321:, and the almost simultaneous publication of Darwin's theory of evolution. Once the biblical timescale of 6000 years was dropped, the objections to environmentalist monogenism were weakened, since the "unity and migration" hypothesis of the origins of human diversity could operate over tens of thousands of years. Since polygenists such as Hunt and Crawfurd were opponents of Darwin, monogenism became part of a larger debate on evolution.
186:
Environmentalist monogenism describes a theory current in the first half of the nineteenth century, in particular, according to which there was a single human origin, but that subsequent migration of groups of humans had subjected them to different environmental conditions.
148:, to explain the diverse peoples of the world. Monogenism as a Bible-based theory required both the completeness of the narratives and the fullness of their power of explanation. These time-honored debates were sharpened by the rise of polygenist skeptical claims; when
249:
In France of the 1850s, monogenism was an unfashionable point of view. Polygenism was supported by physicians, anthropologists, taxonomists and zoologists; and the biblical associations of monogenism held against it in scientific circles.
333:. Monogenism, therefore, attracted interest to the biological assertion of "specific unity", or single species theory of humankind. An argument brought against monogenism in its environmentalist form was that it involved a
341:
argued that reference to
Lamarck was irrelevant to determining whether specific unity was a scientific fact. Cabell's view was of common creation of humankind, which had "permanent varieties" in the form of races.
411:(mixed race) persons. On the other hand, Darwin's theory admitted the idea of "varieties of man": it was neither purely monogenist (in the sense of the term previously used), nor polygenist.
217:, arguing the intrinsic physical and mental characteristics of races. This work was a major influence to the anti-environmentalist and polygenist case on race and origins. In
255:
356:
descend from a single precursor, secondly, that their differences are comparatively slight, or not sufficiently pronounced to be regarded as specific.
399:
Charles Darwin regarded the evidence of interfertility as conclusive and substantiating the biological unity of humankind. He rejected claims of
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426:
420:
389:
91:
884:
270:
Around 1850 polygenism was a rising intellectual trend. On the other hand, monogenism retained support in London's learned societies. The
675:
60:
863:
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295:
271:
392:. The criterion of interfertility for a single human species was not universally accepted, being rejected, for example, by
307:
157:
172:
42:
144:
is a term applied to debate and research on the biblical accounts, both of the early patriarchs and migration after
481:
Science, Race, and
Religion in the American South: John Bachman and the Charleston Circle of naturalists, 1815-1895
283:
165:
879:
656:
425:
In modern times, the scientific community widely favours monogenism due to evidence that shows modern humans
254:, an early physical anthropologist, associated monogenism with backwardness and narrow intellectual horizons.
360:
These assumptions, Keane argued, would justify putting race on the same footing as the botanical concept of
90:
Modern scientific views favor this theory, with the most widely accepted model for human origins being the
625:
404:
203:
103:
314:, who was president two years later, who believed in a large number of separately created racial groups.
722:
365:
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199:
191:
176:
521:
317:
In the face of advocates of polygenism, monogenism received a second wind after the recognition of the
759:
393:
345:
279:
226:
443:
258:
was a major French voice for monogenism of the period. The debate became entrenched with that on
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Polygenism, in its biological form, asserted that different races corresponded to different
318:
195:
129:
364:. He described his own views as "unorthodox monogenesis". Monogenism was compatible with
145:
168:
defended monogenesis as the starting point of his pioneer history of
African-Americans.
652:
381:
287:
275:
238:
198:, were, therefore, products of history. A proponent of this approach to monogenism was
75:
came under scrutiny both from religious groups and in the light of developments in the
56:
38:
873:
570:
311:
299:
291:
251:
149:
133:
80:
76:
68:
501:
The
Forging of Races: race and scripture in the Protestant Atlantic world, 1600-2000
369:
303:
230:
153:
117:
692:
337:
hypothesis on inheritance. This debating point was used, for example, by
Agassiz.
352:
two assumptions, both strenuously denied by many ethnologists, firstly, that the
259:
210:
684:
152:
set out his polygenist views in 1847, they were opposed on biblical grounds by
630:
The End of the Soul: Scientific
Modernity, Atheism, and Anthropology in France
400:
334:
132:
literature on race, linked to theology rather than science, up to the time of
64:
851:
225:
argued for an environmentalist monogenism, following
Prichard, Bachman, and
84:
31:
518:
A Hideous
Monster of the Mind: American race theory in the early republic
353:
832:
The
Emperor's New Clothes: Biological Theories of Race at the Millennium
609:
The French
Encounter with Africans: white response to Blacks, 1530-1880
408:
330:
113:
764:
Ethnology: Fundamental Ethnical Problems; The Primary Ethnical Groups
403:
concerning the lack of fertility of unions of European settlers and
707:
Adam's Ancestors: race, religion, and the politics of human origins
202:. It was discussed in the context of the knowledge of the time of
121:
109:
306:. The direction of the Ethnological Society was challenged by
535:
Nature and Scripture in the Abrahamic Religions: 1700-Present
190:
Environmentalism in this sense was found in the writings of
464:
The "Racial" Economy of Science: toward a democratic future
407:, and relied on data of John Bachman of the fertility of
194:. The theory stated that perceived differences, such as
164:. The debates also saw the participation of Delany, and
27:
Theory which posits a common descent for all human races
744:
Segregation's Science: eugenics and society in Virginia
727:
The Testimony of Modern Science to the Unity of Mankind
798:
Impurity of Blood: defining race in Spain, 1870-1930
310:, a polygenist who became a secretary in 1859, and
237:. For Douglass, monogenesis was closely related to
128:played an important role in the development of an
856:The Beginning of All Things: Science and Religion
575:Fertility, Class and Gender in Britain, 1860-1940
219:The Effect of Circumstances upon the Physical Man
104:Christian anthropology § Origins of humanity
71:in the nineteenth century, as the assumptions of
555:Jewish Tradition and the Challenge of Darwinism
108:The belief that all humans are descended from
83:. It was integral to the early conceptions of
55:is the theory of human origins which posits a
368:, via the argument on disposition to accept "
325:Biology, specific unity, and varieties of man
8:
679:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
427:share a common evolutionary origin in Africa
266:Mid-century contention in the United Kingdom
632:. Columbia University Press. p. 119.
