1141:"A man may see, and hear, and remember, and judge, and reason; he may deliberate and form purposes, and execute them, without the intervention of any other intelligent being. They are solitary acts. But when he asks a question for information, when he testifies a fact, when he gives a command to his servant, when he makes a promise, or enters into a contract, these are social acts of mind, and can have no existence without the intervention of some other intelligent being, who acts a part in them. Between the operations of the mind, which, for want of a more proper name, I have called solitary, and those I have called social, there is this very remarkable distinction, that, in the solitary, the expression of them by words, or any other sensible sign, is accidental. They may exist, and be complete, without being expressed, without being known to any other person. But, in the social operations, the expression is essential. They cannot exist without being expressed by words or signs, and known to the other party." Cf.
291:, typical instances of which are "I nominate John to be President", "I sentence you to ten years' imprisonment", or "I promise to pay you back." In these typical, rather explicit cases of performative sentences, the action that the sentence describes (nominating, sentencing, promising) is performed by the utterance of the sentence itself. J.L. Austin claimed that performative sentences could be "happy or unhappy". They were only happy if the speaker does the actions he or she talks about. They were unhappy if this did not happen. Performative speech acts also use explicit verbs instead of implicit ones. For example, stating "I intend to go." does convey information, but it does not really mean that you are
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forms an observable framework under a specified subject matter from the player, and the audience who are 'under-theorised remain outside of the framework itself, and would benefit from being both brought in and drawn out.' It is because the audience would not be informed of the intentions of the player, except to focus on the display of the speech act itself. Therefore, in the perspective of the player, the truth of the subject matter is irrelevant except the result produced via the audience.
427:
being cold, that being cold is an uncomfortable sensation and they wish it to be taken care of, and that Peter cares to rectify this situation by closing the window. This, of course, depends much on the relationship between the requester and Peter—he might understand the request differently if they were his boss at work than if they were his girlfriend or boyfriend at home. The more presumed information pertaining to the request, the more indirect the speech act may be considered to be.
678:(Illocutionary) negotiation of the two parties involved is generally much, much simpler than any model representing the world in which those parties are making claims; in short, the system tracking the status of the conversation for action need not be concerned with modeling all of the realities of the external world. A conversation for action is critically dependent upon certain stereotypical
310:
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98:, and the other uses of language tended to be ignored, as Austin states at the beginning of Lecture 1, "It was for too long the assumption of philosophers that the business of a 'statement' can only be to 'describe' some state of affairs, or to 'state some fact', which it must do either truly or falsely."
426:
An even more indirect way of making such a request would be to say, in Peter's presence in the room with the open window, "I'm cold." The speaker of this request must rely upon Peter's understanding of several items of information that is not explicit: that the window is open and is the cause of them
833:
adopts speech act as a form of felicitous speech act (or simply 'facilitating conditions'), whereby the speaker, often politicians or players, act in accordance to the truth but in preparation for the audience to take action in the directions of the player that are driven or incited by the act. This
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sometimes use speech act labels to express the intent of an agent when it sends a message to another agent. For example, the intent "inform" in the message "inform(content)" may be interpreted as a request that the receiving agent adds the item "content" to its knowledge-base; this is in contrast to
265:
gave an alternative to Austin's explanation of the illocutionary act saying, a "speech act" is often meant to refer to exactly the same thing as the term illocutionary act. Searle's work on speech acts is understood to further refine Austin's conception. However, some philosophers have pointed out a
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This transactional view of speech acts has significant applications in many areas in which (human) individuals have had different roles, for instance, a patient and a physician might meet in an encounter in which the patient makes a request for treatment, the physician responds with a counter-offer
51:
is something expressed by an individual that not only presents information but performs an action as well. For example, the phrase "I would like the mashed potatoes, could you please pass them to me?" is considered a speech act as it expresses the speaker's desire to acquire the mashed potatoes, as
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In other words, this means that one does not need to say the words apologize, pledge, or praise in order to show they are doing the action. All the examples above show how the actions and indirect words make something happen rather than coming out straightforward with specific words and saying it.
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One common way of performing speech acts is to use an expression, which indicates one speech act, and indeed performs this act, but also performs a further speech act, which is indirect. One may, for instance, say, "Peter, can you close the window?", thereby asking Peter whether he will be able to
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In the course of performing speech acts people communicate with each other. The content of communication may be identical, or almost identical, with the content intended to be communicated, as when a stranger asks, "What is your name?" However, the meaning of the linguistic means used may also be
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A key part of this analysis is the contention that one dimension of the social domain-tracking the illocutionary status of the transaction (whether individual participants claim that their interests have been met, or not) is very readily conferred to a computer process, regardless of whether the
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The study of speech acts is prevalent in legal theory since laws themselves can be interpreted as speech acts. Laws issue out a command to their constituents, which can be realized as an action. When forming a legal contract, speech acts can be made when people are making or accepting an offer.
