271:. The form of planning largely diverges and co-evolves with societies and their governance systems. Every country, and states within those countries, have a unique planning systems that is made up by different actors, different planning perspectives and a particular institutional framework. Perspectives, actors and institutions change over time, influencing both the form and the impact of spatial planning. Especially in Northwestern Europe spatial planning has evolved greatly since the late 1950s. Until the 1990s, the term ‘spatial’ was used primarily to refer to the way that planning should deal with more than simply zoning, land use planning, or the design of the physical form of cities or regions, but also should address the more complex issues of the spatial relationship of activities such as employment, homes and leisure uses.
66:
3777:
4171:
3618:
4161:
2090:. The term was defined in a "scoping document" in Rotterdam in late 2004 and is being elaborated further using empirical data from the ESPON programme in a document entitled "The Territorial State and Perspectives of the European Union". At the minister's conference in May 2007 in Leipzig, a political document called the "Territorial Agenda" was signed to continue the process begun in
25:
3606:
3640:
196:
128:
218:
mediates between the respective claims on space of the state, market, and community. In so doing, three different mechanisms of involving stakeholders, integrating sectoral policies and promoting development projects mark the three schools of transformative strategy formulation, innovation action and
222:
Spatial planning systems refer to the methods and approaches used by the public and private sector to influence the distribution of people and activities in spaces of various scales. Spatial planning can be defined as the coordination of practices and policies affecting spatial organization. Spatial
261:
Regional/spatial planning gives geographical expression to the economic, social, cultural and ecological policies of society. It is at the same time a scientific discipline, an administrative technique and a policy developed as an interdisciplinary and comprehensive approach directed towards a
258:
An early definition of spatial planning comes from the
European Regional/Spatial Planning Charter (often called the 'Torremolinos Charter'), adopted in 1983 by the European Conference of Ministers responsible for Regional Planning (CEMAT):
324:
2078:
has no formal authority for spatial planning, the ESDP has influenced spatial planning policy in
European regions and member states, and placed the coordination of EU sectoral policies on the political agenda.
2213:
Van Assche, K., Beunen, R., Duineveld, M., & de Jong, H. (2013). Co-evolutions of planning and design: Risks and benefits of design perspectives in planning systems. Planning Theory, 12(2), 177-198.
227:
in the United States but at larger scales and the term is often used in reference to planning efforts in
European countries. Discrete professional disciplines which involve spatial planning include
2252:
Van Assche, K., & Verschraegen, G. (2008). The limits of planning: Niklas
Luhmann's systems theory and the analysis of planning and planning ambitions. Planning theory, 7(3), 263-283.
377:
3678:
255:, as well as maritime spatial planning. Spatial planning takes place on local, regional, national and inter-national levels and often results in the creation of a spatial plan.
366:
146:
2086:
is becoming more widely used and is for example mentioned in the draft EU Treaty (Constitution) as a shared competency of the
European Union; it is also included in the
3450:
4179:
313:
4189:
3106:
2149:
405:
395:
2204:
Ziafati
Bafarasat, A., 2015. Reflections on the three schools of thought on strategic spatial planning. Journal of Planning Literature, 30(2), pp.132-148.
3671:
3397:
4199:
2678:
2470:
2118:
2071:
2053:
1927:
1462:
1204:
1075:
986:
478:
4194:
336:
2074:(ESDP) was signed by the ministers responsible for regional planning in the EU member states. Although the ESDP has no binding status, and the
4174:
3664:
3497:
2405:
2377:
2366:
2355:
2261:
Gunder, M., & Hillier, J. (2009). Planning in ten words or less: A Lacanian entanglement with spatial planning. Ashgate
Publishing, Ltd.
