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the effect on crashes. All 28 studies found a lower number of crashes in the speed camera areas after implementation of the program. In the vicinity of camera sites, the reductions ranged from 8% to 49% for all crashes, with reductions for most studies in the 14% to 25% range. For injury crashes the decrease ranged between 8% and 50% and for crashes resulting in fatalities or serious injuries the reductions were in the range of 11% to 44%. Effects over wider areas showed reductions for all crashes ranging from 9% to 35%, with most studies reporting reductions in the 11% to 27% range. For crashes resulting in death or serious injury reductions ranged from 17% to 58%, with most studies reporting this result in the 30% to 40% reduction range. The studies of longer duration showed that these positive trends were either maintained or improved with time. Nevertheless, the authors conceded that the magnitude of the benefit from speed cameras "is currently not deducible" due to limitations in the methodological rigor of many of the 28 studies cited, and recommended that "more studies of a scientifically rigorous and homogenous nature are necessary, to provide the answer to the magnitude of effect."
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expected, drivers traveling at higher speeds over the limit received higher fines. What drivers said to the police also affected the amount of the fine. 46% percent of drivers in the study reported offering an excuse (e.g. "I didn't realize the speed I was driving"), which was the most common type of verbal response. Excuses, justifications, and denials did not reduce the amount of the fine. Almost 30% of drivers expressed remorse (e.g., "I'm sorry") and received a considerable reduction in fines. Offers of remorse were most effective at higher speeds over the limit. For example, American speeders who offered remorse for traveling at higher speeds over the limit (21 mph) received fines that were US$ 49 lower than drivers who were speeding the same amount, but did not offer an apology. Although this research indicated that apologies can be related to lower fines for speeding, most drivers who offered remorse were still punished to some degree. To maintain a relatively normal sample of speeders, a small percentage of drivers who reported extreme speeds (80 km/h (50 mph) or more over the limit) or very severe fines (US$ 500 or more) were excluded.
422:
they are; a review of speed limits to see whether they are soundly based is for another day. What it has done is to show that at camera sites, speeds have been reduced, and that as a result, collisions resulting in injuries have fallen. The government has said that a decision on whether speed cameras should be funded must be taken at a local level. With the current pressure on public funds, there will be – indeed there already are – those who say that what little money there is can be better spent. This report begs to differ. The devices are already there; they demonstrate value for money, yet are not significant revenue raisers for the
Treasury; they are shown to save lives; and despite the headlines, most people accept the need for them. Speed cameras should never be the only weapon in the road safety armoury, but neither should they be absent from the battle."
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717:(Mexico City) and traffic law enforcement officers (Guadalajara) may enforce speed laws only when a car is speeding above reasonable speeds in regard of the amount of traffic. Maximum speed for all Mexican highways is 110 kilometres per hour (68 mph). Speeding fines are given to those going 130 kilometres per hour (81 mph) and up to 220 kilometres per hour (140 mph). Police may however place a squad car as a pace car so drivers behind cannot exceed 100 kilometres per hour (62 mph); this is common during Summer and Winter holiday season.
47:
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1082:, has been cited on the National Motorists Association's speedtrap.org website as having one of the nation's most active speed traps. City police regularly conceal their patrol cars behind trees along Arizona Highway 82 where motorists enter the city's outskirts. The legal speed limit drops in a short space from 55 mph to 30 mph, leading to some drivers who are not alert to be caught. The minimum fine for exceeding the posted speed limit even by 1 mph is $ 146.
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297:
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speed is and where the offense occurred. Speeding in built-up areas invariably carries higher fines than outside city limits. While fines for minor offenses tend to be moderate, speeds in excess of 20 km/h (12 mph) above the limit in built-up areas result in distinctly higher fines and points on the driver's license, and, depending on the speed at which the offender was clocked, may lead to a driving ban of at least one month.
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229:
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123:, which required a man with a red flag to walk 60 yards (55 m) ahead of qualifying powered vehicles. The distance ahead of the pedestrian crew member was reduced to 20 yards (18 m) in 1878 and the vehicles were required to stop on the sight of a horse. The speed limit was effectively redundant as vehicle speeds could not exceed the speed at which a person could walk.
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found the majority of fixed-speed cameras had a proven road safety benefit. The report also concluded that it was "too early" to conclude if mobile speed cameras affected road safety, although early results indicated drivers might be speeding less. To address public concerns, the RTA would now monitor the effectiveness of individual fixed-speed cameras annually.
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where there are people about who might be in danger, but are hidden in hedges or ditches by the side of the most open roads in the country" and were "manifestly absurd as a protection to the public, and they are used in many counties merely as a means of extracting money from the passing traveller in a way which reminds one of the highwaymen of the Middle Ages".
1298:(For your safety, automatic controls) and marked in French motorway maps. On non-motorway roads, sometimes there is a sign; however, in other locations an electronic sign showing your speed may indicate a fixed speed camera further along the road. Average speed cameras now operate in some areas. It is forbidden there to use speed camera detectors.
178:. Subsequently, the organisation developed a coded warning system which was used until the 1960s whereby a patrolman would always salute the driver of a passing car that displayed a visible AA badge unless there was a speed trap nearby, on the understanding that their officers could not be prosecuted for failing to salute.
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entirely in sympathy with what the noble Earl said with regard to police traps. In my opinion they are manifestly absurd as a protection to the public, and they are used in many counties merely as a means of extracting money from the passing traveller in a way which reminds one of the highwaymen of the Middle Ages.
724:, "experience has shown that speed limits set arbitrarily below the reasonable and prudent speed perceived by the public are difficult to enforce, produce noncompliance, encourage disrespect for the law, create unnecessary antagonism toward law enforcement officers, and divert traffic to lesser routes".
174:) against an Automobile Association patrolman and a potentially speeding motorist—the judge ruled that where a patrolman signals to a speeding driver to slow down and thereby avoid a speed trap, that person would have committed the offence of "obstructing an officer in the course of his duty" under the
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Support for speed cameras is running at an all-time high, a poll by the AA has suggested. According to the motoring organisation's survey of members in
October, 75% now believe that the use of speed cameras is 'acceptable' – including 30% who believe their use is 'very acceptable'. This compares with
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The main report says that fixed cameras reduce deaths and serious injuries by 50 percent and mobile cameras by 35 percent. It calculates that cameras prevent 1,745 deaths or serious injuries a year across
Britain. But once the regression to the mean was taken into account, fixed cameras were found to
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abandoned the use of fixed cameras in 2009, questioning their cost-effectiveness with the cameras being replaced by vehicle-activated warning signs and enforcement by police using mobile speed cameras: in the nine months following the switch-off there was a small reduction in accident rates which had
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A recent study conducted in
Alabama reveals that Red Light Cameras (RLCs) seem to have a slight impact on the clearance lost time; the intersections equipped with RLCs are half a second less in use compared with those without cameras; and highway capacity manual estimates a shorter lost time and thus
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study on Red Light
Running (RLR), "RLR automated enforcement can be an effective safety countermeasure....t appears from the findings of several studies that, in general, RLR cameras can bring about a reduction in the more severe angle crashes with, at worst, a slight increase in less severe rear-end
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Opposition groups have formed in some locations where automated traffic enforcement has been used. In the US city of
Scottsdale, Arizona, an activist group CameraFraud was formed and staged sign-wave protests and petition drives to oppose the use of speed limit enforcement cameras ('photo radar').
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legislature approved such a program in
January 2006. In 2005, 2006, 2008 and 2009 the California legislature considered, but did not pass, bills to implement speed limit enforcement cameras. Tennessee legislators are also considering expanding their speed limit enforcement cameras after successes in
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reported that speed cameras were an effective intervention in reducing road traffic collisions and related casualties, noting however that most studies to date did not have satisfactory control groups. In 2003 Northumbria Police's Acting Chief
Inspector of motor patrols suggested that cameras didn't
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The 2010 Cochrane Review of speed cameras for the prevention of road traffic injuries and deaths reported that all 28 studies accepted by the authors found the effect of speed cameras to be a reduction in all crashes, injury crashes, and death or severe injury crashes. "Twenty eight studies measured
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is a device that semi-automates the timing and average speed calculation of the original manually operated "speed trap". An observer on the ground, in a vehicle or in the air simply presses a button as a vehicle passes two landmarks that are a known distance apart, typically several hundred metres.
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In the United States, it is common for all installation, operation, and verification procedures to be carried out by private companies that in some States receive payment based on the number of infringements they issue, and often under no testing regime whatsoever; however, these units are required
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Victoria achieved record-low road fatalities in both 2008 and 2009. Newspaper reports credited a coordinated and well-funded campaign that focused on higher risk young drivers, more aggressive policing, increased police activity, drink driving, and in 2009, a 50% increase in the use of mobile speed
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in
Australia allows for only a 3 km/h (1.9 mph) tolerance for mobile speed cameras and 2 km/h (1.2 mph) for fixed cameras on the basis that, although the increased risk is lower, there are very many more drivers involved, which creates a substantial risk across the road network.
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Some jurisdictions, such as
Australia and Ohio, allow prosecutions based on a subjective speed assessment by a police officer. In the future, there is the potential to track speed limit compliance via GPS black boxes for recidivist speeders identified in the Australian National Road Safety Strategy
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Speed limits were originally enforced by manually timing or "clocking" vehicles travelling through "speed traps" defined between two fixed landmarks along a roadway that were a known distance apart; the vehicle's average speed was then determined by dividing the distance travelled by the time taken
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a pocket-sized instrument is being produced by Marchant House Limited of New Street, Oadby, Liecester, to be used in motor vehicles to give instant warning of a police radar speed trap ... Anyone wishing to use this type of apparatus would require a licence under the Wireless Telegraphy Act, 1949.
