858:
849:). She PhotoRead for 9 minutes the night before taking the test. The following morning, she read the text using various rapid reading and activation techniques. She then answered the questions. She completed the 6 true/false and 30 multiple choice questions, but did not attempt to answer the fill-in-the-blank or short-answer questions. Hence, comprehension performance on the conceptual questions was 0 percent. She answered 2 of 7 multiple-choice prior knowledge questions correctly (29%). Of the text relevant questions, she answered 4 of 6 true/false questions correctly (67%), and 8 of 23 multiple-choice question correctly (35%). This performance is extremely low and only slightly above chance level performance for these types of questions (i.e., 50% and 25%, respectively). In sum, she did not pass the exam.
773:
better understood after skimming (which could view the full text) than after normal reading (which only read half the text). There was no difference between the groups in their understanding of less important information from the text. Skimming or skipping over text can also aid in comprehension when layered reading, a process of strategic rereading, is employed. Further findings suggest that trained speed readers have a slight advantage in both comprehension and speed to untrained skimmers. It is thus suggested by experts that speed-reading is most useful to those who need "to skim a large amount of material or need to improve their study skills" and less useful to those who read "highly technical material that requires careful study of each sentence".
798:
number of researchers criticize using objects instead of words as an effective training method, claiming that the only way to read faster is to read actual text. Many of the newer speed reading programs use built-in text, and they primarily guide users through the lines of an on-screen book at defined speeds. Often, the text is highlighted to indicate where users should focus their eyes. They are not expected to read by pronouncing the words but instead to read by viewing the words as complete images. The exercises are also intended to train readers to eliminate
102:
43:
828:
656:, a schoolteacher. She was reportedly curious why some people were naturally faster at reading, so tried to force herself to read very quickly. In 1958, while brushing off the pages of a book she had thrown, she noticed that the sweeping motion of her hand across the page caught the attention of her eyes, and helped them move more smoothly across the page. She then used the hand as a pacer. Wood first taught the method at the
836:
gathering efficiency. When identical versions of five reading samples and accompanying reading comprehension tests were administered to a trainee and an expert in this reading strategy, there was no advantage in overall reading time or comprehension. This strategy may also cause overestimation of one's knowledge, as demonstrated by the following case in McNamara's preliminary analysis, showing evidence of the
876:, the authors conclude there is no "magic bullet" for reading more quickly while maintaining comprehension other than to practice reading and to become a more skilled language user (e.g. through increased vocabulary). The authors proceed with debunking common speed reading techniques such as eliminating sub-vocalization, reading more than one word at a time a.k.a. grouping, using
133:
815:
trade-off between speed and comprehension must be analyzed with respect to the type of reading that is being done, the risks associated with misunderstanding due to low comprehension, and the benefits associated with getting through the material quickly and gaining information at the actual rate is to be obtained.
906:
The World
Championship Speed Reading Competition stresses reading comprehension as critical. The top contestants typically read around 1,000 to 2,000 words per minute with approximately 50% comprehension or above. The six-time world champion Anne Jones is recorded for 4200 wpm with previous exposure
844:
The final task given to the PhotoReading expert was to read the three chapters from the textbook on
Physiology in order to take an exam from a course that used that textbook. The question was simply: Would she pass the exam? The expert took 73 minutes to PhotoRead and read the three chapters of the
797:
To increase speed, some older programs required readers to view the center of the screen while the lines of text around it grew longer. They also presented several objects (instead of text) that move line by line or bounce around the screen. Users had to follow the object(s) with only their eyes. A
902:
Ronald Carver, a professor of education research and psychology, claims that the fastest college graduate readers can read only about 600 words per minute, at most twice as fast as their slowest counterparts, and suggests that
Kennedy's claimed reading speed was more a measure of how fast he could
852:
It is important to note that after PhotoReading the text (but before taking the test), she rated her understanding of the material as 4.5 on a 5-point scale (5 representing a good understanding). Moreover, she estimated that she would remember approximately 68 percent of the material for the test,
814:
psychology. Much of the controversy is raised over these points. This is mainly because a reading comprehension level of 50% is deemed unusable by some educationalists. Advocates claim that speed reading is a great success and that it is a demonstration of good comprehension for many purposes. The
918:
holder for fast reading with a speed of 25,000 words per minute, and Maria Teresa
Calderon from the Philippines claims to have earned the Guinness World Record for World's Fastest Reader at 80,000 words per minute reading speed and 100% comprehension. Critics point out that it is possible to beat
772:
Skimming is mainly used for researching and getting an overall idea of a text, especially when time is limited. Duggan & Payne (2009) compared skimming with reading normally, given only enough time to read normally through half of a text. They found that the main points of the full text were
835:
Similarly, in evaluating a claim that a similar reading strategy known as PhotoReading could increase reading rates to 25,000 words per minute, McNamara published a preliminary analysis funded by NASA to evaluate whether this strategy could improve reading speed, comprehension, and information
707:(organizing information in a visually hierarchical manner that showcases the interrelatedness of the information for better retrievability) formed from skimming. These techniques are used by meta-guiding the eyes. Scanning includes the main point as well as headings and important information.