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computer has the means to adequately represent the real world issues underlying that claim. Thus a computer instantiating the conversation for action has the useful ability to model the status of the current social reality independent of any external reality on which social claims may be based.
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Indirect speech acts are commonly used to reject proposals and to make requests. For example, if a speaker asks, "Would you like to meet me for coffee?" and the other replies, "I have class", the second speaker has used an indirect speech act to reject the proposal. This is indirect because the
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has long advocated moving away from the psychological to a social semantics of speech acts—one that would be in tune with Austin's conception. Andrew Jones has also been a critic of the psychological conception. A recent collection of manifestos by researchers in agent communication reflects a
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in their 1986 text "Understanding
Computers and Cognition: A New Foundation for Design". Arguably the most important part of their analysis lies in a state-transition diagram in Chapter 5, that Winograd and Flores claim underlies the significant illocutionary (speech act) claims of two parties
102:
came up with the idea of "don't ask for the meaning, ask for the use," showing language as a new vehicle for social activity. Speech act theory hails from
Wittgenstein's philosophical theories. Wittgenstein believed meaning derives from pragmatic tradition, demonstrating the importance of how
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are centered around the listener. Perlocutionary acts always have a 'perlocutionary effect', which is the effect a speech act has on a listener. This could affect the listener's thoughts, emotions or even their physical actions. An example of this could be if someone uttered the sentence "I'm
846:
In a sociological perspective, Nicolas
Brisset adopts the concept of speech act in order to understand how economic models participate in the making and the spreading of representations inside and outside of the scientific field. Brisset argues that models perform actions in different fields
205:: the active result of the implied request or meaning presented by the locutionary act. For example, if the locutionary act in an interaction is the question "Is there any salt?" the implied illocutionary request is "Please pass the salt to me." or at least "I wish to add salt to my meal.";
847:(scientific, academic, practical, and political). This multiplicity of fields induces a variety of felicity conditions and types of performed actions. This perspective is a criticism of the essentialism of philosophical modelling studies. This approach is largely inspired by the work of
59:, "almost any speech act is really the performance of several acts at once, distinguished by different aspects of the speaker's intention: there is the act of saying something, what one does in saying it, such as requesting or promising, and how one is trying to affect one's audience".
464:"We ask that you extinguish your cigarettes at this time, and bring your tray tables and seatbacks to an upright position." This statement describes the requirements of the current location, such as an aeroplane, while also issuing the command to stop smoking and to sit up straight.
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about the status of the world made by the two parties. Thus a conversation for action can be readily tracked and facilitated by a device with little or no ability to model circumstances in the real world other than the ability to register claims by specific agents about a domain.
240:
is central to the concept of a speech act. Although there are several scholarly opinions regarding how to define 'illocutionary acts', there are some kinds of acts that are widely accepted as illocutionary. Examples of these widely accepted acts are commands or promises.
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the message "query(content)", which may be interpreted (depending on the semantics employed) as a request to see if the item content is currently in the receiving agents knowledge base. There are at least two standardisations of speech act labelled messaging
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something", as when someone issues an order to someone to go by saying "Go!", or when a minister joins two people in marriage saying, "I now pronounce you husband and wife." (Austin would eventually define the "illocutionary act" in a more exact manner.)
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Considering the theory of freedom of speech, some speech acts may not be legally protected. For example, a death threat is a type of speech act and is considered to exist outside of the protection of freedom of speech as it is treated as a criminal act.
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of negotiations between the patient and physician participants even in the absence of any adequate model of the illness or proposed treatments. The key insight provided by
Winograd and Flores is that the state-transition diagram representing the
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involving a treatment they feel is appropriate, and the patient might respond, etc. Such a conversation for action can describe a situation in which an external observer (such as a computer or health information system) may be able to track the
82:. Speech acts serve their function once they are said or communicated. These are commonly taken to include acts such as apologizing, promising, ordering, answering, requesting, complaining, warning, inviting, refusing, and congratulating.
467:"Would it be too much trouble for me to ask you to hand me that wrench?" functions to simultaneously ask two questions. The first is to ask the listener if they are capable of passing the wrench, while the second is an actual request.
438:, as it is confusing to see how the person who made the proposal can understand that his proposal was rejected. In 1975 John Searle suggested that the illocutionary force of indirect speech acts can be derived by means of a
279:
hungry." The perlocutionary effect on the listener could be the effect of being persuaded by the utterance. For example, after hearing the utterance, the listener could be persuaded to make a sandwich for the speaker.
198:: the actual utterance and its apparent meaning, comprising any and all of its verbal, social, and rhetorical meanings, all of which correspond to the verbal, syntactic and semantic aspects of any meaningful utterance;
266:
significant difference between the two conceptions: whereas Austin emphasized the conventional interpretation of speech acts, Searle emphasized a psychological interpretation (based on beliefs, intentions, etc.).
