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Virtually all jet-powered aircraft have an air brake or, in the case of most airliners, lift spoilers that also act as air brakes. Propeller-driven aircraft benefit from the natural braking effect of the propeller when engine power is reduced to idle, but jet engines have no similar braking effect,
200:
to enable dive bombers, torpedo bombers and fighter aircraft to meet their respective combat performance requirements and, more generally, glide-path control. It discusses different types of air brakes and their requirements, in particular that they should have no appreciable effect on lift or trim
216:
jets feature combined spoiler and air brake controls. On landing, the deployment of these spoilers ("lift dumpers") causes a significant reduction in wing lift, so the weight of the aircraft is transferred from the wings to the undercarriage. The increased weight increases the available friction
192:
were equipped with spoilers on the wings in order to adjust their angle of descent during approach to landing. More modern gliders use air brakes that may spoil lift as well as increase drag, dependent on where they are positioned.
136:
on the aircraft. When extended into the airstream, air brakes cause an increase in the drag on the aircraft. When not in use, they conform to the local streamlined profile of the aircraft in order to help minimize drag.
201:
and how this may be achieved with split trailing edge flaps on the wings, for example. There was also a requirement to vent the brake surfaces using numerous perforations or slots to reduce airframe buffeting.
172:
In the early decades of powered flight, air brakes were flaps mounted on the wings. They were manually controlled by a lever in the cockpit, and mechanical linkages to the air brake.
188:(DFS) glider research organization before World War II, developed blade-style self-operating dive brakes, on the upper and lower surface of each wing, for gliders. Most early
560:
322:
that functions normally in flight but can split in half such that the top half goes up as the bottom half goes down to brake. This technique was first used on the
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so jet-powered aircraft must use air brakes to control speed and descent angle during landing approach. Many early jets used parachutes as air brakes on approach (
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A US report written in 1949 describes numerous air brake configurations, and their performance, on wings and fuselage for propeller and jet aircraft.
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used a similar system. The vertically split rudder opened in "clamshell" fashion on landing to act as a speed brake.
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airliners. The
Buccaneer air brake, when opened, reduced the length of the aircraft in the confined space on an
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561:"Extract from NSTS Shuttle Reference Manual (1988): Space Shuttle Coordinate System – Vertical Tail"
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Often, characteristics of both spoilers and air brakes are desirable and are combined - most modern
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The Sky My
Kingdom: Memoirs of the Famous German WWII Test-Pilot (Greenhill Military Paperback)
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An early type of air brake, developed in 1931, was fitted to the aircraft wing support struts.
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516:"The Effects of Aerodynamic Brakes Upon the Speed Characteristics of Airplanes"
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and other fighters have an air brake located just behind the
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created by the spoilers directly assists the braking effect.
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on landing, showing its rudder deployed in speed brake mode
448:"Air Brakes for Planes Greatly Reduce the Landing Speed"
196:
A British report written in 1942 discusses the need for
456:. Vol. 122, no. 1. January 1933. p. 18.
225:
is also used to help slow the aircraft after landing.
93:
landing with its large dorsal air brake panel deployed
537:"Spoilers And Speedbrakes - SKYbrary Aviation Safety"
1483:
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264:naval strike aircraft designed in the 1950s and
260:Split-tailcone air brakes have been used on the
77:showing its split speed brakes inboard of the
619:
27:Flight control surface meant to increase drag
8:
494:"A Résumé of Aerodynamic Data on Air Brakes"
144:in that air brakes are designed to increase
626:
612:
604:
185:Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Segelflug
160:to maintain lift, resulting in a higher
372:
514:Stephenson, Jack D. (September 1949).
384:(first ed.). Osprey. p. 13.
492:Davies, H.; Kirk, F. N. (June 1942).
48:Air brakes on the rear fuselage of a
7:
217:force for braking. In addition, the
330:on several aircraft, including the
240:landing with speed brakes deployed.
