321:, which is a disorder affecting neurological pathways involved with speech. Poor motor function is also suggested to be highly associated with speech disorders, especially in children. Hereditary causes have also been suggested, as many times children of individuals with speech disorders will develop them as well. 20-40% individuals with a family history of a specific language impairment are likely to be diagnosed, whereas only 4% of the population overall is likely to be diagnosed. There are also language disorders that are known to be genetic, such as hereditary ataxia, which can cause slow and unclear speech.
447:. Religion and culture also play a large role in the social effects of speech disorders. For example, in many African countries like Kenya cleft palates are largely considered to be caused by a curse from God. This can cause people with cleft palates to not receive care in early childhood, and end in rejection from society. For those with speech disorders, listeners reactions are often negative, which may correlate negative effects to self-esteem. It has also been shown that adults tend to view individuals with stutters in more negative ways than those without them.
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122:. Speech skills are vital to social relationships and learning, and delays or disorders that relate to developing these skills can impact individuals function. For many children and adolescents, this can present as issues with academics. Speech disorders affect roughly 11.5% of the US population, and 5% of the primary school population. Speech is a complex process that requires precise timing, nerve and muscle control, and as a result is susceptible to impairments. A person who has a
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268:. Articulation disorders are characterized by difficulty learning to produce sounds physically. Phonemic disorders are characterized by difficulty in learning the sound distinctions of a language, so that one sound may be used in place of many. However, it is not uncommon for a single person to have a mixed speech sound disorder with both phonemic and phonetic components.
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may result from stroke or progressive illness, and involves inconsistent production of speech sounds and rearranging of sounds in a word ("potato" may become "topato" and next "totapo"). Production of words becomes more difficult with effort, but common phrases may sometimes be spoken spontaneously
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programs. Children who struggle to learn to talk often experience persistent communication difficulties in addition to academic struggles. More than 700,000 of the students served in the public schools' special education programs in the 2000–2001 school year were categorized as having a speech or
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Speech disorders refer to problems in producing the sounds of speech or with the quality of voice, where language disorders are usually an impairment of either understanding words or being able to use words and do not have to do with speech production.
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240:, and the intensity of tonic and atonic syllables of the sentences spoken, deprive an individual's particular speech of its characteristics. The cause of dysprosody is usually associated with neurological pathologies such as
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is an extremely rare neurological speech disorder. It is characterized by alterations in intensity, in the timing of utterance segments, and in rhythm, cadence, and intonation of words. The changes to the duration, the
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Sheikh, Shakeel; Sahidullah, Md; Hirsch, Fabrice; Ouni, Slim (July 2021). "Machine
Learning for Stuttering Identification: Review, Challenges & Future Directions".
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provide the students with speech therapy during school hours, although extended day and summer services may be appropriate under certain circumstances.
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There are three different levels of classification when determining the magnitude and type of a speech disorder and the proper treatment or therapy:
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50:
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Pinto JA, Corso RJ, Guilherme AC, Pinho SR, NĂłbrega Mde O (March 2004). "Dysprosody nonassociated with neurological diseases--a case report".
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Having a speech disorder can have negative social effects, especially among young children. Those with a speech disorder can be targets of
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involve difficulty in producing specific speech sounds (most often certain consonants, such as /s/ or /r/), and are subdivided into
930:"Disability Info: Speech and Language Disorders Fact Sheet (FS11)." National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities.
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196:, a speech and fluency disorder characterized primarily by a rapid rate of speech, which makes speech difficult to understand.
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Phonetic – produced only upon request; not used consistently, meaningfully, or constructively; not used in connected speech
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is a weakness or paralysis of speech muscles caused by damage to the nerves or brain. Dysarthria is often caused by
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Scott G. G.; O'Donnell P. J.; Sereno S. C. (May 2012). "Emotion words affect eye fixations during reading".