3430:
2027:
1950:
1904:
1858:
1812:
1775:
1654:
1611:
1571:
1525:
1436:
1399:
1356:
1316:
1273:
1227:
1181:
1141:
1098:
1046:
957:
908:
862:
816:
773:
739:
696:
656:
576:
87:
2749:
347:
4079:
2894:
2154:
2288:
182:
164:
109:
52:
38:
2445:- Vision and Strategies around the Baltic Sea - Baltic Sea Region intergovernmental cooperation in spatial planning and development
2500:
3943:
3507:
3275:
3146:
2701:
4064:
3502:
3390:
2772:
2551:
200:
2386:
Spatial
Planning - Key Instrument for Development and Effective Governance with Special Reference to Countries in Transition
283:
systems can be found. Below is a table showing some of the main sources, the countries covered and the date of publication.
4184:
4089:
3235:
3687:
3385:
2851:
2744:
2706:
2463:
2169:
2223:
1819:
1621:
1366:
918:
703:
543:
4094:
3726:
3466:
3445:
3420:
2174:
80:
74:
4059:
3711:
3471:
3440:
2871:
2754:
2729:
2495:
1726:
4220:
4039:
3643:
3633:
2602:
2505:
2490:
91:
4019:
3741:
3492:
3476:
3435:
3380:
3310:
3255:
3081:
2659:
2649:
2644:
1894:
1691:
1561:
1515:
1309:
1266:
1036:
898:
855:
806:
615:
1837:
1757:
1676:
1501:
1335:
1292:
1022:
558:
3854:
3746:
3721:
3701:
3622:
3584:
3569:
3425:
3315:
2924:
2811:
2739:
2721:
2711:
2456:
4109:
4034:
4014:
3963:
3958:
3736:
3628:
3564:
3320:
3042:
2879:
2688:
2596:
2134:
2113:
2083:
244:
2418:
448:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3831:
3731:
3539:
3350:
3156:
3096:
2991:
44:
4144:
4084:
4054:
3923:
3884:
3859:
3824:
3801:
3706:
3101:
3091:
3037:
2821:
2764:
2696:
2046:
1455:
1065:
976:
262:
balanced regional development and the physical organisation of space according to an overall strategy
2361:
Gerhard
Larsson, Spatial Planning Systems in Western Europe - An Overview, Delft Univ Press (2006),
2032:
1909:
1863:
1616:
1441:
1361:
1232:
1186:
1103:
1051:
962:
913:
821:
661:
581:
443:
3716:
3121:
3058:
3032:
2841:
2826:
2164:
1172:
4160:
2325:
4164:
3918:
3340:
3022:
2561:
1981:
1685:
252:
240:
2280:
4119:
4114:
4046:
3864:
3819:
3806:
3761:
3534:
3360:
3165:
2985:
2816:
2806:
2734:
2670:
2623:
2591:
2566:
2556:
2531:
2401:
2373:
2362:
2351:
2284:
2159:
2139:
997:
248:
236:
228:
4099:
3988:
3839:
3766:
3559:
3245:
2956:
2909:
2856:
2272:
2087:
433:
2095:
3983:
3970:
3948:
3933:
3844:
3756:
3589:
3549:
3295:
3250:
3180:
2904:
2899:
2144:
1473:
208:
3220:
3776:
4129:
3300:
3280:
3260:
3240:
3230:
3225:
3170:
3067:
3063:
3052:
2884:
2861:
2801:
2479:
2372:
Gerhard
Larsson, Land management as Public Policy, University Press of America (2010),
2179:
2075:
2022:
2015:
1899:
1853:
1566:
1520:
1431:
1222:
1041:
952:
903:
811:
764:
232:
224:
204:
4214:
4139:
4069:
4026:
3993:
3978:
3796:
3751:
3610:
3579:
3574:
3544:
3355:
3305:
3210:
3141:
3131:
3116:
3047:
3001:
2980:
2941:
2914:
2654:
2613:
2273:
3928:
3906:
3901:
3891:
3529:
3290:
3285:
3175:
3161:
3126:
3077:
2973:
2932:
2846:
2836:
2618:
2385:
2184:
2108:
3896:
3791:
3345:
3270:
3151:
3136:
3111:
2961:
2951:
1941:
1424:
3656:
1934:
1719:
1595:
1340:
1297:
1082:
938:
886:
843:
199:
The graphical scheme of the Detailed Urbanist Plan for a settlement within the
3938:
3811:
3265:
2946:
2521:
1347:
1741:
1663:
1488:
1150:
1110:
708:
511:
3554:
3184:
3027:
2424:
2123:
2091:
1549:
1304:
640:
2041:
1998:
1961:
1918:
1872:
1786:
1746:
1706:
1628:
1582:
1536:
1450:
1373:
1241:
1195:
1155:
1115:
1060:
971:
925:
873:
830:
784:
713:
670:
590:
3913:
3006:
2996:
2968:
2936:
2889:
2628:
2546:
2541:
1803:
1766:
1602:
687:
3086:
2128:
1645:
1132:
1031:
893:
850:
801:
647:
610:
567:
530:
496:
195:
2433:- European Observation Network on Territorial Development and Cohesion