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Some jurisdictions in the United States have been found to fine motorists merely to generate revenue, rather than purely to assure safe driving, taking advantage of their unfamiliarity of the area or unwillingness to fight an out-of-town traffic ticket to assure them a constant stream of municipal
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request found that 52% of speed cameras in the UK were switched on. The report showed that four out of the 45 police forces in the UK had no working speed cameras and that West Yorkshire, South Yorkshire, Greater Manchester, Kent and Cheshire police forces had a quarter or less active cameras. The
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per 100 million miles driven over this time has been due to robotic enforcement. In the seven-month period following speed cameras in Oxfordshire being switched off in August 2010, fatalities increased from 12 to 18, a figure not out of line with the variation in fatalities over a ten-year period.
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was therefore tasked with investigating all 141 fixed speed cameras in use throughout the state. Following the release of the report, 38 speed cameras, located primarily on highways, were switched off after the Auditor-General determined that they had no significant road safety benefit. The report
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by Richard Allsop includes the following in the foreword by Stephen Glaister, director of the RAC (Royal Automobile Club). "While this report fully lays out the background to the introduction of speed cameras and the need for speed limits, its job is not to justify why the national limits are what
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on motorcars in the UK reported in 1907 and raised concerns about the manner in which speed traps were being used to raise revenue in rural areas rather than being used to protect lives in towns. In parliamentary debates at the time it was observed that "Policemen are not stationed in the villages
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A worldwide review of studies found that speed cameras led to a reduction of "11% to 44% for fatal and serious injury crashes". The UK Department for Transport estimated that cameras had led to a 22% reduction in personal injury collisions and 42% fewer people being killed or seriously injured at
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Camera sites had lower than expected numbers of injurious crashes up to 300 metres using circles and up to 500 metres using routes. Routes methods indicated a larger effect than the circles method except in the 100 metres nearest sites. A 500-metre route method was used to investigate the effect
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I regard the abolition of the speed limit as the most important recommendation of the Royal Commission... Policemen are not stationed in the villages where there are people about who might be in danger, but are hidden in hedges or ditches by the side of the most open roads in the country... I am
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to force towns to moderate their speed enforcement policies. These communities have had mixed results regarding campaigns against AAA to have their names removed from the list under the threat of economic ruin should motorists bypass those towns altogether. Many of the communities have also been
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Initially, Illinois used photo enforcement for construction zones only. There was legislation on the books to expand that throughout the state. However, Chicago has expanded its red light camera program and is planning to put speed cameras in school zones. Some suburbs (e.g. Alsip) already have
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A study of over 1,000 drivers caught speeding in the U.S. and in Canada examined factors that predicted fines issued by police officers. In both countries, drivers were stopped for speeding on average 16 mph (26 km/h) over the speed limit and received fines of approximately US$ 144. As
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In Germany, at least a 3 km/h tolerance (3% of measured speed when speeding over 100 km/h) in favor of the offender is always deducted. This tolerance can increase up to 20% depending on the method of measurement. Fines for speeding depend on how high above the speed limit the measured
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by slowing down before entering an enforcement zone. The legal standing of these type of devices varies by jurisdiction. For example, they are legal in most of the United States, but not in most of Canada. Active devices might also be used—in this instance, radar or LIDAR signals are typically
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in the UK set speed limits for vehicles, and later codified enforcement methods. The first Locomotive Act, passed in 1861, set a speed limit of 10 miles per hour (16 km/h) in uninhabited areas, and 5 miles per hour (8.0 km/h) within towns. This act also included the value of fines for
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It has been announced that Arizona will not renew its contract with Redflex, the company that operates the cameras. However, many towns in Arizona (e.g. Chandler, Mesa, Scottsdale, Paradise Valley, Superior) still have red light and/or speed cameras. Photo enforcement is illegal in the town of
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The 2010 report, "The Effectiveness of Speed Cameras A review of evidence", by Richard Allsop concludes "The findings of this review for the RAC Foundation, though reached independently, are essentially consistent with the Cochrane Review conclusions. They are also broadly consistent with the
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introduced, and efforts have been made in the U.S. to ban this practice. Some police forces have even been forced to disband as a result of overzealous enforcement. However, a meta-analysis of studies finds automated ticketing machines that enforce speed limits may have reduced the number of
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highlighting earlier findings across the whole of Wiltshire that there had been a 33% reduction in the number of people killed and seriously injured generally and a 68% reduction at camera sites during the previous 3 years. In 2012, the town had the fewest accident rates per 1,000 registered
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Existing research consistently shows that speed cameras are an effective intervention in reducing road traffic collisions and related casualties. The level of evidence is relatively poor, however, as most studies did not have satisfactory comparison groups or adequate control for potential
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more narrowly as a place where "traffic enforcement is focused on extracting revenue from drivers instead of improving safety". When highway speed limits drop suddenly just as the road enters a municipality that collects large amounts of revenue from traffic tickets, a safety hazard can be
529:
The change from analogue "wet film" to digital technology has revolutionised speed cameras, particularly their maintenance and the back-office processing required to issue penalty notices. Images from digital cameras can be uploaded in seconds to a remote office over a network link, while
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Officers in some jurisdictions may also use pacing, particularly where a more convenient radar speed measuring device is not available—a police vehicle's speed is matched to that of a target vehicle, and the calibrated speedometer of the patrol car used to infer the other vehicle's speed.
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read the vehicle's licence or registration plate. A computer system reads vehicle registration plates at two or more fixed points along a road, usually hundreds of meters or even kilometers apart, then uses the known distance between them to calculate a vehicle's average speed. From the
940:, Alberta, erupted in scandal when it was alleged that two police officers accepted bribes from private contractors who received lucrative contracts to provide speed limit enforcement cameras. The officers and contractor involved now face criminal charges that remain before the courts.
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provide mobile information to drivers on speed traps and traffic conditions. These applications rely on users to keep the databases current. In addition to mobile applications that might be considered evasion-centric, there are other similar mobile applications that are classified as
465:
In December 2005 the Department for Transport published a four-year report into Safety Camera Partnerships which concluded that there was a 22% reduction in personal injury collisions and 42% fewer people being killed or seriously injured following the installation of cameras.
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thin strips of land far away from, and barely connected to, contiguous municipal limits to extend their authority along the highway to police stretches in isolated areas far away from any settlement or problem stretch of road which may justify a slower speed limit. In 2017
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Plans had been made to switch the cameras back on by November 2010, on the basis of increased speeds at camera sites, which occurred in April 2011. Oxfordshire had followed the lead of Swindon, which encountered a decline in casualties, serious injuries, and fatalities.
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Photographs are typically time-stamped by a high-resolution timing device so that a vehicle's speed can be checked manually after the fact if necessary using the secondary method of calculating its speed between a series of calibrated lines painted on the road surface.
1310:, it is strictly forbidden to announce speed controls. If the software of navigation equipment includes the locations of fixed speed cameras, the devices can be seized and destroyed. This also applies to mobile phones or handheld devices with the appropriate function.
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raised A$ 114 million from speed limit enforcement activities. The SA government are resisting moves by their opposition to commission an inquiry into whether speed cameras are being used effectively and efficiently: to improve road safety, to raise revenue, or both.
445:
In 2001 the Nottingham Safety Camera Pilot achieved "virtually complete compliance" on the major ring road into the city using average speed cameras, across all Nottinghamshire SPECS installations, KSI (Killed / Seriously Injured) figures have fallen by an average of
698:
An alternative view is that police devices are accurate to 1 km/h, and that a 2–3 km/h tolerance is the minimum margin that police require to defeat any challenge in court regarding the accuracy of their speed measurement equipment. Speed tolerance in
713:, the maximum speed limit is 80 kilometres per hour (50 mph) on urban freeways on other urban roads. However, fines are only given when speeding above 90 kilometres per hour (56 mph), thus giving a 10 kilometres per hour (6.2 mph) tolerance. The
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report found that City of London, Metropolitan Police/TfL, Lancashire, Nottinghamshire, Suffolk and Northern Ireland police forces said that all of their cameras are active. The reason for this has been a cut in funding and many cameras, most notably many
674:
Speed limits may not be enforced for speeds close to the legal limit. In the United States, speeding enforcement tolerance is usually up to the discretion of the arresting officer. Some states (such as Pennsylvania and Florida) have official tolerances.
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After a growing number of complaints about incorrect and inappropriate fines, Victoria's Auditor-General plans to investigate whether speed cameras are being used primarily to raise revenue for the state government rather than to improve road safety.
383:
In recent years many jurisdictions began using cameras to record violators. These devices detect vehicles that are exceeding the speed limit and take photos of these vehicles' license plates. A ticket is then mailed out to the registered owner.
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vehicles: a result linked by the Local Authority Member for Council Transformation, Transport and Strategic Planning to the removal of speed cameras and resultant additional funding for road safety, alongside close working with the police.
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As of 2009, speed cameras existed in 48 communities in the United States, including in Arizona, Colorado, Illinois, Iowa, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Mexico, Ohio, Oregon, Tennessee, Washington, and Washington, D.C.
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findings of a meta-analysis reported in the respected Handbook of Road Safety Measures, of 16 studies, not including the four-year evaluation report, of the effects of fixed cameras on numbers of collisions and casualties."
