918:(OPM), and by January 1942, the conclusion was ready for publication. The report severely criticized the OPM: "Its mistakes of commission have been legion; and its mistakes of omission have been even greater." The dual leadership chain of command and the divided loyalties of Hillman and Knudsen were described as causing friction and wasted effort. It was a thorough indictment of poor administration. Diplomatically, Truman made certain that Roosevelt had access to an advance copy of the report. Roosevelt was thus able to save face by disbanding the OPM just prior to the release of the report and replacing both the OPM and SPAB with the
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Sometimes several senators joined forces to cover the most complex issues. Senator/investigator teams would travel to various US cities to visit factories, construction sites, military bases and war production plants where they would talk with managers and workers. A report would be prepared, and an early copy of the report would be sent to the leaders who were discussed in the report so that they would have a chance to prepare themselves for the consequences.
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The committee's members composed a laudatory resolution thanking "Colonel Harry S. Truman" for his service, writing "well done, soldier!" Senator Mead took over as chairman to continue the work. Truman became vice president, and upon the death of
Roosevelt in April 1945, he immediately became president. World War II ended in August 1945.
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seriously ill
Roosevelt; the vice-presidency was very likely to turn into a presidency. Truman's broad experience with industrial, economic, and military issues gained by three years of investigative work with the Committee served to make him one of the most well-informed men in US government and gave him a reputation for fair dealing.
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had pushed for a majority of New
Dealers as committee members, but Republican Party opposition and Truman's own energy prevented that. The committee was instead formed of a bipartisan group of Democrats and Republicans, pragmatic men who Truman selected for their honesty, practicality, and steady work ethic.
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prosecutor with a reputation for tenacity, asked for $ 9,000 as salary, 60% of Truman's total funding. Truman assented, hoping to increase the committee's budget after showing early results. Fulton proved to be a tireless, productive investigator. He and Truman were both early risers, and much of the
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On March 1, 1941, the Senate voted unanimously (only 16 out of 96 senators were present) to establish the Senate
Special Committee to Investigate Contracts Under the National Defense Program, with Truman as chairman. It quickly became known as the Truman Committee. Roosevelt and his New Deal advisers
687:
On
February 10, 1941, Truman spoke to the Senate about the problems he had seen on his long drive, and he put forward the idea to have a special oversight committee on military contracts. It was the first new idea that Truman presented to the nation and he received a positive reaction. Other senators
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The largely apolitical Truman
Committee is also known for setting a high standard of practicality and neutrality in congressional investigative committees. Observers have occasionally compared the situation faced by the Truman Committee in the early 1940s with later political and military issues. In
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Truman's first target was chosen to give him quick results. He knew that an investigation of waste and inefficiency in military housing projects would save a great deal of money and also would serve as good publicity for the committee. On April 23, 1941, he began conducting hearings focusing on cost
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to create a bipartisan oversight committee "modeled on the one Harry Truman created during WW II to root out war profiteering." The next month, Huffington said that "it's a good time to open a history book" to learn about how a Truman-style committee might be used to counter the Iraq War's US-based
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was brought onto the staff without diminishing the budget because he was "borrowed" from the Senate committee investigating campaign expenditures; he later served as Truman's vice-presidential executive assistant and then as his presidential appointment secretary. By June 1941, after more borrowing
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in his home state of
Missouri, and he was determined to see for himself what was going on. He traveled in his personal car not only to Missouri but also to various military installations from Florida through the Midwest driving approximately 10,000 miles (16,000 km). Everywhere he went, he saw
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In August 1944, to focus on campaigning for the vice-presidency, Truman stepped down as chair of the investigative committee, and Fulton resigned as chief counsel. Truman was also concerned that his campaign on the
Democratic Party ticket would call into question the committee's bipartisan nature.
910:
agreed and called upon
Roosevelt to pressure the Senate to abolish the committee. Patterson said that supplying the Truman Committee "all the information it desires" would "impair" the government's ability to respond quickly to the needs of war. Roosevelt now realized the value of the committee;
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asked a pool of 52 Washington correspondents who were the top ten civilians, after
Roosevelt, contributing to the war effort. Truman was named; he was the only member of Congress on the list. A few months later, Truman was among the few names put forward as possible vice-presidents under the
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to determine the largest problems facing the US military war effort. Investigators were sent to confirm that a real problem existed, and at one of the Truman Committee's official fortnightly meetings, one of the senators was offered the task of heading a formal investigation of that problem.
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put "Investigator Truman" on the cover, showing Truman's craggy face squinting in the mid-day sun, in the background a spotlight shining on government and industry. The issue carried an associated article, titled "Billion-Dollar Watchdog," describing the Committee "as one of the most useful
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wrote, "The lesson of the Truman Committee is sorely in need of learning today." He described how Republican Representatives blocked "for more than a year" a bipartisan proposal for an investigative committee to look into military "scandals and abuses" in Iraq. When Senators
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was in charge of the construction of military housing. He complained about the investigation and said that the committee was "formed in iniquity for political purposes." The Truman Committee determined that the construction of military housing would be better managed by the
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rather than distributed fairly around the nation. Returning to Washington, DC, Truman met with the President, who appeared sympathetic to his wish for corrective action but did not want Truman to reveal to the nation the wasteful nature of Roosevelt's own federal programs.
