91:
1971:
1987:
32:
1764:
1439:
1966:{\displaystyle T_{1/2}={\frac {N_{\text{A}}\times \ln 2}{a\times M}}\approx {\frac {6.022\times 10^{23}{\text{ mol}}^{-1}\times 0.693}{3200{\text{ s}}^{-1}{\cdot }{\text{g}}^{-1}\times 87{\text{ g/mol}}}}\approx 1.5\times 10^{18}{\text{ s}}\approx 47{\text{ billion years}}.}
3424:
McCarthy, Deborah W.; Shefer, Ruth E.; Klinkowstein, Robert E.; Bass, Laura A.; Margeneau, William H.; Cutler, Cathy S.; Anderson, Carolyn J.; Welch, Michael J. (1997). "Efficient production of high specific activity Cu using a biomedical cyclotron".
1561:
2190:
942:
1168:
1157:
2395:
1728:
1025:
579:
2912:
Breeman, Wouter A. P.; Jong, Marion; Visser, Theo J.; Erion, Jack L.; Krenning, Eric P. (2003). "Optimising conditions for radiolabelling of DOTA-peptides with Y, In and Lu at high specific activities".
1645:
806:
241:
and is a physical property of that radionuclide. It is usually given in units of becquerel per kilogram (Bq/kg), but another commonly used unit of specific activity is the curie per gram (Ci/g).
720:
644:
3081:
Duursma, E. K. "Specific activity of radionuclides sorbed by marine sediments in relation to the stable element composition". Radioactive contamination of the marine environment (1973): 57–71.
407:
469:
320:), the number of decays that occur in a given time of a given mass (and hence a specific number of atoms) of that radionuclide is also a fixed (ignoring statistical fluctuations).
2276:
1459:
50:
2220:
2058:
2964:
de Goeij, J. J. M.; Bonardi, M. L. (2005). "How do we define the concepts specific activity, radioactive concentration, carrier, carrier-free and no-carrier-added?".
2441:
2097:
2105:
2316:
2296:
2028:
850:
2891:
The specific activity of radionuclides is particularly relevant when it comes to select them for production for therapeutic pharmaceuticals, as well as for
1434:{\displaystyle a={\frac {4.17\times 10^{23}}{T_{1/2}\times 365\times 24\times 60\times 60\times M}}\approx {\frac {1.32\times 10^{16}}{T_{1/2}\times M}}.}
3142:
I. Weeks; I. Beheshti; F. McCapra; A. K. Campbell; J. S. Woodhead (August 1983). "Acridinium esters as high-specific-activity labels in immunoassay".
1036:
2324:
3091:
Wessels, Barry W. (1984). "Radionuclide selection and model absorbed dose calculations for radiolabeled tumor associated antibodies".
1656:
953:
3471:
68:
3058:
503:
2895:
or other diagnostic procedures, or assessing radioactivity in certain environments, among several other biomedical applications.
2459:, and has an atomic mass of 39.964 g/mol, so the amount of radioactivity associated with a gram of potassium is 30 Bq.
1599:
736:
3334:
837:
of the radionuclide is within a fraction of 1% of the molar mass expressed in g/mol and can be used as an approximation.
666:
590:
1746:
effects into account, is consistent with a decay rate of 3200 decays per second corresponds to a specific activity of
360:
497:
is defined as the length of time for half of a given quantity of radioactive atoms to undergo radioactive decay:
3177:
Neves, M.; Kling, A.; Lambrecht, R. M. (2002). "Radionuclide production for therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals".
3332:
Fetter, Steve; Cheng, E. T.; Mann, F. M. (1990). "Long-term radioactive waste from fusion reactors: Part II".
422:
3343:
3186:
1556:{\displaystyle a_{\text{Ra-226}}={\frac {1.32\times 10^{16}}{1600\times 226}}\approx 3.7\times 10^{10}.}
3281:
Murray, A. S.; Marten, R.; Johnston, A.; Martin, P. (1987). "Analysis for naturally occuring [
3239:
3100:
1739:
3348:
3191:
2246:
2198:
2036:
3310:
2989:
2946:
302:
90:
316:
for a given radionuclide within a set time interval is fixed (with some slight exceptions, see
3450:
3442:
3412:
3394:
3361:
3302:
3263:
3255:
3212:
3204:
3159:
3124:
3116:
3033:
2981:
2938:
2930:
2237:
827:
413:
346:
Radioactivity is expressed as the decay rate of a particular radionuclide with decay constant
329:
317:
313:
285:
267:
253:
196:
130:
2411:
2067:
3434:
3402:
3386:
3353:
3294:
3247:
3196:
3151:
3108:
2973:
2922:
309:, which is the quantity important in assessing the effects of ionizing radiation on humans.