466:
3189:
3072:
2536:
1889:
1556:
1510:
1261:
1089:
945:
730:
325:
European Observation Network for Territorial Development and Cohesion
303:
2421:- European Conference of Ministers responsible for Regional Planning
2831:
2390:
1846:
1390:
1215:
268:
194:
2448:
2526:
3660:
2452:
121:
59:
18:
2243:
Allmendinger, P. (2009). Planning theory. Palgrave Macmillan.
2348:
The Making of the European Spatial Development Perspective
1968:
1830:
1248:
1070:
981:
597:
472:
460:
2436:
428:
2442:
484:
378:
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
358:
European Space and Territorial Integration Alternative
142:
2430:
2304:
438:
2131:- International Society of City and Regional Planners
489:
415:
247:. Other related areas are also important, including
4004:
3784:
3694:
3520:
3485:
3459:
3413:
3406:
3373:
3333:
3209:
3202:
3015:
2923:
2870:
2794:
2785:
2763:
2720:
2687:
2669:
2637:
2584:
2575:
2514:
2326:"Microsoft Word - TSP-First-Draft-as-of-260606.doc"
367:
International Society of City and Regional Planners
137:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
350:responsible for Regional/Spatial Planning
316:Action on Green Structures and Urban Planning
3672:
2464:
2150:Permeability (spatial and transport planning)
406:United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
223:planning is synonymous with the practices of
8:
16:Technique for physical organisation of space
416:Vision and Strategies around the Baltic Sea
396:Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution
267:Numerous planning systems exist around the
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3679:
3665:
3657:
3410:
3206:
2791:
2581:
2471:
2457:
2449:
2398:European union spatial policy and planning
2427:- European Journal of Spatial Development
183:Learn how and when to remove this message
165:Learn how and when to remove this message
149:, without removing the technical details.
110:Learn how and when to remove this message
2679:Regional Planning Association of America
2119:European Spatial Development Perspective
2072:European Spatial Development Perspective
422:
73:This article includes a list of general
2197:
337:Directorate-General for Regional Policy
147:make it understandable to non-experts
7:
3639:
2750:Professional transportation planner
387:Legal Systems for Spatial Planning
2439:- The European Journal of Planning
2155:Principles of Intelligent Urbanism
275:Spatial planning systems in Europe
79:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
219:performance in spatial planning
34:This article has multiple issues.
4170:
4169:
4159:
3775:
3638:
3617:
3616:
3604:
2082:At the European level, the term
126:
64:
23:
3944:Science, technology and society
3147:Transferable development rights
2702:Environmental impact assessment
2346:Andreas Faludi, Bas Waterhout,
2070:In 1999, a document called the
42:or discuss these issues on the
2773:Community economic development
2552:Planning and zoning commission
1:
2389:, Report ECE/HBP/146, Geneva
281:compendia of spatial planning
3688:Environmental social science
3386:Planning Accreditation Board
2745:Transit-oriented development
2707:Recreation resource planning
2170:Territorial spatial planning
135:This article's lead section
3727:Environmental communication
2175:Unified settlement planning
4239:
3712:Environmental anthropology
3398:Professional organizations
2755:Urban freight distribution
2730:Transportation forecasting
4155:
3773:
3634:List of planning journals
3598:
2603:History of urban planning
2486:
2350:, London Routledge 2002.