1075:, titled "Bring Back the Truman Committee," in which Truman's record of stopping war profiteering in the 1940s was said to be "the most famous and the most successful" example, a model needed as a corrective measure to stem US military contractor improprieties in the
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The reputation of the Truman Committee grew so strong that fear of an investigation was sometimes enough of a deterrent to stop underhanded dealings. An unknown number of people performed more honestly in war production because of the threat of a Truman visit.
840:
in Room 449, where the committee was based or, for larger hearings, in the Senate Caucus Room. Even Senator Nye came to visit, who had been the leader of the Senate investigative committee that Truman carefully studied and then denounced as "pure demagoguery."
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on his moderate stance on the prosecution of the war; its members wanted a more aggressive war policy. The many secret meetings, calling officers away from their duties, caused rancor among the Union's military leaders and delayed military initiatives.
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Over seven years (1941â1948) the committee heard from 1,798 witnesses during 432 public hearings. It published nearly two thousand pages of documents and saved perhaps $ 15 billion and thousands of lives by exposing faulty airplane and munitions
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under former SPAB chief Nelson. Nelson used the committee to help his department; when the board had disagreements with the military, Nelson would leak the issue to the committee, and the resulting investigation encouraged the military to cooperate..
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Unlike in other congressional hearings, witnesses were generally treated with respect by the Truman Committee and were neither rushed nor subjected to insulting or accusatory language. Even so, Truman revealed his persistence and quiet determination.
1026:, the subcommittee answering to the larger Committee on Government Operations. The new subcommittee subsumed the old remit of the Truman Committee and became responsible for its records. The Truman Committee's final report was issued April 28, 1948.
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Government agencies of World War II" and "the closest thing yet to a domestic high command." The article raised Truman's importance in the eye of the man on the street, cementing his well-earned position as one of America's most responsible leaders.
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about how to avoid the problems of lost paperwork, wasted time in investigation, and lost productivity experienced during the Great War. He was advised that a swift-acting oversight committee would be a great benefit to the nation's war production.
704:
Military leaders were apprehensive of Truman's plan. They pointed to the Civil War-era Joint Committee which had a negative effect on war production. Truman said he was not going to take that committee as his model and he spent time in the
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590:. From 1941 until its official end, in 1948, the committee held 432 public hearings, listened to 1,798 witnesses and published almost 2,000 pages of reports. Every committee report was unanimous, with bipartisan support.
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Democrat, proposed an investigative committee run by the House of Representatives, intending to expose federal waste in military spending. Learning of the likely source of embarrassment, Roosevelt joined with Senator
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559:. The Truman Committee proved to be one of the most successful investigative efforts ever mounted by the U.S. government: an initial budget of $ 15,000 was expanded over three years to $ 360,000 to save an estimated
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Truman asked for $ 25,000 to empower the committee's actions. Byrnes wanted to limit the committee by giving it only $ 10,000. A compromise of $ 15,000 was reached. Serving under Truman were Democratic senators
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found that US bankers and arms manufacturers supported the US's entry into the war to protect their large investments (including $ 2.3 billion of loans) in the UK. The 1934â1936 investigation, led by Senator
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rather than striving against it, he publicly praised its progress. The Truman Committee issued a report to the Senate on January 15, 1942, detailing its achievements to date and its ongoing investigations.
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to back a more friendly committee run by the Senate, one with the same stated purpose but with Truman as leader. Truman was seen by Roosevelt as less ideological and accusatory and more practical.
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The Truman Committee is known for indirectly helping Truman become president. It made his name prominent across the United States, giving him a reputation for honesty and courage. In May 1944,
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880:, meaning Roosevelt, and Truman replied "yes, sir." Otherwise, the Truman Committee's reports were designed to keep the President from being blamed for cost overruns, inefficiency, and waste.
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In May 1942 the committee was reorganized. "Contracts Under" was dropped from the name to make it the "Special Committee to Investigate the National Defense Program." Democratic Senator
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problems with "waste, fraud, ineptitude, cronyism, secret no-bid contracts, and profiteering cloaked in patriotism." Huffington's endorsement came three months after a press release by
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the hard-luck poverty of the working people in contrast to millions of government dollars going to military contractors. Too many of the contractors were reaping excess profits from
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872:" organizations after hearing complaints of inefficiency. In August 1941, after a report by Truman to the Senate on the progress of the investigative committee, Republican Senator
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were favorable to the notion that their views on spending would be heard and that valuable military contracts would be distributed more evenly to each state. Truman also talked to
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without being held accountable for the poor quality of the goods delivered. He also saw that too many contracts were held by a small number of contractors based in the
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backlash against US involvement in European wars and resulted in a much lower level of American military preparedness when European conflict erupted again in 1939.