2185:{\displaystyle A_{\text{Bq}}={\frac {m}{m_{\text{a}}}}N_{\text{A}}{\frac {\ln 2}{t_{1/2}}}}
256:
defined as the number of radioactive transformations per second that occur in a particular
3037:
937:{\displaystyle a={\frac {\lambda N}{MN/N_{\text{A}}}}={\frac {\lambda N_{\text{A}}}{M}}.}
3243:
3104:
19:
This article is about specific activity radioactivity. For the use in biochemistry, see
3407:
3374:
2301:
2281:
2013:
3438:
3200:
3465:
3357:
2757:
2709:
2693:
2645:
2622:
2599:
1566:
This value derived from radium-226 was defined as unit of radioactivity known as the
306:
245:
234:
3390:
3314:
2993:
2950:
2892:
2821:
2741:
2553:
2405:
1567:
271:
257:
238:
213:
204:
142:
134:
20:
3230:
Mausner, Leonard F. (1993). "Selection of radionuclides for radioimmunotherapy".
3155:
3375:"Standardized methods for the production of high specific-activity zirconium-89"
2725:
2530:
2507:
2484:
2031:
1755:
1743:
831:
2977:
2926:
2853:
2837:
2789:
2677:
2576:
1450:
816:
3446:
3398:
3365:
3306:
3259:
3208:
3120:
2985:
2934:
3285:] radionuclides at environmental concentrations by gamma spectrometry".
2805:
2661:
2401:
2061:
1999:
1579:
488:
262:
180:
118:
3416:
3216:
2942:
3454:
3267:
3163:
3128:
1758:
is 87 g/mol, so one gram is 1/87 of a mole. Plugging in the numbers:
2869:
184:
3298:
3007:
2773:
1578:
Experimentally measured specific activity can be used to calculate the
1152:{\displaystyle a\approx {\frac {4.17\times 10^{23}}{T_{1/2}\times M}}.}
301:
The specific activity should not be confused with level of exposure to
175:
113:
584:
Taking the natural logarithm of both sides, the half-life is given by
3251:
3112:
2390:{\displaystyle A_{\text{Bq}}=nN_{\text{A}}{\frac {\ln 2}{t_{1/2}}}}
3062:
200:
2408:(all other naturally occurring isotopes are stable) that has a
1723:{\displaystyle T_{1/2}={\frac {N_{\text{A}}\ln 2}{a\times M}}.}
1020:{\displaystyle a={\frac {N_{\text{A}}\ln 2}{T_{1/2}\times M}}.}
844:
is defined as radioactivity per unit mass of the radionuclide:
284:
radioactive decays per second. Another unit of activity is the
1980:
25:
574:{\displaystyle {\frac {N_{0}}{2}}=N_{0}e^{-\lambda T_{1/2}}.}
3373:
Holland, Jason P.; Sheh, Yiauchung; Lewis, Jason S. (2009).
3059:"Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for All Elements"
1640:{\displaystyle \lambda ={\frac {a\times M}{N_{\text{A}}}}.}
1162:
When the unit of half-life is in years instead of seconds:
2915:
European
Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
801:{\displaystyle {m}={\frac {N}{N_{\text{A}}}}\times {M},}
46:
947:
Thus, specific radioactivity can also be described by
270:(symbol s). The older, non-SI unit of activity is the
2414:
2327:
2304:
2284:
2249:
2201:
2108:
2070:
2039:
2016:
1767:
1659:
1602:
1462:
1171:
1039:
956:
853:
739:
669:
593:
506:
425:
363:
2099:(in s), the radioactivity can be calculated using:
211:
190:
174:
162:
157:
140:
124:
112:
100:
95:
Ra 226 radiation source. Activity 3300 Bq (3.3 kBq)
83:
41:
may be too technical for most readers to understand
2435:
2389:
2310:
2290:
2270:
2214:
2184:
2091:
2052:
2022:
1965:
1742:and a radioactivity count rate that, after taking
1722:
1650:Therefore, the half-life can also be described by
1639:
1555:
1433:
1151:
1019:
936:
800:
715:{\displaystyle \lambda ={\frac {\ln 2}{T_{1/2}}}.}
714:
639:{\displaystyle T_{1/2}={\frac {\ln 2}{\lambda }}.}
638:
573:
463:
401:
3287:Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry
2966:Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry
1574:Calculation of half-life from specific activity
1453:with a half-life of 1600 years is obtained as
8:
3008:"SI units for ionizing radiation: becquerel"
402:{\displaystyle -{\frac {dN}{dt}}=\lambda N.}
266:(symbol Bq), which is defined equivalent to
2479:Specific Activity (a) (activity per 1 kg)
89:
3406:
3347:
3190:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2375:
2371:
2354:
2348:
2332:
2326:
2303:
2283:
2262:
2253:
2248:
2206:
2200:
2170:
2166:
2149:
2143:
2131:
2122:
2113:
2107:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2044:
2038:
2015:
1955:
1944:
1938:
1917:
1902:
1897:
1891:
1882:
1877:
1856:
1851:
1844:
1831:
1796:
1789:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1688:
1681:
1668:
1664:
1658:
1626:
1609:
1601:
1542:
1533:
1500:
1487:
1476:
1467:
1461:
1417:
1400:
1387:
1383:
1369:
1364:
1355:
1350:
1344:
1335:
1330:
1320:
1307:
1287:
1252:
1239:
1235:
1217:
1212:
1202:
1189:
1178:
1170:
1135:
1107:
1103:
1085:
1080:
1070:
1057:
1046:
1038:
995:
991:
970:
963:
955:
919:
909:
897:
888:
871:
860:
852:
787:
779:
768:
757:
748:
740:
738:
730:The mass of the radionuclide is given by
697:
693:
676:
668:
615:
602:
598:
592:
556:
552:
541:
531:
513:
507:
505:
481:is the initial quantity of atoms at time
446:
436:
424:
367:
362:
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
53:, without removing the technical details.
2832:165.908 PBq (4.484 MCi, or 165.908 GRd)
2784:355.977 PBq (9.621 MCi, or 355.977 GRd)
2466:
16:Activity per unit mass of a radionuclide
2904:
1995:This section may need to be cleaned up.
1449:For example, specific radioactivity of
2816:41.884 PBq (1.132 MCi, or 41.884 GRd)
2400:For instance, on average each gram of
464:{\displaystyle N=N_{0}e^{-\lambda t},}
412:The integral solution is described by
154:
80:
2704:126.91 TBq (3.43 kCi, or 126.91 MRd)
1589:is related to specific radioactivity
248:, activity or total activity (symbol
51:make it understandable to non-experts
21:Enzyme assay § Specific activity
7:
2800:10.101 PBq (273 kCi, or 10.101 GRd)
1445:Example: specific activity of Ra-226
2880:51.43 EBq (1.39 GCi, or 51.43 TRd)
2864:71.41 EBq (1.93 GCi, or 71.41 TRd)
2548:79.92 MBq (2.160 mCi, or 79.92 Rd)
2848:4.625 EBq (125 MCi, or 4.625 TRd)
2768:3.922 PBq (106 kCi, or 3.922 GRd)
2752:5.143 PBq (139 kCi, or 5.143 GRd)
2672:166.5 TBq (4.5 kCi, or 166.5 MRd)
653:can be derived from the half-life
14:
2736:3.071 PBq (83 kCi, or 3.071 GRd)
2688:36.63 TBq (990 Ci, or 36.63 MRd)
2571:262.7 MBq (7.1 mCi, or 262.7 Rd)
2525:12.58 MBq (340 μCi, or 12.58 Rd)
2640:2.331 TBq (63 Ci, or 2.331 MRd)
2594:6.66 GBq (180 mCi, or 6.66 kRd)
2404:contains 117 micrograms of
1985:
726:Calculation of specific activity
30:
3391:10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2009.05.007
2298:), the amount of radioactivity
1030:This equation is simplified to
649:Conversely, the decay constant
298:radioactive decays per second.
