847:
838:). She PhotoRead for 9 minutes the night before taking the test. The following morning, she read the text using various rapid reading and activation techniques. She then answered the questions. She completed the 6 true/false and 30 multiple choice questions, but did not attempt to answer the fill-in-the-blank or short-answer questions. Hence, comprehension performance on the conceptual questions was 0 percent. She answered 2 of 7 multiple-choice prior knowledge questions correctly (29%). Of the text relevant questions, she answered 4 of 6 true/false questions correctly (67%), and 8 of 23 multiple-choice question correctly (35%). This performance is extremely low and only slightly above chance level performance for these types of questions (i.e., 50% and 25%, respectively). In sum, she did not pass the exam.
762:
better understood after skimming (which could view the full text) than after normal reading (which only read half the text). There was no difference between the groups in their understanding of less important information from the text. Skimming or skipping over text can also aid in comprehension when layered reading, a process of strategic rereading, is employed. Further findings suggest that trained speed readers have a slight advantage in both comprehension and speed to untrained skimmers. It is thus suggested by experts that speed-reading is most useful to those who need "to skim a large amount of material or need to improve their study skills" and less useful to those who read "highly technical material that requires careful study of each sentence".
787:
number of researchers criticize using objects instead of words as an effective training method, claiming that the only way to read faster is to read actual text. Many of the newer speed reading programs use built-in text, and they primarily guide users through the lines of an on-screen book at defined speeds. Often, the text is highlighted to indicate where users should focus their eyes. They are not expected to read by pronouncing the words but instead to read by viewing the words as complete images. The exercises are also intended to train readers to eliminate
91:
32:
817:
645:, a schoolteacher. She was reportedly curious why some people were naturally faster at reading, so tried to force herself to read very quickly. In 1958, while brushing off the pages of a book she had thrown, she noticed that the sweeping motion of her hand across the page caught the attention of her eyes, and helped them move more smoothly across the page. She then used the hand as a pacer. Wood first taught the method at the
825:
gathering efficiency. When identical versions of five reading samples and accompanying reading comprehension tests were administered to a trainee and an expert in this reading strategy, there was no advantage in overall reading time or comprehension. This strategy may also cause overestimation of one's knowledge, as demonstrated by the following case in McNamara's preliminary analysis, showing evidence of the
865:, the authors conclude there is no "magic bullet" for reading more quickly while maintaining comprehension other than to practice reading and to become a more skilled language user (e.g. through increased vocabulary). The authors proceed with debunking common speed reading techniques such as eliminating sub-vocalization, reading more than one word at a time a.k.a. grouping, using
122:
804:
trade-off between speed and comprehension must be analyzed with respect to the type of reading that is being done, the risks associated with misunderstanding due to low comprehension, and the benefits associated with getting through the material quickly and gaining information at the actual rate is to be obtained.
895:
The World
Championship Speed Reading Competition stresses reading comprehension as critical. The top contestants typically read around 1,000 to 2,000 words per minute with approximately 50% comprehension or above. The six-time world champion Anne Jones is recorded for 4200 wpm with previous exposure
833:
The final task given to the PhotoReading expert was to read the three chapters from the textbook on
Physiology in order to take an exam from a course that used that textbook. The question was simply: Would she pass the exam? The expert took 73 minutes to PhotoRead and read the three chapters of the
786:
To increase speed, some older programs required readers to view the center of the screen while the lines of text around it grew longer. They also presented several objects (instead of text) that move line by line or bounce around the screen. Users had to follow the object(s) with only their eyes. A
891:
Ronald Carver, a professor of education research and psychology, claims that the fastest college graduate readers can read only about 600 words per minute, at most twice as fast as their slowest counterparts, and suggests that
Kennedy's claimed reading speed was more a measure of how fast he could
841:
It is important to note that after PhotoReading the text (but before taking the test), she rated her understanding of the material as 4.5 on a 5-point scale (5 representing a good understanding). Moreover, she estimated that she would remember approximately 68 percent of the material for the test,
803:
psychology. Much of the controversy is raised over these points. This is mainly because a reading comprehension level of 50% is deemed unusable by some educationalists. Advocates claim that speed reading is a great success and that it is a demonstration of good comprehension for many purposes. The
907:
holder for fast reading with a speed of 25,000 words per minute, and Maria Teresa
Calderon from the Philippines claims to have earned the Guinness World Record for World's Fastest Reader at 80,000 words per minute reading speed and 100% comprehension. Critics point out that it is possible to beat
761:
Skimming is mainly used for researching and getting an overall idea of a text, especially when time is limited. Duggan & Payne (2009) compared skimming with reading normally, given only enough time to read normally through half of a text. They found that the main points of the full text were
824:
Similarly, in evaluating a claim that a similar reading strategy known as PhotoReading could increase reading rates to 25,000 words per minute, McNamara published a preliminary analysis funded by NASA to evaluate whether this strategy could improve reading speed, comprehension, and information
696:(organizing information in a visually hierarchical manner that showcases the interrelatedness of the information for better retrievability) formed from skimming. These techniques are used by meta-guiding the eyes. Scanning includes the main point as well as headings and important information.