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The number of designated traffic officers fell from 15 to 20% of Police force strength in 1966 to seven percent of force strength in 1998, and between 1999 and 2004 by 21%. It is an item of debate whether the reduction in
943:
In September 2012, Edmonton police chief Rod Knecht proposed that "excessive speeders" should have their vehicles seized and impounded, after a rash of high speeding drivers were charged, many driving 50 – 100 km/h
219:
Kevin Richardson proposed the idea of rewarding drivers travelling at or below the posted limit with a cash lottery, funded by the fines on speeding drivers. This was demonstrated in Stockholm, Sweden, in November 2010.
193:' which was described as "a revolutionary speed-measuring device". Developed initially for improving his race times, it was later marketed as police speed enforcement tool. Gatsometer claims to have developed the first
475:
A report published by the RAC Foundation in 2010 estimated that an additional 800 more people a year could be killed or seriously injured on the UK's roads if all speed cameras were scrapped. A survey conducted by
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and the ensuing increase in insurance premiums follow the driver home. The general principle of such interstate, inter-provincial, and/or international compacts is to guarantee the rule 'one license, one record.'
2248:
reduce deaths and serious injuries by only 873, or 24 percent for fixed and 17 percent for mobile cameras. While still impressive, these reductions are lower than could be achieved by other road safety measures.
110:
The use of speed limits predates both motorized vehicles and enforcement of the laws. Facing the invention of the automobile, many nations enacted speed limit laws, and appropriate measures to enforce them. The
721:
142:
lifted some of the restrictions introduced by the 1865 Act, notably raising the speed limit for "light locomotives" under 3 tonnes to 14 miles per hour (23 km/h). The speed limit was lifted again by the
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sedan travelling at 158 km/h, but testing found this vehicle only capable of 117 km/h. A Victorian state government inquiry found that maintenance and accuracy checks had not been done regularly.
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Authorities are not able to monitor every vehicle on every road—limited resources generally mean that enforcement needs to be targeted. A New Zealand study concluded that actual enforcement as well as the
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for use with road traffic in 1971, but this claim is undermined by evidence that radar detectors were already for sale in 1967. Gatsometer BV produced the world's first mobile speed traffic camera in 1982.
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controversially published a road map that included the location for thousands of speed cameras—the first time such information was available in printed form, although more accurate and frequently updated
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Drivers may flash their lights to approaching drivers to warn them of a speed trap. The legal standing of this action also varies by jurisdiction. In the United States, it is common for motorists with
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changed slightly in similar periods before and after the switch off (Before: 1 fatal, 1 serious and 13 slight accidents. Afterwards: no fatalities, 2 serious and 12 slight accidents). The journalist
2507:
A controversial decision by the AA to publish its first map of speed traps has provoked a storm of protest from safety experts, who accuse the organisation of encouraging motorists to break the law.
1330:, the fixed speed cameras on motorways and highways are announced with a sign no less than 250 meters before (no less than 150 meters on urban roads and no less than 80 meters on the other roads):
969:
There has also been debate as to whether the use of such cameras in order to force a driver to confess to the crime of speeding is in violation of European basic human rights; however, in 2007 the
1994:
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in requiring the keepers of cars caught speeding on camera to provide the name of the driver, or to be subject to criminal penalty of an equivalent degree of severity if they failed to do so.
278:, we know that the vehicle's speed must equal its average speed at some time between the measurements. If the average speed exceeds the speed limit, then a penalty is automatically issued.
319:
Instantaneous speed cameras measure the speed at a single point. These may either be a semi-permanent fixture or be established on a temporary basis. A variety of technologies can be used:
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1674:
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829:(RTA) produce an expert witness who could prove the photographs were tamper-proof, but the RTA was unable to provide such evidence. The defendant was acquitted and awarded court costs.
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guidelines recommend a tolerance level of the speed limit "Ă—10% +2 mph" (e.g., a maximum tolerance in a 30 mph (50 km/h) zone of 30 + (30 Ă— 10% = 3) + 2 = 35 mph).
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Gilbert, Arizona. Tempe, Arizona has removed all of its red light cameras. Baker, Louisiana still contracts with Redflex. This association is the subject of legislative action.
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518:(ANPR) average-speed camera systems, their use is more commonly restricted to evidence gathering where speeding offences are detected by various other types of sensors such as
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within strata of time after intervention, time of day, speed limit, and type of road user injured. The number of injurious crashes after intervention was substantially reduced
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where non-resident drivers are treated like residents when they are stopped for a traffic offense that occurs in another jurisdiction. They also ensure that penalties such as
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study in 2017 found that "adding another 1,000 cameras to British roads could save up to 190 lives annually, reduce up to 1,130 collisions and mitigate 330 serious injuries."
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A Toronto man is upset he was ticketed for flashing his headlights to tip off oncoming drivers of a radar speed trap, especially since police admit the act is not illegal.'
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a 69% approval rating in a poll conducted in November last year, and is the highest level reached in ten years of monitoring public sentiment for the devices, the AA says.
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957:
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Aside from the issues of legality in some countries and states and of sometime opposition the effectiveness of speed cameras is very well documented. The introduction to
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to travel it. Setting up a speed trap that could provide legally satisfactory evidence was usually time-consuming and error-prone, as it relied on its human operators.
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reported that this research showed that the department had been previous exaggerating the safety benefits of speed cameras but that the results were still 'impressive'.
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graded states on road safety measures such as automated enforcement of speeding or red light cameras, interstate speed limits, and lower speed limits in school zones.
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including average and instantaneous speed cameras; however, eight counties are to switch off or remove cameras and a further two counties are considering such action.
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technologies that are considered too compliance centric and in Australia both National and State Road Safety Strategies encourage the adoption of such technologies.
4051:
4048:"Valley activists working to protest photo radar cameras - Phoenix Arizona news, breaking news, local news, weather radar, traffic from ABC15 News | ABC15.com"
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area freeways capturing drivers doing speeds greater than 11 mph over the posted speed limit. Over 100 new cameras were expected to be up and running by 2009.
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In June 2011, in Victoria, the road fatalities for the year so far was reported to be "significantly higher"" than it was for the same period of the previous year.
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used to protect the digital photograph from tampering was not robust enough to guarantee that it had not been altered. Magistrate Lawrence Lawson demanded that the
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controversially tried to use a contractual clause in the rental agreement to issue speeding fines to any of its customers that exceeded speed limits as detected by
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430:
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successfully bypassed by states with divided highways rerouted to avoid these stretches of road after constituent complaints in addition to safety concerns.
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was investigated and prosecuted by state authorities for breaking state law by generating more than 30% of town revenue through traffic citations. In 2014,
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of laser pulses to make a series of timestamped measurements of a vehicle's distance from the laser; the data is then used to calculate the vehicle's speed.
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but not speed limit enforcement cameras ('photo radar'), have now approved, or are considering, the implementation of speed limit enforcement cameras. The
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confounders. Controlled introduction of speed cameras with careful data collection may offer improved evidence of their effectiveness in the future.
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167:
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million will be raised from fines levied on drivers breaking Victorian road rules, a large proportion being from speed limit enforcement, in 2011.
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crashes. However it noted that "there is not enough empirical evidence based on proper experimental design procedures to state this conclusively."
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A notable example is in the Nottingham Safety Camera Pilot where virtually complete compliance was achieved on the major ring road into the city
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reduce casualties but did raise revenue – an official statement from the police force later re-iterated that speed cameras do reduce casualties.
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In Spain and Portugal, devices are used to detect drivers who drive too fast, and consequently traffic lights turn to red to stop the vehicle.
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recently reported that speed cameras were effective at reducing accidents and injuries in their vicinity and recommended wider deployment. An
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Police in some countries like France have been known to prosecute drivers for speeding, using an average speed calculated from timestamps on
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2019:
Baratian-Ghorghi, Fatemeh; Zhou, Huaguo; Wasilefsky, Isaac (2015). "Effect of Red-Light Cameras on Capacity of Signalized Intersections".
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In Germany, radar detectors are prohibited; however, current mobile controls are mentioned by some radio stations, which is not illegal.
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reported that speed cameras were effective at reducing accidents and injuries and recommended wider deployment. In February 2005 the
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3055:"Local Photo Enforcement Vandalism is Child's Play Compared to Destruction of Speed Cameras Elsewhere – Phoenix News – Valley Fever"
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1015:
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3143:
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1865:, Dunne, Jeremy G., "Laser-based speed measuring device", published 1996-05-28, assigned to Laser Technology Inc.
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found a 50% reduction in the total crash frequency, with injuries falling by 40%; however, rear-end collisions increased by 55%.
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at regular intervals on major radio stations. Conversely, announcing the exact location of a speed trap is illegal in France.
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3964:"National Safety Council (2017). The State of Safety - A State-by-State Report. Itasca, IL. pg. 18. Accessed at www.nsc.org"
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833:
531:
270:
3298:
4674:
4532:
4346:
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had its police department disbanded after the police were found to be issuing speeding tickets based on a quota system.
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629:
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135:
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4400:
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1932:
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589:
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and would therefore be exempt from the need for a preceding pedestrian. A test case was brought by motoring pioneer
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159:
99:
3002:
2857:
Day, M. V.; Ross, M. (2011). "The value of remorse: How drivers' responses to police predict fines for speeding".
2604:
1225:
1210:
782:
Doug Georgianni, 51, was shot as he operated a photo radar van on a Phoenix freeway and later died at a hospital.