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probed Truman to name the "chief bottleneck" of all of the problems related to defense contracts. Vandenberg asked if the single point of responsibility was the
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shipyards. H. G. Robinson, an investigator, found that although the project had built 700 houses, they were poorly constructed, and "A good wind would rip the
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was the lone voice of support for Truman. Marshall said to his peers that it "must be assumed that members of Congress are just as patriotic as we are."
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Because of its quickly demonstrated success, the committee had its funding increased to $ 50,000 towards the end of 1941. Republican senators
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joined the effort. The Committee generally followed a pattern of sifting through the great quantity of received mail and other messages from
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researching that committee so that he would better understand its flaws and harm to war production. Among Army and Navy leaders, General
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127:
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836:. The investigative staff expanded by 50%. Truman invited any interested senators to attend the hearings, which were held in the
644:
567:, which created the first atomic bombs, was $ 2 billion. Chairing the committee helped Truman make a name for himself beyond his
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for the Democratic presidential nomination), Truman returned to the Senate with a reputation as an anti-Roosevelt Democrat.
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On March 1, 1948, the Senate formed the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, under Senator Ferguson and chief counsel
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Having been reelected in 1940 without FDR's endorsement (and having supported favorite-son candidate Missouri Senator
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Roosevelt had created a confusion of agencies to supervise war production. In January 1941, he ordered into being the
109:
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Truman stepped down from leadership of the committee in August 1944 to concentrate on running for vice president in
563:
in military spending and thousands of lives of U.S. servicemen. For comparison, the entire cost of the simultaneous
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of Missouri, who held the same Senate seat that Truman did, formed a Truman-type committee in January 2008, the
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32:
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was formed in March 1941 to find and correct problems in US war production with waste, inefficiency, and
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The war production efforts of the US had previously been subject to congressional oversight during the
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Senate Report 108â421: Activities of the Committee on Governmental Affairs During the 107th Congress
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and dealmaking, Truman had assembled a staff of 10 investigators and 10 administrative assistants.
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762:, and the rest were juniors. Others on the Committee included chief counsel Hugh Fulton, attorneys
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637:
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326:
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606:(1914â1918), but each of these were considered accusatory and negative. During the Civil War, the
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The First Cold Warrior: Harry Truman, Containment, and the Remaking of Liberal Internationalism
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said that the harm caused to the Union effort by the Union's own Joint Committee was worth two
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52:
36:
Senators, counsel, witnesses, and visitors at a 1943 meeting of the Truman Committee. Senator
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committee's agenda was completed between them as they conferred in the morning. Investigator
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148:
99:
84:
67:
37:
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1413:
Disjointed Pluralism: Institutional Innovation and the Development of the U.S. Congress
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853:
763:
751:
549:
1999:
The Leaders We Deserved (and a Few We Didn't): Rethinking the Presidential Rating Game
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252:
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2035:
American History Revised: 200 Startling Facts That Never Made It into the Textbooks
1011:
became chief counsel from October 1, 1945, to July 15, 1947. In 1947, with Senator
893:
735:
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1348:
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1063:
903:
predicted that the Truman Committee would be a needless drag on war production.
877:
603:
2617:
Strategic Competition between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party
3552:
3119:
2123:
1875:
1015:
as chairman, the committee conducted widely publicized hearings investigating
793:
739:
651:. Truman heard about needless waste and profiteering from the construction of
633:
321:
104:
3175:
947:
647:
politician who was not endorsed by and did not endorse Democratic President
331:
1384:
942:
Defense Housing Project, a project intended to house the workers from the
1862:
Zuberi, Matin (August 2001). "Atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki".
1085:
1055:
676:
142:
1732:
Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II,
1687:
Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II,
2277:"Concrete Barges: Truman Committee exposes $ 23,000,000 shipyard mess"
914:
The committee had begun in August 1941 to assess Roosevelt's ungainly
535:
Senate Special Committee to Investigate the National Defense Program
1756:
The National Party Chairmen and Committees: Factionalism at the Top
2778:
2063:
Another Such Victory: President Truman and the Cold War, 1945â1953
960:
724:
571:
origins and was a major factor in the decision to nominate him as
1734:
pp. 235-6, 275, 281, 303, 312, Random House, New York, NY, 2012.
3106:
1062:
recommended the passing of the resolution sponsored by Senators
608:
United States Congress Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War
2782:
2290:
1896:. US Government Printing Office. December 7, 2004. p. 118.
976:
In March 1943, at the second birthday of the Truman Committee,
2260:
The Truman Committee: a study in congressional responsibility
1972:
Not So!: Popular Myths About America From Columbus to Clinton
18:
Special Committee to Investigate the National Defense Program
2095:
Harry and Ike: The Partnership That Remade the Postwar World
3422:
1944 Democratic Party vice presidential candidate selection
1359:. Vol. 4. New York: Chelsea House. pp. 3115â3124.
