronator drift
2381:
2376:
2366:
2360:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2286:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2259:
2257:Truncal ataxia
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2206:
2200:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2159:
2150:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2134:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2099:
2088:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:Classification
2056:
2055:
2029:(3): 327–340.
2018:
1971:
1965:
1946:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1920:
1885:
1864:(4): 241–248.
1844:
1801:
1782:
1743:
1714:(4): 268–273.
1691:
1670:(4): 302–312.
1650:
1601:
1549:
1535:
1528:
1503:
1488:
1453:
1435:
1408:(3): 221–230.
1389:
1335:
1281:
1238:
1189:
1135:
1123:
1093:
1081:
1051:
994:
955:(3): 517–519.
930:
871:
818:
791:(3): 327–340.
766:
759:
741:
719:
706:www.stroke.org
692:
691:
667:
665:
662:
660:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
637:Pronator drift
634:
629:
623:
621:
618:
585:
582:
573:
570:
564:
561:
534:Incorporating
488:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
451:cerebral palsy
443:cerebral palsy
430:
427:
375:cerebral palsy
352:cerebral palsy
340:myelin sheaths
324:cerebral palsy
319:
316:
298:
295:
262:
259:
234:cell membranes
202:cerebral palsy
167:cerebral palsy
163:myelin sheaths
134:
131:
127:cerebral palsy
88:activity, and
65:
64:
55:
49:
48:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4082:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4011:
4007:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3985:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3936:
3934:
3930:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3891:
3887:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3869:
3864:
3862:
3857:
3855:
3850:
3849:
3846:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3816:
3815:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3609:Reye syndrome
3607:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3561:Hydrocephalus
3559:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3545:
3533:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3524:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3511:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3488:
3482:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3460:
3458:
3454:
3448:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3405:
3399:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3375:
3374:Demyelinating
3371:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3343:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3262:Restless legs
3260:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3201:
3200:Blepharospasm
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3156:Hemiballismus
3154:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3021:
3013:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3007:Brain abscess
3005:
3003:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2939:
2934:
2932:
2927:
2925:
2920:
2919:
2916:
2904:
2903:Dancing mania
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2846:Hyperreflexia
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2759:
2758:Hypermobility
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2732:
2729:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2681:
2678:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2564:Joint locking
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2444:Fasciculation
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2334:Antalgic gait
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2294:Steppage gait
2292:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2247:Stomping gait
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2232:Magnetic gait
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2175:
2173:
2168:
2166:
2161:
2160:
2157:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1889:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1786:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1698:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1654:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1605:
1602:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1579:
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1571:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1531:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1499:
1492:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1454:
1449:
1446:
1439:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1193:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1126:
1124:9780521689786
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1094:
1084:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
998:
995:
990:
986:
981:
976:
972:
968:
963:
958:
954:
950:
946:
939:
937:
935:
931:
926:
922:
917:
912:
908:
904:
899:
894:
890:
886:
882:
875:
872:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
842:
837:
833:
829:
822:
819:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
767:
762:
756:
752:
745:
742:
737:
733:
729:
723:
720:
707:
703:
697:
694:
687:
683:
682:
676:
663:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
624:
619:
617:
615:
611:
610:neurosurgical
607:
603:
599:
595:
590:
583:
581:
578:
571:
569:
562:
560:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
537:
532:
530:
526:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
472:
471:
468:
466:
462:
457:
452:
448:
444:
439:
436:
428:
426:
424:
418:
416:
412:
411:stabilisation
408:
404:
400:
396:
392:
387:
385:
380:
376:
372:
368:
363:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
317:
315:
312:
303:
296:
294:
292:
288:
284:
280:
275:
271:
267:
260:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
190:
182:
178:
174:
170:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
132:
130:
128:
124:
120:
118:
114:
110:
106:
105:hyperreflexia
102:
98:
97:motor neurons
93:
91:
87:
86:tendon reflex
83:
79:
75:
71:
63:
59:
56:
54:
50:
45:
37:
33:
19:
4001:(spasticity)
3908:Scissor gait
3889:
3817:
3716:
3689:
3650:Degenerative
3387:Inflammatory
3334:
3267:Stiff-person
3105:Parkinsonism
3078:Degenerative
2975:Encephalitis
2958:Inflammation
2948:, primarily
2841:Hyporeflexia
2736:Bethlem sign
2703:Gowers' sign
2658:Quadruplegia
2534:Opisthotonus
2527:Osteoporosis
2522:Camptocormia
2464:Hyperkinesia
2449:Fibrillation
2356:Coordination
2309:Leaping gait
2252:Spastic gait
2222:Choreic gait
2212:Scissor gait
2136:
2125:
2101:
2090:
2075:
2026:
2022:
1979:
1975:
1951:
1937:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1861:
1857:
1847:
1814:
1810:
1804:
1795:
1785:
1760:
1756:
1711:
1707:
1667:
1663:
1653:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1569:
1565:
1538:
1519:
1516:"Spasticity"
1497:
1491:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1448:
1445:Advances in
1444:
1438:
1405:
1401:
1357:
1353:
1306:(3): e0119.