908:
some speed reading world records by reading a pre-read or pre-memorized text, flipping the pages as fast as possible without reading it. The
Guinness Speed Reading World Record Standards are not known and they have terminated adding speed readers to its honor list. In 2015,
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considers claims like reading 25,000 words per minute "cannot be true given basic facts about eyes and texts". He goes on to say that "people are as likely to read thousands of words per minute as they are to run faster than the speed of light".
669:
is a process of speed reading that involves visually searching the sentences of a page for clues to the main idea or when reading an essay, it can mean reading the beginning and ending for summary information, then optionally the
1998:. Teaching Children To Read : An Evidence-Based Assessment of the Scientific Research Literature on Reading and its Implications for Reading Instruction : Reports of the Subgroups (Report). Washington, D.C.:
842:
with a grade of C+. This high level of confidence in terms of her text comprehension would have remained unshattered had she not then taken the test – after which she rated her comprehension much lower (i.e., 2)
778:
Computer programs are available to help instruct speed reading students. Some programs present the data as a serial stream, since the brain handles text more efficiently by breaking it into such a stream before
753:, auditory readers at approximately 450 words per minute and visual readers at approximately 700 words per minute. Proficient readers are able to read 280–350 wpm without compromising comprehension.
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or purpose of the reading. For some people, this comes naturally, but is usually acquired by practice. Skimming is usually seen more in adults than in children. It is conducted at a higher rate (700
1788:
846:
799:
Common controversies in speed reading are between its intent and nature with traditional concepts like comprehension versus speed, reading versus skimming, and popular psychology versus
1852:
Cunningham, A. E.; Stanovich, K. E.; Wilson, M. R. (1990). "Cognitive
Variation in Adult College Students Differing in Reading Ability". In Carr, Thomas H.; Levy, Betty Ann (eds.).
880:
was a proponent of speed reading, encouraging his staff to take lessons, and he suggested in an interview that he had a reading speed of 1,200 words per minute. U.S. President
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for comprehension (around 200–230 wpm), and results in lower comprehension rates, especially with information-rich reading material.
593:
75:
912:, the World Mental Sports Federation, set the rules for "Speed Reading World Record Standards" in order to prevent unclear claims.
866:
721:
369:
1323:
903:"Speed Reading World Record" claims have been controversial. Howard Stephen Berg from the United States has claimed to be the
1992:
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was initially a convert to speed reading, however later concluded it was only useful for tasks like "scanning junk mail".
185:
2212:
621:. The many available speed-reading training programs may utilize books, videos, software, and seminars. There is little
888:, were both avid readers and enrolled in a speed-reading course at the White House, along with several staff members.
46:
40:
2056:
745:
Visual reading: understanding the meaning of the word, rather than sounding or hearing. This is the fastest process.
2273:
1547:
Rayner, Keith; Schotter, Elizabeth R.; Masson, Michael E. J.; Potter, Mary C.; Treiman, Rebecca (14 January 2016).
783:
and interpreting it. The 2000 National
Reading Panel (NRP) report (p. 3-1) seems to support such a mechanism.
105:
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skim a piece of text. Other critics have suggested that speed reading is actually skimming, not reading.
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210:
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20:
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150:
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409:
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739:: sounding out each word internally, as reading to oneself. This is the slowest form of reading.