282:. Others on that side of the debate were
278:and James Cowles Prichard, continuing in
256:Jean Louis Armand de Quatrefages de Bréau
384:of human races was debated, applying to
676:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
455:
495:
493:
439:Linguistic monogenesis and polygenesis
421:Recent African origin of modern humans
390:Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon
67:. This issue was hotly debated in the
815:Miscegenation: Making Race in America
607:William B. Cohen, James D. Le Sueur,
7:
858:, 2008, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing,
549:
547:
241:and his politics of black humanity.
41:of all humans. For monogenesis, see
37:This article is about the theory of
376:Interfertility and biological unity
25:
245:Monogenism under attack in France
274:had the monogenist tradition of
63:. The negation of monogenism is
229:, but also in the tradition of
209:Prichard died in 1848; in 1850
592:The Mind of Frederick Douglass
388:arguments advanced already by
272:Ethnological Society of London
18:Specific unity of human beings
1:
854:(Translated by John Bowden),
553:G. N. Cantor, Marc Swetlitz,
781:Victorian Science in Context
693:UK public library membership
673:Brock, W. H. "Hunt, James".
885:Race (human categorization)
537:, Volume 2 (2008), p. 149;
182:Environmentalist monogenism
173:Adam in rabbinic literature
43:Monogenism (disambiguation)
901:
418:
284:William Benjamin Carpenter
170:
166:George Washington Williams
112:is central to traditional
101:
98:In the Abrahamic religions
36:
29:
577:(2002), p. 130 in note;
483:(2000), p. 293, note 6;
162:Unity of the Human Races
30:Not to be confused with
663:(2009), p. 400 note 27.
626:Hecht, Jennifer Michael
415:Modern scientific views
766:(1896; 2011 reprint);
742:Gregory Michael Dorr,
729:(1860, 2010 reprint);
705:David N. Livingstone,
685:10.1093/ref:odnb/14194
405:Aboriginal Australians
358:
204:historical linguistics
138:Principia of Ethnology
92:"Out of Africa" theory
779:Bernard V. Lightman,
723:James Lawrence Cabell
661:Darwin's Sacred Cause
419:Further information:
366:racial discrimination
350:
339:James Lawrence Cabell
200:James Cowles Prichard
192:Samuel Stanhope Smith
177:Islamic views on Adam
102:Further information:
760:Augustus Henry Keane
479:Lester D. Stephens,
394:Samuel George Morton
346:Augustus Henry Keane
280:Robert Gordon Latham
227:Robert Gordon Latham
142:Scriptural ethnology
126:Christian monogenism
533:Scott Mandelbrote,
462:Sandra G. Harding,
830:Joseph L. Graves,
557:(2006), pp. 90–1;
444:Intelligent design
348:in 1896 wrote of:
235:James McCune Smith
223:Frederick Douglass
783:(1997), p. 225;
691:(Subscription or
590:Waldo E. Martin,
73:scientific racism
16:(Redirected from
892:
839:
828:
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817:(2009), p. 113;
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709:, 2008, p. 113;
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611:(1980), p. 234;
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594:(1986), p. 231;
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503:(2006), p. 250;
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488:
477:
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466:(1993), p. 176;
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386:human speciation
319:antiquity of man
215:The Races of Men
196:human skin color
130:African-American
21:
900:
899:
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893:
891:
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880:Human evolution
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834:(2003), p. 65;
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382:interfertility
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288:Charles Darwin
276:Thomas Hodgkin
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239:egalitarianism
213:published his
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59:for all human
57:common descent
39:common descent
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571:Simon Szreter
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312:John Crawfurd
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300:Charles Lyell
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296:Henry Holland
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292:Edward Forbes
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134:Martin Delany
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81:human science
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77:life sciences
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70:
69:Western world
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58:
54:
51:or sometimes
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40:
33:
19:
855:
836:Google Books
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819:Google Books
814:
809:
802:Google Books
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785:Google Books
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731:Google Books
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711:Google Books
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613:Google Books
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559:Google Books
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539:Google Books
534:
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522:Google Books
517:
512:
505:Google Books
500:
499:Colin Kidd,
485:Google Books
480:
475:
468:Google Books
463:
458:
424:
398:
379:
370:civilization
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351:
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316:
304:Richard Owen
269:
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231:Hosea Easton
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185:
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158:Thomas Smyth
154:John Bachman
146:Noah's Flood
141:
137:
125:
118:Christianity
107:
89:
52:
48:
47:
657:James Moore
260:freethought
211:Robert Knox
53:monogenesis
874:Categories
864:0802863590
852:Kung, Hans
846:References
695:required.)
639:0231128460
401:Paul Broca
335:Lamarckian
308:James Hunt
171:See also:
65:polygenism
49:Monogenism
156:, and by
85:ethnology
32:monergism
628:(2003).
433:See also
354:Hominidæ
140:(1879).
136:and his
409:mulatto
362:variety
331:species
221:(1854)
160:in his
114:Judaism
862:
689:
636:
302:, and
450:Notes
122:Islam
61:races
860:ISBN
655:and
634:ISBN
380:The
233:and
175:and
120:and
110:Adam
79:and
681:doi
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