919:
some speed reading world records by reading a pre-read or pre-memorized text, flipping the pages as fast as possible without reading it. The
Guinness Speed Reading World Record Standards are not known and they have terminated adding speed readers to its honor list. In 2015,
819:
considers claims like reading 25,000 words per minute "cannot be true given basic facts about eyes and texts". He goes on to say that "people are as likely to read thousands of words per minute as they are to run faster than the speed of light".
680:
is a process of speed reading that involves visually searching the sentences of a page for clues to the main idea or when reading an essay, it can mean reading the beginning and ending for summary information, then optionally the
2009:. Teaching Children To Read : An Evidence-Based Assessment of the Scientific Research Literature on Reading and its Implications for Reading Instruction : Reports of the Subgroups (Report). Washington, D.C.:
853:
with a grade of C+. This high level of confidence in terms of her text comprehension would have remained unshattered had she not then taken the test – after which she rated her comprehension much lower (i.e., 2)
789:
Computer programs are available to help instruct speed reading students. Some programs present the data as a serial stream, since the brain handles text more efficiently by breaking it into such a stream before
764:, auditory readers at approximately 450 words per minute and visual readers at approximately 700 words per minute. Proficient readers are able to read 280–350 wpm without compromising comprehension.
689:
or purpose of the reading. For some people, this comes naturally, but is usually acquired by practice. Skimming is usually seen more in adults than in children. It is conducted at a higher rate (700
1799:
857:
810:
Common controversies in speed reading are between its intent and nature with traditional concepts like comprehension versus speed, reading versus skimming, and popular psychology versus
1863:
Cunningham, A. E.; Stanovich, K. E.; Wilson, M. R. (1990). "Cognitive
Variation in Adult College Students Differing in Reading Ability". In Carr, Thomas H.; Levy, Betty Ann (eds.).
891:
was a proponent of speed reading, encouraging his staff to take lessons, and he suggested in an interview that he had a reading speed of 1,200 words per minute. U.S. President
782:
278:
181:
2179:
2145:
2126:
2107:
2080:
2056:
1993:
1974:
1928:
1872:
1853:
1739:
1661:
1513:
1486:
1419:
1181:
1019:
989:
273:
1608:
64:
1631:
697:
for comprehension (around 200–230 wpm), and results in lower comprehension rates, especially with information-rich reading material.
604:
86:
923:, the World Mental Sports Federation, set the rules for "Speed Reading World Record Standards" in order to prevent unclear claims.
877:
732:
380:
1334:
914:"Speed Reading World Record" claims have been controversial. Howard Stephen Berg from the United States has claimed to be the
2003:
1171:
824:
was initially a convert to speed reading, however later concluded it was only useful for tasks like "scanning junk mail".
196:
2223:
632:. The many available speed-reading training programs may utilize books, videos, software, and seminars. There is little
899:, were both avid readers and enrolled in a speed-reading course at the White House, along with several staff members.
57:
51:
2067:
756:
Visual reading: understanding the meaning of the word, rather than sounding or hearing. This is the fastest process.
2284:
1558:
Rayner, Keith; Schotter, Elizabeth R.; Masson, Michael E. J.; Potter, Mary C.; Treiman, Rebecca (14 January 2016).
794:
and interpreting it. The 2000 National
Reading Panel (NRP) report (p. 3-1) seems to support such a mechanism.
116:
2279:
1689:
1040:
425:
68:
1910:
1113:
1035:
313:
2216:
959:
574:
1143:
811:
308:
2261:
2252:
2010:
1121:
781:
231:
186:
156:
101:
2238:
1893:
1277:
903:
skim a piece of text. Other critics have suggested that speed reading is actually skimming, not reading.
