473:, in seventeen books and 2,374 chapters, is intended to be a practical manual for the student and the official alike; and, to fulfil this object, it treats of the mechanic arts of life as well as the subtleties of the scholar, the duties of the prince and the tactics of the general. It is a summary of all the scholastic knowledge of the age and does not confine itself to natural history. It treats of logic, rhetoric, poetry, geometry, astronomy, the human instincts and passions, education, the industrial and mechanical arts, anatomy, surgery and medicine, jurisprudence and the administration of justice.
27:
450:
704:(xxiv.). Vincent's Charlemagne is a curious medley of the great emperor of history and the champion of romance. He is at once the gigantic eater of Turpin, the huge warrior eight feet high, who could lift the armed knight standing on his open hand to a level with his head, the crusading conqueror of Jerusalem in the days before the crusades, and yet with all this the temperate drinker and admirer of St Augustine, as his character had filtered down through various channels from the historical pages of
155:
621:
720:
is
Vincent's constant habit of devoting several chapters to selections from the writings of each great author, whether sacred or profane, as he mentions him in the course of his work. The extracts from Cicero and Ovid, Origen and St John Chrysostom, Augustine and Jerome are but specimens of a useful
382:
Books v.–xiv. treat of the sea and the dry land: the discourse of the seas, the ocean and the great rivers, agricultural operations, metals, precious stones, plants, herbs with their seeds, grains and juices, trees wild and cultivated, their fruits and their saps. Under each species, where possible,
518:
Book xvi. is given up to mathematics, under which head are included music, geometry, astronomy, astrology, weights and measures, and metaphysics. It is noteworthy that in this book, Vincent shows a knowledge of the Arabic numerals, though he does not call them by this name. With him, the unit is
503:
Books vii.–ix. have reference to the political arts: they contain rules for the education of a prince and a summary of the forms, terms and statutes of canonical, civil and criminal law. Book xi. is devoted to the mechanical arts, of weavers, smiths, armourers, merchants, hunters, and even the
677:
The first book opens with the mysteries of God and the angels, and then passes on to the works of the six days and the creation of man. It includes dissertations on the various vices and virtues, the different arts and sciences, and carries down the history of the world to the sojourn in
357:, their attributes, powers, orders, etc., down to such minute points such as their methods of communicating thought, on which matter the author decides, in his own person, that they have a kind of intelligible speech, and that with angels, to think and to speak are not the same process.
495:
are discussed in books ii. and iii., the latter including several well-known fables, such as the lion and the mouse. Book iv. treats of the virtues, each of which has two chapters of quotations allotted to it, one in prose and the other in verse. Book v. is of a somewhat similar
268:, and a few other contemporary writers by anonymous fourteenth century Dominicans. As a whole, the work totals 3.25 million words and 80 books and 9885 chapters. Additionally it is ordered "according to the order of sacred Scripture," utilizing the sequence of
711:
Book xxv. includes the first crusade, and in the course of book xxix., which contains an account of the Tatars, the author enters on what is almost contemporary history, winding up in book xxxi. with a short narrative of the crusade of St Louis in
170:
Vincent de
Beauvais worked on his compendium for approximately 29 years (1235-1264) in the pursuit of presenting a compendium of all of the knowledge available at the time. He collected the materials for the work from libraries around the
189:
of France. The metaphor of the title has been argued to "reflect" the microcosmic relations of
Medieval knowledge. In this case, the book mirrors "both the contents and organization of the cosmos". Vincent himself stated that he chose
499:
With book vi., we enter on the practical part of the work: it gives directions for building, gardening, sowing and reaping, rearing cattle and tending vineyards; it includes also a kind of agricultural almanac for each month in the
946:. An eighteenth century writer remarked that this work was "a more-or-less worthless farrago of a clumsy plagiarist", one who merely extracted and compiled great swaths of text from other authors. A textual analysis of how the
404:, or "snake-foot", which are described as "powerful serpents, with faces very like those of human maidens and necks ending in serpent bodies". There is also a general treatise on animal physiology spread over books xxi.-xxii.
830:. Additionally he seems to have known Hebrew, Arabic and Greek authors only through their popular Latin versions. He admits that his quotations are not always exact, but asserts that this was the fault of careless copyists.