1108:(1948), sometimes called Truman's Committee on Civil Rights
1347:
Wilson, Theodore (1975). "The Truman Committee, 1941". In
3786:
Military history of the United States during World War II
1630:
The New Dealers' War: FDR And The War Within World War II
1162:"Relations between the President and Congress in Wartime"
1094:
Commission on Wartime Contracting in Iraq and Afghanistan
627:
to the rebel cause. Two decades after the Great War, the
1838:
The Awesome Power: Harry S. Truman As Commander in Chief
1079:. The problem was still not solved by 2007 when Senator
938:
In November 1942, the committee began investigating the
868:. The Truman Committee directed its attention on these "
1580:. Harry S. Truman Library and Museum. November 22, 1967
987:
In March 1944, Truman attempted to probe the expensive
2264:. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
1170:
Rivals for Power: PresidentialâCongressional Relations
729:
Hugh Fulton served as chief counsel until August 1944.
1689:
pp. 103, 194, 198, Random House, New York, NY, 2012.
1357:
Congress Investigates: A Documented History 1792â1974
950:
roofs off and the cellars have been condemned by the
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3473:
3430:
3394:
3300:
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
3174:
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2725:
2688:
2679:
2630:
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2485:
2474:
2429:
2336:
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2060:
1753:
1479:. University of Missouri Press. pp. 156â157.
1096:, Bush called it "a threat to national security."
1229:"Manhattan Project: CTBTO Preparatory Commission"
643:In 1940, Truman was reelected to the Senate as a
1672:
1670:
1668:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1531:
1529:
1527:
3483:United States Senate election in Missouri, 1934
3448:Harry S. Truman home and National Historic Site
1405:
1403:
1290:
1288:
1269:
1267:
1265:
3781:Defunct committees of the United States Senate
1379:(2nd ed.). Anchor Press. pp. 16â17.
539:United States Congressional investigative body
2794:
2302:
1705:
1703:
1606:. University Press of Kentucky. p. 225.
1370:
1368:
1366:
1152:
1150:
510:
8:
3791:United States home front during World War II
3532:1952 Democratic Party presidential primaries
1603:Warhogs: A History of War Profits in America
1449:"Oral History Interview with John W. Snyder"
1310:. University Press of Kentucky. p. 15.
1137:
1135:
383:Presidential and Vice presidential campaigns
3407:Presidential Library, Museum, and gravesite
2889:1952 Puerto Rican constitutional referendum
1830:
1828:
1416:. Princeton University Press. p. 159.
1248:"March 1, 1941 â The Truman Committee"
1046:January 2005, in the face of an additional
3771:1948 disestablishments in Washington, D.C.
3271:Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1946
2958:
2801:
2787:
2779:
2685:
2482:
2401:Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs
2333:
2309:
2295:
2287:
1890:"Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations"
1468:
1466:
1200:Harry S. Truman: the man from Independence
954:." Public hearings were immediately held.
892:brought the US into direct involvement in
796:and military facilities at places such as
517:
503:
43:
2994:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
2027:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1172:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 301.
3776:Committees of the United States Congress
3503:1944 United States presidential election
2153:"Rebuilding Iraq: The Buck Stops Where?"
2038:. Random House Digital. pp. 73â76.
1975:. Oxford University Press. p. 145.
1242:
1240:
1238:
792:overruns related to the construction of
31:
3766:1941 establishments in Washington, D.C.
3160:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952
2921:Sherman Minton Supreme Court nomination
1944:"Timeline: The Life of Harry S. Truman"
1502:"Truman Committee formed March 1, 1941"
1122:
862:Supply Priorities and Allocations Board
337:Sherman Minton Supreme Court nomination
46:
3620:Collision Course: Truman vs. MacArthur
3266:Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946
3024:General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
2319:United States congressional committees
2098:. Simon and Schuster. pp. 36â37.
2067:. Stanford University Press. pp.
1447:; Hess, Jerry N. (November 22, 1967).
991:but was persuaded by Secretary of War
965:"Investigator Truman" on the cover of
3294:President's Committee on Civil Rights
3126:U.N. Security Council Resolutions 82,
2396:Health, Education, Labor and Pensions
2371:Commerce, Science, and Transportation
1787:Truman Committee Exposes Housing Mess
1106:President's Committee on Civil Rights
1007:After the war was over, investigator
832:joined it, as did Democratic Senator
804:in Pennsylvania, and Camp Wallace in
27:US Senate special committee (1941â48)
7:
2346:Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry
2159:. Arianna Huffington. Archived from
1578:"Truman at Truman Committee hearing"
1451:. Harry S. Truman Library and Museum
1304:Spalding, Elizabeth Edwards (2006).
3493:Democratic National Convention 1944
3312:Presidential Succession Act of 1947
3201:National Institute of Mental Health
2836:Vice President of the United States
2416:Small Business and Entrepreneurship
2361:Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs
2188:. Trafford Publishing. p. 40.
1790:. Life Magazine. November 30, 1942.
802:Indiantown Gap Military Reservation
177:33rd President of the United States
2717:Security and Cooperation in Europe
2241:. New York: Simon & Schuster.
694:Reconstruction Finance Corporation
25:
3056:National Security Resources Board
2580:Transportation and Infrastructure
588:that year's presidential election
3739:
3738:
3095:Joint Long Range Proving Grounds
2896:State of the Union Address (1946
2217:. University of Missouri Press.