4926:
4838:
4416:
4371:
4255:
2278:
2046:
348:
2138:"Effectiveness of speed cameras in preventing road traffic collisions and related casualties: systematic review"
1695:
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1401:
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94:
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The firm in question has recently been informed that I am not prepared to issue a licence for such purposes
4810:
4745:
4722:
4684:
4504:
4431:
1294:
In France, the fixed speed cameras on motorways are announced with a sign about half to 2 km before:
1258:
1134:
841:
754:
703:
46:
1850:
1846:
4800:
4602:
4522:
4336:
4321:
4301:
3138:
2636:
2603:
Wilson C, Willis C, Hendrikz JK, Le Brocque R, Bellamy N; Willis; Hendrikz; Le Brocque; Bellamy (2010).
978:
878:. The camera is mounted on the passenger side dash, whilst the black box on the front is the radar unit.
60:
are enforced on most public roadways by authorities, with the purpose to improve driver compliance with
3992:
US Department Of Transportation Federal Highway Administration – Traffic Enforcement Camera Regulations
2571:
3979:
3603:
2520:
1862:
4906:
4901:
4849:
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4679:
4646:
4394:
4275:
3527:
2726:
1669:
1145:
875:
120:
3100:
2701:"Toleranzabzüge bei standardisierten Messverfahren zur Feststellung von Geschwindigkeitsverstößen"
1761:
4833:
4805:
4631:
4592:
4142:
2882:
1424:
1267:
1079:
1065:
840:
million over the previous five years from speed cameras. The Roads Minister accused the previous
790:
Retribution attacks on photo enforcement equipment have become commonplace throughout the world.
275:
186:
144:
131:
27:
Effort made by appropriately empowered authorities to improve driver compliance with speed limits
4379:
1933:"Police officer's visual estimate of speed is enough for a conviction, Ohio Supreme Court rules"
2063:
1881:
4777:
4636:
3076:
2976:
2914:
2874:
2624:
2414:
2345:
2167:
2114:
1912:
1827:
1629:
1484:
1443:
1061:
771:
635:
In Belgium, Germany, and the Netherlands, the location of speed traps are announced using the
609:
597:
451:
3814:
3641:
3623:
514:
While digital cameras can be used as the primary means of speed detection when combined with
4854:
4609:
4567:
4477:
4384:
4311:
2866:
2790:
2616:
2432:
2238:
2157:
2149:
2104:
2096:
2071:
Across all Nottinghamshire SPECS installations, KSI figures have fallen by an average of 65%
2028:
1435:
1351:
1152:
986:
922:
657:
352:
209:
151:
38:
3991:
3500:
3193:"PARLIAMENT is facing a renewed push for a top-level inquiry into the use of speed cameras"
2296:
2032:
3998:
3859:
3223:
1281:
has published lists of 'speed trap towns' that motorists should avoid, to use an economic
1006:
speed cameras, still used older film technologies rather than newer digital technologies.
699:
337:
237:
112:
4126:
592:
with counter emissions. These devices are more frequently illegal than passive devices.
288:
Speed enforcement using average speed measurement is expressly prohibited in California.
1178:
won an election for sheriff after making a campaign promise to eliminate speed cameras.
1039:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
702:
was an election issue in 2011, following a move by the budget committee of the previous
600:(CB) radios to report the location of speed traps over the CB radio to other motorists.
4844:
4767:
4499:
4467:
4438:
4306:
3767:
3218:
2109:
2084:
1271:
577:
573:
566:
562:
489:
341:
331:
205:
2700:
2407:
2162:
2137:
1522:
917:
Speed limit enforcement cameras were a substantial election issue in the provinces of
228:
4895:
4772:
4621:
4489:
4484:
4316:
2408:
Development of Strategies for Best Practice in Speed Enforcement in Western Australia
1003:
883:
581:
542:
519:
3741:
2886:
1481:
Criminal on the Road: A Study of Serious Motoring Offences and Those Who Commit Them
296:
4494:
4442:
4426:
4351:
4291:
3608:
2620:
1439:
1335:
870:
69:
4164:
2548:
2083:
S M Christie; R A Lyons; F D Dunstan & S J Jones in Injury Prevention (2003).
1794:
80:
to measure the time taken for a vehicle to cover a known distance. More recently,
3454:
2900:
1821:
706:
state government to abolish the 3 km/h margin in order to increase revenue.
4880:
4782:
4614:
4542:
4514:
4356:
2153:
1642:
1463:"Speed cameras reduce road accidents and traffic deaths, according to new study"
1423:
Wilson, C; Willis, Hendrikz; Le Brocque, Bellamy (2010). Wilson, Cecilia (ed.).
1393:
1373:
1347:
1307:
1195:
1175:
1071:
926:
887:
767:
679:
584:
480:
in May 2010 indicated that speed cameras were supported by 75% of their members.
61:
57:
506:
4828:
4626:
4462:
4457:
4447:
4326:
3789:
3373:
3246:
3167:
Media Release The Hon Duncan Gay MLC Minister for Roads and Ports 27 July 2011
2870:
1379:
1369:
1262:
819:
138:, who was subsequently convicted of using a locomotive without a licence. The
127:
31:
3542:
2980:
720:
Speed limit policy can affect enforcement. According to a 1994 report by the
4870:
3838:"Speed cameras catch police chief's interest » Knoxville News Sentinel"
3369:"Speeding and disobedient drivers deliver a windfall for government coffers"
2813:
1603:
468:
358:
327:
323:
309:
282:
81:
77:
2984:
2878:
2835:
2628:
2171:
2118:
1447:
663:
Further information on the group, Front National Anti Radar in France:
580:
to detect police radar or LIDAR signals, with the intention of avoiding or
4106:"Redflex challenges private investigators ruling – The Independent Weekly"
2838:. American Association of State Transport Highway Officials. 19 April 1994
741:
chance of being caught both contributed to changes in drivers' behaviour.
4240:
4186:
4083:
3711:
3689:
3459:
2260:
2085:"Are mobile speed cameras effective? A controlled before and after study"
1129:
937:
616:
182:
17:
1118:, documenting a vehicle alleged to be traveling 50 mph in a 25 mph zone.
4737:
4341:
4271:
3860:"City Red Light, Speeding Cameras Bring In $ 158,811 In First 3 Months"
3105:
2458:
2100:
1726:
1625:
1576:
1548:
1282:
918:
484:
233:
213:
2605:"Speed cameras for the prevention of road traffic injuries and deaths"
1425:"Speed cameras for the prevention of road traffic injuries and deaths"
774:
its cars. The company actions were challenged and defeated in court.
1699:
1461:
Science, London School of Economics and Political (25 October 2017).
815:
710:
259:
201:
85:
1906:
1137:
such as generating $ 158,811 in revenue in the first three months.
3815:"Action/Legis – Red Light Cameras & Photo Radar in California"
2486:"AA causes fury by publishing its first-ever map of speed cameras"
1327:
999:
869:
556:
546:
538:
505:
362:
313:
303:
295:
227:
194:
190:
50:
45:
3179:
Caradvice 27 July 2011 (includes locations of cameras turned off)
2212:
The National Safety Camera Programme: Four Year Evaluation Report
3077:"Microsoft Word - Photo Enforcement Final Report Feb 9 2006.doc"
2910:
1057:
818:, a speed camera photograph was challenged on the basis that an
664:
624:
4244:
3475:"Speed cameras will stay – but no more maintenance | News"
2975:(1). Department of Rhetoric, University of Minnesota: 131–144.
308:
Traffic Speed Interceptor - Vehicles with speed camera used by
2836:"AASHTO Policy Resolution: The National Statutory Speed Limit"
1189:
1019:
4209:"Multe nulle autovelox: quando le sanzioni vanno contestate"
3764:"Lawsuit Over Red-Light Cameras Heads To Ohio Supreme Court"
1972:. National Cooperative Highway Research Program. p. 12.
2214:(Report). UK Department for Transport. 2005. Archived from
1911:. Vol. 2004. Pearson Prentice Hall. 2004. p. 15.
1064:
to issue citations based on speed cameras was heard by the
2661:
The official website for the Pennsylvania General Assembly
68:
set up and operated by the police and automated roadside '
3916:"Drivers concerned about 100 new speed cameras in Valley"
3561:"Section 21, traffic officer numbers reduction in the UK"
3455:"Lack of police funds could end South West speed cameras"
2783:
Making travel safer: Victoria's speed enforcement program
2261:"RAC Foundation report backs speed camera safety benefit"
1505:"MVRUS – Legislation: A summary of important legislation"
1060:, the issue of whether a city has jurisdiction under the
126:
By 1895, some drivers of early lightweight steam-powered
3477:. This is Gloucestershire. 3 August 2010. Archived from
1354:
are often combined with speed cameras in the same unit.
882:
In 2004, in a Poltech fixed speed camera on Melbourne's
844:
government of using speed cameras to raise revenue; the
3738:"Woman's Lawsuit Threatens To Remove Red-Light Cameras"
3165:
Report finds speed cameras are an effective safety tool
2969:
ACME: An International Journal for Critical Geographies
419:
The Effectiveness of Speed Cameras A review of evidence
162:
was formed to help motorists avoid police speed traps.
3543:"CASE OF O'HALLORAN AND FRANCIS v. THE UNITED KINGDOM"
3028:"Speed-camera van target of suspected firebomb attack"
1170:
by law to take at least two pictures of each vehicle.
361:
light sensors located perpendicular to the road, e.g.