855:
was rarely copied in full, with the possibility of only two complete sets of a tripartite copy surviving today. Beyond the labour involved in copying manuscripts, one historian has argued that such separation of the
939:
in 1624 and was reprinted in 1964/65 in Graz. While
Beauvais had plans to write this book there is no historical record of its content. However, after 1300 a compilation was created and attributed to be part of the
692:
In the chapters devoted to the origins of
Britain, he relies on the Brutus legend, but cannot carry his catalogue of British or English kings further than 735, where he honestly confesses that his authorities fail
507:
Books xii.–xiv. deal with medicine both in practice and in theory: they contain practical rules for the preservation of health according to the four seasons of the year and treat of various diseases from fever to
422:
The remaining four books seem more or less supplementary; the last (xxxii.) is a summary of geography and history down to the year 1250, when the book seems to have been given to the world, perhaps along with
379:
Books iii. and iv. deal with the phenomena of the heavens and of time, which is measured by the motions of the heavenly bodies, with the sky and all its wonders, fire, rain, thunder, dew, winds, etc.
325:, divided into thirty-two books and 3,718 chapters, is a summary of all of the science and natural history known to Western Europe towards the middle of the 13th century, a mosaic of quotations from
304:. Isidore's influence is explicitly referenced by Vincent's prologue and can be seen in some minor forms of organization as well as the stylistic brevity used to describe the branches of knowledge.
654:, which provided a history of the world down to Vincent's time. It was a massive work, running to nearly 1400 large double-column pages in the 1627 printing. While it has been suggested that the
383:
Vincent gives a chapter on its use in medicine, and he adopts for the most part an alphabetical arrangement. In book ix., he gives an early instance of the use of the magnet in navigation.
549:. In his chapter xvi. 9, he clearly explains how the value of a number increases tenfold with every place it is moved to the left. He is even acquainted with the later invention of the
754:
alone no less than 350 distinct works are cited, and to these must be added at least 100 more for the other two sections. His reading ranges from philosophers to naturalists including
276:, from "creation, to fall, redemption, and re-creation". This ordering system provides evidence that this "thirteenth-century encyclopedia must be counted among the tools for biblical
396:
Books xviii.–xxii. deal in a similar way with domesticated and wild animals, including the dog, serpents, bees and insects. Book xx also includes descriptions of fantastic
345:
from around 1235 to around the time of his death in 1264. During this period, it was first completed in 1244 and then expanded in a second version in 1259 or 1260.
1448:
958:
shows that, while heavily extracted, the compiler made conscious decisions about the placement of parts and also redirected the meaning of certain passages.
685:
occupies a great part of book xv.; and book xvi. gives an account of Daniel's nine kingdoms, in which account
Vincent differs from his professed authority,
1453:
862:
was due in part to medieval readers not recognizing the work to be organized as a whole. The circulation of the four parts accordingly varied. While
1686:
681:
The next eleven books ii.–xii. conduct us through sacred and secular history down to the triumph of
Christianity under Constantine. The story of
1550:
Guzman, Gregory (1974). "The
Encyclopedist Vincent of Beauvais and His Mongol Extracts from John of Plano Carpini and Simon of Saint-Quentin".
1478:
1426:
1407:
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1676:
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is the large space devoted to miracles. Four of the medieval historians from whom he quotes most frequently are
Sigebert of Gembloux,
1681:
1517:
562:
The last book (xvii.) treats of theology or mythology, and winds up with an account of the Holy
Scriptures and of the Fathers, from
1671:
393:
Books xvi. and xvii. treat of fowls and fishes, mainly in alphabetical order and with reference to their medical qualities.
894:
saw renewed interest since it was easier to reproduce such a sizeable work. Accordingly, there were five editions of the
721:
custom which reaches its culminating point in book xxviii., which is devoted entirely to the writings of St Bernard.
341:
authors, with the sources given. Vincent distinguishes, however, his own remarks. Vincent de Beauvais began work on
202:), that is, admiration or imitation." It is by this name that the compendium is connected to the medieval genre of
26:
567:
449:
110:. It was a great compendium of all knowledge of the time. The work seems to have consisted of three parts: the
291:
826:
820:. Beauvais also extracted information from another encyclopedic text heavily referenced in the Middle Ages,
290:
genre of texts that are commentaries on the six days of creation. Additional generic connections come from
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1592:
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254:), was initiated by Vincent but there are no records of its contents. All the printed editions of the
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686:
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Book i., after defining philosophy, etc., gives a long Latin vocabulary of some 6,000 or 7,000 words.
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differs from Helinand's work because it did not use chronology as a primary system of organization.
175:, and there is evidence to suggest even further than that. He found support for the creation of the
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203:
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46:
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Varieties of Encyclopedism in the Early Roman Empire: Vitruvius, Pliny the Elder, Artemidorus
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1536:
172:
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Schooling and Society: The Ordering and Reordering of Knowledge in the Western Middle Ages
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338:
334:
269:
182:
163:
1191:
843:
Researchers have accounted for approximately 250–350 different manuscript copies of the
128:("The Mirror of History"). However, all the printed editions include a fourth part, the
1606:"Deconstructing Bricolage: Interactive Online Analysis of Compiled Texts with Factotum"
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755:
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637:
629:
330:
261:
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of man, the five senses and their organs, sleep, dreams, ecstasy, memory, reason, etc.