2094:, revised in May 2011 in
2066:European spatial planning
288:
3742:Environmental psychology
3570:Marine spatial planning
3082:Healthy community design
2660:Village design statement
2650:Preservation development
2645:Conservation development
2275:Encyclopedia of the City
201:Municipality of Aerodrom
3747:Environmental sociology
3722:Environmental economics
3702:Ecological anthropology
3585:Real estate development
3316:List of urban theorists
2812:City Beautiful movement
2740:Rational planning model
2722:Transportation planning
2712:Sustainable development
2400:, London Chapman 1996.
348:Conference of Ministers
327:COMPASS project
94:more precise citations.
3737:Environmental politics
3629:List of planned cities
3565:Landscape architecture
3321:List of urban planners
3043:Conservation community
2880:Collaborative planning
2689:Environmental planning
2597:Comprehensive planning
2279:. Routledge. pp.
2135:Landscape architecture
2114:Comprehensive planning
245:environmental planning
212:
3832:Ecological humanities
3732:Environmental history
3540:Development economics
3391:Real estate education
3351:James Howard Kunstler
3276:Konstantinos Doxiadis
3157:Urban growth boundary
3097:Mixed-use development
2992:Intentional community
2396:Richard H. Williams,
2271:Caves, R. W. (2004).
198:
3924:Integrated geography
3802:Behavioral geography
3707:Ecological economics
3092:Leapfrog development
3038:Complete Communities
2895:Intelligent urbanism
2822:Garden city movement
2765:Economic development
2697:Environmental design
2084:territorial cohesion
4195:Research institutes
3717:Environmental crime
3498:Communist countries
3122:Planning Permission
3059:Filtering (housing)
3033:Cluster development
2842:Settlement movement
2827:Indigenous planning
2226:. Council of Europe
2224:"Council of Europe"
2165:Spatial Citizenship
4165:Environment portal
3919:Industrial ecology
3381:Planning education
3341:Elizabeth Farrelly
3185:High-rise urbanism
3023:Affordable housing
2562:World Urbanism Day
1686:Russian Federation
253:community planning
213:
4208:
4207:
4047:Green criminology
3807:Community studies
3762:Political ecology
3654:
3653:
3611:Cities portal
3535:Civil engineering
3516:
3515:
3369:
3368:
3198:
3197:
3166:Peri-urbanisation
2986:Planned community
2817:Dark-sky movement
2807:Car-free movement
2781:
2780:
2735:Trip distribution
2671:Regional planning
2624:Urban green space
2592:Land-use planning
2567:Labor market area
2557:Growth management
2532:Metropolitan area
2406:978-1-85396-305-6
2378:978-0-7618-5248-3
2367:978-1-58603-656-0
2356:978-0-415-27264-3
2160:Regional planning
2140:Land use planning
2063:
2062:
421:
420:
304:COMmon MINdscapes
193:
192:
185:
175:
174:
167:
120:
119:
112:
57:
4228:
4221:Spatial planning
4173:
4172:
4163:
4095:natural resource
3779:
3767:Regional science
3681:
3674:
3667:
3658:
3642:
3641:
3620:
3619:
3609:
3608:
3607:
3560:Land development
3411:
3246:Donald Appleyard
3207:
2957:Mining community
2910:Radical planning
2857:Transition towns
2792:
2608:Spatial planning
2582:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2450:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2330:
2322:
2316:
2315:
2313:
2312:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2278:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2205:
2202:
2088:Treaty of Lisbon
456:
423:
295:(left to right)
294:
286:
285:
216:Spatial planning
188:
181:
170:
163:
159:
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130:
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108:
104:
101:
95:
90:this article by
81:inline citations
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4231:
4230:
4229:
4227:
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4225:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4204:
4151:
4000:
3971:Systems ecology
3955:Sustainability
3949:science studies
3934:Rural sociology
3780:
3771:
3757:Human geography
3690:
3685:
3655:
3650:
3605:
3603:
3594:
3590:Social sciences
3550:Urban economics
3522:
3512:
3481:
3455:
3402:
3365:
3329:
3296:Peter Calthorpe
3251:Ebenezer Howard
3212:
3194:
3181:Verticalization
3011:
2919:
2905:Market urbanism
2900:Livable streets
2866:
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2683:
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2510:
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2415:
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2319:
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2269:
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2256:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2238:
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2222:
2221:
2217:
2212:
2208:
2203:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2145:Location theory
2104:
2068:
1474:North Macedonia
454:
332: DG-REGIO
310: COST C11
290:
277:
209:North Macedonia
189:
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160:
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143:help improve it
140:
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86:Please help to
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24:
17:
12:
11:
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3911:
3910:
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3904:
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3867:
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3857:
3851:Environmental
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3451:United Kingdom
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3431:Czech Republic
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3361:Randal O'Toole
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3303:
3301:Patrick Geddes
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3281:Kevin A. Lynch
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3261:Guy Benveniste
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3241:Daniel Burnham
3238:
3236:Colin Buchanan
3233:
3231:Clarence Stein
3228:
3226:Clarence Perry
3223:
3217:
3215:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3187:
3178:
3173:
3171:Urban vitality
3168:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3078:Healthy cities
3075:
3070:
3068:Brusselization
3064:Gentrification
3061:
3056:
3053:Eminent domain
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2983:
2978:
2977:
2976:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2929:
2927:
2925:Cities by type
2921:
2920:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2885:Context theory
2882:
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2874:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
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2824:
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2802:Athens Charter
2798:
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2516:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2480:Urban planning
2478:
2476:
2475:
2468:
2461:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2414:
2413:External links
2411:
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2187:
2182:
2180:Urban planning
2177:
2172:
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2157:
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2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2126:
2121:
2116:
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2100:
2076:European Union
2067:
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2016:United Kingdom
2012:
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798:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
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782:
780:
778:
776:
771:
769:
767:
765:Czech Republic
761:
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541:
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520:
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509:
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475:
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458:
451:
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441:
436:
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426:
419:
418:
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409:
408:
403:
399:
398:
393:
389:
388:
385:
381:
380:
374:
370:
369:
364:
363: ISOCARP
360:
359:
356:
352:
351:
344:
340:
339:
333:
329:
328:
322:
318:
317:
311:
307:
306:
301:
297:
296:
292:Key to columns
276:
273:
225:urban planning
205:City of Skopje
191:
190:
173:
172:
134:
132:
125:
118:
117:
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4234:
4233:
4222:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4168:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4157:
4154:
4146:
4145:environmental
4143:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4110:environmental
4108:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4091:
4088:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4080:environmental
4078:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4068:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4055:environmental
4053:
4052:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4041:
4040:environmental
4038:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4027:Ecopsychology
4025:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4011:Architecture
4010:
4009:
4007:
4003:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
3935:
3932:
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3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3894:
3893:
3890:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3825:environmental
3823:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3797:Anthrozoology
3795:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3783:
3778:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3752:Human ecology
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
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3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3682:
3677:
3675:
3670:
3668:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3647:
3646:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3615:
3613:
3612:
3601:
3600:
3597:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3580:Public policy
3578:
3576:
3575:Public health
3573:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3545:Urban ecology
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3519:
3509:
3508:Ancient Egypt
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3409:
3405:
3399:
3396:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3356:Lewis Mumford
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3306:Raymond Unwin