25:
592:
471:. Stackpole Books. p. 108.
351:List of aircraft braking systems
1536:In-flight entertainment system
1233:Horizontal situation indicator
467:Reitsch, Hanna (April 1997) .
152:, whereas spoilers reduce the
148:while making little change to
1:
404:Aircraft Design, Kundu 2010,
1516:Environmental control system
182:, who headed Nazi Germany's
326:and has since been used by
1598:
1193:Course deviation indicator
884:Electro-hydraulic actuator
255:English Electric Lightning
36:
29:
1424:Conventional landing gear
1582:Aircraft wing components
1208:Flight management system
382:A Dictionary of Aviation
380:Wragg, David W. (1973).
208:Air brake configurations
63:Convair F-106 Delta Dart
39:Air brake (road vehicle)
37:Not to be confused with
30:Not to be confused with
1511:Emergency oxygen system
1273:Turn and slip indicator
1068:Leading-edge droop flap
1038:Drag-reducing aerospike
1013:Adaptive compliant wing
1008:Active Aeroelastic Wing
308:Space Shuttle Discovery
140:Air brakes differ from
1551:Passenger service unit
1352:Self-sealing fuel tank
1248:Multi-function display
311:
299:Split control surfaces
241:
126:flight control surface
109:
94:
82:
66:
55:
1531:Ice protection system
1449:Tricycle landing gear
1439:Landing gear extender
656:Aft pressure bulkhead
601:at Wikimedia Commons
599:Air brakes (aircraft)
306:
270:British Aerospace 146
266:Fokker F28 Fellowship
231:
156:and require a higher
105:type air brakes on a
100:
88:
72:
61:
47:
1496:Auxiliary power unit
904:Flight control modes
499:(Technical Report).
253:) or after landing (
75:F-16 Fighting Falcon
1475:Escape crew capsule
1382:War emergency power
1253:Pitot–static system
1098:Variable-sweep wing
806:Vertical stabilizer
262:Blackburn Buccaneer
1183:Attitude indicator
1163:Airspeed indicator
1158:Aircraft periscope
571:on 7 December 2021
521:(Technical Note).
501:Ministry of Supply
312:
242:
154:lift-to-drag ratio
110:
95:
83:
67:
65:air brake deployed
56:
1577:Aircraft controls
1564:
1563:
1491:Aircraft lavatory
1228:Heading indicator
1173:Annunciator panel
1153:Air data computer
1063:Leading-edge cuff
597:Media related to
541:www.skybrary.aero
410:978 0 521 88516 4
73:A U.S. Air Force
16:(Redirected from
1589:
1546:Navigation light
1526:Hydraulic system
1501:Bleed air system
1429:Drogue parachute
1103:Vortex generator
721:Interplane strut
628:
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567:. Archived from
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356:Drogue parachute
274:aircraft carrier
132:to increase the
107:Slingsby Capstan
21:
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1556:Ram air turbine
1521:Flight recorder
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1458:
1391:
1372:Thrust reversal
1296:
1287:
1258:Radar altimeter
1223:Head-up display
1133:
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1018:Anti-shock body
1000:
988:
849:Artificial feel
831:Flight controls
825:
691:Fabric covering
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637:components and
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1463:Escape systems
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588:External links
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223:Reverse thrust
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124:are a type of
81:or "tailerons"
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929:Rudder pedals
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789:
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786:Trailing edge
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766:Stressed skin