347:
Sensors embedded in the roadway in pairs, for example
2455:"Driver upset after ticketed for flashing headlights"
30:"Speed trap" redirects here. For the jazz album, see
905:
The Victoria government forecasts that a revenue of
678:
As older vehicle construction regulations allowed a
510:
UK fixed speed camera with road calibration markings
4819:
4791:
4736:
4703:
4645:
4566:
4513:
4409:
4370:
4282:
3642:"Speeding fine numbers double with cameras back on"
37:"Speedtrap" redirects here. For the 1977 film, see
4143:"Carte des radars fixes et automatiques en France"
3685:"Half of Britain's speed cameras are switched off"
3128:
3126:
3124:
2484:
1507:. UK Department of the Environment. Archived from
958:Road speed limit enforcement in the United Kingdom
534:software can record vehicle registration numbers.
2962:"Critical GPS: Toward a New Politics of Location"
2590:"Florida 'speed trap' town disbands police force"
1777:"Speed Camera Lottery Wins VW Fun Theory Contest"
1124:Some U.S. states that formerly allowed red-light
130:assumed that these would be legally classed as a
3712:"Half of UK road speed cameras are switched off"
3317:"A-G to probe use and integrity of road cameras"
3277:"State's road toll dips to its lowest on record"
3187:
3185:
1467:London School of Economics and Political Science
1418:
1416:
977:, found there was no breach of article 6 of the
962:The United Kingdom uses a variety of methods to
612:was freely available for some time before that.
4084:"No details yet for end to state's photo radar"
3604:"Oxfordshire cops switch speed cameras back on"
3292:
3290:
3270:
3268:
2750:
2748:
1948:"Speed Traps: Saving Lives or Raising Revenue?"
1151:As of late 2008, cameras were placed along all
72:' systems, which may incorporate the use of an
4713:Commercial Driver's License Information System
4165:"Radarwarner: Bundesgericht kennt keine Gnade"
4012:"MyFox Phoenix | Fox 10 News | KSAZ"
3523:"Speed camera switch-off sees fewer accidents"
2316:"Speed camera switch-off sees fewer accidents"
1722:"Radar Speed Trap Warning Apparatus (Licence)"
1544:"Debate on the Royal Commission on Motor Cars"
1174:In the 2008 elections in nearby Pinal County,
1114:Two images from a speed enforcement camera in
1076:The court ruled in favor of Kelly Mendenhall.
300:Automatic traffic speed measurement in Denmark
4761:Disabled parking permits of the United States
4256:
2907:European Conference of Ministers of Transport
442:may overestimate the intersection's capacity.
8:
3624:"Plan to return Oxfordshire's speed cameras"
3582:"page 147 Transport statistics 2009 edition"
3177:NSW Government switches off 38 speed cameras
3142:. Fairfax Media. 2 June 2011. Archived from
2641:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
76:system. Traditionally, police officers used
2136:Paul Pilkington & Sanjay Kinra (2005).
1432:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1296:Pour votre sécurité, contrôles automatiques
1224:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
682:accuracy of +/- 10%, in the United Kingdom
522:, piezo strips, infrared or laser devices.
4263:
4249:
4241:
3516:
3514:
2545:"What is a Speed Trap? | Speed Traps"
330:signal that is directed at a vehicle; the
3343:"As road toll jumps, police urge caution"
2936:"State Puts Brakes on GPS Speeding Fines"
2279:"Speed camera support 'at all-time high'"
2161:
2108:
1826:. Langenscheidt Publishers. p. 318.
1665:"AA ballots on first strike in 105 years"
1244:Learn how and when to remove this message
805:Road speed limit enforcement in Australia
4695:List of countries by minimum driving age
3862:. The Chattanoogan.com. 14 November 2007
3660:"Half UK speed cameras are switched off"
3247:"Government acts on fixed speed cameras"
3219:"Victoria's speed camera saga continues"
2909:at OECD/ECMT Transport Research Centre.
1690:
1688:
1686:
1684:
3377:. Herald and Weekly Times. 11 June 2011
3323:. Australia: Fairfax Media. 25 May 2011
3134:"'Cash cow' speed cameras raise $ 350m"
2609:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2346:"Tory Boy Racers | George Monbiot"
1412:
1070:Kelly Mendenhall et al. v. The City of
975:O’Halloran and Francis v United Kingdom
176:Prevention of Crimes Amendment Act 1885
3109:. Melbourne, Australia. 10 August 2005
3003:"Photo-Radar Van Driver Shot to Death"
2634:
2326:from the original on 18 September 2016
1775:Schultz, Jonathan (30 November 2010).
4235:RAC Foundation. Retrieved 2024-07-21.
3425:"Police set sights on super speeders"
3227:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation
2757:"Greater Leeway for Speeding Drivers"
2377:"Town tops league for safest driving"
2064:"Permanent Casualty Reduction Scheme"
2021:Journal of Transportation Engineering
1677:from the original on 26 January 2023.
1332:Controllo elettronico della velocitĂ ,
1140:A 2007 study of speed cameras on the
1068:on 18 September 2007, in the case of
236:checking speed with a tripod-mounted
147:to 20 miles per hour (32 km/h).
7:
3299:"Victoria's road toll at record low"
2417:Accident Research Centre. p. 6.
2356:from the original on 30 January 2011
2047:"Annex 6 TECHNOLOGY FOR ENFORCEMENT"
1984:"The Effectiveness of Speed Cameras"
1222:adding citations to reliable sources
4233:"Speed Limits A review of evidence"
2592:. Associated Press. 2 October 2014.
2387:from the original on 15 August 2016
1946:Alan Buckingham (17 October 2003).
1795:"Specs spies on speeding motorists"
874:Gatso Mobile Speed Camera, used in
170:brought a test court case in 1910 (
4751:Decriminalised parking enforcement
3501:"Town ditches fixed speed cameras"
3396:Edmonton, The (19 February 2006).
2572:"End of the Road for Speed Traps?"
2483:Bloomfield, Steve (26 June 2005).
2297:"Town ditches fixed speed cameras"
2033:10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000804
2000:from the original on 15 April 2016
1882:"Police Speed Enforcement Cameras"
1086:cameras at various intersections.
516:automatic number plate recognition
492:claimed that the results were not
269:(ANPR) systems that use a form of
267:Automatic number plate recognition
255:Automatic number plate recognition
181:Gatsometer BV, founded in 1958 by
74:automatic number plate recognition
25:
4558:Category: Speed limits by country
4362:Vienna Convention on Road Traffic
3942:"Speed cameras on U.S. highways?"
3766:. Weathernet5.com. Archived from
3297:Sexton, Reid (27 December 2009).
3275:Dowling, Jason (1 January 2009).
3001:Davenport, Paul (20 April 2009).
2755:Alexandra Smith (31 March 2011).
2239:"Speed camera benefits overrated"
2237:Webster, Ben (16 December 2005).
1760:. 9 February 1968. Archived from
1016:Speed limits in the United States
925:, and were abolished by Premiers
778:Photo-enforcement employee deaths
119:Stricter regulations came in the
3521:Barrett, David (7 August 2010).
3398:"Charges won't halt photo radar"
2727:"GeschwindigkeitsĂĽberschreitung"
2570:Brad Tuttle (2 September 2013).
2497:from the original on 24 May 2022
2431:. Whistler Group. Archived from
1851:CVC 40801 Speed Trap Prohibition
1386:
1372:
1194:
1104:
1093:
1024:
140:Locomotives on Highways Act 1896
64:. Methods used include roadside
4187:"Autovelox e Tutor: dove sono?"
2960:Propen, Amy D. (10 June 2006).
2913:Publishing. 2006. p. 155.
2521:"The Camera That Wears a Badge"
2314:David Barrett (7 August 2010).
1754:"The Highway: Versatile VASCAR"
1727:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
1577:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
1549:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
1483:. Routledge. 1964. p. 64.
1279:American Automobile Association
292:Instantaneous speed measurement
4705:Traffic violations reciprocity
3547:European Court of Human Rights
3053:Stern, Ray (1 December 2008).
2789:. 20 July 2006. Archived from
2621:10.1002/14651858.CD004607.pub3
2192:. The Journal. 25 October 2003
1440:10.1002/14651858.CD004607.pub3
971:European Court of Human Rights
751:traffic violations reciprocity
649:National Motorists Association
1:
4728:Non-Resident Violator Compact
4670:Inter-American Driving Permit
3568:UK Parliamentary publications
3349:. Fairfax Media. 10 June 2011
1823:Insight Guide: French Riviera
964:enforce its road speed limits
859:Government of South Australia
834:Government of New South Wales
827:Roads & Traffic Authority
786:Reprisal attacks on equipment
532:optical character recognition
271:optical character recognition
4675:International Driving Permit
4533:Assured clear distance ahead
4347:School bus traffic stop laws
4332:Left- and right-hand traffic
4297:Assured clear distance ahead
4167:. 20min.ch. 17 December 2008
3918:. Archive.is. Archived from
3400:. Canada.com. Archived from
3199:. News Limited. 27 June 2011
3101:"NSW Speed Cameras in Doubt"
2934:Robert Lemos (2 July 2001).
2406:Max Cameron (10 June 2008).
2375:Katie Bond (21 March 2012).
1698:. Gatsometer. Archived from
836:was reported to have raised
766:In 2001, Acme-Rent-a-Car in
630:Intelligent speed adaptation
615:Mobile applications such as
395:Intelligent speed adaptation
355:strips a set distance apart.
334:is used to derive its speed.
88:systems have come into use.
4922:Traffic enforcement cameras
4690:Driving licences by country
4655:Commercial driver's license
4401:Rules of the Road (Ireland)
3589:Department for Transport UK
3057:. Blogs.phoenixnewtimes.com
2519:Sharkey, Joe (4 May 2008),
2154:10.1136/bmj.38324.646574.AE
1643:"Road Traffic – 1900– 1929"
823:cryptographic hash function
749:Many jurisdictions operate
4943:
4665:Graduated driver licensing
4538:National Maximum Speed Law
3602:Fae, Jane (1 April 2011).