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3213:practitioners
3208:
3205:
3201:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3142:Tract housing
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3132:Temporary use
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3117:Planning gain
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3048:Creative city
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3002:Urban village
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2981:Model village
2979:
2975:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2942:Commuter town
2940:
2938:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2922:
2916:
2915:Urban renewal
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2852:Structuralism
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2784:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2690:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2655:Rural housing
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2614:Redevelopment
2612:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2469:
2467:
2462:
2460:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2344:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2306:
2300:
2297:
2292:
2290:9780415252256
2286:
2282:
2277:
2276:
2267:
2264:
2258:
2255:
2249:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2225:
2219:
2216:
2210:
2207:
2201:
2198:
2191:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2065:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2017:
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384: LEXALP
383:
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309:
308:
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302:
300: COMMIN
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155:November 2023
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41:
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35:
30:
21:
20:
4124:
4065:occupational
4060:epidemiology
4031:Engineering
3929:Permaculture
3892:Ethnobiology
3644:
3621:
3602:
3530:Architecture
3503:Nazi Germany
3311:Thomas Adams
3291:Loretta Lees
3286:Le Corbusier
3256:Edmund Bacon
3221:Andrés Duany
3176:Urbanization
3162:Urban sprawl
3127:Rural flight
3107:Permeability
3102:Model cities
2974:Logging camp
2933:Company town
2847:Smart growth
2837:New Urbanism
2619:Urban design
2607:
2397:
2384:
2347:
2332:. Retrieved
2320:
2309:. Retrieved
2299:
2274:
2266:
2257:
2248:
2239:
2228:. Retrieved
2218:
2209:
2200:
2185:Urban sprawl
2109:Architecture
2081:
2069:
1173:Rep. Ireland
412: VASAB
402: UNECE
355: ESTIA
343: CEMAT
321: ESPON
291:
280:
278:
266:
260:
257:
221:
215:
214:
179:
161:
152:
136:
106:
97:
78:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
4076:Management
4020:sustainable
3792:Agroecology
3523:disciplines
3346:Jane Jacobs
3271:James Rouse
3152:Urban decay
3137:Third place
3112:Placemaking
2962:Pit village
2952:Global city
1942:Switzerland
1425:Netherlands
392: RCEP
373: MLIT
92:introducing
4035:ecological
3989:metabolism
3939:Sexecology
3836:Economics
3820:ecological
3812:Demography
3266:Ian McHarg
3211:Theorists/
2988:(New town)
2947:Ghost town
2786:Concepts/
2522:Urban area
2334:2013-06-26
2311:2013-06-26
2307:. espon.eu
2305:"espon.eu"
2230:2013-10-06
2192:References
1348:Luxembourg
75:references
39:improve it
4106:Planning
4085:fisheries
4015:landscape
3984:geography
3855:education
3555:Geography
3467:Barcelona
3446:Singapore
3421:Australia
3414:Countries
3028:Cityscape
2795:Movements
2124:Geography
2092:Rotterdam
1305:Lithuania
376:Japanese
346:European
335:European
241:transport
45:talk page
4215:Category
4200:Scholars
4190:Journals
4180:Concepts
4175:Category
4120:regional
4115:land use
3914:Forestry
3623:Category
3472:Shanghai
3374:Training
3016:Concepts
3007:Boomtown
2997:Arcology
2969:Man camp
2937:Monotown
2890:Ekistics
2872:Theories
2788:theories
2629:Urbanism
2578:branches
2547:Planning
2542:Land use
2496:Theories
2102:See also
1804:Slovenia
1767:Slovakia
1603:Portugal
688:Bulgaria
444:DG-REGIO
434:COST C11
279:Various
249:economic
237:regional
229:land use
100:May 2011
4185:Degrees
4136:Policy
4125:spatial
4051:Health
4005:Applied
3994:studies
3979:ecology
3964:studies
3959:science
3907:zoology
3902:ecology
3880:justice
3875:studies
3870:science
3816:Design
3785:Related
3645:Commons
3521:Related
3334:Critics
3087:LEED-ND
2585:General
2515:General
2506:Outline
2491:History
2383:UNECE,
2129:ISOCARP
2096:Gödöllő
1688:
1646:Romania
1133:Hungary
1032:Germany
998:Georgia
894:Finland
851:Estonia
802:Denmark
648:Belgium
611:Belarus
568:Austria
531:Armenia
497:Albania
481:
469:
461:ISOCARP
457:
453:
289:
203:in the
141:Please
88:improve
4140:energy
4090:forest
4070:public
3975:Urban
3897:botany
3885:racism
3860:ethics
3845:thermo
3840:energy
3695:Fields
3493:Africa
3477:Sydney
3460:Cities
3441:Serbia
3436:Russia
3407:Places
3203:People
3190:Zoning
3073:Infill
2537:Suburb
2437:Planum
2404:
2376:
2365:
2354:
2287:
1982:Turkey
1890:Sweden
1727:Serbia
1557:Poland
1511:Norway
1262:Latvia
1090:Greece
946:France
731:Cyprus
477:
473:LEXALP
465:
429:COMMIN
77:, but
4130:urban
4100:waste
3486:Other
3426:China
2862:YIMBY
2832:NIMBY
2638:Rural
2610:(Eur)
2576:Major
2501:Index
2443:VASAB
2431:ESPON
2419:CEMAT
2393:2008.