1913:. DIANE Publishing. p. 13.
575:, which would propel him to the
490:
484:
51:
3377:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1952
3306:Housing and Home Finance Agency
2443:International Narcotics Control
1817:. March 8, 1943. Archived from
1500:Glass, Andrew (March 1, 2008).
1377:The Future of American Politics
1197:Farley, Karin Clafford (1989).
916:Office of Production Management
850:Office of Production Management
778:, political machine. Fulton, a
3146:Office of Defense Mobilization
3134:Defense Production Act of 1950
3006:Alien Fiancées and Fiancés Act
2825:President of the United States
2570:Science, Space, and Technology
2124:"Not this time, Mr. President"
1910:Congressional Oversight Manual
1752:Goldman, Ralph Morris (1990).
995:to abandon the investigation.
852:(OPM), headed by labor leader
1:
3628:Backstairs at the White House
3412:Missouri Office and Courtroom
3365:Unrelated Business Income Tax
3281:Legislative Reference Service
3213:U.S. Atomic Energy Commission
3036:National Security Act of 1947
1996:Felzenberg, Alvin S. (2010).
3225:Council of Economic Advisers
2768:Select or special committees
2560:Oversight and Accountability
2381:Environment and Public Works
2376:Energy and Natural Resources
2002:. Basic Books. p. 345.
1969:Boller, Paul F. Jr. (1996).
1633:. Basic Books. p. 246.
1397:McCullough 1992, pp. 256â257
3568:Harry S. Truman Scholarship
3139:Relief of Douglas MacArthur
3070:Central Intelligence Agency
2758:Congressional subcommittees
2515:Education and the Workforce
2032:Morris, Seymour Jr (2010).
1835:Haynes, Richard F. (1973).
1600:Brandes, Stuart D. (1997).
1473:Ferrell, Robert H. (1996).
864:(SPAB), led by businessman
692:and other attorneys of the
3812:
3195:National Mental Health Act
3152:Science Advisory Committee
3041:U.S. Department of Defense
2948:Presidential Proclamations
2844:U.S. Senator from Missouri
2696:Capitol Historical Society
2256:Riddle, Donald H. (1964).
2213:Daniels, Jonathan (1998).
1073:Taxpayers for Common Sense
602:(1861â1865) and after the
3705:
3690:Martha Ellen Young Truman
3583:Statue of Harry S. Truman
3465:Truman Little White House
3443:Harry S. Truman Farm Home
3288:National School Lunch Act
3208:Atomic Energy Act of 1946
3051:National Security Council
2816:
1876:10.1080/09700160108458986
1841:. LSU Press. p. 24.
1811:"Billion-Dollar Watchdog"
1353:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr.
698:Defense Plant Corporation
3563:Truman Dam and Reservoir
3339:Agricultural Act of 1949
3323:Agricultural Act of 1948
3165:National Security Agency
2411:Rules and Administration
1627:Fleming, Thomas (2002).
1410:Schickler, Eric (2008).
888:After the December 1941
758:. Connally was the only
750:and Republican senators
533:, formally known as the
226:Supreme Court candidates
60:This article is part of
3711:â Franklin D. Roosevelt
3647:(1997 documentary film)
3558:Harry S Truman Building
3276:Federal Tort Claims Act
2215:The Man of Independence
2059:Offner, Arnold (2002).
1800:McCullough 1992, p. 338
1760:. M.E. Sharpe. p.
1676:McCullough 1992, p. 315
1653:McCullough 1992, p. 314
1567:McCullough 1992, p. 311
1544:McCullough 1992, p. 307
1535:McCullough 1992, p. 305
1476:Harry S. Truman: A Life
1375:Lubell, Samuel (1956).
1294:McCullough 1992, p. 258
1282:McCullough 1992, p. 304
1273:McCullough 1992, p. 318
1129:McCullough 1992, p. 259
1050:requested by President
856:and business executive
819:Army Corps of Engineers
347:Puerto Rican referendum
3718:Dwight D. Eisenhower â
3220:Employment Act of 1946
3114:Revolt of the Admirals
2182:Duncan, Homer (2005).
1250:. United States Senate
1203:. J. Messner. p.
973:
905:Under Secretary of War
890:attack on Pearl Harbor
838:Senate Office Building
730:
478:National historic Site
41:
3696:Clifton Truman Daniel
3600:Give 'em Hell, Harry!
3573:Truman Sports Complex
3402:Early life and career
3101:North Atlantic Treaty
3077:Displaced Persons Act
3046:Joint Chiefs of Staff
2953:Eisenhower transition
2938:"The buck stops here"
2911:Judicial appointments
2884:Assassination attempt
2733:Democracy Partnership
2279:, February 22, 1943.
2185:Bush and Cheney's War
1907:Kaiser, Frederick H.
1821:on December 14, 2008.