1530:
915:
837:
653:
625:
597:
554:
221:
2189:
1882:
1222:
447:
31:
1616:
932:
633:
467:
303:
288:
161:
1671:
2035:
1825:
1785:
1763:
1437:
1373:
1148:
694:
657:
564:
420:
226:
191:
1087:
1062:
750:: sounding out each word internally, as reading to oneself. This is the slowest form of reading.
1296:
2175:
2141:
2122:
2103:
2076:
2052:
1989:
1970:
1924:
1868:
1849:
1735:
1589:
1581:
1509:
1482:
1415:
1390:
1316:
1258:
1240:
1177:
1015:
985:
908:
907:
to the material and 67% comprehension. The recorded number of words the eye can see in single
637:
534:
318:
293:
151:
1639:
1505:
Language at the Speed of Sight: How We Read, Why So Many Can't, and What Can Be Done About It
1409:
1009:
636:
regarding speed reading, and as a result its value seems uncertain. Cognitive neuroscientist
2027:
1951:
1694:
1571:
1382:
1365:
1308:
1248:
1230:
948:
943:
846:
827:
821:
761:
690:
661:
590:
502:
390:
358:
263:
241:
143:
1366:"Text skimming: the process and effectiveness of foraging through text under time pressure"
2243:
1011:
Remember
Everything You Read: The Evelyn Wood Seven-Day Speed Reading and Learning Program
896:
888:
816:
799:
747:
629:
549:
544:
457:
236:
2018:
Nell, Victor (1988). "The
Psychology of Reading for Pleasure. Needs and Gratifications".
1883:
A Review of the
Research on the Instructional Effectiveness of AceReader. Report No. 258
1456:
Carver, Ronald P. (1992). "Reading Rate: Theory, Research, and Practical Implications".
1226:
1209:
Fitzsimmons, Gemma; Jayes, Lewis T.; Weal, Mark J.; Drieghe, Denis (17 September 2020).
2099:
1253:
1210:
728:
682:
512:
323:
283:
2273:
539:
1756:"Howard Berg "World's Fastest Reader" on Good Day Tampa Bay, Fox 13 Tampa, 02-16-13"
1342:
1685:
953:
892:
861:
348:
268:
2156:
1729:
1503:
1476:
1235:
1187:
881:
559:
482:
372:
1312:
2228:
1905:
1817:
1777:
1755:
1211:"The impact of skim reading and navigation when reading hyperlinks on the web"
865:
641:
640:
says that claims of reading up to 1,000 words per minute "must be viewed with
569:
497:
492:
415:
385:
1585:
1576:
1559:
1320:
1244:
760:
Subvocalization readers (Mental readers) generally read at approximately 250
685:
to quickly determine whether to seek still more detail, as determined by the
652:
The term "speed reading" is thought to have been coined in the late 1950s by
938:
724:
1593:
1394:
1262:
17:
2168:
PoweReading. Informationswelle nutzen, Zeit sparen, Effektivität steigern
723:, readers point to specific lines or areas (with their fingers), to help
704:
660:, before launching it to the public as Evelyn Wood's Reading Dynamics in
526:
477:
472:
462:
439:
410:
2172:
PoweReading. Use the information wave, save time, increase effectiveness
1411:
Reading Reconsidered: A Practical Guide to Rigorous Literacy Instruction
2140:(3rd ed.). Point Roberts, WA: The American Speed Reading Project.
1956:
1939:
1710:
791:
753:
Auditory reading: hearing out the read words. This is a faster process.
621:
507:
487:
452:
343:
298:
255:
201:
124:
2039:
2256:
1386:
132:
2031:
1967:
Speedreading: The Psychology of Reading and Language Comprehension
1173:
Speedreading: The Psychology of Reading and Language Comprehension
856:
826:
780:
727:
on the sentences being read (or paragraphs being skimmed), reduce
100:
1435:
Vanderlinde, William (2018). "Speed Reading: Fact or Fiction?".
1339:
The University of Chicago Student Health and Counseling Services
703:
is the process where one actively looks for information using a
686:
106:
620:
is any of many techniques claiming to improve one's ability to
2193:
1666:
36:
30:"Speed read" redirects here. For a management summary, see
1888:(Report). Educational Research Institute of America. 2006.