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to the material and 67% comprehension. The recorded number of words the eye can see in single
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523:
307:
282:
140:
1628:
1494:
Language at the Speed of Sight: How We Read, Why So Many Can't, and What Can Be Done About It
1398:
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regarding speed reading, and as a result its value seems uncertain. Cognitive neuroscientist
2016:
1940:
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491:
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252:
230:
132:
1355:"Text skimming: the process and effectiveness of foraging through text under time pressure"
2232:
1000:
Remember
Everything You Read: The Evelyn Wood Seven-Day Speed Reading and Learning Program
885:
877:
805:
788:
736:
618:
538:
533:
446:
225:
2007:
Nell, Victor (1988). "The
Psychology of Reading for Pleasure. Needs and Gratifications".
1872:
A Review of the
Research on the Instructional Effectiveness of AceReader. Report No. 258
1445:
Carver, Ronald P. (1992). "Reading Rate: Theory, Research, and Practical Implications".
1215:
1198:
Fitzsimmons, Gemma; Jayes, Lewis T.; Weal, Mark J.; Drieghe, Denis (17 September 2020).
2088:
1242:
1199:
717:
671:
501:
312:
272:
2262:
528:
1745:"Howard Berg "World's Fastest Reader" on Good Day Tampa Bay, Fox 13 Tampa, 02-16-13"
1331:
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942:
881:
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337:
257:
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1224:
1176:
870:
548:
471:
361:
1301:
2217:
1894:
1806:
1766:
1744:
1200:"The impact of skim reading and navigation when reading hyperlinks on the web"
854:
630:
629:
says that claims of reading up to 1,000 words per minute "must be viewed with
558:
486:
481:
404:
374:
1574:
1565:
1548:
1309:
1233:
749:
Subvocalization readers (Mental readers) generally read at approximately 250
674:
to quickly determine whether to seek still more detail, as determined by the
641:
The term "speed reading" is thought to have been coined in the late 1950s by
927:
713:
1582:
1383:
1251:
2157:
PoweReading. Informationswelle nutzen, Zeit sparen, Effektivität steigern
712:, readers point to specific lines or areas (with their fingers), to help
693:
649:, before launching it to the public as Evelyn Wood's Reading Dynamics in
515:
466:
461:
451:
428:
399:
2161:
PoweReading. Use the information wave, save time, increase effectiveness
1400:
Reading Reconsidered: A Practical Guide to Rigorous Literacy Instruction
2129:(3rd ed.). Point Roberts, WA: The American Speed Reading Project.
1945:
1928:
1699:
780:
742:
Auditory reading: hearing out the read words. This is a faster process.
610:
496:
476:
441:
332:
287:
244:
190:
113:
2028:
2245:
1375:
121:
2020:
1956:
Speedreading: The Psychology of Reading and Language Comprehension
1162:
Speedreading: The Psychology of Reading and Language Comprehension
845:
815:
769:
716:
on the sentences being read (or paragraphs being skimmed), reduce
89:
1424:
Vanderlinde, William (2018). "Speed Reading: Fact or Fiction?".
1328:
The University of Chicago Student Health and Counseling Services
692:
is the process where one actively looks for information using a
675:
95:
609:
is any of many techniques claiming to improve one's ability to
2182:
1655:
25:
19:"Speed read" redirects here. For a management summary, see
1877:(Report). Educational Research Institute of America. 2006.
16:
Techniques claiming to improve the ability to read quickly
2110:(2nd ed.). Wayzata, Minn: Learning Strategies Corp.
1975:
Damn the School System – Full Speed Ahead!
2228:"How I Learned to Read 300 Percent Faster in 20 Minutes"
2144:
Wood, Evelyn Nielsen; Barrows, Marjorie Wescott (1958).
1854:
Reading and its Development: Component Skills Approaches
1286:"Pointing and tracing enhance computer-based learning"
1397:
Lemov, Doug; Driggs, Colleen; Woolway, Erica (2016).
1929:"An assessment of two 'extraordinary' speed-readers"
1856:. New York City: Academic Press. pp. 129–159.
2163:] (in German). Munich: Peoplebuilding Verlag.
1954:Just, Marcel Adam; Carpenter, Patricia A. (1987).
1767:"World's fastest reader (80,000 words per minute)"
1267:"The tricks that can turn you into a speed reader"
1159:Just, Marcel Adam; Carpenter, Patricia A. (1987).