964:
780:US Justice Department
776:Kansas City, Missouri
728:
649:Franklin D. Roosevelt
581:Franklin D. Roosevelt
221:Judicial appointments
95:Assassination attempt
35:
3603:(1975 play and film)
3519:Dewey Defeats Truman
3328:Executive Order 9981
3018:Executive Order 9835
2987:Declaration to Japan
2655:Inaugural Ceremonies
2545:House Administration
2163:on February 10, 2005
2151:(February 9, 2005).
2122:(January 20, 2005).
2092:Neal, Steve (2002).
1506:This Day In Politics
920:War Production Board
874:Arthur H. Vandenberg
468:Presidential library
434:Dewey Defeats Truman
3678:Bess Wallace Truman
3578:U.S. Postage stamps
3372:Revenue Act of 1951
3355:Revenue Act of 1950
3349:DingellâJohnson Act
3344:Housing Act of 1949
3334:Revenue Act of 1948
3190:Revenue Act of 1945
2982:Agreement on Europe
2712:Cyberspace Solarium
2520:Energy and Commerce
2149:Huffington, Arianna
2120:Huffington, Arianna
1948:American Experience
1662:Riddle 1964, p. 160
908:Robert P. Patterson
814:Brehon B. Somervell
810:Quartermaster Corps
770:, and staff member
707:Library of Congress
658:cost-plus contracts
579:after the death of
315:Second inauguration
209:international trips
3731:Alben W. Barkley â
3726:â Henry A. Wallace
3360:Excess profits tax
3232:Flood Control Acts
3083:Key West Agreement
2976:Potsdam Conference
2763:Defunct committees
2707:COVID-19 Oversight
2613:(permanent select)
2530:Financial Services
2457:(permanent select)
2445:(permanent caucus)
1864:Strategic Analysis
1721:Riddle 1964, p. 61
1553:Riddle 1964, p. 76
1337:Riddle 1964, p. 14
1060:Arianna Huffington
974:
858:William S. Knudsen
826:Harold Hitz Burton
731:
638:noninterventionist
610:hounded President
268:Potsdam Conference
241:First inauguration
128:Little White House
42:
3753:
3752:
3631:(1979 miniseries)
3453:Historic District
3390:
3389:
3382:1952 steel strike
3254:Fulbright Program
3030:Hoover Commission
2776:
2775:
2746:
2745:
2626:
2625:
2585:Veterans' Affairs
2555:Natural Resources
2540:Homeland Security
2470:
2469:
2421:Veterans' Affairs
2391:Foreign Relations
2248:978-0-671-86920-5
2233:McCullough, David
1933:Riddle 1964, p. 9
1740:978-1-4000-6964-4
1695:978-1-4000-6964-4
1024:William P. Rogers
989:Manhattan Project
834:Harley M. Kilgore
808:. As head of the
768:Herbert N. Maletz
653:Fort Leonard Wood
569:political machine
565:Manhattan Project
553:special committee
527:
526:
263:Mental Health Act
194:Executive actions
160:Senate elections
90:Electoral history
77:
76:
40:is at the center.
16:(Redirected from
3803:
3742:
3741:
3655:(2022 TV series)
3417:Truman Committee
3317:TaftâHartley Act
3184:Medal of Freedom
2959:
2943:Executive Orders
2847:
2839:
2828:
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2789:
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2698:(advisory group)
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2045:978-0-30758760-2
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2014:
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2009:978-0-46501890-1
1993:
1987:
1986:
1982:978-0-19510972-6
1966:
1960:
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1957:
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1950:. PBS. p. 1
1940:
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1920:978-1-43798004-2
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1775:
1771:978-0-87332636-0
1759:
1749:
1743:
1730:Herman, Arthur.
1728:
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1707:
1698:
1685:Herman, Arthur.
1683:
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1179:978-0-74256142-7
1166:James A. Thurber
1158:Hamilton, Lee H.
1154:
1145:
1139:
1130:
1127:
1090:Claire McCaskill
1088:of Virginia and
1054:to increase the
1049:
1048:$ 80â100 billion
993:Henry L. Stimson
928:Clyde L. Herring
901:Henry L. Stimson
898:Secretary of War
866:Donald M. Nelson
806:Hitchcock, Texas
562:
557:war profiteering
531:Truman Committee
519:
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154:Truman Committee
123:Truman Reservoir
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3684:Margaret Truman
3666:
3587:
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3386:
3260:HillâBurton Act
3170:
3012:LuceâCeller Act
2971:Truman Doctrine
2957:
2850:
2842:
2831:
2820:
2812:
2810:Harry S. Truman
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2599:
2535:Foreign Affairs
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1518:Hamilton 2009,
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1508:. Politico.com.