130:
Austin was by no means the first one to deal with what one could call "speech acts" in a wider sense. The term 'social act' and some of the theory of this type of linguistic action are to be found in the fifth of
295:
to go; so it does not count as "performing" an action ("such as" the action of promising to go). Therefore, it is an implicit verb; i.e., a verb that would not be suitable for use in performative speech acts.
212:: the actual effect of the locutionary and illocutionary acts, such as persuading, convincing, scaring, enlightening, inspiring, or otherwise getting someone to do or realize something, whether intended or not.
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different from the content intended to be communicated. One may, in appropriate circumstances, request Peter to do the dishes by just saying, "Peter ...!", or one can promise to do the dishes by saying, "Me!"
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127:", occupied an important role in what was then to become the "study of speech acts". All of these three acts, but especially the "illocutionary act", are nowadays commonly classified as "speech acts".
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categorizes speech acts that refer to the forms and functions of the discourse itself rather than continuing the substantive development of the discourse, or to the configurational functions of
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published posthumously in 1962. According to Austin's preliminary informal description, the idea of an "illocutionary act" can be captured by emphasizing that "by saying something, we
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470:"Well, would you listen to that?" acts as a question, requesting that a listener heed what is being said by the speaker, but also as an exclamation of disbelief or shock.
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that prescribe certain behaviour in order to regulate the traffic. Without these rules however, the traffic would not cease to be. In contrast: the rules of chess are
149:(1844–1918) have been both independently credited with a fairly comprehensive account of social acts as performative utterances dating to 1913, long before Austin and
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Speech Acts are commonplace in everyday interactions and are important for communication, as well as present in many different contexts. Examples of these include:
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close the window, but also requesting that he does so. Since the request is performed indirectly, by means of (directly) performing a question, it counts as an
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461:"I hereby appoint you as chairman" expresses both the status of the individual as chairman, and the action that promotes the individual to this position.
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In finance, it is possible to understand mathematical models as speech acts: in 2016 the notion of "financial Logos" was defined as the speech act of
458:"You're fired!" expresses both the employment status of the individual in question, as well as the action by which said person's employment is ended.
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attempting to coordinate action with one another, no matter whether the agents involved might be human–human, human–computer, or computer–computer.
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1595:. Proceedings of the 9th International Working Conference on the Language-Action Perspective on Communication Modelling (LAP 2004). Archived from
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language is used to accomplish objectives within specific situations. By following rules to accomplish a goal, communication becomes a set of
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ach, which "studies office activities as a series of speech acts creating, maintaining, modifying, reporting, and terminating commitments".
115:, led philosophers to pay more attention to the non-declarative uses of language. The terminology he introduced, especially the notions "
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1567:. Bioengineering Conference, 1991., Proceedings of the 1991 IEEE Seventeenth Annual Northeast. Hartford, CT. pp. 263–264.
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Walter, Christian (2016). "The financial Logos : The framing of financial decision-making by mathematical modelling".
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866:. The action of the financial Logos on financial practices is the framing of financial decision-making by risk modelling.
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that constitute the game. Without these rules chess would not exist, since the game is logically dependent on the rules.
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and D. Vandervecken attempted to give some grounds of an illocutionary logic. Other attempts have been proposed by
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are prescriptions that regulate a pre-existing activity (whose existence is logically independent of the rules),
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Geo
Siegwart, "Alethic Acts and Alethiological Reflection. An Outline of Constructive Philosophy of Truth." In
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Searle, J.R., Vandervecken, D.: Foundations of
Illocutionary Logic. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge 1985
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semantics). Up to now the main basic formal applications of speech act theory are to be found in the field of
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In 1975 John Dore proposed that children's utterances were realizations of one of nine primitive speech acts:
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Mann, Steven T. (March 2009). "'You're Fired': An
Application of Speech Act Theory to 2 Samuel 15.23—16.14".
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Ingber, Warren; Bach, Kent; Harnish, Robert M. (January 1982). "Linguistic
Communication and Speech Acts".
107:. Thus, utterances do more than reflect a meaning, they are words designed to get things done. The work of
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An interesting type of illocutionary speech act is that performed in the utterance of what Austin calls
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Bach, Kent. "Speech Acts." Speech Acts. Routledge
Encyclopedia of Philosophy, n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2014.
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Gibbon, D., "A New Look at
Intonation Syntax and Semantics", in A. R. James & P. Westney, eds.,
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reasoning process; however, the process he proposes does not seem to accurately solve the problem .
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Zu Stand und Entwicklung der Sprechakttheorie. Zu Grundsätzen der Theorie des spachlichen Handelns
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2192:, ed. P. Cole & J. L. Morgan, pp. 59–82. New York: Academic Press. (1975). Reprinted in
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2037:"The model (also) in the world: extending the sociological theory of fields to economic models"
1886:"Detecting deception in synchronous computer-mediated communication using speech act profiling"
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growing recognition in the multiagent systems community of the benefits of a social semantics.
