Binary star - Knowledge (XXG)

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front of the secondary. The deeper of the two eclipses is called the primary regardless of which star is being occulted, and if a shallow second eclipse also occurs it is called the secondary eclipse. The size of the brightness drops depends on the relative brightness of the two stars, the proportion of the occulted star that is hidden, and the

6493: 2247:", even takes this to a six-star system. In reality, some orbital ranges are impossible for dynamical reasons (the planet would be expelled from its orbit relatively quickly, being either ejected from the system altogether or transferred to a more inner or outer orbital range), whilst other orbits present serious challenges for eventual 680: 1290: 233:), allowing him to calculate the distance to the near star. He would soon publish catalogs of about 700 double stars. By 1803, he had observed changes in the relative positions in a number of double stars over the course of 25 years, and concluded that, instead of showing parallax changes, they seemed to be 1504:

Binaries provide the best method for astronomers to determine the mass of a distant star. The gravitational pull between them causes them to orbit around their common center of mass. From the orbital pattern of a visual binary, or the time variation of the spectrum of a spectroscopic binary, the mass

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orbiting a star. However, the requirements to perform this measurement are very exacting, due to the great difference in the mass ratio, and the typically long period of the planet's orbit. Detection of position shifts of a star is a very exacting science, and it is difficult to achieve the necessary

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Binary stars that are both visual and spectroscopic binaries are rare and are a valuable source of information when found. About 40 are known. Visual binary stars often have large true separations, with periods measured in decades to centuries; consequently, they usually have orbital speeds too small

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A study of fourteen previously known planetary systems found three of these systems to be binary systems. All planets were found to be in S-type orbits around the primary star. In these three cases the secondary star was much dimmer than the primary and so was not previously detected. This discovery

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goes through an activity cycle, the outer layers of the star are subject to a magnetic torque changing the distribution of angular momentum, resulting in a change in the star's oblateness. The orbit of the stars in the binary pair is gravitationally coupled to their shape changes, so that the period

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detected by observing how the stars affect each other in three ways. The first is by observing extra light which the stars reflect from their companion. Second is by observing ellipsoidal light variations which are caused by deformation of the star's shape by their companions. The third method is by

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Rowe, Jason F.; Borucki, William J.; Koch, David; Howell, Steve B.; Basri, Gibor; Batalha, Natalie; Brown, Timothy M.; Caldwell, Douglas; Cochran, William D.; Dunham, Edward; Dupree, Andrea K.; Fortney, Jonathan J.; Gautier, Thomas N.; Gilliland, Ronald L.; Jenkins, Jon; Latham, David W.; Lissauer,

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It is also possible for widely separated binaries to lose gravitational contact with each other during their lifetime, as a result of external perturbations. The components will then move on to evolve as single stars. A close encounter between two binary systems can also result in the gravitational

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Another phenomenon observed in some Algol binaries has been monotonic period increases. This is quite distinct from the far more common observations of alternating period increases and decreases explained by the Applegate mechanism. Monotonic period increases have been attributed to mass transfer,

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measurements of the movement of the visible star over a sufficiently long period of time, information about the mass of the companion and its orbital period can be determined. Even though the companion is not visible, the characteristics of the system can be determined from the observations using

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The visible star's position is carefully measured and detected to vary, due to the gravitational influence from its counterpart. The position of the star is repeatedly measured relative to more distant stars, and then checked for periodic shifts in position. Typically this type of measurement can

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of an eclipsing binary is characterized by periods of practically constant light, with periodic drops in intensity when one star passes in front of the other. The brightness may drop twice during the orbit, once when the secondary passes in front of the primary and once when the primary passes in

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In some spectroscopic binaries, spectral lines from both stars are visible, and the lines are alternately double and single. Such a system is known as a double-lined spectroscopic binary (often denoted "SB2"). In other systems, the spectrum of only one of the stars is seen, and the lines in the

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of the telescope is an important factor in the detection of visual binaries, and as better angular resolutions are applied to binary star observations, an increasing number of visual binaries will be detected. The relative brightness of the two stars is also an important factor, as glare from a

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If, on the contrary, two stars should really be situated very near each other, and at the same time so far insulated as not to be materially affected by the attractions of neighbouring stars, they will then compose a separate system, and remain united by the bond of their own mutual gravitation

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cluster, and calculated that the likelihood of finding such a close grouping of stars was about one in half a million. He concluded that the stars in these double or multiple star systems might be drawn to one another by gravitational pull, thus providing the first evidence for the existence of

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and one of the brightest stars in the nighttime sky. Astronomically, Castor was discovered to be a visual binary in 1719. Each of the components of Castor is itself a spectroscopic binary. Castor also has a faint and widely separated companion, which is also a spectroscopic binary. The

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to be measured spectroscopically. Conversely, spectroscopic binary stars move fast in their orbits because they are close together, usually too close to be detected as visual binaries. Binaries that are found to be both visual and spectroscopic thus must be relatively close to Earth.

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Since about 1995, measurement of extragalactic eclipsing binaries' fundamental parameters has become possible with 8-meter class telescopes. This makes it feasible to use them to directly measure the distances to external galaxies, a process that is more accurate than using

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became the first person to apply the mathematics of statistics to the study of the stars, demonstrating in a paper that many more stars occur in pairs or groups than a perfectly random distribution and chance alignment could account for. He focused his investigation on the

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F0, the other (eclipsing) component is not visible. The last such eclipse occurred from 2009 to 2011, and it is hoped that the extensive observations that will likely be carried out may yield further insights into the nature of this system. Another eclipsing binary is

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form. On the other hand, other simulations suggest that the presence of a binary companion can actually improve the rate of planet formation within stable orbital zones by "stirring up" the protoplanetary disk, increasing the accretion rate of the protoplanets within.

715:, and the relative sizes of the individual stars can be determined in terms of the radius of the orbit, by observing how quickly the brightness changes as the disc of the nearest star slides over the disc of the other star. If it is also a spectroscopic binary, the 595:

The orbit of a spectroscopic binary is determined by making a long series of observations of the radial velocity of one or both components of the system. The observations are plotted against time, and from the resulting curve a period is determined. If the orbit is

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of the secondary with respect to the primary is measured, together with the angular distance between the two stars. The time of observation is also recorded. After a sufficient number of observations are recorded over a period of time, they are plotted in

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because of likely extreme variations in surface temperature during different parts of the orbit. Planets that orbit just one star in a binary system are said to have "S-type" orbits, whereas those that orbit around both stars have "P-type" or

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of −0.01. This system also underscores the fact that no search for habitable planets is complete if binaries are discounted. Alpha Centauri A and B have an 11 AU distance at closest approach, and both should have stable habitable zones.

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Because a large proportion of stars exist in binary systems, binaries are particularly important to our understanding of the processes by which stars form. In particular, the period and masses of the binary tell us about the amount of

1339:, in which the three stars are of comparable mass, is that eventually one of the three stars will be ejected from the system and, assuming no significant further perturbations, the remaining two will form a stable binary system. 684: 1456:

gases from the star's outer atmosphere. These are compacted on the white dwarf's surface by its intense gravity, compressed and heated to very high temperatures as additional material is drawn in. The white dwarf consists of

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rules out a single gravitating body capturing another) and the high number of binaries currently in existence, this cannot be the primary formation process. The observation of binaries consisting of stars not yet on the

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of its companion star is larger than its own. The result is that matter will transfer from one star to another through a process known as Roche lobe overflow (RLOF), either being absorbed by direct impact or through an

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Unfortunately, it is impossible to obtain the complete orbit of a spectroscopic binary unless it is also a visual or an eclipsing binary, so from these objects only a determination of the joint product of mass and the

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are binary stars where one of the components fills the binary star's Roche lobe and the other does not. Gas from the surface of the Roche-lobe-filling component (donor) is transferred to the other, accreting star. The

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of the angle of inclination relative to the line of sight is possible. In the case of eclipsing binaries which are also spectroscopic binaries, it is possible to find a complete solution for the specifications (mass,

444:, and is the projection of the actual elliptical orbit of the secondary with respect to the primary on the plane of the sky. From this projected ellipse the complete elements of the orbit may be computed, where the 2723:

Herschel, William (1803). "Account of the Changes That Have Happened, during the Last Twenty-Five Years, in the Relative Situation of Double-Stars; with an Investigation of the Cause to Which They Are Owing".

366:, by measuring a deviation in a star's position caused by an unseen companion. Any binary star can belong to several of these classes; for example, several spectroscopic binaries are also eclipsing binaries. 1375:

If a star grows outside of its Roche lobe too fast for all abundant matter to be transferred to the other component, it is also possible that matter will leave the system through other Lagrange points or as

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This video shows an artist's impression of an eclipsing binary star system. As the two stars orbit each other they pass in front of one another and their combined brightness, seen from a distance, decreases.

89:. Many visual binaries have long orbital periods of several centuries or millennia and therefore have orbits which are uncertain or poorly known. They may also be detected by indirect techniques, such as 1168:

Double stars are also designated by an abbreviation giving the discoverer together with an index number. α Centauri, for example, was found to be double by Father Richaud in 1689, and so is designated

1397:: although components of a binary star form at the same time, and massive stars evolve much faster than the less massive ones, it was observed that the more massive component Algol A is still in the 1212:, are binary star systems composed of a late-type giant star and a hotter companion object. Since the nature of the companion is not well-established in all cases, it may be termed a "hot companion". 1285: 4659:

Muterspaugh; Lane; Kulkarni; Maciej Konacki; Burke; Colavita; Shao; Hartkopf; Boss (2010). "The PHASES Differential Astrometry Data Archive. V. Candidate Substellar Companions to Binary Systems".

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has been determined to be a binary star system. The secondary appears to have a higher temperature than the primary and has therefore been described as being the "hot companion" star. It may be a

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began observing double stars in 1779, hoping to find a near star paired with a distant star so he could measure the near star's changing position as the Earth orbited the Sun (measure its

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have plenty of planets, but only one-third of binary stars do. According to theoretical simulations, even widely separated binary stars often disrupt the discs of rocky grains from which

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is the semimajor axis of the second body's orbit. When the center of mass is located within the more massive body, that body appears to wobble rather than following a discernible orbit.

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van Kerkwijk, Marten H.; Rappaport, Saul A.; Breton, René P.; Justham, Stephen; Podsiadlowski, Philipp; Han, Zhanwen (2010). "Observations of Doppler Boosting in Kepler Light Curves".