1103:"A Family Aggregation Study: The Influence of Family History and Other Risk Factors on Language Development"
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In some cases the cause is unknown. However, there are various known causes of speech impairments, such as
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Patients will be treated in teams, depending on the type of disorder they have. A team can include
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Vogel, Adam P; Folker, Joanne; Poole, Matthew L (2014-10-28). Cochrane
Neuromuscular Group (ed.).
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are usually considered distinct from speech disorders, although they are often used synonymously.
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General and
Special Education Inclusion in an Age of Change: Impact on Students with Disabilities
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In the United States, school-age children with a speech disorder are often placed in
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616:"Evaluation and Management of Language and Speech Disorders in Preschool Children"
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673:. Advances in Special Education. Vol. 31. Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
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Stimulate after demonstration and probing (i.e. with a tongue depressor)
118:. Someone who is unable to speak due to a speech disorder is considered
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Phonemic – can be produced easily; used meaningfully and constructively
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language impairment. This estimate does not include children who have
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1259:"Eligibility and Speech Sound Disorders: Assessment of Social Impact"
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274:(AKA “Dysphemia”) affects approximately 1% of the adult population.
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Journal of
Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
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are impairments, often physical, that involve the function of the
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Type of communication disorder in which normal speech is disrupted
1300:"Effects of speech and language disorders on raters' perceptions"
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because of their disorder. This bullying can result in decreased
396:. Other treatments include correction of organic conditions and
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International
Journal of Language & Communication Disorders
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423:, specialists, family doctors, teachers, and family members.
667:
Bakken, Jeffrey P.; Obiakor, Festus E., eds. (2016-10-24).
754:"Cultural Perspectives in Language and Speech Disorders"
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Fox, A. V.; Dodd, Barbara; Howard, David (2009-03-07).
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secondary to other conditions such as deafness". Many
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Choudhury, Naseem; Benasich, April Ann (2003-04-21).
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388:Many of these types of disorders can be treated by
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1298:Williams, Dale F.; Dietrich, Susan (1996-01-01).
1204:http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-speechde.html
1107:Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
1263:Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups
704:"Risk factors for speech disorders in children"
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220:, head or neck injuries, surgical accident, or
932:http://www.nichcy.org/pubs/factshe/fs11txt.htm
836:"Dysarthria: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
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1054:Kang, Changsoo; Drayna, Dennis (2011-09-22).
342:The examples and perspective in this section
8:
1060:Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics
1013:Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology
752:Ndung'u, Ruth; Kinyua, Mathew (2009-11-05).
1056:"Genetics of Speech and Language Disorders"
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599:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
360:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
202:also known as childhood apraxia of speech.
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66:of all important aspects of the article.
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134:may have speech and language problems.
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62:Please consider expanding the lead to
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264:(also called phonetic disorders) and
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568:Introduction to language development
244:, cranioencephalic traumatisms, and
1202:"Speech Defect". Encyclopedia.com.
1072:10.1146/annurev-genom-090810-183119
950:Basilakos, Alexandra (2018-02-22).
254:is the complete inability to speak.
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1304:Journal of Communication Disorders
1257:Krueger, Breanna I. (2019-02-26).
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1007:Robinson, Roger J. (2008-11-12).
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614:Feldman, Heidi M. (2006-04-26).
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410:speech and language impairments
313:, physical impairments such as
146:Sounds the patient can produce
54:may be too short to adequately
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200:Developmental verbal dyspraxia
171:Cannot be produced voluntarily
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1505:Oppositional defiant disorder
794:Human Communication Disorders
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758:Disability Studies Quarterly
565:Kennison, Shelia M. (2014).
430:Student doing speech therapy
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242:brain vascular accidents
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238:fundamental frequency
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620:Pediatrics in Review
354:improve this section
344:may not represent a
315:cleft lip and palate
1346:"NICHCY's New Home"
807:"Apraxia of Speech"
284:or vocal resonance.
214:Parkinson's disease
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187:Apraxia of speech
181:Types of disorder
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1591:Encopresis
1569:Cluttering
1564:Stuttering
1360:2005-06-05
1350:nichcy.org
914:2021-03-31
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