3179:Applied Radiation and Isotopes
3034:"Table of Isotopes decay data"
2656:8.51 TBq (230 Ci, or 8.51MRd)
2502:4.07 MBq (110 μCi or 4.07 Rd)
2271:{\displaystyle m/m_{\text{a}}}
2030:(in grams) of an isotope with
1547:
1539:
1481:
1473:
1422:
1414:
1405:
1397:
1374:
1326:
1292:
1284:
1257:
1249:
1226:
1208:
1183:
1175:
1140:
1132:
1123:
1117:
1094:
1076:
1051:
1043:
865:
857:
792:
784:
773:
765:
330:Radioactive decay § Rates
260:. The unit of activity is the
1:
3439:10.1016/S0969-8051(96)00157-6
3335:Fusion Engineering and Design
3201:10.1016/S0969-8043(02)00180-X
2720:629 TBq (17 kCi, or 629 MRd)
3427:Nuclear Medicine and Biology
3379:Nuclear Medicine and Biology
3358:10.1016/0920-3796(90)90104-E
3012:Resolutions of the 15th CGPM
2617:629 GBq (17 Ci, or 629 kRd)
2215:{\displaystyle N_{\text{A}}}
2053:{\displaystyle m_{\text{a}}}
1734:Example: half-life of Rb-87
1593:by the following equation:
3488:
3156:10.1093/clinchem/29.8.1474
327:
18:
2978:10.1007/s10967-005-0004-6
2927:10.1007/s00259-003-1142-0
819:of the radionuclide, and
312:Since the probability of
305:and thus the exposure or
88:
3472:Radioactivity quantities
2278:is the number of moles (
1997:It has been merged from
350:and the number of atoms
2436:{\displaystyle t_{1/2}}
2092:{\displaystyle t_{1/2}}
840:Specific radioactivity
2437:
2391:
2318:can be calculated by:
2312:
2292:
2272:
2216:
2186:
2093:
2054:
2024:
1967:
1724:
1641:
1557:
1435:
1153:
1021:
938:
802:
716:
640:
575:
465:
403:
290:, which is defined as
2438:
2392:
2313:
2293:
2273:
2217:
2187:
2094:
2055:
2025:
1968:
1725:
1642:
1585:Where decay constant
1558:
1436:
1154:
1022:
939:
803:
717:
641:
576:
466:
404:
335:Relationship between
3014:(Resolution 8). 1975
2412:
2325:
2302:
2282:
2247:
2199:
2106:
2068:
2037:
2014:
1765:
1657:
1600:
1460:
1169:
1037:
954:
851:
737:
667:
591:
504:
423:
361:
318:changing decay rates
3244:1993MedPh..20..503M
3105:1984MedPh..11..638W
1957: billion years
1582:of a radionuclide.
830:. Practically, the
3299:10.1007/BF02037443
3144:Clinical Chemistry
2433:
2387:
2308:
2288:
2268:
2212:
2182:
2089:
2050:
2020:
1977:Other calculations
1963:
1720:
1637:
1553:
1431:
1149:
1017:
934:
798:
712:
636:
571:
461:
399:
303:ionizing radiation
268:reciprocal seconds
244:In the context of
233:) is the activity
215:SI base units
144:SI base units
2884:
2883:
2385:
2351:
2335:
2311:{\displaystyle A}
2291:{\displaystyle n}
2265:
2238:Avogadro constant
2209:
2180:
2146:
2137:
2134:
2116:
2060:(in g/mol) and a
2047:
2023:{\displaystyle m}
2010:For a given mass
2008:
2007:
1958:
1947:
1923:
1920:
1900:
1880:
1854:
1826:
1799:
1715:
1691:
1632:
1629:
1545:
1518:
1479:
1470:
1426:
1420:
1403:
1372:
1353:
1333:
1302:
1290:
1255:
1215:
1181:
1144:
1138:
1083:
1049:
1012:
973:
929:
922:
904:
900:
863:
828:Avogadro constant
790:
771:
763:
760:
707:
631:
522:
414:exponential decay
385:
314:radioactive decay
254:physical quantity
227:Specific activity
224:
223:
158:Specific activity
153:
152:
79:
78:
71:
3479:
3458:
3420:
3410:
3369:
3351:
3319:
3318:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3252:10.1118/1.597045
3227:
3221:
3220:
3194:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3150:(8): 1474–1479.