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of the missing companion. The companion could be very dim, so that it is currently undetectable or masked by the glare of its primary, or it could be an object that emits little or no

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are relatively nearby stars which can be seen to wobble around a point in space, with no visible companion. The same mathematics used for ordinary binaries can be applied to infer the

1545: 1202:(Alpha Scorpii) is a red supergiant star in a binary system with a hotter blue main-sequence star Antares B. Antares B can therefore be termed a hot companion of the cool supergiant. 549:

in the light emitted from each star shifts first towards the blue, then towards the red, as each moves first towards us, and then away from us, during its motion about their common

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of its orbit, with systems of short period having smaller eccentricity. Binary stars may be found with any conceivable separation, from pairs orbiting so closely that they are

2116:, this can be done only in binary and multiple star systems, making the binary stars an important class of stars. In the case of a visual binary star, after the orbit and the 683: 277:

towards each other. This should be called a real double star; and any two stars that are thus mutually connected, form the binary sidereal system which we are now to consider.

297:. For most of the known visual binary stars one whole revolution has not been observed yet; rather, they are observed to have travelled along a curved path or a partial arc. 1509:. In this way, the relation between a star's appearance (temperature and radius) and its mass can be found, which allows for the determination of the mass of non-binaries. 719:

can also be determined, and the mass of the stars can be determined relatively easily, which means that the relative densities of the stars can be determined in this case.

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of periods, with the majority of these systems orbiting with a period of about 100 years. This is supporting evidence for the theory that binary systems are formed during

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Tal-Or, Lev; Faigler, Simchon; Mazeh, Tsevi (2014). "Seventy-two new non-eclipsing BEER binaries discovered in CoRoT lightcurves and confirmed by RVs from AAOmega".

1413:, and most of the mass was transferred to the other star, which is still in the main sequence. In some binaries similar to Algol, a gas flow can actually be seen. 256:, contains over 100,000 pairs of double stars, including optical doubles as well as binary stars. Orbits are known for only a few thousand of these double stars. 1039:

donor star or a white dwarf overflows the Roche lobe and falls towards the neutron star or black hole. Probably the best known example of an X-ray binary is the

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Elisa V. Quintana; Fred C. Adams; Jack J. Lissauer; John E. Chambers (2007). "Terrestrial Planet Formation around Individual Stars within Binary Star Systems".

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Kraus, Adam L.; Ireland, Michael; Mann, Andrew; Huber, Daniel; Dupuy, Trent J. (2017). "The Ruinous Influence of Close Binary Companions on Planetary Systems".

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is used for pairs of stars which are seen to be close together in the sky. This distinction is rarely made in languages other than English. Double stars may be

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may be used to denote the pair (for example, the binary star α Centauri AB consists of the stars α Centauri A and α Centauri B.) Additional letters, such as

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for the maximum theoretical mass of a neutron star. It is therefore believed to be a black hole; it was the first object for which this was widely believed.

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Detecting planets in multiple star systems introduces additional technical difficulties, which may be why they are only rarely found. Examples include the

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is a binary star system in which the orbital plane of the two stars lies so nearly in the line of sight of the observer that the components undergo mutual

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In these systems, the separation between the stars is usually very small, and the orbital velocity very high. Unless the plane of the orbit happens to be

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Iping, Rosina C.; Sonneborn, George; Gull, Theodore R.; Massa, Derck L.; Hillier, D. John (2005). "Detection of a Hot Binary Companion of η Carinae".

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star is a binary star for which the angular separation between the two components is great enough to permit them to be observed as a double star in a

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If components in binary star systems are close enough, they can gravitationally distort each other's outer stellar atmospheres. In some cases, these

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companion), SS Lacertae (an eclipsing binary which stopped eclipsing), V907 Sco (an eclipsing binary which stopped, restarted, then stopped again),

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spectrum shift periodically towards the blue, then towards red and back again. Such stars are known as single-lined spectroscopic binaries ("SB1").

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or may be merely two stars that appear to be close together in the sky but have vastly different true distances from the Sun. The latter are termed

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This Month in Physics History, November 27, 1783: John Michell anticipates black holes, APS News, November 2009 (Volume 18, Number 10), www.aps.org

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Configurations of a binary star system with a mass ratio of 3. The black lines represent the inner critical Roche equipotentials, the Roche lobes.

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around each other. Binary stars in the night sky that are seen as a single object to the naked eye are often resolved as separate stars using a

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Jack J.; Marcy, Geoff; Monet, David G.; Sasselov, Dimitar; Welsh, William F. (2010). "Kepler Observations of Transiting Hot Compact Objects".

3280: 2256:" orbits. It is estimated that 50–60% of binary systems are capable of supporting habitable terrestrial planets within stable orbital ranges. 807:

If the companion is sufficiently massive to cause an observable shift in position of the star, then its presence can be deduced. From precise

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shows modulations (typically on the order of ∆P/P ~ 10) on the same time scale as the activity cycles (typically on the order of decades).

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p. 291, French astronomers, visual double stars and the double stars working group of the Société Astronomique de France, E. Soulié,

3747: 505: 3086: 2047:. That is, the likelihood of being in a binary or a multi-star system steadily increases as the masses of the components increase. 3763: 4960: 6052: 3298:

Asada, H.; Akasaka, T.; Kasai, M. (27 September 2004). "Inversion formula for determining parameters of an astrometric binary".

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The mass of a star can be directly determined only from its gravitational attraction. Apart from the Sun and stars which act as

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Eclipsing binaries are variable stars, not because the light of the individual components vary but because of the eclipses. The

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Evidence that stars in pairs were more than just optical alignments came in 1767 when English natural philosopher and clergyman

4066: 3794: 3771: 3366: 2829: 2806: 253: 5966: 1372:. It is not uncommon that the accretion disc is the brightest (and thus sometimes the only visible) element of a binary star. 1046:. In Cygnus X-1, the mass of the unseen companion is estimated to be about nine times that of the Sun, far exceeding the 6345: 5982: 5001: 4137: 4120: 2244: 1173: 1000: 487: 249: 2798: 1265: 1249: 2455:. Two components of the system eclipse each other, the variation in the intensity of Algol first being recorded in 1670 by 848: 6596: 6392: 6259: 876: 6721: 4938: 1156:

and is widely separated, it is possible that the members of the pair will be designated with superscripts; an example is

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Iorio, Lorenzo (2008). "On the orbital and physical parameters of the HDE 226868 / Cygnus X-1 binary system".

2620: 2338:, astronomers determined Sirius B to be 12,000 km (7,456 mi) in diameter, with a mass that is 98% of the Sun. 644:

can be determined by other means, as in the case of eclipsing binaries, a complete solution for the orbit can be found.

483: 420:; companion). If the stars are the same brightness, the discoverer designation for the primary is customarily accepted. 5679: 2639: 2416: 2155: 350:

Binary stars are classified into four types according to the way in which they are observed: visually, by observation;

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of the system has been determined, the combined mass of the two stars may be obtained by a direct application of the

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the stars have no major effect on each other, and essentially evolve separately. Most binaries belong to this class.

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between two single stars, given the very low likelihood of such an event (three objects being actually required, as

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is generally restricted to pairs of stars which revolve around a common center of mass. Binary stars which can be

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that destroys the entire star, another possible cause for runaways. An example of such an event is the supernova

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and the eighth-brightest star in the night time sky, which is a binary consisting of the main star with a faint

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are binary or multiple, with the remaining two thirds being single stars. The overall multiplicity frequency of

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one of the easiest observable visual binaries. The brightest member, which is the third-brightest star in the

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The red cross marks the center of mass of the system. These images do not represent any specific real system.

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The Applegate mechanism explains long term orbital period variations seen in certain eclipsing binaries. As a

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Bonanos, Alceste Z. (2006). "Eclipsing binaries: Tools for calibrating the extragalactic distance scale".

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visual binary in Ursa Majoris also consists of six stars: four comprising Mizar and two comprising Alcor.

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with each other, to pairs so distantly separated that their connection is indicated only by their common

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Eclipsing binary showing different phases of the smaller secondary relative to the primary star (center)

5439: 2085:. In systems where the brightnesses are different, the fainter star is bluer if the brighter star is a 1797: 2415:(an eclipsing binary which is thought to contain a black hole with a K0 star in orbit around it), and 1796:(d) Two bodies with an extreme difference in mass orbiting around a common barycenter (similar to the 6685: 6462: 6360: 6350: 6199: 6167: 5961: 5756: 5741: 5054: 4891: 4836: 4740: 4678: 4625: 4585: 4513: 4444: 4386: 4307: 4233: 4159: 4133: 3985: 3929: 3872: 3827: 3656: 3619: 3581: 3547: 3471: 3409: 3317: 3190: 3143: 3114: 2874: 2778: 2055: 1521:

in physics, binaries give us important clues about the conditions under which the stars were formed.

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affects the apparent magnitude of the stars. Detecting binaries with these methods requires accurate

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to the line of sight, the orbital velocities have components in the line of sight, and the observed

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Daemgen, S.; Hormuth, F.; Brandner, W.; Bergfors, C.; Janson, M.; Hippler, S.; Henning, T. (2009).

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Elisa V. Quintana; Jack J. Lissauer (2007). "Terrestrial Planet Formation in Binary Star Systems".

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Hoogerwerf, R.; de Bruijne, J.H.J.; de Zeeuw, P.T. (December 2000). "The Origin of Runaway Stars".

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Boss, A. P. (1992). "Formation of Binary Stars". In J. Sahade; G. E. McCluskey; Yoji Kondo (eds.).

3806: 3284: 3043: 2848: 2602: 2542: 2456: 2253: 1783:(c) Two bodies with a major difference in mass orbiting around a common barycenter (similar to the 1477: 1086: 832: 110: 6759: 6747: 6654: 6644: 6457: 6418: 6370: 6355: 6269: 6209: 6132: 6042: 6012: 6002: 5946: 5868: 5559: 5195: 4994: 4907: 4881: 4854: 4826: 4756: 4730: 4694: 4668: 4644: 4615: 4529: 4503: 4460: 4434: 4376: 4323: 4297: 4251: 4223: 4001: 3975: 3945: 3919: 3888: 3862: 3672: 3563: 3537: 3487: 3461: 3427: 3399: 3333: 3307: 3261: 3243: 3216: 3180: 3109: 2892: 2782: 2749: 2741: 2485: 2323: 2311: 2164: 2113: 2105: 2078: 2036: 1336: 1092: 941: 701: 585: 395: 286: 195: 170:, a pair of stars that appear close to each other, have been observed since the invention of the 4116: 1655:{\displaystyle r_{1}=a\cdot {\frac {m_{2}}{m_{1}+m_{2}}}={\frac {a}{1+{\frac {m_{1}}{m_{2}}}}},} 1437:

disruption of both systems, with some of the stars being ejected at high velocities, leading to

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has discovered examples of eclipsing binary stars where the secondary is the hotter component.