1013:
955:
802:
745:Jurisdictional reciprocity
732:Law enforcement approaches
662:
478:The Automobile Association
412:Traffic enforcement camera
409:
252:
160:The Automobile Association
36:
29:
4598:Mobile phones and driving
4108:. Theind.com. 19 May 2008
3347:The Sydney Morning Herald
3251:Media Release 14 May 2004
2871:10.1007/s10979-010-9234-4
2787:Victorian Auditor General
1033:This article needs to be
886:recorded a four-cylinder
762:Extrajudicial enforcement
605:UK Automobile Association
572:Some drivers use passive
494:statistically significant
349:electromagnetic induction
249:Average speed measurement
4861:"How's my driving?" sign
4718:Driver License Agreement
4660:European driving licence
4390:The Highway Code (Malta)
3882:"study of speed cameras"
2148:(12 February): 331–334.
1626:'Obstructing the Police'
537:Types of camera include
4917:Road traffic management
4756:Disabled parking permit
4553:Speed limits by country
4548:Speed limit enforcement
4132:. Retrieved 2024-07-21.
3305:. Melbourne, Australia.
3283:. Melbourne, Australia.
3253:. Office of the Premier
1572:"MOTOR CAR LEGISLATION"
1402:Speed limits by country
1164:National Safety Council
1142:Arizona State Route 101
1116:Mount Rainier, Maryland
637:Highway location marker
458:British Medical Journal
393:2011 - 2020 section on
116:violations of the law.
95:British Medical Journal
4839:Drivers' working hours
4811:Clunk Click Every Trip
4746:Alternate-side parking
4723:Driver License Compact
4432:Field sobriety testing
3980:San Diego Court Ruling
2859:Law and Human Behavior
2190:"Cameras are for cash"
1259:Southern United States
995:Freedom of Information
879:
715:Mexican highway patrol
569:
511:
429:According to the 2003
316:
301:
241:
54:
4603:Texting while driving
4523:85th percentile speed
4337:Bidirectional traffic
4322:New Zealand Road Code
4302:Australian Road Rules
3139:Sydney Morning Herald
2429:"Radar detectors FAQ"
2381:Thisiswiltshire.co.uk
1847:CVC 40802 Speed Traps
1056:In the U.S. state of
979:Human Rights Act 1998
873:
610:GPS-based information
560:
553:Avoidance and evasion
509:
307:
299:
231:
49:
4850:Epilepsy and driving
4528:Advisory speed limit
4453:Road traffic control
3817:. Highwayrobbery.net
3770:on 28 September 2007
2814:"Inaccurate Speedos"
1523:"History of Farnham"
1511:on 3 September 2009.
1218:improve this section
4876:Slow moving vehicle
4866:Old age and driving
4417:Parking enforcement
4189:. Poliziadistato.it
4001:, 9 December 2008.
3922:on 16 December 2008
3894:on 4 December 2008.
3744:on 16 December 2008
3528:The Daily Telegraph
2816:. trafficlaw.com.au
2731:bussgeldkatalog.org
2675:"Speed Enforcement"
2435:on 4 September 2010
2320:The Daily Telegraph
2267:. 24 November 2010.
1970:NCHRP Synthesis 310
1968:Hugh McGee (2003).
1820:Brian Bell (2001).
1764:on 29 October 2010.
1673:. 3 February 2010.
1670:The Daily Telegraph
1126:enforcement cameras
876:Victoria, Australia
814:In August 2005, in
647:Groups such as the
232:Police officers in
121:Locomotive Act 1865
4834:Digital tachograph
4806:Click It or Ticket
4632:Vehicular homicide
4593:Distracted driving
4018:on 15 January 2009
3997:9 May 2009 at the
3944:. CNN. 4 June 2009
3630:. 2 November 2010.
3404:on 8 November 2012
2705:verkehrslexikon.de
2101:10.1136/ip.9.4.302
1991:Racfoundation.ortg
1781:The New York Times
1358:Spain and Portugal
1268:Damascus, Arkansas
1261:, some towns have
1080:Patagonia, Arizona
1066:Ohio Supreme Court
936:In February 2006,
880:
832:In June 2011, the
772:GPS tracking units
570:
512:
502:Evidence gathering
317:
302:
276:mean value theorem
242:
216:by February 1968.
187:Maurice Gatsonides
145:Motor Car Act 1903
132:horseless carriage
92:camera sites. The
55:
4889:
4888:
4793:Automotive safety
4778:Parking violation
4637:Wrong-way driving
4568:Moving violations
4284:Rules of the road
4213:Quotidiano Motori
4145:. Linternaute.com
3718:. 4 November 2017
2920:978-92-821-0377-7
2793:on 2 October 2009
2551:on 28 August 2015
2461:. 30 January 2008
2415:Monash University
2089:Injury Prevention
1918:978-0-13-114957-1
1908:Police Technology
1833:978-1-58573-148-0
1352:red light cameras
1277:For decades, the
1254:
1253:
1246:
1062:Ohio Constitution
1054:
1053:
987:traffic accidents
948:the speed limit.
884:Western Ring Road
452:Injury Prevention
136:John Henry Knight
16:(Redirected from
4934:
4927:Road speed limit
4855:Hours of service
4680:Learner's permit
4647:Driver licensing
4610:Reckless driving
4576:Impaired driving
4422:Impaired driving
4395:Road Users' Code
4385:The Highway Code
4372:Road user guides
4312:Green Cross Code
4265:
4258:
4251:
4242:
4236:
4230:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4219:
4205:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4194:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4172:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4139:
4133:
4130:TheNewspaper.com
4124:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4080:
4074:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4050:. Archived from
4044:
4038:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4014:. Archived from
4008:
4002:
3989:
3983:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3960:
3954:
3953:
3951:
3949:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3912:
3906:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3893:
3887:. Archived from
3886:
3878:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3867:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3833:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3822:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3749:
3740:. Archived from
3734:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3708:
3702:
3701:
3699:
3697:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3670:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3638:
3632:
3631:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3586:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3565:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3518:
3509:
3508:
3497:
3491:
3490:
3488:
3486:
3481:on 6 August 2010
3471:
3465:
3464:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3431:. Archived from
3429:Edmonton Journal
3420:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3393:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3382:
3365:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3339:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3313:
3307:
3306:
3294:
3285:
3284:
3272:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3232:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3189:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3151:
3130:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3097:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3081:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3030:. Archived from
3024:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3007:MyFoxPhoenix.com
2998:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2983:. Archived from
2966:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2931:
2925:
2924:
2902:Speed Management
2897:
2891:
2890:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2821:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2752:
2743:
2742:
2740:
2738:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2671:
2665:
2664:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2640:
2632:
2615:(11): CD004607.
2600:
2594:
2593:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2547:. Archived from
2541:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2504:
2502:
2488:
2480:
2474:
2473:
2468:
2466:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2425:
2419:
2418:
2412:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2352:. 26 July 2010.
2342:
2336:
2335:
2333:
2331:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2257:
2251:
2250:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2223:
2218:on 29 March 2010
2208:
2202:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2165:
2133:
2127:
2126:
2112:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1999:
1988:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1853:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1772:
1766:
1765:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1737:
1735:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1702:on 10 March 2010
1692:
1679:
1678:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1639:
1633:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1587:
1585:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1540:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1434:(10): CD004607.
1429:
1420:
1396:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1257:funding. In the
1249:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1229:
1198:
1190:
1108:
1097:
1049:
1046:
1040:
1028:
1027:
1020:
923:British Columbia
908:
857:In 2010/11, the
839:
658:traffic injuries
338:LIDAR speed guns
324:Radar speed guns
189:, produced the '
152:royal commission
39:Speedtrap (film)
21:
4942:
4941:
4937:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4912:Law enforcement
4892:
4891:
4890:
4885:
4815:
4787:
4732:
4699:
4641:
4562:
4509:
4448:Pretextual stop
4405:
4380:Driver's manual
4366:
4278:
4269:
4239:
4231:
4227:
4217:
4215:
4207:
4206:
4202:
4192:
4190:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4170:
4168:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4148:
4146:
4141:
4140:
4136:
4125:
4121:
4111:
4109:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4089:
4087:
4082:
4081:
4077:
4071:
4067:
4057:
4055:
4054:on 13 June 2009
4046:
4045:
4041:
4035:
4031:
4021:
4019:
4010:
4009:
4005:
3999:Wayback Machine
3990:
3986:
3978:
3974:
3966:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3947:
3945:
3940:
3939:
3935:
3925:
3923:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3903:
3899:
3891:
3884:
3880:
3879:
3875:
3865:
3863:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3843:
3841:
3836:Humphrey, Tom.
3835:
3834:
3830:
3820:
3818:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3798:
3796:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3773:
3771:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3747:
3745:
3736:
3735:
3731:
3721:
3719:
3710:
3709:
3705:
3695:
3693:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3668:
3666:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3601:
3600:
3596:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3575:
3563:
3559:
3558:
3554:
3549:. 29 June 2007.
3541:
3540:
3536:
3520:
3519:
3512:
3507:. 31 July 2009.
3499:
3498:
3494:
3484:
3482:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3463:. 22 July 2010.