1303:
1300:JBJS Reviews
1299:
1251:
1247:
1241:
1206:
1202:
1192:
1157:
1153:
1128:, retrieved
1106:
1096:
1086:, retrieved
1064:
1054:
1011:
1007:
997:
952:
948:
888:
884:
874:
831:
827:
821:
788:
784:
750:
744:
736:the original
731:
722:
710:. Retrieved
705:
702:"Spasticity"
696:
680:
593:
591:
587:
577:Doublecortin
575:
566:
536:hydrotherapy
533:
489:
469:
440:
432:
419:
395:neurologists
388:
379:scissor gait
371:scissor gait
364:
360:
356:presentation
355:
343:
321:
308:
283:motor neuron
264:
242:
191:
187:
175:
171:
136:
121:
94:
77:
69:
68:
3802:Fazio–Londe
3642:Both/either
3436:Generalised
3295:Early-onset
3290:Alzheimer's
3025:spinal cord
2888:Shell shock
2863:Hypnic jerk
2763:Gorlin sign
2731:Contracture
2698:Hemiparesis
2654:Tetraplegia
2468:Hypokinesia
2389:Dyssynergia
2299:Toe walking
2282:Pigeon gait
2127:MedlinePlus
557:hemiparetic
543:dosage and
512:intrathecal
279:muscle tone
198:spinal cord
70:Spasticity
4010:Management
3890:Spasticity
3410:paroxysmal
3382:Autoimmune
3175:Dyskinesia
3045:Meningitis
3023:Brain and
2826:Knock-knee
2644:Hemiplegia
2639:Paraplegia
2630:Monoplegia
2626:Syndromes
2559:Hypertonia
2493:Echopraxia
2483:Stereotypy
2344:Lotus gait
2340:Deformity
2103:DiseasesDB
1160:: 93–105.
1130:2023-07-31
1088:2023-07-31
732:WeMove.org
664:References
652:Tizanidine
508:dantrolene
496:clonazepam
403:orthotists
377:children,
336:autoimmune
216:including
149:, such as
90:hypertonia
72:(from
47:Spasticity
4023:Rhizotomy
3962:Diagnosis
3407:Episodic/
3285:Tauopathy
3236:Akathisia
3224:Myoclonus
3207:Athetosis
3139:Tauopathy
2898:Catatonia
2858:Shivering
2836:Back knee
2816:Flat feet
2790:Scoliosis
2753:Ankylosis
2741:Club foot
2649:Triplegia
2592:Paralysis
2578:Grimacing
2569:Catalepsy
2507:Posturing
2498:Echolalia
2488:Akathisia
2478:Hypotonia
2459:Myoclonus
2429:Athetosis
2401:Asterixis
2374:Dysmetria
2289:Foot drop
2268:Muscular
2143:neuro/706
2138:eMedicine
1984:CiteSeerX
1796:Ted Talks
1777:147336547
1028:1309-4866
971:0972-2327
907:1664-2295
836:CiteSeerX
642:Rhizotomy
598:splinting
563:Prognosis
529:rhizotomy
500:clonidine
429:Treatment
318:Diagnosis
255:endurance
58:Neurology
53:Specialty
4064:Category
3773:SMALED2B
3768:SMALED2A
3465:Migraine
3457:Headache
3423:epilepsy
3419:Seizures
3277:Dementia
3180:Dystonia
2795:Kyphosis
2690:Weakness
2635:Diplegia
2454:Myokymia
2051:18315004
2043:10498378
2006:16099891
1915:18534551
1880:17132118
1839:45445777
1831:15448572
1763:: S110.
1738:40066099
1730:15537997
1686:24106928
1645:14583932
1596:10796750
1483:39313352
1469:: 7–20.
1422:28953164
1384:31591703
1330:32224633
1268:25690684
1233:30816087
1184:28279852
1046:30692856
989:35936584
925:21206767
858:16099891
813:18315004
805:10498378
620:See also
594:increase
572:Research
541:baclofen
504:diazepam
492:baclofen
435:exercise
243:weakness
109:baclofen
78:spasmos-
3785:SMA-PME
3780:SMA-PCH
3763:SMALED1
3475:Tension
3470:Cluster
3195:Meige's
3012:Amoebic
2873:Vertigo
2544:Trismus
2097:D009128
2014:8598394
1636:7028001
1587:8406943
1430:4204446
1375:6779591
1321:7161716
1276:7432802
1224:6394235
1203:SICOT-J
1175:9619302
1037:6278623
980:9350785
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584:History
525:Surgery
461:strokes
196:and/or
113:agonist
32:Spastic
3504:Stroke
3318:Pick's
3245:Tremor
3212:Chorea
2893:Stupor
2713:Ptosis
2554:Tetany
2439:Tremor
2434:Chorea
2406:Abasia
2364:Ataxia
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