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Over the years, many more double stars have been catalogued and measured. As of June 2017, the

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discovered the companion (Sirius B; the visible star is Sirius A). In 1915 astronomers at the

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Schematic of a binary star system with one planet on an S-type orbit and one on a P-type orbit

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Another classification is based on the distance between the stars, relative to their sizes:

736: 716: 269: 242: 226: 148: 2502: 2167:, such systems are comparatively rare compared to single star systems. Observations by the 6423: 6226: 6095: 5939: 5910: 5851: 5846: 5721: 5449: 5414: 5348: 5294: 5289: 5234: 5044: 4964: 4948: 4548: 4062: 3790: 3725: 2825: 2802: 2643: 2624: 2558: 2460: 2357: 2226: 1325: 957: 813: 724: 616: 612:

of the ellipse and the orientation of the major axis with reference to the line of sight.

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each other in binary systems. The first orbit of a binary star was computed in 1827, when

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through space. Among gravitationally bound binary star systems, there exists a so-called

708:) of the stars. Typically the occultation of the hotter star causes the primary eclipse. 238: 4895: 4840: 4787: 4682: 4629: 4589: 4456: 4390: 4311: 4237: 4163: 3989: 3933: 3876: 3831: 3808:– see essential notes: "Hot companion to Antares at 2.9arcsec; estimated period: 678yr." 3660: 3623: 3475: 3413: 3321: 3194: 3147: 3090: 2878: 6634: 6485: 6251: 6090: 5917: 5888: 5863: 5796: 5485: 5353: 5239: 5141: 5031: 5021: 4690: 3941: 2627:, Giovanni Battista Riccioli, Bononiae: Ex typographia haeredis Victorij Benatij, 1651. 2563: 2473: 2071: 2059: 2051: 1700: 1462: 1365: 1321: 1233: 1205: 1074: 1058: 1008: 949: 932: 924: 569: 550: 545:

on its emitted light. In these cases, the binary consists of a pair of stars where the

542: 424: 290: 4957: 2451:

is the most noted ternary (long thought to be a binary), located in the constellation

2275:

The large distance between the components, as well as their difference in color, make

6781: 6690: 6675: 6437: 6231: 6194: 6162: 6037: 5746: 5569: 5540: 5518: 5136: 5109: 5086: 4987: 4533: 4464: 4255: 4171: 3997: 3949: 3892: 3767: 3676: 3422: 3385: 3265: 2753: 2527: 2493: 2472:), which was probably given due to its peculiar behavior. Another visible ternary is 2444: 2396: 2392: 2303: 2280: 2090: 2063: 1831: 1406: 1398: 1389: 1348: 1317: 1157: 920: 909: 797: 573: 557: 546: 382: 375: 355: 127: 4911: 4858: 4698: 4070: 4005: 3431: 3370: 3337: 3220: 2223:

resulted in a recalculation of parameters for both the planet and the primary star.

1332:

is an acceptable explanation for the formation of a binary or multiple star system.

626:. However, the product of the semi-major axis and the sine of the inclination (i.e. 17: 6649: 6586: 6566: 6561: 6497: 6172: 6122: 6117: 6017: 5900: 5883: 5841: 5801: 5736: 5619: 5564: 5545: 5525: 5503: 5495: 5338: 5331: 5170: 5091: 5074: 4760: 4327: 3567: 3491: 3257: 2496:

is a sextuple star system, which is the second-brightest star in the constellation

2412: 2216: 2204: 2192: 2176: 2044: 1828: 1438: 1377: 1032: 1027:

according to the mass of the donor star. High-mass X-ray binaries contain a young,

1012: 988: 980: 785: 772:

Astronomers have discovered some stars that seemingly orbit around an empty space.

565: 351: 214: 90: 4752: 3697: 3691: 3005: 2999: 2805:, Brian D. Mason, Gary L. Wycoff, and William I. Hartkopf, Astrometry Department, 4525: 4371:

Fender, R. (2002). "Relativistic Outflows from X-ray Binaries ('Microquasars')".

2974: 2964: 2922: 2916: 2795: 2699: 2693: 1368:. The mathematical point through which this transfer happens is called the first 923:

dominates the evolution of the system. In many cases, the inflowing gas forms an

399:

bright star may make it difficult to detect the presence of a fainter component.

6670: 6608: 6542: 6413: 6112: 6077: 6067: 6047: 6022: 5951: 5873: 5629: 5604: 5599: 5513: 5473: 5434: 5399: 5382: 5377: 5049: 4150:

Boyle, C.B. (1984). "Mass transfer and accretion in close binaries – A review".

2537: 2521: 2515: 2408: 2404: 2349: 2331: 2315: 2208: 2184: 2028: 1489: 1445: 1360: 1241: 1219: 1062: 984: 905: 712: 696: 564:

of the system varies periodically. Since radial velocity can be measured with a

530: 465: 310: 167: 66: 50: 4849: 4812: 6680: 5997: 5694: 5667: 5644: 5624: 5609: 5461: 5365: 5343: 5321: 5316: 5180: 4958:

Selected visual double stars and their relative position as a function of time

4774: 4210:

Chen, Z; A. Frank; E. G. Blackman; J. Nordhaus; J. Carroll-Nellenback (2017).

3559: 3483: 3212: 2768:

The Third Pacific Rim Conference on Recent Development of Binary Star Research

2370: 2310:

is another binary and the brightest star in the night time sky, with a visual

2295: 2287: 2138: 2086: 1855: 1743: 1537: 1449: 1410: 1356: 1118: 1066: 1043: 1035:, while low-mass X-ray binaries are semidetached binaries in which gas from a 1007:, where the compact object is a white dwarf, are examples of such systems. In 937: 901: 808: 410:

In some publications (especially older ones), a faint secondary is called the

391: 363: 187: 183: 144: 140: 98: 3132:"Eclipsing binary solutions in physical units and direct distance estimation" 2614: 1710:

is the semimajor axis of the first body's orbit around the center of mass or

6184: 6032: 5816: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5731: 5684: 5674: 5468: 5444: 5419: 5326: 5277: 5210: 5200: 5175: 5148: 5124: 5059: 4811:

Schlaufman, Kevin C.; Thompson, Ian B.; Casey, Andrew R. (5 November 2018).

4398: 3329: 2970: 2636: 2477: 2424: 2420: 2345: 2248: 2239: 2212: 2200: 2032: 1481: 1466: 1461:

and so is largely unresponsive to heat, while the accreted hydrogen is not.

1329: 1209: 908:

of the star itself is larger than that of the other component. While on the

711:

An eclipsing binary's period of orbit may be determined from a study of its

581: 387: 339: 171: 82: 4246: 4211: 2887: 2737: 1760:(a) Two bodies of similar mass orbiting around a common center of mass, or 936:

is a type of binary star in which both components of the binary fill their

668:

of the system is known, the binary is quite valuable for stellar analysis.

4932: 3724:. Lawrence Hall of Science at the University of California. Archived from 636:) may be determined directly in linear units (e.g. kilometres). If either 6177: 5878: 5552: 5311: 5284: 4886: 4508: 4381: 4302: 3867: 3466: 3312: 3185: 2552: 2381: 2286:, is actually a close binary itself. Also in the Cygnus constellation is 2234: 2196: 2117: 2101: 1430: 1402: 665: 449: 230: 219: 117:, or, together with other binaries that change brightness as they orbit, 4714:"Binarity of transit host stars – Implications for planetary parameters" 2818: 1100:

usually (but not always) from the less massive to the more massive star

6452: 5927: 5689: 5456: 5409: 5392: 5387: 5306: 3818:

Kenyon, S. J.; Webbink, R. F. (1984). "The nature of symbiotic stars".

3668: 2400: 2276: 2269: 2134: 1812: 1485: 1307:

While it is not impossible that some binaries might be created through

1257: 1237: 1199: 727:. By 2006, they had been used to give direct distance estimates to the 661: 605: 490: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 433: 106: 74: 2896: 2745: 948:

that surrounds both stars. As the friction of the envelope brakes the

664:. In the case where the binary is also a spectroscopic binary and the 6556: 6442: 6430: 5649: 5535: 4952: 4425:

Duchêne, Gaspard; Kraus, Adam (August 2013), "Stellar Multiplicity",

2373:, which is a semidetached binary star system in the constellation of 2307: 2230: 2188: 793: 597: 136: 42: 4491: 2862: 2671:. New York and London: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. pp. 4–9. 2233:

of binary or ternary stars as a setting, for example, George Lucas'

1476:

In extreme cases this event can cause the white dwarf to exceed the

1184:

The secondary star in a binary star system may be designated as the

135:

to stages that single stars cannot attain. Examples of binaries are

6492: 4903: 4831: 4319: 4228: 3884: 3839: 3784:

References and discoverer codes, The Washington Double Star Catalog

3632: 3607: 3156: 3131: 2264: 1359:, meaning that some of its matter ventures into a region where the 1298:

Artist's impression of the evolution of a hot high-mass binary star

338:

Edge-on disc of gas and dust present around the binary star system

6508: 4927: 4735: 4673: 4620: 4439: 4067:"The Formation of Common-Envelope, Pre-Main-Sequence Binary Stars" 3980: 3924: 3647:

Hall, Douglas S. (1989). "The relation between RS CVn and Algol".

3542: 3404: 3248: 2468: 2448: 2434: 2340: 2291: 2263: 2154: 2095: 1806: 1791: 1778: 1767: 1755: 1420: 1384: 1280: 1112: 967: 678: 669: 526: 522: 517: 412: 333: 299: 234: 203: 179: 175: 78: 36: 580:. Most of these cannot be resolved as a visual binary, even with 6539: 5811: 5791: 5010: 4356:

Icko, I. (1986). "Binary Star Evolution and Type I Supernovae".