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1030:"The Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition (CARLA): Pragmatics and Speech Acts"
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In the past, philosophy has discussed rules for when expressions are used. The two rules are
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KQML and FIPA are based on the Searlian, that is, psychological semantics of speech acts.
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Using Speech Act Theory to Model Conversations for Automated Classification and Retrieval
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2137:: 'Illocutionary Acts and Sentence Meaning'. Ithaca: Cornell University Press 2000,
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An office can be seen as a system of speech acts. The abbreviation SAMPO stands for
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constitute an activity the existence of which is logically dependent on the rules.
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2005:
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Douglas P. Twitchell; Mark Adkins; Jay F. Nunamaker Jr.; Judee K. Burgoon (2004).
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philosophy of language, language was viewed primarily as a way of making factual
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2203:, ed. D. Greimann & G. Siegwart, pp. 41–58. New York: Routledge. (2007)
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Speech Act and Sachverhalt: Reinach and the Foundations of Realist Phenomenology
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Speech Act and Sachverhalt: Reinach and the Foundations of Realist Phenomenology
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1346:. Syntax and Semantics. Vol. 3. New York: Academic Press. pp. 59–82.
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Brock, Jarrett (1981). "An Introduction to Peirce's Theory of Speech Acts".
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1106:. Vol. 2. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 919–921.
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Dorschel, Andreas, 'What is it to understand a directive speech act?', in:
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1155:. Nijhoff, Dordrecht/Boston/Lancaster 1987. Quote from Reid 1969, 437–438).
978:
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2196:, ed. S. Davis, pp. 265–277. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (1991)
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literal meaning of "I have class" does not entail any sort of rejection.
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The speech act of forbidding and its realizations: A linguistic analysis
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Understanding computers and cognition : a new foundation for design
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Dore, John (1975). "Holophrases, Speech Acts and Language Universals".
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Speech act profiling has been used to detect deception in synchronous
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well as presenting a request that someone pass the potatoes to them.
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ed. M. McDonald, pp. 2–3. Warwick: University of Warwick. (2008)
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were developed, and in 2004 speech act theory has been used to model
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Illocutionary Acts – Austin's Account and What Searle Made Out of It
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How to Do Things with Tense and Aspect: Performativity before Austin
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Promisings and other social acts – their constituents and structure.
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616:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
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Promisings and other social acts – their constituents and structure
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Understanding Computers and Cognition: A New Foundation for Design
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It is hereby performed-- : explorations in legal speech acts
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Auramäki, Esa; Lehtinen, Erkki; Lyytinen, Kalle (1 April 1988).
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A computational speech-act model of human-computer conversations
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There is no agreed formalization of Speech Act theory. In 1985,
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An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language
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Another highly-influential view of Speech Acts has been in the
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1987:"Models as speech acts: the telling case of financial models"
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Truth and Speech Acts: Studies in the philosophy of language
1780:"Social and Psychological Commitments in Multiagent Systems"
963:(2nd ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
959:
Austin, J. L. (1975). Urmson, J. O.; SbisĂ , Marina. (eds.).
1185:, Newcastle upon Tyne, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2011.
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The contemporary use of the term "speech act" goes back to
2307:"Elements of Speech Act Theory in the Work of Thomas Reid"
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While illocutionary acts relate more to the speaker,
1563:
R. A. Morelli; J. D. Bronzino; J. W. Goethe (1991).
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New Linguistic Impulses in Foreign Language Teaching
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The term "Speech Act" had also been already used by
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524:for a treatment of the concept of assertion inside
2035:Brisset, Nicolas; Jullien, Dorian (2 April 2020).
1933:Buzan, Barry; Waever, Ole; de Wilde, Jaap (1998).
1522:"How to Do Things with Words: A Bayesian Approach"
1901:"Securitisation and the Construction of Security"
139:(1788, chapter VI, Of the Nature of a Contract).
3772:Segmented discourse representation theory (SDRT)
2281:Securitisation and the Construction of Security.
2253:Illocutionary acts, Subordination, and Silencing
1342:Searle, John R. (1975). "Indirect Speech Acts".
1309:Vanderveken, Daniel; Kubo, Susumu, eds. (2001).
186:Speech acts can be analysed on multiple levels:
2415:Strategies for Learning Speech Acts in Japanese
244:The first of these opinions is the one held by
2084:Research in International Business and Finance
3291:
2436:
2344:Transactions of the Charles S. Peirce Society
2287:Barry Buzan, Ole Waever & Jaap de Wilde:
1836:"A speech-act-based office modeling approach"
548:in chatboxes and other tools. Recent work in
540:semantics) and illocutionary force (given by
536:connecting propositional content (given with
248:who coined the term "speech act" in his book
137:Essays on the Active Powers of the Human Mind
27:Utterance that serves a performative function
8:
1818:"Research Directions in Agent Communication"
1255:Consciousness and Language by John R. Searle
572:for automated classification and retrieval.