3139:
3133:
3132:
3113:10.1118/1.595559
3088:
3082:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3055:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3021:
3019:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2909:
2633:
2631:
2610:
2608:
2587:
2585:
2564:
2562:
2541:
2539:
2518:
2516:
2495:
2493:
2476:Mass of 1 curie
2467:
2458:
2456:
2450:
2448:
2442:
2440:
2439:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2427:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2388:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2366:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2289:
2277:
2275:
2274:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2263:
2257:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2161:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2045:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2021:
1989:
1988:
1981:
1972:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1956:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1924:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1910:
1909:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1890:
1889:
1881:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1863:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1848:
1832:
1827:
1825:
1814:
1801:
1800:
1797:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1753:
1751:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1714:
1703:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1682:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1621:
1610:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1546:
1543:
1538:
1537:
1519:
1517:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1488:
1480:
1477:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1404:
1401:
1396:
1395:
1391:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1334:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1291:
1288:
1256:
1253:
1248:
1247:
1243:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1216:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1190:
1182:
1179:
1158:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1136:
1116:
1115:
1111:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1084:
1081:
1075:
1074:
1058:
1050:
1047:
1026:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1004:
1003:
999:
985:
975:
974:
971:
964:
943:
941:
940:
935:
930:
925:
924:
923:
920:
910:
905:
903:
902:
901:
898:
892:
880:
872:
864:
861:
807:
805:
804:
799:
791:
788:
783:
772:
769:
764:
762:
761:
758:
749:
744:
721:
719:
718:
713:
708:
706:
705:
701:
688:
677:
645:
643:
642:
637:
632:
627:
616:
611:
610:
606:
580:
578:
577:
572:
567:
566:
565:
564:
560:
536:
535:
523:
518:
517:
508:
470:
468:
467:
462:
457:
456:
441:
440:
408:
406:
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386:
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297:
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283:
281:
216:
155:
145:
93:
81:
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
34:
33:
26:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3477:
3476:
3462:
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3423:
3372:
3349:10.1.1.465.5945
3331:
3328:
3326:Further reading
3323:
3322:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3232:Medical Physics
3229:
3228:
3224:
3192:10.1.1.503.4385
3176:
3175:
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3141:
3140:
3136:
3093:Medical Physics
3090:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3076:
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3065:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3043:
3041:
3038:Lund University
3032:
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3006:
3005:
3001:
2963:
2962:
2958:
2911:
2910:
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2581:
2560:
2558:
2537:
2535:
2514:
2512:
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2415:
2410:
2409:
2367:
2356:
2344:
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2300:
2299:
2280:
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2258:
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2231:
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2225:
2223:
2202:
2197:
2196:
2162:
2151:
2139:
2127:
2109:
2104:
2103:
2071:
2066:
2065:
2040:
2035:
2034:
2012:
2011:
2004:
1990:
1986:
1979:
1934:
1896:
1876:
1872:
1850:
1840:
1833:
1815:
1792:
1791:
1768:
1763:
1762:
1749:
1747:
1736:
1704:
1684:
1683:
1660:
1655:
1654:
1622:
1611:
1598:
1597:
1576:
1529:
1507:
1496:
1489:
1463:
1458:
1457:
1447:
1379:
1378:
1349:
1329:
1316:
1309:
1231:
1230:
1211:
1198:
1191:
1167:
1166:
1099:
1098:
1079:
1066:
1059:
1035:
1034:
987:
986:
966:
965:
952:
951:
915:
911:
893:
881:
873:
849:
848:
825:
753:
735:
734:
728:
689:
678:
665:
664:
659:
617:
594:
589:
588:
548:
537:
527:
509:
502:
501:
495:
480:
442:
432:
421:
420:
377:
369:
359:
358:
344:
342:
332:
326:
293:
291:
279:
277:
276:(Ci), which is
214:
193:
165:
143:
127:
103:
96:
75:
64:
58:
55:
47:help improve it
44:
35:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3485:
3483:
3475:
3474:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3421:
3385:(7): 729–739.
3370:
3342:(2): 239–246.
3327:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3293:(2): 263–288.
3273:
3238:(2): 503–509.
3222:
3185:(5): 657–664.
3169:
3134:
3099:(5): 638–645.
3083:
3074:
3050:
3025:
2999:
2956:
2921:(6): 917–920.