3585: 3386:"Galactic distribution of merging neutron stars and black holes" 2374: 2163:

While a number of binary star systems have been found to harbor

2100:

Artist's impression of the planets orbiting the primary star of

1688: 1470: 1229: 792:

only be performed on nearby stars, such as those within 10

777: 207: 152: 70: 6512: 4983: 2395:

stars, 61 Cygni A and 61 Cygni B, which is known for its large

6157: 2172: 1409:: when the more massive star became a subgiant, it filled its 747:

Non-eclipsing binaries that can be detected through photometry

459: 4975:

OGLE Atlas of Variable Star Light Curves - Eclipsing binaries

4375:. Lecture Notes in Physics. Vol. 589. pp. 101–122. 3608:"A mechanism for orbital period modulation in close binaries" 1192:, depending on its temperature relative to the primary star. 831:

precision. Space telescopes can avoid the blurring effect of

541:

Sometimes, the only evidence of a binary star comes from the

1405:

at a later evolutionary stage. The paradox can be solved by

1536:

from the center of the first star to the center of mass or

1124:

The components of binary stars are denoted by the suffixes

432:

with the primary star at the origin, and the most probable

4813:"An Ultra Metal-poor Star Near the Hydrogen-burning Limit" 3511:

A Systematic Search of New X-ray Pulsators in ROSAT Fields

2171:

have shown that most single stars of the same type as the

676:, contains the best-known example of an eclipsing binary. 210:, was discovered to be double by Father Fontenay in 1685. 2867:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

2726:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

4979: 4212:"Mass Transfer and Disc Formation in AGB Binary Systems" 2141:, and approximate shape) of both members of the system. 1465:

can occur in a stable manner on the surface through the

4185:

Vanbeveren, D.; W. van Rensbergen; C. de Loore (2001).

2439:

Planet lost in the glare of binary stars (illustration)

1496:

recently took a picture of the remnants of this event.

1003:, causing the gas to become hotter and emit radiation. 49:

photograph from 2005, with Sirius A in the center, and

147:). Binary stars are also common as the nuclei of many 6719: 2492:

There are also examples of systems beyond ternaries:

1548: 1505:

of its stars can be determined, for example with the

529:. This animation was assembled from 55 images of the 4578:

American Astronomical Society Meeting Abstracts #229

4273:. American Museum of Natural History. Archived from 3108:. Stephen F. Austin State University. Archived from 3089:. Stephen F. Austin State University. Archived from 2921:. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company. pp. 2027:

It is estimated that approximately one third of the

1750: 1671:

is the distance between the two stellar centers, and

1260:

is a 13,000 K white dwarf companion of KOI-81 (

900:

are binary stars where each component is within its

576:, the binaries detected in this manner are known as 362:, by changes in brightness caused by an eclipse; or 252:, a database of visual double stars compiled by the 6663: 6627: 6549: 6401: 6250: 6148: 6076: 5975: 5832: 5707: 5585: 5494: 5221: 5100: 5030: 4928:

IAU Commission G1: Binary and Multiple Star Systems

3696:. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company. p. 3173:

Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union

3004:. D. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht. p. 2698:. Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company. p. 1031:, high-mass donor star which transfers mass by its 4269:Blondin, J. M.; M. T. Richards; M. L. Malinowski. 1654: 1160:, whose components are ζ Reticuli and ζ Reticuli. 800:, so astrometric binaries will appear to follow a 452:, and hence the distance, of the system is known. 448:can only be expressed in angular units unless the 4216:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 4024:"Planet-hunting telescope unearths hot mysteries" 3391:Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 2524:, "double star", about 240 light-years from Earth 2427:, and containing one of the oldest known stars). 2334:, the first to be discovered. In 2005, using the 2089:, and redder if the brighter star belongs to the 1320:supports the theory that binaries develop during 1811:(e) Two bodies with similar mass orbiting in an 1703:of the orbit of one body around the other, then 4939:Pictures and news of binaries at Hubblesite.org 4492:"Binary Star Formation from Ring Fragmentation" 3961: 3959: 615:It is impossible to determine individually the 274: 4480:, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. 4420: 4418: 2819:Sixth Catalog of Orbits of Visual Binary Stars 2348:, the third closest star system, contains two 2268:The two visibly distinguishable components of 1525:Calculating the center of mass in binary stars 1448:has a close companion star that overflows its 1117:Artist's impression of the binary star system 6524: 4995: 4017: 4015: 2555:, a spectroscopic binary with a 3rd component 2314:of −1.46. It is located in the constellation 1172:. These discoverer codes can be found in the 8: 4601: 4599: 4069:. Louisiana State University. Archived from 3369:. San Diego State University. Archived from 2646:, Leos Ondra, accessed on line May 26, 2007. 2443:Systems with more than two stars are termed 1069:), but also hundreds of thousands of years ( 796:. Nearby stars often have a relatively high 436:is drawn through these points such that the 402:The brighter star of a visual binary is the 4427:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 4343:Encyclopaedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics 4041:. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic. p. 355. 3742:, Bob Argyle, ed., London: Springer, 2004, 2910: 2908: 2906: 2840: 2838: 440:is satisfied. This ellipse is known as the 6531: 6517: 6509: 5227: 5002: 4988: 4980: 3759:Entry 14396-6050, discoverer code RHD 1AB, 2828:, William I. Hartkopf and Brian D. Mason, 2777:(1997), ed. Kam-Ching Leung, pp. 291–294, 2459:. The name Algol means "demon star" (from 2322:deduced that Sirius was a binary. In 1862 2077:In pairs where the two stars are of equal 2050:There is a direct correlation between the 823:This method of detecting binaries is also 751:Nearby non-eclipsing binaries can also be 4885: 4848: 4830: 4734: 4672: 4657:More circumbinary planets are listed in: 4619: 4507: 4438: 4380: 4301: 4245: 4227: 3979: 3923: 3866: 3631: 3541: 3465: 3421: 3403: 3311: 3247: 3202: 3184: 3155: 2944: 2942: 2886: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2403:(the brightest star in the constellation 1638: 1628: 1622: 1610: 1598: 1585: 1574: 1568: 1553: 1547: 553:, with the period of their common orbit. 506:Learn how and when to remove this message 131:can exchange mass, which may bring their 4271:"Mass Transfer in the Binary Star Algol" 3080: 3078: 3076: 1825: 964:Cataclysmic variables and X-ray binaries 835:, resulting in more precise resolution. 608:, the shape of the curve depends on the 6726: 4490:Hubber, D. A.; A. P. Whitworth (2005). 4136:" by Jeff Bryant with Waylena McCully, 3904: 3902: 3513:(Ph.D. thesis). Trieste. Archived from 2586: 2364:. The visible component belongs to the 2302:, with the optical counterpart being a 999:onto the compact object. This releases 622:and the inclination of the orbit plane 406:star, and the dimmer is considered the 27:System of two stars orbiting each other 3445:Smith, Robert Connon (November 2006). 2794:"Introduction and Growth of the WDS", 2575:Two-body problem in general relativity 2570:Rotational Brownian motion (astronomy) 1804: 1529:In a simple binary case, the distance 1401:, while the less massive Algol B is a 1132:appended to the system's designation, 995:, gas from the other (donor) star can 268:was first used in this context by Sir 53:, Sirius B, to the left bottom from it 4645:"Planets with Two Suns Likely Common" 4039:The Realm of Interacting Binary Stars 2356:An example of an eclipsing binary is 1011:, the compact object can be either a 7: 4134:Mass Transfer in Binary Star Systems 3740:Observing and Measuring Double Stars 3065:. Cornell University. Archived from 537:, sorted according to orbital phase. 488:adding citations to reliable sources 4935:for amateurs, with orbital elements 4457:10.1146/annurev-astro-081710-102602 4022:Borenstein, Seth (4 January 2010). 3797:. Accessed on line August 20, 2008. 3774:. Accessed on line August 20, 2008. 2832:, accessed on line August 20, 2008. 2809:, accessed on line August 20, 2008. 2548:Habitability of binary star systems 2476:, in the southern constellation of 2464: 2380:Other interesting binaries include 2151:Habitability of binary star systems 1019:. These binaries are classified as 281:By the modern definition, the term 113:each other; these pairs are called 6592:List of most massive star clusters 4788:"Hubble finds mass of white dwarf" 4373:Relativistic Flows in Astrophysics 3761:The Washington Double Star Catalog 3722:"Binary and Multiple Star Systems" 3505:Israel, Gian Luca (October 1996). 2796:The Washington Double Star Catalog 1355:, it may at some point exceed its 151:, and are the progenitors of both 25: 3912:The Astrophysical Journal Letters 1517:in the system. Because this is a 1383:Studies of the eclipsing ternary 194:in 1650 (and probably earlier by 6765: 6753: 6741: 6729: 6704: 6703: 6491: 6481: 6480: 4970:AAVSO Eclipsing Binaries section 4933:List of the best visual binaries 3423:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06616.x 3032:. Astronomy. Cornell University. 1805: 1790: 1777: 1766: 1754: 1452:, the white dwarf will steadily 1065:), or a few days (components of 1048:Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff limit 979:When a binary system contains a 875: 861: 847: 464: 223:binary stars and star clusters. 190:), was observed to be double by 85:, in which case they are called 4478:Most Milky Way Stars Are Single 3795:United States Naval Observatory 3772:United States Naval Observatory 3384:Voss, R.; Tauris, T.M. (2003). 3281:"Binary neutron star collision" 3130:Wilson, R.E. (1 January 2008). 2851:, New York: Dover, 1964, p. ix. 2830:United States Naval Observatory 2807:United States Naval Observatory 2384:(a binary in the constellation 2330:determined that Sirius B was a 475:needs additional citations for 254:United States Naval Observatory 143:(Cygnus X-1 being a well-known 4341:Prialnik, D. (2001). "Novae". 4138:Wolfram Demonstrations Project 4121:Wolfram Demonstrations Project 3530:Astrophysics and Space Science 3050:. New York: Dover. p. 41. 2605:, New York: Dover, 1964, p. 1. 2566:, a type of binary star system 1174:Washington Double Star Catalog 1061:can be less than an hour (for 1001:gravitational potential energy 672:, a triple star system in the 250:Washington Double Star Catalog 1: 6597:List of largest star clusters 6393:Timeline of stellar astronomy 4117:Contact Binary Star Envelopes 3612:Astrophysical Journal, Part 1 3507:"Neutron Star X-ray binaries" 2665:Aitken, Robert Grant (1935). 1351:increases in size during its 4691:10.1088/0004-6256/140/6/1657 4496:Astronomy & Astrophysics 4172:10.1016/0083-6656(84)90007-2 3942:10.1088/2041-8205/713/2/L150 3606:Applegate, James H. (1992). 3258:10.1051/epjconf/201510106063 2973:Publishing Company. p. 2081:, they are also of the same 1827:Multiplicity likelihood for 940:. The uppermost part of the 202:). The bright southern star 6604:Hypercompact stellar system 6572:Hypercompact stellar system 6053:Hertzsprung–Russell diagram 4786:McGourty, C. (2005-12-14). 4753:10.1051/0004-6361/200810988 4643:Schirber, M (17 May 2005). 4065:; J. E. Cazes; H. S. Cohl. 1815:around a common barycenter 1343:Mass transfer and accretion 974:cataclysmic variable system 952:, the stars may eventually 839:Configuration of the system 41:The well-known binary star 32:Binary Star (hip hop group) 30:For the hip hop group, see 6809: 5967:Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism 4722:Astronomy and Astrophysics 4549:"Birth and Death of Stars" 4526:10.1051/0004-6361:20042428 3998:10.1088/0004-637X/715/1/51 3354:. University of Tennessee. 2952:. University of Tennessee. 2861:Herschel, William (1802). 2484:in the night sky, with an 2294:source considered to be a 2243:, and one notable story, " 2148: 1789: 1776: 1765: 1753: 1741: 1140:the secondary. The suffix 1084: 1005:Cataclysmic variable stars 904:, i.e. the area where the 373: 192:Giovanni Battista Riccioli 29: 6699: 6476: 5230: 5017: 4944:Chandra X-ray Observatory 4818:The Astrophysical Journal 3968:The Astrophysical Journal 3855:The Astrophysical Journal 3584:. Imagine the Universe!. 3560:10.1007/s10509-008-9839-y 3484:10.1080/00107510601181175 3213:10.1017/S1743921307003845 3136:The Astrophysical Journal 2486:apparent visual magnitude 2054:of a binary star and the 1738:Center-of-mass animations 1270:B-type main-sequence star 1254:A-type main-sequence star 1136:denoting the primary and 972:Artist's conception of a 916:Semidetached binary stars 782:electromagnetic radiation 354:, by periodic changes in 174:. Early examples include 6346:With multiple exoplanets 4850:10.3847/1538-4357/aadd97 4661:The Astronomical Journal 4498:(Submitted manuscript). 3456:(Submitted manuscript). 3087:"Eclipsing Binary Stars" 2615:Vol. 1, part 1, p. 422, 2328:Mount Wilson Observatory 2041:monotonically increasing 1488:, which was observed by 1328:during the formation of 1268:), a 10,000 K late 1252:), a 9,400 K early 584:of the highest existing 272:in 1802, when he wrote: 5132:Asymptotic giant branch 4745:2009A&A...498..567D 4551:. University of Oregon. 4518:2005A&A...437..113H 4449:2013ARA&A..51..269D 4399:10.1007/3-540-46025-X_6 3552:2008Ap&SS.315..335I 3447:"Cataclysmic Variables" 2417:2MASS J18082002−5104378 2068:log normal distribution 1324:. Fragmentation of the 1164:Discoverer designations 604:curve. If the orbit is 390:, or even high-powered 6468:Tidal disruption event 5957:Circumstellar envelope 5191:Luminous blue variable 4358:Cosmogonical Processes 4187:The Brightest Binaries 3690:Heintz, W. D. (1978). 3352:"Astrometric Binaries" 3300:Publ. Astron. Soc. Jpn 3236:EPJ Web of Conferences 2998:Heintz, W. D. (1978). 2963:Heintz, W. D. (1978). 2915:Heintz, W. D. (1978). 2888:10.1098/rstl.1802.0021 2738:10.1098/rstl.1803.0015 2692:Heintz, W. D. (1978). 2440: 2431:Multiple-star examples 2353: 2336:Hubble Space Telescope 2300:high-mass X-ray binary 2272: 2169:Kepler space telescope 2160: 2122:Keplerian harmonic law 2109: 2060:practically in contact 1656: 1494:Hubble Space Telescope 1433: 1313:conservation of energy 1299: 1217:luminous blue variable 1121: 1041:high-mass X-ray binary 976: 692: 600:, then the curve is a 578:spectroscopic binaries 538: 456:Spectroscopic binaries 438:Keplerian law of areas 346:Methods of observation 342: 308:The more general term 305: 279: 241:computed the orbit of 95:spectroscopic binaries 54: 6709:Category:Star systems 6582:Dark globular cluster 5993:Effective temperature 4874:Astrophysical Journal 4608:Extreme Solar Systems 4563:"Binary Star Motions" 4345:. pp. 1846–1856. 4290:Astrophysical Journal 3820:Astrophysical Journal 3649:Space Science Reviews 3330:10.1093/pasj/56.6.L35 2772:ASP Conference Series 2480:, which contains the 2438: 2360:in the constellation 2344: 2267: 2158: 2099: 1657: 1424: 1309:gravitational capture 1297: 1244:companion of KOI-74 ( 1116: 971: 927:around the accretor. 