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478:9781853672620
474:
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454:
449:
443:
440:
428:
424:
423:"Speed brake"
418:
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407:
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398:
393:
391:9780850451634
387:
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366:
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359:
357:
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352:
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344:
342:
340:
339:Space Shuttle
335:
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324:F-89 Scorpion
321:
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54:
51:
46:
40:
33:
19:
1506:Deicing boot
1434:Landing gear
1377:Townend ring
1367:Thrust lever
1342:NACA cowling
1307:Autothrottle
1299:fuel systems
1297:devices and
1088:Stall strips
1058:Krueger flap
1028:Channel wing
974:Wing warping
964:Stick shaker
959:Stick pusher
879:Dual control
864:Centre stick
843:
731:Leading edge
701:Flying wires
661:Cabane strut
591:
573:. Retrieved
569:the original
555:
544:. Retrieved
540:
531:
509:
487:
468:
462:
451:
442:
430:. Retrieved
426:
417:
400:
381:
375:
336:
313:
285:Sukhoi Su-27
278:
259:
247:Arado Ar 234
243:
211:
203:
195:
183:
177:
174:
171:
139:
122:speed brakes
121:
117:
111:
1454:Tundra tire
1337:Intake ramp
1268:Transponder
1053:Gurney flap
994:Aerodynamic
909:Fly-by-wire
791:Triple tail
432:28 December
289:F-18 Hornet
251:Boeing B-47
198:dive brakes
180:Hans Jacobs
162:stall speed
128:used on an
114:aeronautics
79:stabilators
53:BAe 146-300
32:Aerobraking
1571:Categories
1444:Oleo strut
1332:Inlet cone
1327:Gascolator
1293:Propulsion
1283:Yaw string
1278:Variometer
1134:instrument
1113:Wing fence
1048:Gouge flap
1023:Blown flap
979:Yaw damper
954:Stabilator
939:Side-stick
874:Dive brake
761:Stabilizer
736:Lift strut
726:Jury strut
575:25 October
546:2019-12-28
427:Britannica
367:References
332:B-2 Spirit
281:F-15 Eagle
118:air brakes
18:Speedbrake
1419:Autobrake
1347:NACA duct
1322:Fuel tank
1312:Drop tank
1295:controls,
1178:Astrodome
1168:Altimeter
1033:Dog-tooth
998:high-lift
949:Spoileron
934:Servo tab
914:Gust lock
869:Deceleron
854:Autopilot
811:Wing root
796:Twin tail
781:Tailplane
716:Hardpoint
686:Empennage
649:structure
316:deceleron
234:Fokker 70
219:form drag
178:In 1936,
101:Extended
50:Eurowings
1387:Wet wing
1362:Throttle
1108:Vortilon
969:Trim tab
899:Flaperon
889:Elevator
844:Airbrake
816:Wing tip
741:Longeron
711:Fuselage
647:Airframe
635:Aircraft
345:See also
328:Northrop
214:airliner
142:spoilers
130:aircraft
1397:Landing
1188:Compass
1136:systems
1128:Avionic
1118:Winglet
1001:devices
944:Spoiler
839:Aileron
821:Wingbox
746:Nacelle
696:Fairing
639:systems
412:, p.283
320:aileron
293:cockpit
190:gliders
168:History
1132:flight
1093:Strake
924:Rudder
894:Elevon
859:Canard
801:V-tail
776:T-tail
706:Former
666:Canopy
475:
408:
388:
318:is an
1317:FADEC
1203:EICAS
1078:Slats
919:HOTAS
771:Strut
519:(PDF)
497:(PDF)
1399:and
1263:TCAS
1243:ISIS
1198:EFIS
1143:ACAS
1130:and
1083:Slot
1043:Flap
996:and
984:Yoke
756:Spar
681:Dope
577:2012
565:NASA
523:NACA
473:ISBN
434:2019
406:ISBN
386:ISBN
337:The
314:The
279:The
268:and
150:lift
146:drag
134:drag
91:F-15
1238:INS
1218:GPS
1073:LEX
751:Rib
257:).
238:KLM
236:of
120:or
112:In
103:DFS
89:An
1573::
563:.
539:.
450:.
425:.
334:.
295:.
287:,
283:,
276:.
249:,
232:A
164:.
116:,
627:e
620:t
613:v
579:.
549:.
525:.
503:.
481:.
436:.
394:.
41:.
34:.
20:)
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