31:
394:). In 1998 the South African ornithologist Peter G. Ryan argued that the spectacled petrel should be considered as a separate species as the two taxa not only differed in their plumage but also in their vocalization. The spectacled petrel is slightly smaller, breeds earlier and the breeding site on Inaccessible Island is nearly 10 degrees further north than any breeding site of the white-chinned petrel. Following the publication of this article, the spectacled petrel had been treated as a separate species. Further justification for promoting the spectacled petrel to species status was provided by a
196:
75:
50:
505:. The 2009 assessment maintained their status at vulnerable. This petrel has an occurrence range of 9,670,000 km (3,730,000 sq mi) and a population estimated at between 31,000 and 45,000. Their population is trending up at between 1% and 9% over 60 years, and possibly 45% over the last five years.
496:
in 2000. A subsequent study gave cautious hope for a continuing recovery of the population from an all-time low of merely some dozens of pairs in the 1930s. Indeed, it appears as if the species' numbers have been underestimated in more recent years as an accurate census is difficult due to the rugged
531:, with restricted access. To help the species, other conservation measures have been proposed. Conducting surveys of the breeding population as an ongoing process. Pushing for adoption of the best-practice mitigation measures in fisheries within this bird's range, utilizing organizations such as the
479:
Spectacled petrels breed in burrows on the western plateau of
Inaccessible Island. The birds dig the burrows in the banks of streams and in boggy areas. The clutch is a single white egg with an average size of 81 mm × 55 mm (3.2 in × 2.2 in) and a weight of 130 g
1162:
540:
363:. Although the nostrils on the petrel are on top of the upper bill. The bills of Procellariiformes are also unique in that they are split into between seven and nine horny plates. They produce a
434:
and forages over a broad band of the south
Atlantic Ocean between 30° and 50° south. Its range extends from southern Brazil in the west across to southern Africa in the east. It only breeds on
379:. This can be sprayed out of their mouths as a defence against predators and as an energy rich food source for chicks and for the adults during their long flights. Finally, they also have a
536:
520:
383:
that is situated above the nasal passage and helps desalinate their bodies, due to the high amount of ocean water that they imbibe. It excretes a high saline solution from their nose.
973:. Vol. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins. Joseph E. Trumpey, Chief Scientific Illustrator (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 107–111.
1021:
1214:
1384:
1359:
359:. As a member of the Procellariiformes, they share certain identifying features. First, they have nasal passages that attach to the upper bill called
1188:
969:
Double, M. C. (2003). "Procellariiformes (Tubenosed
Seabirds)". In Hutchins, Michael; Jackson, Jerome A.; Bock, Walter J.; Olendorf, Donna (eds.).
1227:
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and the story of his walking on water. This is in reference to the petrel's habit of appearing to run on the water to take off. The species is
1379:
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Systema
Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
1038:
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978:
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Techow, N.M.S.M.; Ryan, P.G.; O’Ryan, C. (2009). "Phylogeography and taxonomy of White-chinned and
Spectacled Petrels".
74:
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543:. Restricting access to prevent colonization of introduced species. Finally, looking for other breeding locations.
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The spectacled petrel is a large, approximately 55 cm (22 in) in length, predominately black
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study published in 2009 that found significant differences in the DNA sequences of the mitochondrial
387:
251:
497:
terrain of its island home. Consequently, the conservation status of this species was downgraded to
822:
528:
524:
435:
267:
235:
39:
769:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 86.
512:
which kills hundreds of birds every year as they become entangled in the fishing lines and drown.
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69:
54:
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Latin Names
Explained A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles, Birds & Mammals
195:
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974:
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Ryan, P.G.; Dorse, C.; Hilton, G.M. (2006). "The conservation status of the spectacled petrel
871:
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126:
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652:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 131.
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833:. Vol. 1: Non-passerines (4th ed.). Eastbourne, UK: Aves Press. p. 179.
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archipelago in the South
Atlantic. The spectacled petrel may have also once bred on
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The spectacled petrel was formerly often considered as a subspecies of the
1271:
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106:
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Gotch, A. F. (1995) . "Albatrosses, Fulmars, Shearwaters, and
Petrels".
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231:
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that nests in burrows. This species was formerly considered to be a
831:
The Howard & Moore
Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World
1175:
614:"On the family Procellaridae with descriptions of ten new species"
337:
311:
300:
1284:
787:"The taxonomic and conservation status of the Spectacled Petrel
493:
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419:
116:
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996:(First ed.). New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. pp.
541:
International
Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas
558:
556:
317:
meaning "place to look from" and hence "spectacled". The word
988:
Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dobkin, David, S.; Wheye, Darryl (1988).
508:
The spectacled petrel is threatened by interactions with
537:
Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels
285:
had been introduced in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist
418:. It does have white bands around its eyes, and its
1060:
989:
588:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22728437A132659002.en
951:"Spectacled Petrel - BirdLife Species Factsheet"
306:meaning "storm" or "gale". The specific epithet
422:is yellow. Their lifespan averages 26.4 years.
234:that nests only on the high western plateau of
8:
1033:. New York, NY: Facts on File. p. 192.
1020:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
665:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
909:
907:
780:
778:
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618:The Annals and Magazine of Natural History
194:
48:
29:
20:
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212:Procellaria aequinoctialis conspicillata
552:
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897:
895:
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891:
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523:. A census was conducted in 2004, and
856:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
763:; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979).