27:
Techniques claiming to improve the ability to read quickly
2121:(2nd ed.). Wayzata, Minn: Learning Strategies Corp.
1986:
Damn the School System – Full Speed Ahead!
2239:"How I Learned to Read 300 Percent Faster in 20 Minutes"
2155:
Wood, Evelyn Nielsen; Barrows, Marjorie Wescott (1958).
1865:
Reading and its Development: Component Skills Approaches
1297:"Pointing and tracing enhance computer-based learning"
1408:
Lemov, Doug; Driggs, Colleen; Woolway, Erica (2016).
1940:"An assessment of two 'extraordinary' speed-readers"
1867:. New York City: Academic Press. pp. 129–159.
2174:] (in German). Munich: Peoplebuilding Verlag.
1965:Just, Marcel Adam; Carpenter, Patricia A. (1987).
1778:"World's fastest reader (80,000 words per minute)"
1278:"The tricks that can turn you into a speed reader"
1170:Just, Marcel Adam; Carpenter, Patricia A. (1987).
1003:
1001:
2224:"How To Read 3x Faster: Some Advice from Readlax"
2217:Sorry, But Speed Reading Won't Help You Read More
1818:"Speed Reading World Record Standards - Memoriad"
1731:The Manual: A Guide to the Ultimate Study Method
935:– reading method aimed at long-term memorization
1301:Educational Technology Research and Development
956:− intentional reduction in the speed of reading
880:(Rapid Serial Visual Presentation), increasing
842:
1508:. New York City: Basic Books. pp. 70–84.
872:In a 2016 article published in the journal of
1846:Reading Rate: A Review of Research and Theory
1036:"Study Skills – Effective reading strategies"
831:A plot of the eye movements of a speed reader
598:
8:
2161:. New York City: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
1919:Harris, Albert J.; Sipay, Edward R. (1990).
1734:(2nd ed.). Fons Sapientiae Publishing.
1564:Psychological Science in the Public Interest
1364:Duggan, G.B.; Payne, S.J. (September 2009).
884:, alternating colors for each line of text.
874:Psychological Science in the Public Interest
1529:McNamara, Danielle S. (30 September 1999).
1295:Ginns, Paul; King, Victoria (1 June 2021).
984:. New York: Penguin Books. pp. 17–18.
962:an abbreviation for "Too Long; Didn't Read"
2051:. New York City: Oxford University Press.
1088:"How to read an academic article – part 1"
1063:"How to read an academic article – part 7"
1014:. Cambridge University Press. p. 40.
845:textbook required for the test (i.e., 361
605:
591:
111:
1955:
1575:
1252:
1234:
87:Learn how and when to remove this message
1923:(9th ed.). New York City: Longman.
279:Directed listening and thinking activity
50:This article includes a list of general
972:
624:quickly. Speed-reading methods include
123:
1828:from the original on 21 December 2021.
1800:"Speed Reading World Record Standards"
1788:from the original on 21 December 2021.
1766:from the original on 21 December 2021.
1709:Carroll, Robert T. (26 October 2015).
1531:"Preliminary Analysis of PhotoReading"
980:Dehaene, Stanislas (26 October 2010).
868:participate in a speed reading course.
2096:Reading faster – understanding better
1906:"Announced Actions for June 19, 1998"
1414:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 63.
7:
2222:Golovatyi, Aleksandr (5 July 2019).
1276:Hammond, Claudia (2 December 2019).
404:Reading differences and disabilities
1988:. New York City: Exposition Press.
1944:Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society
2119:The PhotoReading Whole Mind System
2092:Schneller lesen – besser verstehen
1894:"FTC Action against Kevin Trudeau"
1630:Noah, Timothy (18 February 2000).
1607:Schoenberg, Philip Ernest (2000).
743:There are three types of reading:
56:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1969:. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
1560:"So Much to Read, So Little Time"
1176:. Newton, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
2190:"Reading: Skimming and scanning"
2075:. Duesseldorf, Germany: exclam.
1144:"Paragraphs and Topic Sentences"
683:first sentence of each paragraph
202:The active view of reading model
131:
41:
1921:How to Increase Reading Ability
1609:"John F. Kennedy on Leadership"
1112:Keshav, S. (17 February 2016).