804:path across the sky. 706:effective temperature 690: 674:constellation Perseus 658:eclipsing binary star 521: 337: 303: 293:methods are known as 40: 6463:Planet-hosting stars 6341:With resolved images 6312:Historical brightest 6242:Photometric-standard 6168:Solar radio emission 5962:Eddington luminosity 5742:Triple-alpha process 5680:Thorne–Żytkow object 5055:Young stellar object 4565:. Cornell Astronomy. 4247:10.1093/mnras/stx680 3517:on 10 December 2008. 3454:Contemporary Physics 3119:on 3 September 2003. 2582:Notes and references 2482:third-brightest star 2114:gravitational lenses 2052:period of revolution 1546: 1507:binary mass function 1425:Artist rendering of 1081:Variations in period 774:Astrometric binaries 768:Astrometric binaries 758:relativistic beaming 535:near-infrared H-band 531:CHARA interferometer 484:improve this article 289:with a telescope or 119:photometric binaries 103:astrometric binaries 18:Spectroscopic binary 6640:Stellar association 6287:Highest temperature 6058:Color–color diagram 5923:Protoplanetary disk 5727:Proton–proton chain 5405:Chemically peculiar 4896:2007ApJ...660..807Q 4841:2018ApJ...867...98S 4683:2010AJ....140.1657M 4630:2008ASPC..398..201Q 4590:2017AAS...22921905K 4391:2002LNP...589..101F 4312:2000ApJ...544L.133H 4238:2017MNRAS.468.4465C 4164:1984VA.....27..149B 4152:Vistas in Astronomy 4095:. Kluwer Academic. 3990:2010ApJ...715...51V 3934:2010ApJ...713L.150R 3877:2005ApJ...633L..37I 3832:1984ApJ...279..252K 3661:1989SSRv...50..219H 3624:1992ApJ...385..621A 3476:2007astro.ph..1654S 3414:2003MNRAS.342.1169V 3322:2004PASJ...56L..35A 3195:2007IAUS..240...79B 3148:2008ApJ...672..575W 2879:1802RSPT...92..477H 2849:Robert Grant Aitken 2783:1997ASPC..130..291S 2637:A New View of Mizar 2603:Robert Grant Aitken 2543:Circumbinary planet 2538:Binary brown dwarfs 2457:Geminiano Montanari 2229:has often featured 1835: 1699:is taken to be the 1478:Chandrasekhar limit 1335:The outcome of the 1240:is a 12,000 K 1087:Applegate mechanism 942:stellar atmospheres 6655:Hypervelocity star 6292:Lowest temperature 6043:Photometric system 6013:Absolute magnitude 5947:Circumstellar dust 5560:Stellar black hole 5196:Stellar population 5082:Herbig–Haro object 4963:2007-10-16 at the 4119:" by Jeff Bryant, 4091:Kopal, Z. (1989). 3789:2011-05-17 at the 3669:10.1007/BF00215932 2824:2009-04-12 at the 2801:2008-09-17 at the 2642:2008-03-07 at the 2623:2011-08-10 at the 2441: 2419:(a binary in the " 2388:, composed of two 2354: 2324:Alvan Graham Clark 2312:apparent magnitude 2273: 2165:extrasolar planets 2161: 2110: 2106:triple star system 1826: 1652: 1519:conserved quantity 1434: 1417:Runaways and novae 1361:gravitational pull 1349:main-sequence star 1337:three-body problem 1300: 1122: 1093:main-sequence star 977: 906:gravitational pull 833:Earth's atmosphere 828:extrasolar planets 702:surface brightness 693: 652:Eclipsing binaries 539: 396:angular resolution 343: 306: 196:Benedetto Castelli 157:type Ia supernovae 115:eclipsing binaries 63:binary star system 55: 6717: 6716: 6506: 6505: 6409:Substellar object 6388:Planetary nebulae 5807:Luminous red nova 5717:Deuterium burning 5703: 5702: 5186:Instability strip 5166:Wolf-Rayet nebula 5120:Horizontal branch 5065:Pre-main-sequence 4408:978-3-540-43518-1 4196:978-0-7923-5155-9 4102:978-0-7923-0129-5 4093:The Roche Problem 4048:978-0-7923-1675-6 3707:978-90-277-0885-4 3373:on 23 March 2007. 3287:on 26 April 2012. 3093:on 14 April 2007. 3015:978-90-277-0885-4 2984:978-90-277-0885-4 2950:"Visual Binaries" 2932:978-90-277-0885-4 2709:978-90-277-0885-4 2533:Binary black hole 2518:, possible binary 2025: 2024: 1822:Research findings 1819: 1818: 1785:Earth–Moon system 1691:of the two stars. 1647: 1644: 1605: 1459:degenerate matter 1395:stellar evolution 1393:in the theory of 1295: 1154:Bayer designation 898:Detached binaries 741:Triangulum Galaxy 688: 631: sin 568:by observing the 516: 515: 508: 430:polar coordinates 352:spectroscopically 149:planetary nebulae 45:, seen here in a 16:(Redirected from 6800: 6770: 6769: 6768: 6758: 6757: 6756: 6746: 6745: 6744: 6734: 6733: 6732: 6725: 6707: 6706: 6619:Planetary system 6577:Globular cluster 6533: 6526: 6519: 6510: 6498:Stars portal 6496: 6495: 6484: 6483: 6140:Planetary system 6063:Strömgren sphere 5935:Asteroseismology 5656:Black hole star 5228: 5154:Planetary nebula 5115:Red-giant branch 5004: 4997: 4990: 4981: 4916: 4915: 4889: 4887:astro-ph/0701266 4869: 4863: 4862: 4852: 4834: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4798: 4783: 4777: 4771: 4765: 4764: 4738: 4718: 4709: 4703: 4702: 4676: 4655: 4649: 4648: 4640: 4634: 4633: 4623: 4603: 4594: 4593: 4573: 4567: 4566: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4511: 4509:astro-ph/0503412 4487: 4481: 4475: 4469: 4467: 4442: 4422: 4413: 4412: 4384: 4382:astro-ph/0109502 4368: 4362: 4361: 4353: 4347: 4346: 4338: 4332: 4331: 4305: 4303:astro-ph/0007436 4285: 4279: 4278: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4249: 4231: 4222:(4): 4465–4477. 4207: 4201: 4200: 4182: 4176: 4175: 4147: 4141: 4130: 4124: 4113: 4107: 4106: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4078: 4059: 4053: 4052: 4034: 4028: 4027: 4019: 4010: 4009: 3983: 3963: 3954: 3953: 3927: 3918:(2): L150–L154. 3906: 3897: 3896: 3870: 3868:astro-ph/0510581 3850: 3844: 3843: 3815: 3809: 3804: 3798: 3781: 3775: 3757: 3751: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3687: 3681: 3680: 3655:(1–2): 219–233. 3644: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3603: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3578: 3572: 3571: 3545: 3536:(1–4): 335–340. 3525: 3519: 3518: 3502: 3496: 3495: 3469: 3467:astro-ph/0701654 3451: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3425: 3407: 3398:(4): 1169–1184. 3381: 3375: 3374: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3315: 3313:astro-ph/0409613 3295: 3289: 3288: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3251: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3206: 3188: 3186:astro-ph/0610923 3168: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3118: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3082: 3071: 3070: 3069:on 17 June 2012. 3063:"Stellar Masses" 3058: 3052: 3051: 3048:The Binary Stars 3040: 3034: 3033: 3026: 3020: 3019: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2946: 2937: 2936: 2912: 2901: 2900: 2890: 2858: 2852: 2845:The Binary Stars 2842: 2833: 2816: 2810: 2792: 2786: 2764: 2758: 2757: 2720: 2714: 2713: 2689: 2683: 2682: 2668:The Binary Stars 2662: 2656: 2653: 2647: 2634: 2628: 2617:Almagestum Novum 2612: 2606: 2599:The Binary Stars 2596: 2466: 2390:K class (orange) 2320:Friedrich Bessel 2219:, among others. 2118:stellar parallax 2021: 2019: 1998: 1996: 1986: 1973: 1971: 1961: 1948: 1946: 1939: 1937: 1930: 1917: 1915: 1908: 1906: 1899: 1886: 1885: 1884: 1874: 1873: 1872: 1836: 1809: 1798:Sun–Earth system 1794: 1781: 1770: 1758: 1751: 1733: 1661: 1659: 1658: 1653: 1648: 1646: 1645: 1643: 1642: 1633: 1632: 1623: 1611: 1606: 1604: 1603: 1602: 1590: 1589: 1579: 1578: 1569: 1558: 1557: 1515:angular momentum 1427:plasma ejections 1370:Lagrangian point 1296: 1071:Proxima Centauri 879: 865: 851: 784:, for example a 737:Andromeda Galaxy 725:standard candles 717:orbital elements 689: 635: 511: 504: 500: 497: 491: 468: 460: 450:stellar parallax 442:apparent ellipse 270:William Herschel 243:Xi Ursae Majoris 227:William Herschel 182:. Mizar, in the 77:bound to and in 21: 6808: 6807: 6803: 6802: 6801: 6799: 6798: 6797: 6778: 6777: 6776: 6766: 6764: 6754: 6752: 6742: 6740: 6730: 6728: 6720: 6718: 6713: 6695: 6664:Visual grouping 6659: 6623: 6545: 6537: 6507: 6502: 6490: 6472: 6397: 6366:Milky Way novae 6302:Smallest volume 6246: 6227:Radial velocity 6150: 6144: 6096:Common envelope 6072: 5971: 5940:Helioseismology 5911:Bipolar outflow 5852:Microturbulence 5847:Convection zone 5828: 5722:Lithium burning 5709:Nucleosynthesis 5699: 5581: 5490: 5217: 5096: 5045:Molecular cloud 5026: 5013: 5008: 4965:Wayback Machine 4924: 4919: 4871: 4870: 4866: 4810: 4809: 4805: 4796: 4794: 4785: 4784: 4780: 4773:See sources at 4772: 4768: 4716: 4711: 4710: 4706: 4658: 4656: 4652: 4642: 4641: 4637: 4605: 4604: 4597: 4575: 4574: 4570: 4561: 4560: 4556: 4546: 4545: 4541: 4489: 4488: 4484: 4476: 4472: 4424: 4423: 4416: 4409: 4370: 4369: 4365: 4355: 4354: 4350: 4340: 4339: 4335: 4287: 4286: 4282: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4209: 4208: 4204: 4197: 4184: 4183: 4179: 4149: 4148: 4144: 4131: 4127: 4114: 4110: 4103: 4090: 4089: 4085: 4076: 4074: 4061: 4060: 4056: 4049: 4036: 4035: 4031: 4021: 4020: 4013: 3965: 3964: 3957: 3908: 3907: 3900: 3852: 3851: 3847: 3817: 3816: 3812: 3805: 3801: 3791:Wayback Machine 3782: 3778: 3758: 3754: 3737: 3733: 3720: 3719: 3715: 3708: 3689: 3688: 3684: 3646: 3645: 3641: 3605: 3604: 3600: 3590: 3588: 3580: 3579: 3575: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3504: 3503: 3499: 3449: 3444: 3443: 3439: 3383: 3382: 3378: 3364: 3363: 3359: 3350: 3349: 3345: 3297: 3296: 3292: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3233: 3232: 3228: 3204:10.1.1.254.2692 3170: 3169: 3165: 3129: 3128: 3124: 3112: 3103: 3102: 3098: 3084: 3083: 3074: 3060: 3059: 3055: 3042: 3041: 3037: 3028: 3027: 3023: 3016: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2985: 2962: 2961: 2957: 2948: 2947: 2940: 2933: 2914: 2913: 2904: 2860: 2859: 2855: 2843: 2836: 2826:Wayback Machine 2817: 2813: 2803:Wayback Machine 2793: 2789: 2765: 2761: 2722: 2721: 2717: 2710: 2691: 2690: 2686: 2679: 2664: 2663: 2659: 2654: 2650: 2644:Wayback Machine 2635: 2631: 2625:Wayback Machine 2613: 2609: 2597: 2588: 2584: 2579: 2559:Hills mechanism 2511: 2433: 2358:Epsilon Aurigae 2262: 2227:Science fiction 2153: 2147: 2017: 2015: 2009: 2006: 1994: 1992: 1985: 1982: 1978: 1969: 1967: 1960: 1957: 1953: 1944: 1942: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1926: 1922: 1913: 1911: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1895: 1891: 1882: 1880: 1879: 1877: 1870: 1868: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1858: 1848: 1843: 1824: 1810: 1795: 1782: 1771: 1759: 1746: 1740: 1732: 1721: 1715: 1709: 1686: 1679: 1634: 1624: 1615: 1594: 1581: 1580: 1570: 1549: 1544: 1543: 1535: 1527: 1502: 1463:Hydrogen fusion 1419: 1345: 1326:molecular cloud 1305: 1281: 1279: 1224:Wolf–Rayet star 1206:Symbiotic stars 1182: 1166: 1111: 1106: 1089: 1083: 1059:Orbital periods 1056: 966: 960:is an example. 