723:. International Ornithologists' Union
703:
701:
270:in 1844 by the English ornithologist
7:
667:. London: Christopher Helm. p.
574:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
515:The spectacled petrel is listed on
971:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia
14:
1385:Endemic fauna of Tristan da Cunha
533:Food and Agriculture Organization
1360:IUCN Red List vulnerable species
766:Check-List of Birds of the World
721:IOC World Bird List Version 11.2
242:group. It is one of the largest
73:
795:Bird Conservation International
563:BirdLife International (2018).
488:The species was classified as
1:
901:BirdLife International (2009)
299:. The genus name is from the
1380:Birds of Inaccessible Island
932:10.1016/j.biocon.2006.03.004
868:10.1016/j.ympev.2009.04.004
459:The spectacled petrel eats
446:in the south Indian Ocean.
1406:
663:Jobling, James A. (2010).
392:Procellaria aequinoctialis
266:The spectacled petrel was
256:Procellaria aequinoctialis
1337:Procellaria-conspicillata
1168:procellaria-conspicillata
1106:procellaria-conspicillata
1092:Procellaria conspicillata
1062:Procellaria conspicillata
916:Procellaria conspicillata
808:10.1017/S0959270900001891
789:Procellaria conspicillata
630:10.1080/03745484409442618
581:: e.T22728437A132659002.
567:Procellaria conspicillata
430:The spectacled petrel is
279:Procellaria conspicillata
227:Procellaria conspicillata
209:
202:
193:
179:Procellaria conspicillata
175:
168:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
949:BirdLife International.
426:Distribution and habitat
1390:Birds described in 1844
920:Biological Conservation
785:Ryan, Peter G. (1998).
750:Ehrlich, Paul R. (1988)
717:"Petrels, albatrosses"
396:molecular phylogenetic
375:that is stored in the
238:in the South Atlantic
490:critically endangered
438:which is part of the
161:P. conspicillata
992:The Birders Handbook
741:Double, M. C. (2003)
715:, eds. (July 2021).
388:white-chinned petrel
252:white-chinned petrel
695:Gotch, A. T. (1995)
529:World Heritage Site
525:Inaccessible Island
436:Inaccessible Island
345:is a member of the
236:Inaccessible Island
40:Conservation status
711:; Donsker, David;
510:longline fisheries
268:formally described
24:Spectacled petrel
1347:
1346:
1293:Open Tree of Life
1054:Taxon identifiers
840:978-0-9568611-0-8
713:Rasmussen, Pamela
682:978-1-4081-2501-4
357:Procellariiformes
222:spectacled petrel
218:
217:
127:Procellariiformes
63:
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1375:Birds of Uruguay
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440:Tristan da Cunha
400:cytochrome
333:are recognised.
321:is derived from
240:Tristan da Cunha
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517:CMS Appendix II
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377:proventriculus
350:Procellariidae
274:and given the
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291:tenth edition
288:
287:Carl Linnaeus
284:
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276:binomial name
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958:. Retrieved
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592:. Retrieved
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521:ACAP Annex 1
514:
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501:in the 2007
487:
484:Conservation
478:
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315:conspicillum
314:
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281:. The genus
278:
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230:) is a rare
226:
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18:
1365:Procellaria
1306:SeaLifeBase
1254:Neotropical
1202:iNaturalist
1086:Wikispecies
761:Mayr, Ernst
709:Gill, Frank
610:Gould, John
594:11 November
469:crustaceans
461:cephalopods
410:Description
367:made up of
365:stomach oil
342:Procellaria
283:Procellaria
148:Procellaria
1354:Categories
1332:Xeno-canto
547:References
499:vulnerable
381:salt gland
369:wax esters
352:, and the
331:subspecies
272:John Gould
248:subspecies
55:Vulnerable
1016:cite book
960:6 January
955:Data Zone
727:6 January
361:naricorns
327:monotypic
323:St. Peter
155:Species:
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
1246:22728437
1220:11783368
1132:22728437
1127:BirdLife
1071:Wikidata
876:19364537
646:(1758).
612:(1844).
475:Breeding
450:Behavior
310:is from
304:procella
262:Taxonomy
204:Synonyms
133:Family:
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
1298:7068755
1259:spepet1
1194:2481497
1181:spepet1
1142:spepet1
1114:Avibase
1077:Q276221
943:Sources
492:by the
455:Feeding
432:pelagic
293:of his
289:in the
250:of the
244:petrels
232:seabird
143:Genus:
123:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
1324:405096
1285:405096
1233:723262
1101:ARKive
1037:
1004:
977:
874:
837:
679:
539:, and
467:, and
416:petrel
347:family
319:petrel
188:, 1844
1319:WoRMS
1311:84225
1272:79212
1215:IRMNG
1207:73281
1176:eBird
1155:4MMQ4
1139:BOW:
1000:–31.
527:is a
354:order
338:genus
329:: no
312:Latin
301:Latin
186:Gould
1280:OBIS
1241:IUCN
1228:ITIS
1189:GBIF
1035:ISBN
1022:link
1002:ISBN
975:ISBN
962:2022
872:PMID
835:ISBN
729:2022
677:ISBN
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