2257:"Skeptoid #229: Speed Reading"
2136:Stancliffe, George D. (2003).
806:Controversies in speed reading
785:Eye exercise for speed reading
175:Scientific theories and models
1:
2047:Perfetti, Charles A. (1985).
1848:. San Diego: Academic Press.
1538:NASA Technical Reports Server
2237:Ferriss, Tim (13 May 2014).
2098:] (in German). Hamburg:
1236:10.1371/journal.pone.0239134
2069:Principles of Speed Reading
2301:
2100:Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag
2090:Schmitz, Wolfgang (2013).
2020:Reading Research Quarterly
1984:McBride, Vearl G. (1973).
1844:Carver, Ronald P. (1990).
1313:10.1007/s11423-021-09997-0
1008:Frank, Stanley D. (1994).
197:Scarborough's Reading Rope
29:
2117:Scheele, Paul R. (1996).
1502:Seidenberg, Mark (2017).
1041:Charles Darwin University
426:Reading for special needs
1911:Federal Trade Commission
1715:The Skeptic's Dictionary
1577:10.1177/1529100615623267
314:Sustained silent reading
2066:Roesler, Peter (2021).
1613:The Presidential Expert
768:Effect on comprehension
693:and above) than normal
309:Structured word inquiry
71:more precise citations.
2011:National Reading Panel
1670:. 2002. Archived from
1481:. Harlow: BBC Active.
1478:The Speed Reading Book
1122:University of Waterloo
869:
855:
832:
786:
668:Methods and principles
232:Phonological awareness
187:Simple view of reading
157:Vocabulary development
109:
1938:Homa, Donald (1983).
1784:. 11 September 2013.
1690:"The 1,000-Word Dash"
1662:"American Experience"
1114:"How to Read a Paper"
916:Guinness World Record
860:
838:Dunning-Kruger effect
830:
784:
673:Skimming and scanning
555:Functional illiteracy
104:
2166:Davis, Zach (2009).
2138:Speed Reading 4 Kids
2013:. 2000. p. 3-1.
2004:"Chapter 3: Fluency"
1762:. 17 February 2013.
1728:Bremer, Rod (2011).
1688:(18 February 2000).
1674:on 8 September 2005.
1619:on 24 February 2009.
1475:Buzan, Tony (2006).
982:Reading in the Brain
448:Alphabetic principle
381:Automatic assessment
32:speed read (summary)
2255:(26 October 2010).
1642:on 10 February 2013
1632:"JFK, Speed-Reader"
1227:2020PLoSO..1539134F
1092:Len M Holmes.org.uk
1067:Len M Holmes.org.uk
933:Incremental reading
634:scientific evidence
468:History of printing
304:Reciprocal teaching
289:Independent reading
256:Reading instruction
215:Cognitive processes
162:Vocabulary learning
1957:10.3758/BF03329973
1458:Journal of Reading
1438:Skeptical Inquirer
1374:J Exp Psychol Appl
1149:Indiana University
870:
833:
787:
658:University of Utah
565:Literary criticism
421:Reading disability
227:Phonemic awareness
192:Science of reading
110:
2285:Reading (process)
2181:978-3-98095-360-3
2147:978-0-97141-762-5
2128:978-0-92548-052-1
2109:978-3-49963-045-3
2082:978-3-943736-12-0
2058:978-0-19503-501-8
1995:978-0-68247-695-9
1976:978-0-20508-760-0
1930:978-0-80130-246-6
1874:978-0-12160-645-9
1855:978-0-12162-420-0
1741:978-0-99349-640-0
1515:978-0-46508-065-6
1488:978-1-4066-1021-5
1421:978-1-11910-424-7
1183:978-0-20508-760-0
1021:978-1-56619-402-0
991:978-0-14311-805-3
882:peripheral vision
864:and his daughter
638:Stanislas Dehaene
615:
614:
535:Critical literacy
319:Synthetic phonics
294:Literature circle
182:Dual route theory
152:Reading readiness
97:
96:
89:
16:(Redirected from
2292:
2280:Learning to read
2266:
2248:
2233:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2185:
2162:
2151:
2132:
2113:
2086:
2074:
2062:
2043:
2014:
2008:
1999:
1980:
1961:
1959:
1934:
1915:
1901:
1889:
1887:
1878:
1859:
1830:
1829:
1814:
1808:
1807:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1638:. Archived from
1627:
1621:
1620:
1615:. Archived from
1604:
1598:
1597:
1579:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1535:
1526:
1520:
1519:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1387:10.1037/a0016995
1370:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1341:. Archived from
1331:
1325:
1324:
1307:(3): 1387–1403.