564:In 1991, computational speech act models of
1908:European Journal of International Relations
1527:Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research
1172:. Nijhoff, Dordrecht/Boston/Lancaster 1987.
338:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3701:
3398:
3298:
3284:
3276:
3160:Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language
2443:
2429:
2421:
2410:Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents
2217:, Ablex Publishing Corp, (Norwood), 1986.
1655:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1369:Journal for the Study of the Old Testament
1194:"Die Axiomatik der Sprachwissenschaften”,
1853:
1539:
632:Learn how and when to remove this message
402:Learn how and when to remove this message
2188:John Searle, "Indirect speech acts." In
1767:Rules of Meaning and Practical Reasoning
2294:Colorado Boulder: Lynne Rienner. (1998)
1841:ACM Transactions on Information Systems
1098:Littlejohn, S.; Foss, K., eds. (2009).
944:
208:and under certain conditions a further
4004:Concepts in the philosophy of language
2403:Towards a History of Speech Act Theory
2305:Schuhmann, Karl; Smith, Barry (1990).
2290:Security: A New Framework for Analysis
2167:LXVII (1989), nr. 3, pp. 319–340.
1936:Security: A New Framework for Analysis
1648:
3727:Discourse representation theory (DRT)
2119:. Cambridge (Mass.) 1962, paperback:
1213:(Jena: Fischer, 1934) where he uses "
7:
2394:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2190:Syntax and Semantics, 3: Speech Acts
1520:Gmytrasiewicz, Piotr (August 2020).
1198:38 (1933), 43, where he discusses a
1104:Encyclopedia of communication theory
1060:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy
954:
952:
950:
948:
336:adding citations to reliable sources
4014:Formal semantics (natural language)
3640:Quantificational variability effect
3307:Formal semantics (natural language)
2381:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2177:, Cambridge University Press 1969,
1985:Brisset, Nicolas (2 January 2018).
1961:"Legal Theory Lexicon: Speech Acts"
1414:. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Pub. Co.
1313:. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Pub. Co.
556:approach to formalize speech acts
2164:Australasian Journal of Philosophy
1238:: Gunter Narr Verlag, 1981), esp.
25:
1296:Blackwell Textbook In Linguistics
586:
308:
2315:History of Philosophy Quarterly
2248:Robert Maximilian de Gaynesford
2041:Journal of Economic Methodology
1994:Journal of Economic Methodology
1765:Kathrin GlĂĽer and Peter Pagin:
1741:The Stratification of Behaviour
1298:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 187.
818:computer-mediated communication
748:For example: traffic rules are
90:For much of the history of the
3722:Combinatory categorial grammar
3100:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
1444:"Speech Acts and Conversation"
1181:Matejka Grgic, Igor Z. Žagar,
532:, with a proposal of a formal
1:
3500:Antecedent-contained deletion
2981:Principle of compositionality
2284:University of Warwick. (2008)
2151:Doerge, Friedrich Christoph.
2053:10.1080/1350178X.2019.1680857
2006:10.1080/1350178X.2018.1419105
1252:Searle, John R. (July 2002).
714:, and has been elaborated by
3130:Philosophical Investigations
1939:. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
1200:Theorie der Sprechhandlungen
1068:10.4324/9780415249126-U043-1
932:Relevance theory#Speech acts
2971:Modality (natural language)
2117:How to Do Things With Words
2096:10.1016/j.ribaf.2016.01.022
1311:Essays in speech act theory
961:How to do things with words
612:the claims made and adding
566:human–computer conversation
251:How to Do Things with Words
113:How to Do Things with Words
4030:
3381:Syntax–semantics interface
3110:Language, Truth, and Logic
2850:Theological noncognitivism
2735:Contrast theory of meaning
2730:Causal theory of reference
2461:Index of language articles
2267:. AkademikerVerlag. 2012.
1112:10.4135/9781412959384.n356
829:In political science, the
546:human–computer interaction
526:intuitionistic type theory
167:
31:
3873:Question under discussion
3823:Conversational scoreboard
3600:Intersective modification
3585:Homogeneity (linguistics)
3250:
3195:Philosophy of information
2795:Mediated reference theory
2458:
1482:10.1017/S0305000900000878
1470:Journal of Child Language
1294:Birner, Betty J. (2013).
897:Discourse-completion task
434:This poses a problem for
3933:Distributional semantics
3120:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
2121:Harvard University Press
1920:10.1177/1354066108097553
1621:Winograd, Terry (1986).
1573:10.1109/NEBC.1991.154675
1381:10.1177/0309089209102499
1264:10.1017/cbo9780511606366
1168:in Mulligan, K., editor
1151:in Mulligan, K., editor
995:The Philosophical Review
788:Other uses in technology
283:Performative speech acts
194:: the performance of an
3928:Computational semantics
3665:Subsective modification
3469:Propositional attitudes
2921:Use–mention distinction
2765:Direct reference theory
1899:McDonald, Matt (2008).
1672:"What is a Speech Act?"