3453:
3452:
3448:
3438:
3436:
3435:on 11 July 2014
3422:
3421:
3417:
3407:
3405:
3395:
3394:
3390:
3380:
3378:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3352:
3350:
3341:
3340:
3336:
3326:
3324:
3315:
3314:
3310:
3296:
3295:
3288:
3274:
3273:
3266:
3256:
3254:
3245:
3244:
3240:
3230:
3228:
3224:The 7.30 Report
3217:
3216:
3212:
3202:
3200:
3191:
3190:
3183:
3175:
3171:
3163:
3159:
3149:
3147:
3132:
3131:
3122:
3112:
3110:
3099:
3098:
3094:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3060:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3037:
3035:
3034:on 20 June 2011
3026:
3025:
3021:
3011:
3009:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2987:
2964:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2944:
2942:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2921:
2899:
2898:
2894:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2841:
2839:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2819:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2806:
2796:
2794:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2766:
2764:
2754:
2753:
2746:
2736:
2734:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2710:
2708:
2699:
2698:
2694:
2684:
2682:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2633:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2554:
2552:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2529:
2527:
2518:
2517:
2513:
2500:
2498:
2491:The Independent
2482:
2481:
2477:
2464:
2462:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2438:
2436:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2410:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2390:
2388:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2359:
2357:
2344:
2343:
2339:
2329:
2327:
2313:
2312:
2308:
2303:. 31 July 2009.
2295:
2294:
2290:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2221:
2219:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2195:
2193:
2188:
2187:
2183:
2135:
2134:
2130:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2066:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1952:
1950:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1890:
1888:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1845:
1841:
1834:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1804:
1802:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1774:
1773:
1769:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1733:
1731:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1705:
1703:
1694:
1693:
1682:
1663:
1662:
1658:
1648:
1646:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1623:
1619:
1609:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1583:
1581:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1555:
1553:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1516:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1479:
1478:
1474:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1427:
1422:
1421:
1414:
1410:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1378:
1371:
1368:
1360:
1344:
1324:
1316:
1304:
1292:
1250:
1239:
1233:
1230:
1215:
1199:
1188:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1119:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1012:
960:
954:
931:Gordon Campbell
915:
906:
868:
855:
853:South Australia
846:Auditor-General
837:
812:
810:New South Wales
807:
801:
796:
794:Regional issues
788:
780:
764:
747:
734:
700:New South Wales
672:
667:
645:
578:LIDAR detectors
574:radar detectors
555:
504:
414:
408:
403:
390:
381:
372:
294:
257:
251:
238:LIDAR speed gun
226:
172:Betts v Stevens
113:Locomotive Acts
108:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4940:
4938:
4930:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4894:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4852:
4847:
4845:Drowsy driving
4842:
4836:
4831:
4825:
4823:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4801:Seat belt laws
4797:
4795:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4768:Double parking
4765:
4764:
4763:
4753:
4748:
4742:
4740:
4734:
4733:
4731:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4709:
4707:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4651:
4649:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4615:Brake checking
4607:
4606:
4605:
4600:
4590:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4572:
4570:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4519:
4517:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4502:
4500:Traffic ticket
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4465:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4445:
4439:Highway patrol
4436:
4435:
4434:
4429:
4419:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4376:
4374:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4307:Boulevard rule
4304:
4299:
4294:
4288:
4286:
4280:
4279:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4260:
4253:
4245:
4238:
4237:
4225:
4200:
4178:
4156:
4134:
4127:"HLS 09RS-632"
4119:
4097:
4075:
4065:
4039:
4029:
4003:
3984:
3972:
3955:
3933:
3907:
3897:
3873:
3851:
3840:. Knoxnews.com
3828:
3806:
3781:
3755:
3729:
3703:
3676:
3651:
3633:
3615:
3594:
3573:
3552:
3534:
3510:
3492:
3466:
3446:
3423:Wittmeier, B.
3415:
3388:
3360:
3334:
3308:
3286:
3264:
3238:
3210:
3181:
3169:
3157:
3146:on 4 June 2011
3120:
3092:
3068:
3045:
3019:
2993:
2990:on 9 May 2009.
2952:
2926:
2919:
2892:
2865:(3): 221–234.
2849:
2827:
2804:
2774:
2744:
2718:
2692:
2666:
2648:
2595:
2581:
2562:
2536:
2525:New York Times
2511:
2475:
2446:
2420:
2398:
2367:
2337:
2306:
2288:
2270:
2252:
2229:
2203:
2181:
2128:
2095:(4): 302–306.
2075:
2055:
2038:
2011:
1975:
1960:
1938:
1935:. 2 June 2010.
1924:
1917:
1898:
1886:Safer motoring
1873:
1854:
1839:
1832:
1812:
1801:. 14 July 2005
1786:
1767:
1745:
1730:. 2 March 1967
1713:
1680:
1656:
1634:
1617:
1595:
1580:. 16 July 1907
1563:
1535:
1514:
1496:
1489:
1472:
1453:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1383:
1367:
1364:
1359:
1356:
1343:
1340:
1334:and marked in
1323:
1320:
1315:
1312:
1303:
1300:
1291:
1288:
1272:Waldo, Florida
1252:
1251:
1202:
1200:
1193:
1187:
1184:
1113:
1112:
1103:
1102:
1101:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1052:
1051:
1032:
1030:
1023:
1011:
1008:
956:Main article:
953:
952:United Kingdom
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803:Main article:
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755:demerit points
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730:
671:
668:
644:
641:
598:Citizen's Band
567:LIDAR detector
554:
551:
503:
500:
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498:
490:George Monbiot
481:
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410:Main article:
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353:Piezo-electric
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342:time of flight
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332:Doppler effect
293:
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206:North Carolina
204:was in use in
168:Lord Alverston
107:
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84:and automated
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4773:Parking chair
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4586:United States
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4490:Traffic guard
4488:
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4485:Traffic court
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4317:Move over law
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3794:Speedtrap.org
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3648:. 5 May 2011.
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2576:Time magazine
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2042:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2015:
2012:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1971:
1964:
1961:
1949:
1942:
1939:
1934:
1928:
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1697:
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1672:
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1666:
1660:
1657:
1645:. swarb.co.uk
1644:
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1627:
1621:
1618:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1592:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1567:
1564:
1552:. 24 May 1906
1551:
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1248:
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1227:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1212:
1208:
1203:This section
1201:
1197:
1192:
1191:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1177:
1171:
1167:
1165:
1162:In 2017, the
1160:
1156:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1117:
1107:
1096:
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1077:
1075:
1073:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1048:
1036:
1031:
1022:
1021:
1017:
1010:United States
1009:
1007:
1005:
1004:Truvelo Combi
1001:
996:
991:
988:
982:
980:
976:
972:
967:
965:
959:
951:
949:
947:
941:
939:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
912:
910:
903:
900:
896:
892:
889:
885:
877:
872:
865:
863:
860:
852:
850:
847:
843:
835:
830:
828:
824:
821:
817:
809:
806:
798:
793:
791:
785:
783:
777:
775:
773:
769:
761:
759:
756:
752:
744:
742:
740:
731:
729:
725:
723:
718:
716:
712:
707:
705:
701:
696:
693:The state of
691:
687:
685:
681:
676:
669:
666:
661:
659:
654:
650:
642:
640:
638:
633:
631:
626:
622:
618:
613:
611:
606:
603:In 2006, the
601:
599:
593:
591:
586:
583:
579:
575:
568:
564:
559:
552:
550:
548:
544:
543:Truvelo Combi
540:
535:
533:
527:
523:
521:
520:Doppler radar
517:
508:
501:
495:
491:
486:
483:*The town of
482:
479:
474:
471:
470:
464:
460:
459:
454:
453:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
415:
413:
406:Speed cameras
405:
401:Effectiveness
400:
398:
396:
387:
385:
378:
376:
369:
364:
360:
357:
354:
350:
346:
343:
339:
336:
333:
329:
325:
322:
321:
320:
315:
311:
306:
298:
291:
289:
286:
284:
279:
277:
272:
268:
264:
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256:
248:
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217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
196:
192:
188:
184:
179:
177:
173:
169:
165:
164:Chief Justice
161:
156:
153:
148:
146:
141:
137:
133:
129:
124:
122:
117:
114:
105:
103:
101:
97:
96:
89:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
52:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
4685:Point system
4547:
4495:Traffic stop
4443:State police
4427:Breathalyzer
4352:Traffic code
4342:Right-of-way
4292:All-way stop
4228:
4216:. Retrieved
4212:
4203:
4191:. Retrieved
4181:
4169:. Retrieved
4159:
4147:. Retrieved
4137:
4129:
4122:
4110:. Retrieved
4100:
4088:. Retrieved
4078:
4068:
4056:. Retrieved
4052:the original
4042:
4032:
4020:. Retrieved
4016:the original
4006:
3987:
3975:
3958:
3946:. Retrieved
3936:
3924:. Retrieved
3920:the original
3910:
3900:
3889:the original
3876:
3864:. Retrieved
3854:
3842:. Retrieved
3831:
3819:. Retrieved
3809:
3797:. Retrieved
3793:
3784:
3772:. Retrieved
3768:the original
3758:
3746:. Retrieved
3742:the original
3732:
3720:. Retrieved
3715:
3706:
3694:. Retrieved
3688:
3679:
3667:. Retrieved
3664:Auto Express
3663:
3654:
3645:
3636:
3627:
3618:
3609:The Register
3607:
3597:
3588:
3576:
3567:
3555:
3546:
3537:
3526:
3504:
3495:
3483:. Retrieved
3479:the original
3469:
3458:
3449:
3437:. Retrieved
3433:the original
3428:
3418:
3406:. Retrieved
3402:the original
3391:
3379:. Retrieved
3372:
3363:
3351:. Retrieved
3346:
3337:
3325:. Retrieved
3320:
3311:
3302:
3280:
3255:. Retrieved
3250:
3241:
3229:. Retrieved
3222:
3213:
3201:. Retrieved
3197:Adelaide Now
3196:
3172:
3160:
3148:. Retrieved
3144:the original
3137:
3111:. Retrieved
3104:
3095:
3083:. Retrieved
3071:
3059:. Retrieved
3048:
3036:. Retrieved
3032:the original
3022:
3010:. Retrieved
3006:
2996:
2985:the original
2972:
2968:
2955:
2943:. Retrieved
2939:
2929:
2901:
2895:
2862:
2858:
2852:
2842:17 September
2840:. Retrieved
2830:
2818:. Retrieved
2812:S.P. Hardy.