2903:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2888:
2885:
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2875:
2872:
2866:
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2165:
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2154:
2142:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2112:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2043:
2019:
2006:
2005:
1993:
1991:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1974:
1973:
1962:
1954:
1951:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1916:
1913:
1908:
1905:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1875:
1870:
1867:
1862:
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1552:
1549:
1541:
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1513:
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1503:
1499:
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1492:
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1475:
1466:
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1430:
1424:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
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1386:
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1376:
1367:
1361:
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1347:
1341:
1338:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1286:
1283:
1280:
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1268:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1251:
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1242:
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1234:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1177:
1174:
1160:
1159:
1148:
1142:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1096:
1091:
1088:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1062:
1056:
1053:
1045:
1042:
1028:
1027:
1016:
1010:
1007:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
984:
981:
978:
969:
962:
959:
945:
944:
933:
928:
918:
914:
908:
896:
891:
887:
884:
879:
876:
870:
867:
859:
856:
823:
809:
808:
797:
794:
786:
782:
778:
775:
767:
756:
752:
747:
743:
727:
724:
723:
722:
711:
704:
700:
696:
692:
687:
684:
681:
675:
672:
657:
647:
646:
635:
630:
626:
623:
620:
614:
609:
605:
601:
597:
582:
581:
570:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
544:
540:
534:
530:
526:
521:
516:
512:
493:
478:
472:
471:
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455:
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389:
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375:
372:
366:
343:
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333:
325:
322:
222:
221:
218:
209:
208:
194:
191:
188:
187:
178:
172:
171:
166:
164:Common symbols
163:
160:
159:
151:
150:
147:
138:
137:
128:
125:
122:
121:
116:
110:
109:
104:
102:Common symbols
101:
98:
97:
94:
86:
85:
77:
76:
38:
36:
29:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3484:
3473:
3470:
3469:
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3452:
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3396:
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3241:
3237:
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3226:
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3218:
3214:
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3206:
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3198:
3193:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3173:
3170:
3165:
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3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3138:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3087:
3084:
3078:
3075:
3064:
3060:
3054:
3051:
3039:
3035:
3029:
3026:
3013:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2960:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2908:
2905:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2886:
2879:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2771:
2767:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2567:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2544:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2498:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2462:
2460:
2449:10 years
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2407:
2403:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2329:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2305:
2285:
2259:
2254:
2250:
2241:
2239:
2203:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2140:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2110:
2102:
2101:
2100:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2063:
2041:
2033:
2017:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1983:
1982:
1976:
1960:
1952:
1949:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1914:
1911:
1906:
1903:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1873:
1868:
1865:
1860:
1857:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1793:
1786:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1761:
1760:
1759:
1757:
1752:10 Bq/kg
1745:
1741:
1733:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1705:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1685:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1634:
1623:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1581:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1550:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1514:
1511:
1508:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1484:
1464:
1456:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1444:
1428:
1411:
1408:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1221:
1218:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1192:
1186:
1172:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1146:
1129:
1126:
1120:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1089:
1086:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1054:
1040:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1014:
1008:
1005:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
982:
979:
976:
967:
960:
957:
950:
949:
948:
931:
926:
916:
912:
906:
894:
889:
885:
882:
877:
874:
868:
854:
847:
846:
845:
843:
838:
836:
833:
829:
822:
818:
814:
795:
780:
776:
754:
750:
745:
741:
733:
732:
731:
725:
709:
702:
698:
694:
690:
685:
682:
679:
673:
670:
663:
662:
661:
656:
652:
633:
628:
624:
621:
618:
612:
607:
603:
599:
595:
587:
586:
585:
568:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
542:
538:
532:
528:
524:
519:
514:
510:
500:
499:
498:
496:
490:
486:
484:
477:
458:
453:
450:
447:
443:
437:
433:
429:
426:
419:
418:
417:
415:
396:
393:
390:
387:
381:
378:
373:
370:
364:
357:
356:
355:
353:
349:
338:
334:
331:
323:
321:
319:
315:
310:
308:
307:absorbed dose
304:
299:
289:
288:
275:
274:
269:
265:
264:
259:
255:
251:
247:
246:radioactivity
242:
240:
236:
235:per unit mass
232:
228:
219:
217:
210:
206:
202:
198:
195:
189:
186:
182:
179:
177:
173:
170:
167:
161:
156:
148:
146:
139:
136:
132:
129:
123:
120:
117:
115:
111:
108:
105:
99:
92:
87:
82:
73:
70:
62:
52:
48:
42:
39:This article
37:
28:
27:
22:
3433:(1): 35–43.
3430:
3426:
3382:
3378:
3339:
3333:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3147:
3143:
3137:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3077:
3066:. Retrieved
3053:
3042:. Retrieved
3040:. 1990-06-01
3028:
3016:. Retrieved
3011:
3002:
2972:(1): 13–18.