992:
990:
2213:"How To Read 3x Faster: Some Advice from Readlax"
2206:Sorry, But Speed Reading Won't Help You Read More
1807:"Speed Reading World Record Standards - Memoriad"
1720:The Manual: A Guide to the Ultimate Study Method
924:– reading method aimed at long-term memorization
1290:Educational Technology Research and Development
945:− intentional reduction in the speed of reading
869:(Rapid Serial Visual Presentation), increasing
831:
1497:. New York City: Basic Books. pp. 70–84.
861:In a 2016 article published in the journal of
1835:Reading Rate: A Review of Research and Theory
1025:"Study Skills – Effective reading strategies"
820:A plot of the eye movements of a speed reader
587:
8:
2150:. New York City: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
1908:Harris, Albert J.; Sipay, Edward R. (1990).
1723:(2nd ed.). Fons Sapientiae Publishing.
1553:Psychological Science in the Public Interest
1353:Duggan, G.B.; Payne, S.J. (September 2009).
873:, alternating colors for each line of text.
863:Psychological Science in the Public Interest
1518:McNamara, Danielle S. (30 September 1999).
1284:Ginns, Paul; King, Victoria (1 June 2021).
973:. New York: Penguin Books. pp. 17–18.
951:an abbreviation for "Too Long; Didn't Read"
2040:. New York City: Oxford University Press.
1077:"How to read an academic article – part 1"
1052:"How to read an academic article – part 7"
1003:. Cambridge University Press. p. 40.
834:textbook required for the test (i.e., 361
594:
580:
100:
1944:
1564:
1241:
1223:
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
1912:(9th ed.). New York City: Longman.
268:Directed listening and thinking activity
39:This article includes a list of general
961:
613:quickly. Speed-reading methods include
112:
1817:from the original on 21 December 2021.
1789:"Speed Reading World Record Standards"
1777:from the original on 21 December 2021.
1755:from the original on 21 December 2021.
1698:Carroll, Robert T. (26 October 2015).
1520:"Preliminary Analysis of PhotoReading"
969:Dehaene, Stanislas (26 October 2010).
857:participate in a speed reading course.
2085:Reading faster – understanding better
1895:"Announced Actions for June 19, 1998"
1403:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 63.
7:
2211:Golovatyi, Aleksandr (5 July 2019).
1265:Hammond, Claudia (2 December 2019).
393:Reading differences and disabilities
1977:. New York City: Exposition Press.
1933:Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society
2108:The PhotoReading Whole Mind System
2081:Schneller lesen – besser verstehen
1883:"FTC Action against Kevin Trudeau"
1619:Noah, Timothy (18 February 2000).
1596:Schoenberg, Philip Ernest (2000).
732:There are three types of reading:
45:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
1958:. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
1549:"So Much to Read, So Little Time"
1165:. Newton, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
2179:"Reading: Skimming and scanning"
2064:. Duesseldorf, Germany: exclam.
1133:"Paragraphs and Topic Sentences"
672:first sentence of each paragraph
191:The active view of reading model
120:
30:
1910:How to Increase Reading Ability
1598:"John F. Kennedy on Leadership"
1101:Keshav, S. (17 February 2016).
2246:"Skeptoid #229: Speed Reading"
2125:Stancliffe, George D. (2003).
795:Controversies in speed reading
774:Eye exercise for speed reading
164:Scientific theories and models
1:
2036:Perfetti, Charles A. (1985).
1837:. San Diego: Academic Press.
1527:NASA Technical Reports Server
2226:Ferriss, Tim (13 May 2014).
2087:] (in German). Hamburg:
1225:10.1371/journal.pone.0239134
2058:Principles of Speed Reading
2290:
2089:Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag
2079:Schmitz, Wolfgang (2013).
2009:Reading Research Quarterly
1973:McBride, Vearl G. (1973).
1833:Carver, Ronald P. (1990).
1302:10.1007/s11423-021-09997-0
997:Frank, Stanley D. (1994).
186:Scarborough's Reading Rope
18:
2106:Scheele, Paul R. (1996).
1491:Seidenberg, Mark (2017).