1410:Kurzon, Dennis (1986).
902:Entailment (pragmatics)
760:In multiagent universes
646:conversation for action
577:Conversation for action
550:artificial intelligence
475:In language development
289:performative utterances
68:performative utterances
3958:Philosophy of language
3595:Inalienable possession
3575:Free choice inferences
3570:Faultless disagreement
3341:Generalized quantifier
2855:Theory of descriptions
2790:Linguistic determinism
2452:Philosophy of language
1219:Theorie der Sprechakte
1062:. Taylor and Francis.
860:mathematical modelling
41:philosophy of language
32:For the U.S. law, see
3853:Plural quantification
3747:Inquisitive semantics
3712:Alternative semantics
2966:Mental representation
2901:Linguistic relativity
2785:Inquisitive semantics
2234:VDM Verlag Dr. MĂĽller
2123:, 2nd edition, 2005,
1689:Two Concepts of Rules
882:Cooperative principle
842:In economic sociology
3838:Function application
3645:Responsive predicate
3635:Privative adjectives
3150:Naming and Necessity
3060:De Arte Combinatoria
2859:Definite description
2820:Semantic externalism
2194:Pragmatics: A Reader
2113:John Langshaw Austin
1855:10.1145/45941.214328
1804:"Andrew J. I. Jones"
1715:Models and Metaphors
1541:10.1613/jair.1.11951
825:In political science
706:finds its origin in
332:improve this section
300:Indirect speech acts
3923:Cognitive semantics
3888:Strawson entailment
3833:Existential closure
3777:Situation semantics
3680:Temperature paradox
3650:Rising declaratives
3615:Modal subordination
3590:Hurford disjunction
3550:Discourse relations
3200:Philosophical logic
3190:Analytic philosophy
2996:Sense and reference
2875:Verification theory
2830:Situation semantics
1100:"Speech act theory"
1054:Bach, Kent (1998).
765:Multi-agent systems
560:In computer science
495:requesting (answer)
492:requesting (action)
421:indirect speech act
276:perlocutionary acts
270:Perlocutionary acts
217:metalocutionary act
182:metalocutionary act
111:, particularly his
80:perlocutionary acts
3999:Oral communication
3989:Discourse analysis
3968:Semantics of logic
3893:Strict conditional
3863:Quantifier raising
3828:Downward entailing
3808:Autonomy of syntax
3737:Generative grammar
3717:Categorial grammar
3655:Scalar implicature
3560:Epistemic modality
3535:De dicto and de re
3050:Port-Royal Grammar
2946:Family resemblance
2865:Theory of language
2840:Supposition theory
2417:by Noriko Ishihara
2263:Outi, Malmivuori:
1258:. Cambridge Core.
754:constitutive rules
743:constitutive rules
704:constitutive rules
597:possibly contains
236:The concept of an
232:Illocutionary acts
210:perlocutionary act
178:perlocutionary act
125:perlocutionary act
70:and his theory of
66:'s development of
3976:
3975:
3948:Logic translation
3911:
3910:
3903:Universal grinder
3883:Squiggle operator
3843:Meaning postulate
3782:Supervaluationism
3752:Intensional logic
3732:Dynamic semantics
3693:
3692:
3525:Crossover effects
3474:Tense–aspect–mood
3454:Lexical semantics
3273:
3272:
2775:Dynamic semantics
2370:Green, Mitchell.
2337:on 5 August 2019.
2273:978-3-639-44043-0
2242:978-3-639-23275-2
2158:. Tuebingen 2006.
2135:William P. Alston
1965:Legal Theory Blog
1946:978-1-55587-784-2
1739:David Schwayder:
1726:G.H. von Wright:
1448:www.sas.upenn.edu
1121:978-1-4129-5937-7
1077:978-0-415-25069-6
927:Politeness theory
917:Phatic expression
831:Copenhagen School
781:Munindar P. Singh
642:
641:
634:
599:original research
530:Carlo Dalla Pozza
412:
411:
404:
386:
238:illocutionary act
203:illocutionary act
174:illocutionary act
147:Stanislav Ĺ krabec
121:illocutionary act
18:Speech act theory
16:(Redirected from
4021:
3953:Linguistics wars
3878:Semantic parsing
3767:Montague grammar
3702:
3545:Deontic modality
3399:
3386:Truth conditions
3321:Compositionality
3314:Central concepts
3300:
3293:
3286:
3277:
3235:Formal semantics
3183:Related articles
3175:
3165:
3155:
3145:
3135:
3125:
3115:
3105:
3095:
3085:
3075:
3065:
3055:
3045:
2815:Relevance theory
2810:Phallogocentrism
2445:
2438:
2431:
2422:
2385:
2376:Zalta, Edward N.