2969:
2965:
2959:
2918:
2914:
2907:
2893:immunoassays
2890:
2887:Applications
2797:3.67 mg
2591:5.66 kg
2522:2.977 tonnes
2399:
2242:
2194:
2009:
1998:
1994:
1738:One gram of
1737:
1649:
1590:
1586:
1584:
1577:
1565:
1448:
1161:
1029:
946:
841:
839:
834:
820:
812:
810:
729:
654:
650:
648:
583:
491:
487:
482:
475:
473:
411:
351:
347:
345:
336:
311:
300:
286:
272:
261:
258:radionuclide
249:
243:
239:radionuclide
230:
226:
225:
176:SI unit
168:
114:SI unit
106:
65:
59:January 2014
56:
40:
2877:719 ng
2874:10.64 hours
2861:518 ng
2778:12.32 years
2765:9.4 mg
2749:7.2 mg
2730:30.17 years
2698:432.6 years
2568:140 kg
2545:463 kg
2234:10 mol
2032:atomic mass
1919: g/mol
1756:atomic mass
1754:. Rubidium
1744:solid angle
1740:rubidium-87
832:mass number
324:Formulation
192:Other units
126:Other units
3068:2014-01-12
3044:2014-01-12
2899:References
2794:5.75 years
2746:28.8 years
2733:12 mg
2717:59 mg
2682:1601 years
2666:5730 years
2650:6563 years
2499:9.1 tonnes
2473:Half-life
1451:radium-226
817:molar mass
328:See also:
287:rutherford
197:rutherford
131:rutherford
3447:0969-8051
3399:0969-8051
3366:0920-3796
3344:CiteSeerX
3307:0236-5731
3260:0094-2405
3209:0969-8043
3187:CiteSeerX
3121:0094-2405
2986:0236-5731
2935:1619-7070
2842:8.02 days
2810:1925 days
2457:10 s
2402:potassium
2361:
2156:
2062:half-life
2000:Becquerel
1950:≈
1932:×
1926:≈
1912:×
1904:−
1893:⋅
1884:−
1866:×
1858:−
1853: mol
1838:×
1829:≈
1820:×
1809:
1803:×
1709:×
1698:
1616:×
1604:λ
1580:half-life
1527:×
1521:≈
1512:×
1494:×
1409:×
1366:⋅
1357:−
1346:⋅
1337:−
1314:×
1305:≈
1296:×
1279:×
1273:×
1267:×
1261:×
1219:−
1196:×
1127:×
1087:−
1064:×
1055:≈
1006:×
980:
913:λ
875:λ
777:×
683:
671:λ
629:λ
622:
546:λ
543:−
489:Half-life
451:λ
448:−
391:λ
365:−
263:becquerel
181:becquerel
119:becquerel
3466:Category
3417:19720285
3315:94361207
3217:12433039
2994:97433328
2943:12677301
2858:13 hours
2826:138 days
2762:14 years
2714:88 years
2470:Isotope
2463:Examples
229:(symbol
207:per gram
185:kilogram
84:Activity
3455:9080473
3408:2827875
3268:8492758
3240:Bibcode
3164:6191885
3129:6503879
3101:Bibcode
2951:9652140
1946: s
1879: s
826:is the
252:) is a
45:Please
3453:
3445:
3415:
3405:
3397:
3364:
3346:
3313:
3305:
3266:
3258:
3215:
3207:
3189:
3162:
3127:
3119:
3018:3 July
2992:
2984:
2949:
2941:
2933:
2829:223 μg
2813:883 μg
2781:104 μg
2701:0.29 g
2685:1.01 g
2669:0.22 g
2243:Since
2236:, the
1570:(Ci).
1469:Ra-226
1289:s/year
811:where
474:where
3311:S2CID
2990:S2CID
2947:S2CID
2653:4.4 g
2634:years
2628:24.11
2611:years
2588:years
2565:years
2542:years
2536:7.038
2519:years
2513:4.471
2496:years
2490:1.405
2453:4.030
2445:1.277
2224:6.022
2195:With
1869:0.693
1835:6.022
1568:curie
1419:g/mol
1137:g/mol
789:g/mol
485:= 0.
339:and T
273:curie
237:of a
205:curie
135:curie
3451:PMID
3443:ISSN
3413:PMID
3395:ISSN
3362:ISSN
3303:ISSN
3264:PMID
3256:ISSN
3213:PMID
3205:ISSN
3160:PMID
3125:PMID
3117:ISSN
3063:NIST
3020:2015
2982:ISSN
2939:PMID
2931:ISSN
2845:8 μg
2637:16 g
2614:58 g
2582:15.7
2559:1.25
1874:3200
1544:Bq/g
1509:1600
1491:1.32
1478:Bq/g
1402:year
1371:year
1311:1.32
1254:year
1193:4.17
1180:Bq/g
1061:4.17
1048:Bq/g
862:Bq/g
220:s⋅kg
201:gram
199:per
183:per
3435:doi
3403:PMC
3387:doi
3354:doi
3295:doi
3291:115
3283:sic
3248:doi
3197:doi
3152:doi
3109:doi
2974:doi
2970:263
2923:doi
2605:211
2443:of
2226:140
2064:of
1929:1.5
1748:3.2
1524:3.7
1515:226
1332:mol
1264:365
1214:mol
1082:mol
815:is
770:mol
660:as
658:1/2
494:1/2
341:1/2
278:3.7
212:In
141:In
49:to
3468::
3449:.
3441:.
3431:24
3429:.