1030:Charles Darwin University
415:Reading for special needs
1900:Federal Trade Commission
1704:The Skeptic's Dictionary
1566:10.1177/1529100615623267
303:Sustained silent reading
2055:Roesler, Peter (2021).
1602:The Presidential Expert
757:Effect on comprehension
682:and above) than normal
298:Structured word inquiry
60:more precise citations.
2000:National Reading Panel
1659:. 2002. Archived from
1470:. Harlow: BBC Active.
1467:The Speed Reading Book
1111:University of Waterloo
858:
844:
821:
775:
657:Methods and principles
221:Phonological awareness
176:Simple view of reading
146:Vocabulary development
98:
1927:Homa, Donald (1983).
1773:. 11 September 2013.
1679:"The 1,000-Word Dash"
1651:"American Experience"
1103:"How to Read a Paper"
905:Guinness World Record
849:
827:Dunning-Kruger effect
819:
773:
662:Skimming and scanning
544:Functional illiteracy
93:
2155:Davis, Zach (2009).
2127:Speed Reading 4 Kids
2002:. 2000. p. 3-1.
1993:"Chapter 3: Fluency"
1751:. 17 February 2013.
1717:Bremer, Rod (2011).
1677:(18 February 2000).
1663:on 8 September 2005.
1608:on 24 February 2009.
1464:Buzan, Tony (2006).
971:Reading in the Brain
437:Alphabetic principle
370:Automatic assessment
21:speed read (summary)
2244:(26 October 2010).
1631:on 10 February 2013
1621:"JFK, Speed-Reader"
1216:2020PLoSO..1539134F
1081:Len M Holmes.org.uk
1056:Len M Holmes.org.uk
922:Incremental reading
623:scientific evidence
457:History of printing
293:Reciprocal teaching
278:Independent reading
245:Reading instruction
204:Cognitive processes
151:Vocabulary learning
1946:10.3758/BF03329973
1447:Journal of Reading
1427:Skeptical Inquirer
1363:J Exp Psychol Appl
1138:Indiana University
859:
822:
776:
647:University of Utah
554:Literary criticism
410:Reading disability
216:Phonemic awareness
181:Science of reading
99:
2274:Reading (process)
2170:978-3-98095-360-3
2136:978-0-97141-762-5
2117:978-0-92548-052-1
2098:978-3-49963-045-3
2071:978-3-943736-12-0
2047:978-0-19503-501-8
1984:978-0-68247-695-9
1965:978-0-20508-760-0
1919:978-0-80130-246-6
1863:978-0-12160-645-9
1844:978-0-12162-420-0
1730:978-0-99349-640-0
1504:978-0-46508-065-6
1477:978-1-4066-1021-5
1410:978-1-11910-424-7
1172:978-0-20508-760-0
1010:978-1-56619-402-0
980:978-0-14311-805-3
871:peripheral vision
853:and his daughter
627:Stanislas Dehaene
604:
603:
524:Critical literacy
308:Synthetic phonics
283:Literature circle
171:Dual route theory
141:Reading readiness
86:
85:
78:
2281:
2269:Learning to read
2255:
2237:
2222:
2194:
2192:
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1695:
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1647:
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1640:
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1636:
1627:. Archived from
1616:
1610:
1609:
1604:. Archived from
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1538:
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1535:
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1394:
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1387:
1376:10.1037/a0016995
1359:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1330:. Archived from
1320:
1314:
1313:
1296:(3): 1387–1403.
1281:
1275:
1274:
1262:
1256:
1255:
1245:
1227:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1179:on 17 April 2015
1175:. Archived from
1156:
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1021:
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994:
985:
984:
966:
938:Pareto principle
933:Learning to read
900:is three words.
836:words per minute
811:Marshall McLuhan
751:words per minute
728:Types of reading
680:words per minute
651:Washington, D.C.
596:
589:
582:
492:Written language
380:Readability test
348:Words per minute
263:Concept-oriented
253:Analytic phonics
231:Word recognition
133:Learning to read
124:
101:
81:
74:
70:
67:
61:
56:this article by
47:inline citations
34:
33:
26:
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2233:Huffington Post
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2048:
2038:Reading Ability
2035:
2006:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1972:
1966:
1953:
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1920:
1907:
1903:. 19 June 1998.
1893:
1889:. 23 July 2000.