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186:
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135:
107:
95:
66:
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and its relation to creation; then follows a similar series of chapters about
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for its name because his work contains "whatever is worthy of contemplation (
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1457:. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 90–91.
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785:
767:
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Two royal visits to respectively the author and translator of Vincent's
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Vincent de Beauvais @ Archives de littérature du Moyen Âge (ARLIMA.net)
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in varying degrees of completion. This is due to the fact that the
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162:, translated into French by Jean de Vignay, Bruges, c. 1478–1480,
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56:
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Book xv. deals with physics and may be regarded as a summary of
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The number of writers quoted by Vincent is substantial: in the
740:, whom he uses for Continental as well as for English history.
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1038:
1036:
1023:
1021:
1510:
Reading the World: Encyclopedic Writing in the Scholastic Age
866:
was by far the most popular part to be copied within Europe,
214:
The original structure of the work consisted of three parts:
669:) served as its model, more recent research points out that
1425:
sfnp error: no target: CITEREFZahoraNikulinMewsSquire2015 (
1406:
sfnp error: no target: CITEREFZahoraNikulinMewsSquire2015 (
1529:"Review of 'Memory and Commemoration in Medieval Culture'"
689:, by reckoning England as the fourth instead of the fifth.
900:
printed between the fifteenth and seventeenth centuries.
870:
was sometimes mistakenly discussed as the great work of
386:
Book xv. deals with astronomy: the moon, the stars, the
260:
include this fourth part, which is mainly compiled from
158:
Miniature of Vincent of Beauvais in a manuscript of the
1420:
1401:
390:, the sun, the planets, the seasons and the calendar.
376:
and his fallen angels and the work of the first day.
1502:] (in Italian), Fisciano: University of Salerno
62:
52:
42:
696:Seven more books bring the history to the rise of
1591:(PhD). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
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1464:Pliny's Encyclopedia: The Reception of the
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16:13th c. encyclopedia by Vincent de Beauvais
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644:The most widely disseminated part of the
453:Two page spread of Vincent of Beauvais's
360:Book ii. treats of the created world, of
1512:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
525:; when multiplied by ten it becomes the
146:, and a few other contemporary writers.
1365:
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134:("The Mirror of Morals"), added in the
1377:
1090:
888:With the advent of moveable type, the
1324:
349:Book i. opens with an account of the
7:
880:("The Great Philosophy of Nature").
94:: "The Greater Mirror") was a major
1604:Zahora, Tomas; et al. (2015).
923:. The four-volume complete edition
817:Quaestiones Disputatae de Veritate
14:
457:, a manuscript copy c. 1301–1400.
407:Books xxiii.–xxviii. discuss the
1634:, Hermannus Liechtenstein, 1494.
1194:. Likewise reported in the book
952:integrated St. Thomas Aquinas's
427:and possibly an earlier form of
185:to which he belonged as well as
122:("The Mirror of Doctrine"), and
25:
1687:Medieval European encyclopedias
531:; while the combination of the
31:1473 Strasbourg edition of the
1655:Speculum Historiale. XXVI–XXIX
1473:: Cambridge University Press.
935:was first printed in Douai by
116:("The Mirror of Nature"), the
1:
1647:Speculum Historiale. XVII–XXI
1587:Harris-McCoy, Daniel (2008).
1508:Franklin-Brown, Mary (2012).
663:
1610:Digital Humanities Quarterly
877:Magna de Naturis Philosophia
1677:13th-century books in Latin
1639:Speculum Historiale. XI–XVI
1497:William of Conches and the
166:Royal 14 E. i, vol. 1, f. 3
1705:
1490:Guglielmo di Conches e il
724:Another notable aspect of
716:One remarkable feature of
628:translated into French by
1488:Ferrara, Carmine (2016),
700:(xxiii.) and the days of
138:and mainly compiled from
24:
1682:13th-century manuscripts
1499:Dragmaticon Philosophiae
1492:Dragmaticon Philosophiae
1198:, year 2004 on page 102.
913:Printed editions of the
568:Dionysius the Areopagite
1454:Encyclopædia Britannica
1390:Zahora & al. (2015)
504:general and the sailor.
286:has connections to the
1672:Encyclopedias in Latin
1658:. Naples, before 1481.
1650:. Naples, before 1481.
1642:. Naples, before 1481.
1542:10.14296/rih/2014/1601
1527:Guerry, Emily (2014).