958:W Ursae Majoris 946:common envelope 892: 891: 890: 889: 885: 884: 883: 880: 871: 870: 869: 866: 857: 856: 855: 852: 841: 770: 756:looking at how 753:photometrically 749: 679: 654: 627: 617:semi-major axis 586:resolving power 562:radial velocity 512: 501: 495: 492: 481: 469: 458: 446:semi-major axis 378: 372: 370:Visual binaries 364:astrometrically 360:photometrically 348: 332: 330:Classifications 320:optical doubles 295:visual binaries 291:interferometric 262: 165: 87:visual binaries 75:gravitationally 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6806: 6804: 6796: 6795: 6790: 6780: 6779: 6775: 6774: 6762: 6750: 6738: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6711: 6700: 6697: 6696: 6694: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6667: 6665: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6635:Stellar stream 6631: 6629: 6625: 6624: 6622: 6621: 6616: 6611: 6606: 6601: 6600: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6564: 6559: 6553: 6551: 6547: 6546: 6538: 6536: 6535: 6528: 6521: 6513: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6500: 6488: 6477: 6474: 6473: 6471: 6470: 6465: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6434: 6433: 6428: 6427: 6426: 6421: 6405: 6403: 6399: 6398: 6396: 6395: 6390: 6385: 6384: 6383: 6378: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6337: 6336: 6331: 6330: 6329: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6297:Largest volume 6294: 6289: 6284: 6274: 6273: 6272: 6267: 6256: 6254: 6248: 6247: 6245: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6223: 6222: 6217: 6212: 6202: 6197: 6192: 6187: 6182: 6181: 6180: 6175: 6170: 6165: 6154: 6152: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6142: 6137: 6136: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6115: 6110: 6109: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6082: 6080: 6074: 6073: 6071: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6030: 6025: 6020: 6015: 6010: 6008:Magnetic field 6005: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5979: 5977: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5969: 5964: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5943: 5942: 5932: 5931: 5930: 5925: 5918:Accretion disk 5915: 5914: 5913: 5908: 5898: 5897: 5896: 5894:Alfvén surface 5891: 5889:Stellar corona 5886: 5881: 5876: 5866: 5864:Radiation zone 5861: 5860: 5859: 5854: 5844: 5838: 5836: 5830: 5829: 5827: 5826: 5821: 5820: 5819: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5799: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5713: 5711: 5705: 5704: 5701: 5700: 5698: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5671: 5670: 5665: 5662: 5654: 5653: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5602: 5597: 5591: 5589: 5583: 5582: 5580: 5579: 5574: 5573: 5572: 5562: 5557: 5556: 5555: 5550: 5549: 5548: 5543: 5533: 5523: 5522: 5521: 5511: 5506: 5500: 5498: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5488: 5486:Blue straggler 5483: 5482: 5481: 5471: 5466: 5465: 5464: 5454: 5453: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5402: 5397: 5396: 5395: 5390: 5385: 5375: 5374: 5373: 5363: 5362: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5341: 5336: 5335: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5298: 5297: 5292: 5282: 5281: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5244:Main sequence 5242: 5237: 5231: 5225: 5223:Classification 5219: 5218: 5216: 5215: 5214: 5213: 5208: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5162: 5161: 5159:Protoplanetary 5151: 5146: 5145: 5144: 5139: 5129: 5128: 5127: 5117: 5112: 5106: 5104: 5098: 5097: 5095: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5078: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5036: 5034: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5024: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5009: 5007: 5006: 4999: 4992: 4984: 4978: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4955: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4930: 4923: 4922:External links 4920: 4918: 4917: 4904:10.1086/512542 4880:(1): 807–822. 4864: 4803: 4778: 4766: 4729:(2): 567–574. 4704: 4650: 4635: 4595: 4568: 4554: 4547:Schombert, J. 4539: 4502:(1): 113–125. 4482: 4470: 4468:. See Table 1. 4433:(1): 269–310, 4414: 4407: 4363: 4360:. p. 155. 4348: 4333: 4320:10.1086/317315 4280: 4277:on 2006-04-08. 4261: 4202: 4195: 4177: 4158:(2): 149–169. 4142: 4125: 4108: 4101: 4083: 4063:Tohline, J. E. 4054: 4047: 4029: 4026:(6:29 pm EST). 4011: 3955: 3898: 3885:10.1086/498268 3861:(1): L37–L40. 3845: 3840:10.1086/161888 3810: 3799: 3776: 3766:2012-07-08 at 3752: 3731: 3728:on 2006-02-07. 3713: 3706: 3682: 3639: 3633:10.1086/170967 3598: 3573: 3520: 3497: 3460:(6): 363–386. 3437: 3376: 3357: 3343: 3306:(6): L35–L38. 3290: 3271: 3226: 3163: 3157:10.1086/523634 3142:(1): 575–589. 3122: 3106:"Binary Stars" 3096: 3072: 3053: 3035: 3030:"Binary Stars" 3021: 3014: 2990: 2983: 2955: 2938: 2931: 2902: 2853: 2834: 2811: 2787: 2759: 2715: 2708: 2684: 2678:978-1117504094 2677: 2657: 2648: 2629: 2607: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2564:Heartbeat star 2561: 2556: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2519: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2474:Alpha Centauri 2445:multiple stars 2432: 2429: 2366:spectral class 2261: 2258: 2149:Main article: 2146: 2143: 2072:star formation 2037:ordinary stars 2023: 2022: 2013: 2010: 2007: 2004: 2000: 1999: 1990: 1987: 1983: 1980: 1975: 1974: 1965: 1962: 1958: 1955: 1950: 1949: 1940: 1931: 1927: 1924: 1919: 1918: 1909: 1900: 1896: 1893: 1888: 1887: 1875: 1863: 1859: 1856: 1851: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1816: 1802: 1801: 1788: 1774: 1773: 1764: 1742:Main article: 1739: 1736: 1730: 1719: 1707: 1701:semimajor axis 1693: 1692: 1684: 1677: 1672: 1651: 1641: 1637: 1631: 1627: 1621: 1618: 1614: 1609: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1577: 1573: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1556: 1552: 1533: 1526: 1523: 1501: 1498: 1480:and trigger a 1418: 1415: 1366:accretion disc 1344: 1341: 1322:star formation 1304: 1301: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1273: 1234:Kepler mission 1227: 1213: 1203: 1190:cool companion 1181: 1178: 1165: 1162: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1085:Main article: 1082: 1079: 1075:Alpha Centauri 1055: 1054:Orbital period 1052: 1009:X-ray binaries 981:compact object 965: 962: 950:orbital motion 933:contact binary 925:accretion disc 887: 886: 881: 874: 873: 872: 867: 860: 859: 858: 853: 846: 845: 844: 843: 842: 840: 837: 825:used to locate 769: 766: 748: 745: 653: 650: 574:spectral lines 572:of the stars' 551:center of mass 547:spectral lines 543:Doppler effect 514: 513: 472: 470: 463: 457: 454: 425:position angle 374:Main article: 371: 368: 356:spectral lines 347: 344: 340:HD 106906 331: 328: 316:binary systems 261: 258: 208:Southern Cross 164: 161: 128:binary systems 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6805: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6785: 6783: 6773: 6763: 6761: 6751: 6749: 6739: 6737: 6727: 6723: 6710: 6702: 6701: 6698: 6692: 6691:Constellation 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6676:Multiple star 6674: 6672: 6669: 6668: 6666: 6662: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6632: 6630: 6626: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6569: 6568: 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6554: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6541: 6534: 6529: 6527: 6522: 6520: 6515: 6514: 6511: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6487: 6479: 6478: 6475: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6458:Intergalactic 6456: 6454: 6451: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6438:Galactic year 6436: 6432: 6429: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6416: 6415: 6412: 6411: 6410: 6407: 6406: 6404: 6400: 6394: 6391: 6389: 6386: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6373: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6335: 6332: 6328: 6325: 6324: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6317:Most luminous 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6279: 6278: 6275: 6271: 6268: 6266: 6263: 6262: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6249: 6243: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6232:Proper motion 6230: 6228: 6225: 6221: 6218: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6207: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6198: 6196: 6195:Constellation 6193: 6191: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6179: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6163:Solar eclipse 6161: 6160: 6159: 6156: 6155: 6153: 6149:Earth-centric 6147: 6141: 6138: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6120: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6088: 6087: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6079: 6075: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6021: 6019: 6016: 6014: 6011: 6009: 6006: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5981: 5980: 5978: 5974: 5968: 5965: 5963: 5960: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5950: 5948: 5945: 5941: 5938: 5937: 5936: 5933: 5929: 5926: 5924: 5921: 5920: 5919: 5916: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5903: 5902: 5899: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5871: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5849: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5831: 5825: 5822: 5818: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5803: 5800: 5798: 5795: 5794: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5747:Alpha process 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5706: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5669: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5657: 5655: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5607: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5584: 5578: 5575: 5571: 5568: 5567: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5554: 5551: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5538: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5528: 5527: 5524: 5520: 5519:Helium planet 5517: 5516: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5509:Parker's star 5507: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5493: 5487: 5484: 5480: 5477: 5476: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5458: 5455: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5440:Lambda Boötis 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5380: 5379: 5376: 5372: 5369: 5368: 5367: 5364: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5346: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5319: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5287: 5286: 5283: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5232: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5220: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5206:Superluminous 5204: 5203: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5160: 5157: 5156: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5134: 5133: 5130: 5126: 5123: 5122: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5110:Main sequence 5108: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5099: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5087:Hayashi track 5085: 5083: 5080: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5057: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5029: 5023: 5020: 5019: 5016: 5012: 5005: 5000: 4998: 4993: 4991: 4986: 4985: 4982: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4925: 4921: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4868: 4865: 4860: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4819: 4814: 4807: 4804: 4793: 4789: 4782: 4779: 4776: 4770: 4767: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4723: 4715: 4708: 4705: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4654: 4651: 4646: 4639: 4636: 4631: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4613: 4609: 4602: 4600: 4596: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4572: 4569: 4564: 4558: 4555: 4550: 4543: 4540: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4510: 4505: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4486: 4483: 4479: 4474: 4471: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4421: 4419: 4415: 4410: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4374: 4367: 4364: 4359: 4352: 4349: 4344: 4337: 4334: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4284: 4281: 4276: 4272: 4265: 4262: 4257: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4206: 4203: 4198: 4192: 4188: 4181: 4178: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4146: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4129: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4112: 4109: 4104: 4098: 4094: 4087: 4084: 4073:on 2016-06-04 4072: 4068: 4064: 4058: 4055: 4050: 4044: 4040: 4033: 4030: 4025: 4018: 4016: 4012: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3982: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3962: 3960: 3956: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3905: 3903: 3899: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3849: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3814: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3788: 3785: 3780: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3768:archive.today 3765: 3762: 3756: 3753: 3749: 3748:1-85233-558-0 3745: 3741: 3738:pp. 307–308, 3735: 