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1047:
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1001:
952:board of health
886:
748:Monrad Wallgren
719:
711:George Marshall
682:James F. Byrnes
675:, a vocal anti-
668:In early 1941,
612:Abraham Lincoln
596:
561:$ 10â15 billion
560:
546:Harry S. Truman
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830:Homer Ferguson
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760:senior senator
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369:
364:
359:
350:
349:
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339:
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329:
324:
318:
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311:
308:
307:
303:
302:
301:
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295:
290:
285:
276:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
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248:Atomic bombing
244:
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237:
234:
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231:
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228:
218:
213:
212:
211:
206:
199:Foreign policy
196:
191:
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176:
174:
173:
172:
171:
166:
158:
157:
156:
140:
138:
137:
132:
131:
130:
125:
120:
112:
107:
97:
92:
87:
79:
78:
75:
74:
62:a series about
58:
56:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3808:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3746:
3745:
3736:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
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3720:
3719:
3715:
3713:
3712:
3708:
3707:
3704:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3669:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3649:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3633:
3630:
3629:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3614:
3610:
3609:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3533:
3530:
3526:
3525:campaign song
3523:
3520:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3393:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3307:
3304:
3301:
3298:
3295:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3258:
3255:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3089:Marshall Plan
3087:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2988:
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2983:
2979:
2978:
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2974:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2964:
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2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2916:Supreme Court
2914:
2913:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2886:
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2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2869:
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2837:
2834:
2830:
2826:
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2804:
2799:
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2766:
2764:
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2756:
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2749:
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2731:
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2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2693:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
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2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
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2492:
2490:
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2481:
2478:
2473:
2462:
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2402:
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2305:
2300:
2298:
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2292:
2289:
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2275:
2274:
2270:
2262:
2261:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2210:
2205:
2197:
2191:
2187:
2186:
2178:
2175:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2088:
2085:
2080:
2074:
2070:
2065:
2064:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1992:
1989:
1984:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1965:
1962:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1922:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1903:
1900:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1858:
1855:
1850:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1806:
1803:
1797:
1794:
1789:
1788:
1781:
1778:
1773:
1767:
1763:
1758:
1757:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1650:
1647:
1642:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1623:
1620:
1615:
1609:
1605:
1604:
1596:
1593:
1579:
1573:
1570:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1541:
1538:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1493:
1488:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1327:
1325:
1324:Bennett Clark
1319:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1300:
1297:
1291:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1249:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1224:
1221:
1216:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1193:
1190:
1186:
1181:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1077:War on Terror
1074:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1017:Howard Hughes
1014:
1013:Owen Brewster
1010:
1009:George Meader
1005:
998:
996:
994:
990:
985:
982:
980:
972:in March 1943
971:
969:
963:
959:
955:
953:
949:
945:
941:
940:Winfield Park
936:
933:
929:
924:
921:
917:
912:
909:
906:
902:
899:
895:
891:
883:
881:
879:
875:
871:
870:alphabet soup
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
846:
842:
839:
835:
831:
827:
822:
820:
815:
811:
807:
803:
800:in Maryland,
799:
795:
789:
786:
785:Matt Connelly
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
756:Owen Brewster
753:
749:
745:
744:James M. Mead
741:
737:
727:
723:
717:Establishment
716:
714:
712:
708:
702:
699:
695:
691:
685:
683:
678:
674:
671:
666:
663:
659:
654:
650:
646:
641:
639:
635:
630:
629:Nye Committee
626:
622:
621:Robert E. Lee
618:
613:
609:
605:
601:
593:
591:
589:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
558:
554:
551:
547:
544:
540:
536:
532:
520:
515:
513:
508:
506:
501:
500:
498:
497:
487:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
465:
454:
451:
449:
446:
445:
443:
442:
435:
432:
431:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
411:
409:
408:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
389:
387:
386:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
354:
352:
351:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
319:
316:
313:
312:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
280:
278:
277:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
256:
254:
253:Marshall Plan
251:
249:
246:
245:
242:
239:
238:
227:
224:
223:
222:
219:
217:
214:
210:
207:
205:
202:
201:
200:
197:
195:
192:
188:
185:
184:
183:
180:
179:
170:
167:
165:
162:
161:
159:
155:
152:
151:
150:
149:Senate career
147:
146:
144:
141:Senator from
136:
133:
129:
126:
124:
121:
119:
118:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
102:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
82:
81:
80:
71:
57:
54:
50:
49:
45:
39:
34:
30:
19:
3737:
3716:
3709:
3658:
3650:
3642:
3634:
3626:
3618:
3608:Harry Truman
3606:
3598:
3592:Public image
3548:Bibliography
3416:
2738:Human Rights
2645:(Conference)
2611:Intelligence
2461:Intelligence
2280:
2259:
2237:
2214:
2206:Bibliography
2184:
2177:
2165:. Retrieved
2161:the original
2156:
2143:
2131:. Retrieved
2127:
2114:
2094:
2087:
2062:
2054:
2034:
1998:
1991:
1971:
1964:
1952:. Retrieved
1947:
1938:
1929:
1909:
1902:
1893:
1884:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1837:
1819:the original
1814:
1805:
1796:
1786:
1780:
1755:
1747:
1731:
1726:
1717:
1686:
1681:
1658:
1649:
1629:
1622:
1602:
1595:
1590:(photograph)
1582:. Retrieved
1572:
1549:
1540:
1514:
1505:
1495:
1475:
1453:. Retrieved
1412:
1393:
1376:
1356:
1342:
1333:
1321:
1306:
1299:
1278:
1252:. Retrieved
1223:
1199:
1192:
1183:
1169:
1125:
1058:, columnist
1044:
1036:
1033:
1021:
1006:
1002:
999:After Truman
986:
978:
975:
967:
956:
937:
925:
913:
894:World War II
887:
884:Wartime work
847:
843:
823:
790:
736:Tom Connally
732:
720:
703:
686:
667:
642:
597:
585:
541:, headed by
534:
530:
528:
342:Steel strike
153:
135:Bibliography
116:
29:
3663:(2023 film)
3660:Oppenheimer
3639:(1995 film)
3623:(1976 film)
3460:Blair House
3124:1950â1953;
2846:(1935â1945)
2827:(1945â1953)
2682:assignments
2495:Agriculture
2167:October 20,
2133:October 20,
1954:October 20,
1584:October 19,
1455:October 19,
1349:Roger Bruns
1254:October 18,
1185:production.