1292:
1286:
1285:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1256:
1238:
1206:
1200:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1190:on 17 April 2015
1186:. Archived from
1167:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1156:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1118:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1059:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1005:
996:
995:
977:
949:Pareto principle
944:Learning to read
911:is three words.
847:words per minute
822:Marshall McLuhan
762:words per minute
739:Types of reading
691:words per minute
662:Washington, D.C.
607:
600:
593:
503:Written language
391:Readability test
359:Words per minute
274:Concept-oriented
264:Analytic phonics
242:Word recognition
144:Learning to read
135:
112:
92:
85:
81:
78:
72:
67:this article by
58:inline citations
45:
44:
37:
21:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2289:
2270:
2269:
2251:
2244:Huffington Post
2236:
2221:
2213:
2208:
2199:
2197:
2188:
2182:
2165:
2154:
2148:
2135:
2129:
2116:
2110:
2089:
2083:
2072:
2065:
2059:
2049:Reading Ability
2046:
2017:
2006:
2002:
1996:
1983:
1977:
1964:
1937:
1931:
1918:
1914:. 19 June 1998.
1904:
1900:. 23 July 2000.
1892:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1862:
1856:
1843:
1839:
1837:Further reading
1834:
1833:
1824:. 9 July 2016.
1816:
1815:
1811:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1742:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1711:"Speed-reading"
1708:
1707:
1703:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1645:
1643:
1629:
1628:
1624:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1557:
1556:
1552:
1542:
1540:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1516:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1489:
1474:
1473:
1469:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1358:
1348:
1346:
1345:on 7 March 2018
1335:"Speed Reading"
1333:
1332:
1328:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1221:(9): e0239134.
1208:
1207:
1203:
1193:
1191:
1184:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1154:
1152:
1142:
1141:
1137:
1127:
1125:
1116:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1096:
1094:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1061:
1060:
1056:
1046:
1044:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1007:
1006:
999:
992:
979:
978:
974:
969:
939:Learning styles
929:
895:, and his wife
889:John F. Kennedy
887:U.S. President
817:Mark Seidenberg
808:
800:subvocalization
779:
770:
748:Subvocalization
741:
731:, and increase
713:
675:
670:
650:
630:subvocalization
628:and minimizing
611:
582:
581:
550:Family literacy
545:Distant reading
530:
529:
518:
517:
458:Dolch word list
443:
442:
431:
430:
406:
405:
396:
395:
376:
375:
364:
363:
339:
338:
329:
328:
259:
258:
247:
246:
237:Subvocalization
217:
216:
207:
206:
177:
176:
167:
166:
147:
146:
93:
82:
76:
73:
63:Please help to
62:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2298:
2296:
2288:
2287:
2282:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2253:Dunning, Brian
2249:
2234:
2219:
2212:
2211:External links
2209:
2207:
2206:
2186:
2180:
2163:
2158:Reading Skills
2152:
2146:
2133:
2127:
2114:
2108:
2087:
2081:
2063:
2057:
2044:
2032:10.2307/747903
2015:
2000:
1994:
1981:
1975:
1962:
1950:(2): 123–126.
1935:
1929:
1916:
1902:
1898:Quackwatch.org
1890:
1879:
1873:
1860:
1854:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1809:
1791:
1769:
1747:
1740:
1720:
1701:
1677:
1653:
1622:
1599:
1550:
1521:
1514:
1494:
1487:
1467:
1448:
1427:
1420:
1400:
1381:(3): 228–242.