2359:
2338:
2336:
2330:. Archived from
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1700:G.C.J. Midgley:
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892:Direction of fit
801:ct-based office
750:regulative rules
739:regulative rules
697:regulative rules
669:(or speech act)
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614:inline citations
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3757:Lambda calculus
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3660:Sloppy identity
3620:Opaque contexts
3555:Donkey anaphora
3520:Counterfactuals
3488:
3390:
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3274:
3269:
3246:
3225:School of Names
3178:
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3140:Of Grammatology
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3123:
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3103:
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3083:
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3063:
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2879:
2825:Semantic holism
2805:Non-cognitivism
2745:Conventionalism
2716:
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2309:
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2299:Further reading
2278:Matt McDonald:
2232:. SaarbrĂĽcken:
2211:Fernando Flores
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864:financial risks
853:Quentin Skinner
849:Pierre Bourdieu
844:
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724:G.H. von Wright
702:The concept of
689:
654:Fernando Flores
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168:Main articles:
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3943:Inferentialism
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3515:Conservativity
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3479:Quantification
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2755:Deconstruction
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2396:, by Kent Bach
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2364:External links
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2350:(4): 319–326.
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2401:Barry Smith,
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2372:"Speech Acts"
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1421:9789027279293
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1211:Sprachtheorie
1207:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1164:Mulligan, K.
1161:
1158:
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1109:
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1056:"Speech Acts"
1050:
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1034:carla.umn.edu
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766:
759:
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725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
700:
698:
694:
686:
684:
681:
677:
672:
668:
667:illocutionary
662:
658:
655:
651:
648:developed by
647:
636:
633:
625:
615:
611:
607:
601:
600:
595:This section
593:
584:
583:
578:
575:
573:
571:
570:conversations
567:
559:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
512:Formalization
511:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
481:
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466:
463:
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406:
403:
395:
384:
381:
377:
374:
370:
367:
363:
360:
356:
353: –
352:
348:
347:Find sources:
341:
337:
333:
327:
326:
322:
317:This section
315:
311:
306:
305:
299:
297:
294:
290:
282:
280:
277:
269:
267:
264:
260:
257:
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218:
214:
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189:
188:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
163:
161:
159:
154:
152:
148:
144:
143:Adolf Reinach
140:
138:
134:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
101:
97:
93:
85:
83:
81:
77:
76:illocutionary
73:
69:
65:
60:
58:
55:According to
53:
50:
46:
42:
35:
30:
19:
3898:Type shifter
3868:Quantization
3818:Continuation
3685:Veridicality
3565:Exhaustivity
3530:Cumulativity
3449:Indexicality
3429:Definiteness
3424:Conditionals
3375:
3351:Logical form
3168:
3158:
3148:
3138:
3128:
3118:
3108:
3098:
3078:
3068:
3058:
3048:
3038:
3020:
3000:
2961:Metalanguage
2956:Logical form
2911:Truth-bearer
2870:Unilalianism
2780:Expressivism
2607:Wittgenstein
2552:von Humboldt
2469:Philosophers
2402:
2393:
2389:
2379:
2347:
2343:
2332:the original
2319:
2313:
2288:
2280:
2264:
2260:, July 2009.
2257:
2252:
2229:
2214:
2200:
2193:
2189:
2174:
2162:
2153:
2116:
2107:Bibliography
2087:
2083:
2077:
2044:
2040:
2030:
2000:(1): 21–41.
1997:
1993:
1980:
1968:. Retrieved
1964:
1955:
1935:
1928:
1911:
1907:
1894:
1880:
1845:
1839:
1829:
1812:
1798:
1786:. Retrieved
1774:
1766:
1761:
1753:
1748:
1740:
1735:
1727:
1722:
1714:
1709:
1701:
1696:
1688:
1687:John Rawls:
1683:
1665:
1623:
1616:
1604:. Retrieved
1597:the original
1588:
1581:
1564:
1558:
1531:
1525:
1515:
1506:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1451:. Retrieved
1447:
1438:
1411:
1405:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1343:
1337:
1310:
1304:
1295:
1289:
1277:. Retrieved
1254:
1247:
1231:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1196:Kant-Studien
1195:
1190:
1182:
1177:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1152:
1145:
1143:Mulligan, K.
1137:
1125:. Retrieved
1103:
1093:
1081:. Retrieved
1059:
1049:
1037:. Retrieved
1033:
1024:
999:
993:
987:
960:
857:
845:
836:
828:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
778:
763:
753:
749:
747:
742:
738:
736:
708:Wittgenstein
701:
696:
693:constitutive
692:
690:
679:
675:
670:
666:
663:
659:
645:
643:
628:
622:January 2022
619:
596:
576:
563:
515:
478:
453:
444:
433:
429:
425:
417:
413:
398:
389:
379:
372:
365:
358:
351:"Speech act"
346:
330:Please help
318:
292:
286:
273:
261:
255:
249:
243:
235:
216:
209:
202:
191:
185:
155:
141:
136:
129:
112:
109:J. L. Austin
100:Wittgenstein
89:
64:J. L. Austin
61:
54:
48:
38:
29:
3813:Context set
3787:Type theory
3670:Subtrigging
3434:Disjunction
3361:Proposition
3205:Linguistics
3170:Limited Inc
3090:On Denoting
2916:Proposition
2567:de Saussure
2532:Ibn Khaldun
2392:entry from
2390:Speech Acts
2175:Speech Acts
2171:John Searle
2090:: 597–604.