2391:UNECE
2329:(PDF)
1847:Spain
1391:Malta
1216:Italy
490:VASAB
485:UNECE
455:ESTIA
449:CEMAT
439:ESPON
269:world
233:urban
3055:(US)
2662:(UK)
2599:(US)
2527:City
2425:EJSD
2402:ISBN
2374:ISBN
2363:ISBN
2352:ISBN
2285:ISBN
2054:2000
2047:2007
2042:2008
2033:1997
2028:2007
2023:2005
1999:2008
1969:2008
1962:2008
1951:2007
1935:2018
1928:2000
1919:2008
1910:1997
1905:2007
1900:2005
1895:2007
1873:2008
1864:1997
1859:2007
1854:2005
1838:1997
1831:2008
1820:2003
1813:2007
1787:2008
1776:2007
1758:2007
1747:2008
1742:2000
1720:2020
1707:2008
1692:2007
1677:2001
1664:2000
1655:2007
1629:2008
1622:2004
1617:1997
1612:2007
1596:2018
1583:2008
1572:2007
1567:2005
1562:2007
1550:2000
1537:2008
1526:2007
1521:2005
1516:2007
1502:2002
1489:2000
1463:2000
1456:2007
1451:2008
1442:1997
1437:2007
1432:2005
1400:2007
1374:2008
1367:2006
1362:1997
1357:2007
1341:2018
1336:1998
1317:2007
1310:2007
1298:2018
1293:1998
1274:2007
1267:2007
1249:2008
1242:2008
1233:1997
1228:2007
1223:2005
1205:2000
1196:2008
1187:1997
1182:2007
1156:2008
1151:2000
1142:2007
1116:2008
1111:2000
1104:1997
1099:2007
1083:2019
1076:2000
1071:2008
1066:2007
1061:2008
1052:1997
1047:2007
1042:2005
1037:2007
1023:2003
987:2000
982:2008
977:2007
972:2008
963:1997
958:2007
953:2005
939:2018
926:2008
919:2005
914:1997
909:2007
904:2005
899:2007
887:2018
874:2008
863:2007
856:2007
844:2019
831:2008
822:1997
817:2007
812:2005
807:2007
785:2008
774:2007
740:2007
714:2008
709:2000
704:2003
697:2007
671:2008
662:1997
657:2007
641:2000
616:2007
598:2008
591:2008
582:1997
577:2007
559:2000
544:2006
512:2000
479:RCEP
467:MLIT
314:COST
251:and
243:and
3865:law
2281:624
264:."
145:to
4217::
3183:/
3164:/
3080:/
3066:/
2935:/
2283:.
2098:.
239:,
235:,
231:,
207:,
48:.
3680:e
3673:t
3666:v
2472:e
2465:t
2458:v
2408:.
2380:.
2369:.
2358:.
2337:.
2314:.
2293:.
2233:.
259:"
211:.
186:)
180:(
168:)
162:(
157:)
153:(
139:.
113:)
107:(
102:)
98:(
84:.
55:)
51:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