2807:
2795:. Retrieved
2791:the original
2777:
2765:. Retrieved
2760:
2735:. Retrieved
2730:
2721:
2709:. Retrieved
2704:
2695:
2683:. Retrieved
2678:
2669:
2660:
2651:
2637:cite journal
2612:
2608:
2598:
2584:
2575:
2565:
2553:. Retrieved
2549:the original
2539:
2528:, retrieved
2524:
2514:
2506:
2499:. Retrieved
2490:
2478:
2470:
2465:17 September
2463:. Retrieved
2449:
2439:17 September
2437:. Retrieved
2433:the original
2423:
2401:
2389:. Retrieved
2380:
2370:
2358:. Retrieved
2349:
2340:
2328:. Retrieved
2319:
2309:
2300:
2291:
2282:
2273:
2264:
2255:
2246:
2242:
2232:
2220:. Retrieved
2216:the original
2206:
2194:. Retrieved
2184:
2175:
2145:
2141:
2131:
2122:
2092:
2088:
2078:
2070:
2058:
2050:
2041:
2027:: 04015035.
2024:
2020:
2014:
2002:. Retrieved
1990:
1978:
1969:
1963:
1951:. Retrieved
1941:
1927:
1907:
1901:
1889:. Retrieved
1885:
1876:
1857:
1842:
1822:
1815:
1803:. Retrieved
1798:
1789:
1780:
1770:
1762:the original
1757:
1748:
1739:
1732:. Retrieved
1725:
1716:
1704:. Retrieved
1700:the original
1668:
1659:
1647:. Retrieved
1637:
1620:
1608:. Retrieved
1598:
1589:
1582:. Retrieved
1575:
1566:
1554:. Retrieved
1547:
1538:
1526:. Retrieved
1517:
1509:the original
1499:
1480:
1475:
1466:
1456:
1431:
1361:
1345:
1336:Italian road
1331:
1325:
1317:
1305:
1295:
1293:
1276:
1255:
1240:
1231:
1216:Please help
1204:
1180:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1157:
1150:
1139:
1123:
1084:
1078:
1069:
1055:
1042:
1034:
992:
983:
974:
968:
961:
945:
942:
935:
929:in 1995 and
916:
904:
901:
897:
893:
881:
856:
831:
813:
789:
781:
765:
748:
738:
735:
726:
719:
708:
692:
688:
677:
673:
660:and deaths.
652:
646:
634:
614:
602:
594:
571:
536:
528:
524:
513:
467:
456:
450:
391:
382:
373:
340:utilize the
318:
287:
280:
265:
258:
243:
218:
200:
180:
171:
157:
149:
125:
118:
109:
93:
90:
70:speed camera
65:
62:speed limits
58:Speed limits
56:
53:speed camera
43:
4907:Road safety
4902:Traffic law
4881:Vision Zero
4821:Road safety
4783:Wheel clamp
4543:School zone
4515:Speed limit
4473:Enforcement
4410:Enforcement
4397:(Hong Kong)
4357:Turn on red
4272:Traffic law
3866:1 September
2763:. Australia
2733:(in German)
2707:(in German)
2350:Monbiot.com
2281:. Admiral.
1649:27 February
1624:JA Coutts,
1610:26 February
1394:Cars portal
1348:Netherlands
1342:Netherlands
1308:Switzerland
1302:Switzerland
1234:August 2023
1186:Speed traps
1176:Paul Babeau
1135:Chattanooga
927:Mike Harris
888:Datsun 120Y
768:Connecticut
680:speedometer
643:Controversy
585:prosecution
78:stopwatches
66:speed traps
4896:Categories
4829:Tachograph
4627:Tailgating
4463:Textalyzer
4458:Terry stop
4327:Overtaking
4086:. KTAR.com
3722:4 November
3696:4 November
3669:4 November
3374:Herald Sun
3012:19 January
2797:18 October
2785:(Report).
2737:5 December
2711:5 December
2685:3 February
2679:cps.gov.uk
2657:"Title 75"
2555:11 October
2493:. London.
2413:(Report).
2322:. London.
2245:. London.
1863:US 5521696
1628:(1956) 19
1604:"About us"
1490:0415264162
1408:References
1380:Law portal
1146:Scottsdale
1014:See also:
670:Tolerances
653:speed trap
253:See also:
191:Gatsometer
86:in-vehicle
82:radar guns
32:Speed Trap
4871:Road rage
4478:Red light
3531:. London.
2981:1492-9732
2243:The Times
1696:"History"
1205:does not
933:in 2001.
895:cameras.
799:Australia
739:perceived
469:The Times
359:Infra-red
328:microwave
310:Bangalore
285:tickets.
283:toll road
18:Speedtrap
4841:(Europe)
4058:25 April
4022:25 April
3995:Archived
3926:11 March
3799:11 March
3748:25 April
3716:BBC News
3690:Sky News
3646:BBC News
3628:BBC News
3505:BBC News
3460:BBC News
3113:28 April
3085:11 March
2945:29 April
2887:13262186
2879:20556494
2820:28 April
2629:20927736
2501:17 April
2495:Archived
2385:Archived
2354:Archived
2324:Archived
2301:BBC News
2265:BBC News
2196:31 March
2172:15653699
2119:14693888
1995:Archived
1953:27 April
1891:19 April
1799:BBC News
1734:25 April
1706:18 April
1675:Archived
1606:. The AA
1584:17 April
1556:17 April
1528:26 April
1448:20927736
1366:See also
1130:Maryland
1045:May 2010
938:Edmonton
866:Victoria
695:Victoria
621:Trapster
617:Njection
561:Passive
449:In 2003
312:Police,
210:New York
158:In 1905
128:autocars
4738:Parking
4505:Warning
4218:24 June
3982:, 2001.
3381:19 June
3353:14 June
3327:14 June
3321:The Age
3303:The Age
3281:The Age
3203:27 June
3150:27 June
3106:The Age
3038:9 April
2767:16 June
2761:The Age
2459:CFTO-TV
2391:30 June
2360:30 June
2330:30 June
2222:13 June
2110:1731028
2004:30 June
1346:In the
1314:Germany
1283:boycott
1263:annexed
1226:removed
1211:sources
1153:Phoenix
1035:updated
993:A 2017
919:Ontario
651:define
582:evading
485:Swindon
379:Cameras
234:Bavaria
224:Methods
214:Indiana
185:driver
106:History
4581:Canada
4468:Camera
4276:safety
4193:24 May
4171:24 May
4149:24 May
4112:24 May
4090:24 May
3948:5 June
3844:24 May
3821:24 May
3790:"City"
3774:24 May
3485:24 May
3439:3 June
3408:24 May
3257:7 June
3231:7 June
3061:24 May
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1074:et al.
913:Canada
907:A$ 245
838:A$ 350
816:Sydney
722:AASHTO
711:Mexico
623:, and
590:jammed
370:Pacing
326:use a
260:VASCAR
202:VASCAR
3967:(PDF)
3892:(PDF)
3885:(PDF)
3585:(PDF)
3564:(PDF)
3080:(PDF)
2988:(PDF)
2965:(PDF)
2883:S2CID
2681:. CPS
2411:(PDF)
2067:(PDF)
1998:(PDF)
1987:(PDF)
1428:(PDF)
1328:Italy
1322:Italy
1072:Akron
1000:Gatso
973:, in
842:Labor
704:Labor
563:RADAR
547:D-cam
539:Gatso
431:NCHRP
388:Other
363:TIRTL
314:India
195:radar
183:rally
51:Gatso
4857:(US)
4274:and
4220:2019
4195:2012
4173:2012
4151:2012
4114:2012
4092:2012
4060:2010
4024:2010
3950:2009
3928:2019
3868:2008
3846:2012
3823:2012
3801:2019
3776:2012
3750:2010
3724:2020
3698:2020
3671:2020
3487:2012
3441:2014
3410:2012
3383:2011
3355:2011
3329:2011
3259:2011
3233:2011
3205:2011
3152:2011
3115:2010
3087:2019
3063:2012
3040:2011
3014:2014
2977:ISSN
2947:2010
2940:CNET
2915:ISBN
2911:OECD
2875:PMID
2844:2009
2822:2010
2799:2009
2769:2011
2739:2014
2713:2014
2687:2014
2643:link
2625:PMID
2613:2010
2557:2015
2532:2011
2503:2010
2467:2009
2441:2010
2393:2016
2362:2016
2332:2016
2224:2018
2198:2008
2168:PMID
2115:PMID
2006:2016
1955:2010
1913:ISBN
1893:2010
1828:ISBN
1807:2008
1758:Time
1736:2010
1708:2010
1651:2010
1612:2010
1586:2010
1558:2010
1530:2010
1485:ISBN
1444:PMID
1209:any
1207:cite
1058:Ohio
1002:and
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921:and
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625:Waze
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