1356:
1326:
1287:
1268:
1201:
1182:
1162:
1135:
1104:
1079:
1054:
1027:
1020:
997:
990:
971:
970:
968:
965:
964:
963:
957:
951:
946:
941:
936:
928:
925:
812:evidence-based
807:
804:
778:
775:
769:
766:
758:
757:
754:
751:
740:
737:
729:cognitive load
717:finger tracing
712:
711:Finger tracing
709:
674:
671:
669:
666:
649:
646:
613:
612:
610:
609:
602:
595:
587:
584:
583:
580:
579:
578:
577:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
531:
525:
524:
523:
520:
519:
516:
515:
513:Writing system
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
480:
475:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
444:
438:
437:
436:
433:
432:
429:
428:
423:
418:
413:
407:
403:
402:
401:
398:
397:
394:
393:
388:
383:
377:
371:
370:
369:
366:
365:
362:
361:
356:
351:
346:
340:
336:
335:
334:
331:
330:
327:
326:
324:Whole language
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
284:Guided reading
281:
276:
271:
266:
260:
254:
253:
252:
249:
248:
245:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
218:
214:
213:
212:
209:
208:
205:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
178:
174:
173:
172:
169:
168:
165:
164:
159:
154:
148:
142:
141:
140:
137:
136:
128:
127:
121:
120:
95:
94:
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2297:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2210:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2111:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2071:
2070:
2064:
2060:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2012:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1841:
1836:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1773:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1743:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1724:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1702:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1687:
1686:Noah, Timothy
1681:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1626:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1603:
1600:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1554:
1551:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1522:
1517:
1511:
1507:
1506:
1498:
1495:
1490:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1471:
1468:
1463:
1459:
1452:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1439:
1431:
1428:
1423:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1404:
1401:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1367:
1360:
1357:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1330:
1327:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1291:
1288:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1202:
1189:
1185:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1166:
1163:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1124:
1123:
1115:
1108:
1105:
1093:
1089:
1083:
1080:
1068:
1064:
1058:
1055:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1004:
1002:
998:
993:
987:
983:
976:
973:
966:
961:
958:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
934:
931:
930:
926:
924:
922:
917:
912:
910:
904:
900:
898:
894:
890:
885:
883:
879:
875:
867:
863:
859:
854:
850:
848:
841:
839:
829:
825:
823:
818:
813:
805:
803:
801:
795:
793:
783:
776:
774:
767:
765:
763:
755:
752:
749:
746:
745:
744:
738:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
710:
708:
706:
702:
698:
696:
692:
688:
684:
679:
672:
667:
665:
663:
659:
655:
647:
645:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
618:Speed reading
608:
603:
601:
596:
594:
589:
588:
586:
585:
576:
573:
572:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
540:Close reading
538:
536:
533:
532:
528:
522:
521:
514:
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
449:
446:
445:
441:
435:
434:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
408:
400:
399:
392:
389:
387:
384:
382:
379:
378:
374:
368:
367:
360:
357:
355:
354:Speed reading
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
341:
333:
332:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
265:
262:
261:
257:
251:
250:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
222:Comprehension
220:
219:
211:
210:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
185:
183:
180:
179:
171:
170:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
149:
145:
139:
138:
134:
130:
129:
126:
122:
118:
114:
113:
108:
103:
99:
91:
88:
80:
70:
66:
60:
59:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
2260:
2242:
2227:
2198:. Retrieved
2171:
2167:
2157:
2137:
2118:
2095:
2091:
2068:
2048:
2023:
2019:
1985:
1966:
1947:
1943:
1920:
1909:
1897:
1864:
1845:
1821:
1812:
1804:Memoriad.com
1803:
1794:
1781:
1772:
1759:
1750:
1730:
1723:
1714:
1704:
1693:
1680:
1672:the original
1665:
1656:
1644:. Retrieved
1640:the original
1635:
1625:
1617:the original
1612:
1602:
1567:
1563:
1553:
1541:. Retrieved
1537:
1524:
1504:
1497:
1477:
1470:
1461:
1457:
1451:
1442:
1436:
1430:
1410:
1403:
1378:
1372:
1359:
1347:. Retrieved
1343:the original
1338:
1329:
1304:
1300:
1290:
1281:
1271:
1218:
1214:
1204:
1192:. Retrieved
1188:the original
1172:
1165:
1153:. Retrieved
1147:
1138:
1126:. Retrieved
1120:
1107:
1095:. Retrieved
1091:
1082:
1070:. Retrieved
1066:
1057:
1045:. Retrieved
1039:
1030:
1010:
981:
975:
954:Slow reading
920:
913:
905:
901:
893:Jimmy Carter
886:
873:
871:
862:Jimmy Carter
851:
843:
834:
809:
796:
788:
771:
759:
742:
721:meta-guiding
720:
716:
714:
700:
699:
677:
676:
651:
617:
616:
353:
349:Slow reading
337:Reading rate
269:Basal reader
98:
83:
77:October 2012
74:
55:
2026:(1): 6–50.