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1826:Further reading
1823:
1822:
1813:. 9 July 2016.
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1700:"Speed-reading"
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1334:on 7 March 2018
1324:"Speed Reading"
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928:Learning styles
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878:John F. Kennedy
876:U.S. President
806:Mark Seidenberg
797:
789:subvocalization
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737:Subvocalization
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720:, and increase
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619:subvocalization
617:and minimizing
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1939:(2): 123–126.
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2187:. Retrieved
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2012:
2008:
1974:
1955:
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1793:Memoriad.com
1792:
1783:
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1739:
1719:
1712:
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1693:
1682:
1669:
1661:the original
1654:
1645:
1633:. Retrieved
1629:the original
1624:
1614:
1606:the original
1601:
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1556:
1552:
1542:
1530:. Retrieved
1526:
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1336:. Retrieved
1332:the original
1327:
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1279:
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1203:
1193:
1181:. Retrieved
1177:the original
1161:
1154:
1142:. Retrieved
1136:
1127:
1115:. Retrieved
1109:
1096:
1084:. Retrieved
1080:
1071:
1059:. Retrieved
1055:
1046:
1034:. Retrieved
1028:
1019:
999:
970:
964:
943:Slow reading
909:
902:
894:
890:
882:Jimmy Carter
875:
862:
860:
851:Jimmy Carter
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832:
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710:meta-guiding
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689:
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666:
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640:
606:
605:
342:
338:Slow reading
326:Reading rate
258:Basal reader
87:
72:
66:October 2012
63:
44:
2015:(1): 6–50.
1559:(1): 4–34.
1532:13 December
1453:(2): 84–95.
1434:(4): 47–49.
1338:30 December
643:Evelyn Wood
549:Great books
472:Orthography
362:Readability
58:introducing
2263:Categories
2218:Medium.com
2185:Skillswise
1271:BBC Future
956:References
631:skepticism
564:Children's
559:Literature
487:Vocabulary
482:Sight word
405:Hyperlexia
375:Legibility
94:A reading
41:references
2189:13 August
1575:1529-1006
1310:1556-6501
1234:1932-6203
1144:11 August
1117:11 August
1086:11 August
1061:11 August
1036:11 August
722:retention
676:questions
653:in 1959.
2251:Skeptoid
1815:Archived
1775:Archived
1753:Archived
1635:13 March
1583:26769745
1384:19751073
1252:32941471
1204:PLOS ONE
916:See also
910:Memoriad
898:fixation
886:Rosalynn
766:Software
694:mind-map
690:Scanning
667:Skimming
615:chunking
516:Literacy
467:Morpheme
462:Language
452:Grapheme
429:Language
400:Dyslexia
106:a series
104:Part of
1811:YouTube
1771:YouTube
1749:YouTube
1243:7497986
1212:Bibcode
781:parsing
684:reading
637:History
497:Writing
477:Phoneme
442:Braille
333:Fluency
288:Phonics
114:Reading
54:improve
2167:
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2114:
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2029:747903
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1981:
1962:
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1407:
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1273:. BBC.
1250:
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1183:15 May
1169:
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43:, but
2159:[
2083:[
2062:(PDF)
2025:JSTOR
1996:(PDF)
1875:(PDF)
1684:Slate
1625:Slate
1523:(PDF)
1358:(PDF)
1106:(PDF)
949:TL;DR
714:focus
704:With
2191:2019
2165:ISBN
2131:ISBN
2112:ISBN
2093:ISBN
2066:ISBN
2042:ISBN
1979:ISBN
1960:ISBN
1914:ISBN
1858:ISBN
1839:ISBN
1725:ISBN
1637:2019
1579:PMID
1571:ISSN
1534:2018
1499:ISBN
1472:ISBN
1405:ISBN
1380:PMID
1340:2017
1306:ISSN
1248:PMID
1230:ISSN
1185:2016
1167:ISBN
1146:2017
1119:2017
1088:2017
1063:2017
1038:2017
1005:ISBN
975:ISBN
867:RSVP
611:read
96:muse
2183:BBC
2017:doi
1941:doi
1656:PBS
1561:doi
1372:doi
1298:doi
1238:PMC
1220:doi
855:Amy
708:or
633:".
2265::
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2013:23
2011:.
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