3732: 3727: 3723: 3717: 3714: 3709: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3694: 3686: 3683: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3643: 3640: 3634: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3602: 3599: 3587: 3583: 3582:"Black Holes" 3577: 3574: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3524: 3521: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3501: 3498: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3448: 3441: 3438: 3433: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3406: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3392: 3387: 3380: 3377: 3372: 3368: 3367:"Roche model" 3361: 3358: 3353: 3347: 3344: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3314: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3294: 3291: 3286: 3282: 3275: 3272: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3230: 3227: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3196: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3167: 3164: 3158: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3126: 3123: 3116: 3111: 3107: 3100: 3097: 3092: 3088: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3073: 3068: 3064: 3057: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3039: 3036: 3031: 3025: 3022: 3017: 3011: 3007: 3003: 3002: 2994: 2991: 2986: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2969:. Dordrecht: 2968: 2967: 2959: 2956: 2951: 2945: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2919: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2903: 2898: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2857: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2820: 2815: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2797: 2791: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2773: 2769: 2763: 2760: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2719: 2716: 2711: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2696: 2688: 2685: 2680: 2674: 2670: 2669: 2661: 2658: 2652: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2638: 2633: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2619: 2618: 2611: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2587: 2581: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2528:Beta Centauri 2526: 2523: 2520: 2517: 2514: 2513: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2499: 2495: 2490: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2470: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2437: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2397:proper motion 2394: 2393:main-sequence 2391: 2387: 2383: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2304:variable star 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2282: 2281:constellation 2278: 2271: 2266: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2241: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2181: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2157: 2152: 2144: 2142: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2107: 2103: 2098: 2094: 2092: 2091:main sequence 2088: 2084: 2083:spectral type 2080: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2064:proper motion 2061: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2014: 2011: 2002: 2001: 1991: 1988: 1977: 1976: 1966: 1963: 1952: 1951: 1941: 1932: 1923:0.7–1.3 1921: 1920: 1910: 1901: 1892:0.1–0.5 1890: 1889: 1876: 1864: 1862: 1853: 1852: 1846: 1841: 1838: 1837: 1833: 1832:main-sequence 1830: 1821: 1814: 1808: 1803: 1799: 1793: 1786: 1780: 1775: 1769: 1763: 1757: 1752: 1749: 1745: 1737: 1735: 1729: 1725: 1718: 1713: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1690: 1683: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1666: 1665: 1662: 1649: 1639: 1635: 1629: 1625: 1619: 1616: 1612: 1607: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1586: 1582: 1575: 1571: 1565: 1562: 1559: 1554: 1550: 1541: 1539: 1532: 1524: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1510: 1508: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1440: 1439:runaway stars 1432: 1428: 1423: 1416: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1407:mass transfer 1404: 1400: 1399:main sequence 1396: 1392: 1391: 1390:Algol paradox 1386: 1381: 1379: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1342: 1340: 1338: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1318:main sequence 1314: 1310: 1302: 1276: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1221: 1218: 1214: 1211: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1197: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1186:hot companion 1179: 1177: 1175: 1171: 1163: 1161: 1159: 1158:Zeta Reticuli 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1120: 1115: 1108: 1103: 1101: 1097: 1094: 1088: 1080: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1053: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 975: 970: 963: 961: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 934: 928: 926: 922: 921:mass transfer 917: 913: 911: 910:main sequence 907: 903: 899: 895: 878: 864: 850: 838: 836: 834: 829: 826: 821: 819: 815: 810: 805: 803: 799: 798:proper motion 795: 789: 787: 783: 779: 775: 767: 765: 763: 759: 754: 746: 744: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 720: 718: 714: 709: 707: 703: 698: 677: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 651: 649: 645: 643: 639: 634: 630: 625: 621: 618: 613: 611: 607: 603: 599: 593: 589: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 570:Doppler shift 567: 563: 559: 558:perpendicular 554: 552: 548: 544: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 510: 507: 499: 489: 485: 479: 478: 473:This section 471: 467: 462: 461: 455: 453: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 426: 421: 419: 415: 414: 409: 405: 400: 397: 393: 389: 385: 384: 383:visual binary 377: 376:Visual binary 369: 367: 365: 361: 357: 353: 345: 341: 336: 329: 327: 325: 324:optical pairs 321: 317: 313: 312: 302: 298: 296: 292: 288: 284: 278: 273: 271: 267: 259: 257: 255: 251: 246: 244: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 221: 216: 211: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 162: 160: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 129: 122: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 52: 48: 44: 39: 33: 19: 6788:Binary stars 6772:Solar System 6650:Runaway star 6645:Moving group 6613: 6587:Open cluster 6567:Star cluster 6562:Dwarf galaxy 6361:White dwarfs 6351:Brown dwarfs 6334:Most distant 6282:Most massive 6260:Proper names 6220:Photographic 6173:Solar System 6151:observations 6085: 6078:Star systems 5901:Stellar wind 5884:Chromosphere 5857:Oscillations 5737:Helium flash 5587:Hypothetical 5565:X-ray binary 5504:Compact star 5339:Bright giant 5092:Henyey track 5070:Herbig Ae/Be 4949:Binary Stars 4877: 4873: 4867: 4822: 4816: 4806: 4795:. Retrieved 4791: 4781: 4769: 4726: 4720: 4707: 4664: 4660: 4653: 4647:. Space.com. 4638: 4611: 4607: 4581: 4577: 4571: 4557: 4542: 4499: 4495: 4485: 4473: 4430: 4426: 4372: 4366: 4357: 4351: 4342: 4336: 4293: 4289: 4283: 4275:the original 4264: 4219: 4215: 4205: 4189:. Springer. 4186: 4180: 4155: 4151: 4145: 4128: 4111: 4092: 4086: 4075:. Retrieved 4071:the original 4057: 4038: 4032: 3974:(1): 51–58. 3971: 3967: 3915: 3911: 3858: 3854: 3848: 3823: 3819: 3813: 3802: 3779: 3755: 3739: 3734: 3726:the original 3716: 3693:Double Stars 3692: 3685: 3652: 3648: 3642: 3615: 3611: 3601: 3589:. Retrieved 3576: 3533: 3529: 3523: 3515:the original 3510: 3500: 3457: 3453: 3440: 3395: 3389: 3379: 3371:the original 3360: 3346: 3303: 3299: 3293: 3285:the original 3274: 3239: 3235: 3229: 3176: 3172: 3166: 3139: 3135: 3125: 3110:the original 3099: 3091:the original 3067:the original 3056: 3047: 3044:Aitken, R.G. 3038: 3024: 3001:Double Stars 3000: 2993: 2966:Double Stars 2965: 2958: 2918:Double Stars 2917: 2873:: 477–528 . 2870: 2866: 2856: 2844: 2814: 2790: 2774: 2771: 2767: 2762: 2729: 2725: 2718: 2695:Double Stars 2694: 2687: 2667: 2660: 2651: 2632: 2616: 2610: 2598: 2491: 2467: 2442: 2413:BG Geminorum 2379: 2355: 2350:brown dwarfs 2274: 2254:circumbinary 2238: 2225: 2221: 2217:NN Serpentis 2205:Gamma Cephei 2193:PSR B1620-26 2182: 2177:protoplanets 2162: 2126: 2111: 2076: 2056:eccentricity 2049: 2045:stellar mass 2043:function of 2029:star systems 2026: 1842:Multiplicity 1829:population I 1761: 1747: 1727: 1723: 1716: 1711: 1704: 1696: 1694: 1681: 1674: 1668: 1663: 1542: 1540:is given by 1530: 1528: 1511: 1503: 1500:Astrophysics 1475: 1443: 1435: 1388: 1382: 1378:stellar wind 1374: 1346: 1334: 1306: 1194: 1189: 1185: 1183: 1180:Hot and cold 1169: 1167: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1123: 1104:Designations 1098: 1090: 1063:AM CVn stars 1057: 1033:stellar wind 1013:neutron star 989:neutron star 978: 945: 931: 929: 915: 914: 897: 896: 893: 868:Semidetached 822: 806: 801: 790: 786:neutron star 773: 771: 750: 721: 710: 694: 657: 655: 646: 641: 637: 632: 628: 623: 619: 614: 610:eccentricity 594: 590: 577: 566:spectrometer 555: 540: 502: 493: 482:Please help 477:verification 474: 441: 422: 417: 411: 407: 403: 401: 381: 379: 349: 323: 319: 309: 307: 294: 282: 280: 275: 265: 263: 247: 239:Félix Savary 225: 215:John Michell 212: 168:Double stars 166: 125: 123: 118: 114: 102: 94: 91:spectroscopy 86: 62: 58: 56: 6760:Outer space 6748:Spaceflight 6671:Double star 6614:Binary star 6609:Star system 6414:Brown dwarf 6190:Circumpolar 6068:Kraft break 6048:Color index 6023:Metallicity 5983:Designation 5952:Cosmic dust 5874:Photosphere 5640:Dark-energy 5615:Electroweak 5600:Black dwarf 5531:Radio-quiet 5514:White dwarf 5400:White dwarf 5050:Bok globule 4667:(6): 1657. 4296:(2): L133. 3826:: 252–283. 3618:: 621–629. 3365:Nguyen, Q. 3085:Bruton, D. 3061:Herter, T. 2732:: 339–382. 2522:107 Aquarii 2516:104 Aquarii 2503:Alcor–Mizar 2409:white dwarf 2405:Canis Minor 2332:white dwarf 2316:Canis Major 2209:white dwarf 2185:white dwarf 1954:1.5–5 1854:≤ 0.1 1849:companions 1839:Mass range 1490:Tycho Brahe 1446:white dwarf 1387:led to the 1242:white dwarf 1220:Eta Carinae 985:white dwarf 938:Roche lobes 809:astrometric 713:light curve 697:light curve 311:double star 283:binary star 59:binary star 51:white dwarf 6793:Star types 6782:Categories 6681:Star cloud 6376:Candidates 6371:Supernovae 6356:Red dwarfs 6215:Extinction 6003:Kinematics 5998:Luminosity 5976:Properties 5869:Atmosphere 5767:Si burning 5757:Ne burning 5695:White hole 5668:Quasi-star 5595:Blue dwarf 5450:Technetium 5366:Hypergiant 5344:Supergiant 4832:1811.00549 4797:2010-01-01 4775:Cygnus X-1 4584:: 219.05. 4229:1702.06160 4077:2006-06-25 3115:PowerPoint 3104:Worth, M. 2371:Beta Lyrae 2318:. In 1844 2298:. It is a 2296:black hole 2288:Cygnus X-1 2249:biospheres 2207:, and the 2139:luminosity 2087:giant star 2079:brightness 2003:≥ 16 1979:8–16 1844:frequency 1762:barycenter 1744:Barycenter 1712:barycenter 1538:barycenter 1450:Roche lobe 1411:Roche lobe 1357:Roche lobe 1330:protostars 1208:, such as 1195:Examples: 1119:AR Scorpii 1067:Beta Lyrae 1044:Cygnus X-1 1029:early-type 1017:black hole 993:black hole 983:such as a 902:Roche lobe 762:photometry 606:elliptical 582:telescopes 408:secondary. 392:binoculars 188:Ursa Major 184:Big Dipper 145:black hole 141:Cygnus X-1 99:astrometry 6736:Astronomy 6307:Brightest 6205:Magnitude 6185:Pole star 6106:Symbiotic 6101:Eclipsing 6033:Starlight 5834:Structure 5824:Supernova 5817:Micronova 5812:Recurrent 5797:Symbiotic 5782:p-process 5777:r-process 5772:s-process 5762:O burning 5752:C burning 5732:CNO cycle 5675:Gravastar 5211:Hypernova 5201:Supernova 5176:Dredge-up 5149:Blue loop 5142:super-AGB 5125:Red clump 5102:Evolution 5060:Protostar 5040:Accretion 5032:Formation 4825:(2): 98. 4736:0902.2179 4674:1010.4048 4621:0705.3444 4534:118982836 4465:119275313 4440:1303.3028 4256:119073723 3981:1001.4539 3950:118578253 3925:1001.3420 3893:119350572 3677:125947929 3591:22 August 3543:0707.3525 3405:0705.3444 3279:Bock, D. 3266:118394510 3249:1410.3074 3242:: 06063. 3199:CiteSeerX 3179:: 79–87. 2971:D. 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