1570:(1): 4–34.
1543:13 December
1464:(2): 84–95.
1445:(4): 47–49.
1349:30 December
654:Evelyn Wood
560:Great books
483:Orthography
373:Readability
69:introducing
2274:Categories
2229:Medium.com
2196:Skillswise
1282:BBC Future
967:References
642:skepticism
575:Children's
570:Literature
498:Vocabulary
493:Sight word
416:Hyperlexia
386:Legibility
105:A reading
52:references
18:Speed read
2200:13 August
1586:1529-1006
1321:1556-6501
1245:1932-6203
1155:11 August
1128:11 August
1097:11 August
1072:11 August
1047:11 August
733:retention
687:questions
664:in 1959.
2262:Skeptoid
1826:Archived
1786:Archived
1764:Archived
1646:13 March
1594:26769745
1395:19751073
1263:32941471
1215:PLOS ONE
927:See also
921:Memoriad
909:fixation
897:Rosalynn
777:Software
705:mind-map
701:Scanning
678:Skimming
626:chunking
527:Literacy
478:Morpheme
473:Language
463:Grapheme
440:Language
411:Dyslexia
117:a series
115:Part of
1822:YouTube
1782:YouTube
1760:YouTube
1254:7497986
1223:Bibcode
792:parsing
695:reading
648:History
508:Writing
488:Phoneme
453:Braille
344:Fluency
299:Phonics
125:Reading
65:improve
2178:
2144:
2125:
2106:
2079:
2055:
2040:747903
2038:
1992:
1973:
1927:
1871:
1852:
1738:
1592:
1584:
1512:
1485:
1418:
1393:
1319:
1284:. BBC.
1261:
1251:
1243:
1194:15 May
1180:
1018:
988:
54:, but
2170:[
2094:[
2073:(PDF)
2036:JSTOR
2007:(PDF)
1886:(PDF)
1695:Slate
1636:Slate
1534:(PDF)
1369:(PDF)
1117:(PDF)
960:TL;DR
725:focus
715:With
2202:2019
2176:ISBN
2142:ISBN
2123:ISBN
2104:ISBN
2077:ISBN
2053:ISBN
1990:ISBN
1971:ISBN
1925:ISBN
1869:ISBN
1850:ISBN
1736:ISBN
1648:2019
1590:PMID
1582:ISSN
1545:2018
1510:ISBN
1483:ISBN
1416:ISBN
1391:PMID
1351:2017
1317:ISSN
1259:PMID
1241:ISSN
1196:2016
1178:ISBN
1157:2017
1130:2017
1099:2017
1074:2017
1049:2017
1016:ISBN
986:ISBN
878:RSVP
622:read
107:muse
2194:BBC
2028:doi
1952:doi
1667:PBS
1572:doi
1383:doi
1309:doi
1249:PMC
1231:doi
866:Amy
719:or
644:".
2276::
2259:.
2241:.
2226:.
2192:.
2102:.
2034:.
2024:23
2022:.
1948:21
1946:.
1942:.
1908:.
1896:.
1820:.
1802:.
1780:.
1758:.
1713:.
1692:.
1664:.
1634:.
1611:.
1588:.
1580:.
1568:17
1566:.
1562:.
1536:.
1462:36
1460:.
1443:42
1441:.
1389:.
1379:15
1377:.
1371:.
1337:.
1315:.
1305:69
1303:.
1299:.
1280:.
1257:.
1247:.
1239:.
1229:.
1219:15
1217:.
1213:.
1146:.
1119:.
1090:.
1065:.
1038:.
1000:^
840::
802:.
735:.
119:on
2265:.
2247:.
2232:.
2204:.
2184:.
2150:.
2131:.
2112:.
2085:.
2061:.
2042:.
2030::
1998:.
1979:.
1960:.
1954::
1933:.
1877:.
1858:.
1806:.
1744:.
1717:.
1698:.
1650:.
1596:.
1574::
1547:.
1518:.
1491:.
1424:.
1397:.
1385::
1353:.
1323:.
1311::
1265:.
1233::
1225::
1198:.
1159:.
1132:.
1101:.
1076:.
1051:.
1024:.
994:.
606:e
599:t
592:v
90:)
84:(
79:)
75:(
61:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