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1043:Franklin-Brown (2012)
1028:Franklin-Brown (2012)
906:The inclusion of the
864:The Mirror of History
738:William of Malmesbury
734:Helinand of Froidmont
726:The Mirror of History
718:The Mirror of History
671:The Mirror of History
660:Helinand of Froidmont
652:The Mirror of History
623:
600:brethren of St Victor
452:
425:The Mirror of History
292:Hélinand of Froidmont
280:". In this vein, the
236:The Mirror of History
157:
1462:Doody, Aude (2010).
1421:Zahora et al. (2015)
1402:Zahora et al. (2015)
868:The Mirror of Nature
687:Sigebert of Gembloux
683:Barlaam and Josaphat
596:Bernard of Clairvaux
592:Anselm of Canterbury
513:The Mirror of Nature
343:The Mirror of Nature
323:The Mirror of Nature
246:The Mirror of Morals
244:). A fourth part,
216:The Mirror of Nature
1449:Vincent of Beauvais
1055:Harris-McCoy (2008)
926:Speculum Quadruplex
636:, c. 1333. At left
634:Le Miroir historial
614:Speculum Historiale
564:Ignatius of Antioch
455:Speculum Doctrinale
443:Speculum Doctrinale
241:Speculum Historiale
231:Speculum Doctrinale
204:speculum literature
160:Speculum Historiale
125:Speculum Historiale
119:Speculum Doctrinale
104:Vincent of Beauvais
47:Vincent of Beauvais
34:Speculum Historiale
21:
1533:Reviews in History
1291:, p. 42; 101.
1228:, pp. 90, 91.
1182:, p. 100–101.
1170:, p. 106–107.
937:Balthazar Bellerus
872:William of Conches
800:Hugh of St. Victor
642:
546:numerus compositus
459:
439:Mirror of Doctrine
296:Isidore of Seville
266:Stephen de Bourbon
168:
144:Stephen of Bourbon
37:by Johann Mentelin
1630:Speculum Naturale
1480:978-0-511-67707-6
1368:, pp. 35–36.
839:Manuscript copies
834:Reception history
626:Mirror of History
610:Mirror of History
576:Gregory the Great
461:The second part,
321:The vast tome of
315:Speculum Naturale
283:Speculum Naturale
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822:Pliny the Elder
774:(whom he calls
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251:Speculum Morale
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630:Jean de Vignay
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294:chronicle and
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78:Speculum Maius
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173:Île-de-France
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1437:Bibliography
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1325:Doody (2010)
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795:Didascalicon
790:Peter Helias
770:(Ibn Sīnā),
747:
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723:
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213:
169:
159:
136:14th century
108:13th century
96:encyclopedia
83:
75:
73:
67:Encyclopedia
1423:, Para. 23.
1404:, Para. 13.
1392:, Para. 12.
702:Charlemagne
667: 1229
638:Saint Louis
368:, the four
337:, and even
301:Etymologies
150:Compilation
102:written by
100:Middle Ages
1666:Categories
1224:Enc. Brit.
1127:Enc. Brit.
1011:Enc. Brit.
962:References
804:Quintilian
594:, down to
582:, through
413:physiology
409:psychology
274:Revelation
199:speculatio
1597:304510158
1580:162460524
1471:Cambridge
1447:(1911). "
967:Citations
929:with the
764:Augustine
760:Aristotle
656:Chronicon
534:articulus
528:articulus
467:Education
402:draconope
400:like the
288:hexameron
181:from the
1593:ProQuest
1552:Speculum
786:Eusebius
768:Avicenna
698:Muhammad
598:and the
588:Lanfranc
537:and the
489:rhetoric
471:Learning
370:elements
278:exegesis
193:speculum
53:Language
1572:2856045
744:Sources
706:Einhard
543:is the
540:digitus
522:digitus
519:termed
496:nature.
481:Grammar
417:anatomy
374:Lucifer
351:Trinity
270:Genesis
234:), and
210:Content
106:in the
98:of the
1595:
1578:
1570:
1516:
1477:
1226:(1911)
1129:(1911)
1013:(1911)
874:, the
810:, and
808:Seneca
792:, the
782:Cicero
736:, and
678:Egypt.
584:Alcuin
572:Jerome
493:poetry
388:zodiac
355:angels
339:Hebrew
335:Arabic
43:Author
1576:S2CID
1568:JSTOR
1495:[
712:1250.
552:cifra
508:gout.
500:year.
485:logic
469:, or
366:color
362:light
331:Greek
327:Latin
92:Latin
86:Majus
63:Genre
57:Latin
1616:(1).
1514:ISBN
1475:ISBN
1427:help
1408:help
693:him.
662:(d.
650:was
590:and
580:Bede
574:and
566:and
557:zero
491:and
415:and
74:The
1560:doi
1537:doi
1451:".
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658:of
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1554:.
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1257:^
1203:^
1136:^
1098:^
1035:^
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802:,
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