1068:Dick Durbin
1064:Larry Craig
878:White House
794:cantonments
636:, caused a
617:Confederate
327:Housing Act
309:Second term
258:Strike wave
110:Scholarship
3760:Categories
3698:(grandson)
3686:(daughter)
3553:Truman Day
3438:Birthplace
3120:Korean War
3065:Department
2856:Presidency
2680:Commission
1113:References
812:, General
798:Fort Meade
772:Bill Boyle
740:Carl Hatch
673:Eugene Cox
645:Democratic
634:Gerald Nye
594:Background
577:presidency
550:bipartisan
453:convention
419:convention
397:convention
322:Korean War
235:First term
182:Presidency
105:Truman Day
85:Early life
3475:Elections
3176:Fair Deal
3061:Air Force
2657:(special)
2550:Judiciary
2439:(special)
2406:Judiciary
2283:magazine.
948:tar paper
774:from the
625:divisions
604:Great War
600:Civil War
448:primaries
414:primaries
353:Timeline
332:Fair Deal
279:Timeline
115:USS
3744:Category
3692:(mother)
3513:campaign
2864:Timeline
2671:Taxation
2666:Printing
2650:Economic
2619:(select)
2487:Standing
2463:(select)
2451:(select)
2338:Standing
2326:Senate (
2317:Current
2235:(1992).
1385:6193934M
1355:(eds.).
1160:(2009).
1100:See also
1086:Jim Webb
1056:Iraq War
1039:magazine
981:magazine
970:magazine
677:New Deal
619:General
537:, was a
429:election
424:campaign
402:election
392:campaign
187:timeline
143:Missouri
3613:Chicago
2928:Cabinet
2751:Related
2661:Library
2595:(Whole)
2475:House (
2386:Finance
1168:(ed.).
543:Senator
372:'52â'53
216:Cabinet
3680:(wife)
3671:Family
3644:Truman
3636:Truman
3541:Legacy
3351:(1950)
3330:(1948)
3319:(1947)
3308:(1947)
3302:(1947)
3296:(1946)
3290:(1946)
3262:(1946)
3256:(1946)
3199:1946;
3186:(1945)
3167:(1952)
3154:, 1951
3150:1950;
3116:(1949)
3105:1949;
3097:(1949)
3091:(1948)
3085:(1948)
3079:(1948)
3032:(1947)
3026:(1947)
3020:(1947)
3014:(1946)
3008:(1946)
3002:(1945)
2996:(1945)
2980:1945;
2877:second
2838:(1945)
2525:Ethics
2510:Budget
2449:Ethics
2366:Budget
2245:
2238:Truman
2221:
2192:
2102:
2075:
2042:
2006:
1979:
1917:
1845:
1768:
1738:
1711:p. 221
1693:
1637:
1610:
1520:p. 300
1483:
1420:
1383:
1314:
1211:
1176:
1143:p. 224
1030:Legacy
944:Kearny
746:, and
548:. The
100:Legacy
3431:Homes
2906:1952)
2872:first
2726:House
2702:China
2689:Joint
2632:Joint
2604:Other
2565:Rules
2437:Aging
2430:Other
2128:Salon
2071:â14.
1164:. In
1118:Notes
473:Death
444:1952
410:1948
388:1944
3508:1948
3498:1948
3488:1940
3395:Life
3247:1950
3242:1948
3237:1946
3107:NATO
2901:1950
2833:34th
2822:33rd
2636:list
2477:list
2328:list
2281:Life
2243:ISBN
2219:ISBN
2190:ISBN
2169:2012
2135:2012
2100:ISBN
2073:ISBN
2040:ISBN
2004:ISBN
1977:ISBN
1956:2012
1915:ISBN
1843:ISBN
1815:Time
1766:ISBN
1736:ISBN
1691:ISBN
1635:ISBN
1608:ISBN
1586:2012
1481:ISBN
1457:2012
1418:ISBN
1312:ISBN
1256:2012
1209:ISBN
1174:ISBN
1066:and
1037:Look
979:Time
968:Time
828:and
766:and
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