3411:.
3401:.
3393:.
3383:36
3381:.
3377:.
3360:.
3352:.
3340:13
3338:.
3309:.
3301:.
3289:.
3262:.
3254:.
3246:.
3236:20
3234:.
3211:.
3203:.
3195:.
3183:57
3181:.
3158:.
3148:29
3146:.
3123:.
3115:.
3107:.
3097:11
3095:.
3061:.
3036:.
3010:.
2988:.
2980:.
2968:.
2945:.
2937:.
2929:.
2919:30
2917:.
2870:Pb
2822:Po
2806:Co
2790:Ra
2758:Pu
2742:Sr
2726:Cs
2710:Pu
2694:Am
2678:Ra
2646:Pu
2632:10
2623:Pu
2609:10
2600:Tc
2586:10
2563:10
2540:10
2517:10
2494:10
2485:Th
2451:=
2358:ln
2334:Bq
2240:.
2229:76
2222:=
2153:ln
2115:Bq
1953:47
1940:18
1936:10
1915:87
1846:23
1842:10
1806:ln
1695:ln
1535:10
1531:10
1502:16
1498:10
1322:16
1318:10
1282:60
1276:60
1270:24
1204:23
1200:10
1072:23
1068:10
977:ln
680:ln
619:ln
416::
354::
296:10
282:10
203:,
133:,
3457:.
3437::
3419:.
3389::
3368:.
3356::
3317:.
3297::
3270:.
3250::
3242::
3219:.
3199::
3166:.
3154::
3131:.
3111::
3103::
3071:.
3047:.
3022:.
2996:.
2976::
2953:.
2925::
2854:I
2838:I
2774:H
2662:C
2630:×
2607:×
2584:×
2577:I
2561:×
2554:K
2538:×
2531:U
2515:×
2508:U
2492:×
2455:×
2447:×
2429:2
2425:/
2421:1
2417:t
2406:K
2381:2
2377:/
2373:1
2369:t
2364:2
2350:A
2346:N
2342:n
2339:=
2330:A
2306:A
2286:n
2264:a
2260:m
2255:/
2251:m
2232:×
2208:A
2204:N
2176:2
2172:/
2168:1
2164:t
2159:2
2145:A
2141:N
2133:a
2129:m
2125:m
2120:=
2111:A
2085:2
2081:/
2077:1
2073:t
2046:a
2042:m
2018:m
2003:.
1961:.
1907:1
1899:g
1887:1
1861:1
1823:M
1817:a
1812:2
1798:A
1794:N
1787:=
1782:2
1778:/
1774:1
1770:T
1750:×
1718:.
1712:M
1706:a
1701:2
1690:A
1686:N
1679:=
1674:2
1670:/
1666:1
1662:T
1635:.
1628:A
1624:N
1619:M
1613:a
1607:=
1591:a
1587:λ
1551:.
1548:]
1540:[
1485:=
1482:]
1474:[
1465:a
1429:.
1423:]
1415:[
1412:M
1406:]
1398:[
1393:2
1389:/
1385:1
1381:T
1375:]
1360:1
1352:s
1340:1
1327:[
1299:M
1293:]
1285:[
1258:]
1250:[
1245:2
1241:/
1237:1
1233:T
1227:]
1222:1
1209:[
1187:=
1184:]
1176:[
1173:a
1147:.
1141:]
1133:[
1130:M
1124:]
1121:s
1118:[
1113:2
1109:/
1105:1
1101:T
1095:]
1090:1
1077:[
1052:]
1044:[
1041:a
1015:.
1009:M
1001:2
997:/
993:1
989:T
983:2
972:A
968:N
961:=
958:a
932:.
927:M
921:A
917:N
907:=
899:A
895:N
890:/
886:N
883:M
878:N
869:=
866:]
858:[
855:a
842:a
835:A
824:A
821:N
813:M
796:,
793:]
785:[
781:M
774:]
766:[
759:A
755:N
751:N
746:=
742:m
710:.
703:2
699:/
695:1
691:T
686:2
674:=
655:T
651:λ
634:.
625:2
613:=
608:2
604:/
600:1
596:T
569:.
562:2
558:/
554:1
550:T
539:e
533:0
529:N
525:=
520:2
515:0
511:N
492:T
483:t
479:0
476:N
459:,
454:t
444:e
438:0
434:N
430:=
427:N
397:.
394:N
388:=
382:t
379:d
374:N
371:d
352:N
348:λ
337:λ
294:×
292:1
280:×
250:A
231:a
169:a
149:s
107:A
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
23:.
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