1754:Speech Acts
1713:Max Black:
1534:: 753–776.
1344:Speech Acts
1039:20 February
907:Implicature
732:John Searle
552:proposes a
518:John Searle
225:punctuation
158:Karl BĂĽhler
133:Thomas Reid
72:locutionary
45:linguistics
4009:Pragmatics
3983:Categories
3963:Pragmatics
3610:Mirativity
3376:Speech act
3331:Entailment
3326:Denotation
3265:Discussion
3260:Task Force
3210:Pragmatics
3001:Speech act
2931:Categories
2845:Symbiosism
2800:Nominalism
2712:Watzlawick
2592:Bloomfield
2512:Chrysippus
1002:(1): 134.
887:Dialog act
712:John Rawls
606:improve it
534:pragmatics
507:practicing
504:protesting
362:newspapers
96:assertions
92:positivist
49:speech act
34:SPEECH Act
3994:Semantics
3762:Mereology
3698:Formalism
3580:Givenness
3505:Cataphora
3493:Phenomena
3484:Vagueness
3414:Ambiguity
3366:Reference
3346:Intension
3336:Extension
3242:Semiotics
3230:Semantics
3080:Alciphron
3016:Statement
2951:Intension
2891:Ambiguity
2770:Dramatism
2750:Cratylism
2502:Eubulides
2497:Aristotle
2477:Confucius
2322:: 47–66.
2069:210479183
2061:1350-178X
2022:148612438
2014:1350-178X
1864:1046-8188
1651:cite book
1550:221324549
1490:145758149
1476:: 21–40.
1430:637671814
1397:170553371
1389:0309-0892
1240:pp. 88–93
720:Max Black
610:verifying
538:classical
528:, and by
489:answering
486:repeating
483:labelling
436:linguists
392:June 2024
319:does not
293:promising
196:utterance
57:Kent Bach
3916:See also
3801:Concepts
3675:Telicity
3510:Coercion
3464:Negation
3459:Modality
3409:Anaphora
3255:Category
3215:Rhetoric
3040:Cratylus
3011:Sentence
2986:Property
2906:Language
2884:Concepts
2722:Theories
2687:Strawson
2672:Davidson
2662:Hintikka
2657:Anscombe
2602:Vygotsky
2557:Mauthner
2527:Averroes
2517:Zhuangzi
2507:Diodorus
2487:Cratylus
2356:40319937
2328:18906253
2258:Analysis
2236:, 2010,
1970:15 April
1872:16952302
1788:24 April
1752:Searle:
1643:11727403
1606:8 August
1498:85490541
1494:ProQuest
1329:70766237
1236:TĂĽbingen
1127:11 March
1083:11 March
912:Metaphor
870:See also
805:deling a
737:Whereas
554:Bayesian
501:greeting
450:Examples
164:Overview
123:", and "
3419:Binding
3022:more...
2926:Concept
2667:Dummett
2642:Gadamer
2637:Chomsky
2622:Derrida
2612:Russell
2597:Bergson
2582:Tillich
2542:Leibniz
2482:Gorgias
2378:(ed.).
1453:4 March
1279:4 March
1217:" and "
1016:2184680
979:1811317
877:Analogy
604:Please
498:calling
440:Gricean
376:scholar
340:removed
325:sources
221:prosody
86:History
39:In the
3848:Monads
3395:Topics
3174:(1988)
3164:(1982)
3154:(1980)
3144:(1967)
3134:(1953)
3124:(1951)
3114:(1936)
3104:(1921)
3094:(1905)
3084:(1732)
3074:(1668)
3064:(1666)
3054:(1660)
3044:(n.d.)
3006:Symbol
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2697:Putnam
2647:Kripke
2632:Austin
2617:Carnap
2562:Ricœur
2547:Herder
2537:Hobbes
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3444:Focus
3402:Areas
3371:Scope
3032:Works
2941:Class
2702:Lewis
2692:Quine
2677:Grice
2627:Whorf
2587:Sapir
2572:Frege
2522:Xunzi
2492:Plato
2374:. In
2352:JSTOR
2335:(PDF)
2324:S2CID
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2065:S2CID
2018:S2CID
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1868:S2CID
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1012:JSTOR
939:Notes
687:Rules
383:JSTOR
369:books
2991:Sign
2896:Cant
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2577:Boas
2269:ISBN
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2057:ISSN
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1972:2018
1941:ISBN
1860:ISSN
1790:2013
1657:link
1639:OCLC
1629:ISBN
1608:2008
1455:2019
1426:OCLC
1416:ISBN
1385:ISSN
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1325:OCLC
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