35:
50:
27:
312:
354:
519:
or "true" cave environments. These can be in regular contact with the surface via wind and underground rivers, or the migration of animals, or can be almost entirely isolated. Deep hypogean environments can host autonomous ecologies whose primary source of energy is not sunlight, but chemical energy
639:
The two factors that limit cave ecologies are generally energy and nutrients. To some degree moisture is always available in actively forming Karst caves. Cut off from the sunlight and steady deposition of plant detritus, caves are poor habitats in comparison with wet areas on the surface. Most of
643:
Cave ecosystems are very fragile. Because of their rarity and position in the ecosystem they are threatened by a large number of human activities. Dam construction, limestone quarrying, water pollution and logging are just some of the disasters that can devastate or destroy underground biological
560:, specialized for cave life. Some can leave caves for short periods, and may complete parts of their life cycles above ground, but cannot live their entire lives outside of a cave environment. Examples include chemotrophic bacteria, some species of
293:. Corrosion has several ways of doing this, it can be on carbonate rocks through chemical reactions, in gypsum and rock salt it can happen physically, and in silicate rocks and warm climate the decomposition of the materials can happen as well.
640:
the energy in cave environments comes from the surplus of the ecosystems outside. One major source of energy and nutrients in caves is dung from trogloxenes, most of which is deposited by bats. Other sources are mentioned above.
399:
caves due to carbonate dissolution reactions. They can take a variety of forms, depending on their depositional history and environment. Their chemical composition, gradual growth, and preservation in caves make them useful
234:(1859–1938), the 'father of modern speleology', who through his extensive and well-publicised cave explorations introduced in France the concept of speleology as a distinct area of study. In 1895 Martel founded the
484:
Caves provide a home for many unique biota. Cave ecologies are very diverse, and not sharply distinct from surface habitats. Generally however, the deeper the cave becomes, the more rarefied the ecology.
217:
Prior to the mid-nineteenth century the scientific value of caves was considered only in its contribution to other branches of science, and cave studies were considered part of the larger disciplines of
2373:
636:(“cave haters”), which cannot survive in caves for any extended period. Examples include deer which fell through a sinkhole, frogs swept into a cave by a flash flood, etc.
448:, these highly adapted microbial communities represent the living-backbone of cave ecosystems and play a key role in shaping structures and sustaining trophic networks.
2321:
840:
2348:
2068:
652:
Speleologists also work with archaeologists in studying underground ruins, tunnels, sewers and aqueducts, such as the various inlets and outlets of the
2306:
2153:
2341:
264:, both because of the stimulation of public interest and awareness, and the fact that most speleological field-work has been conducted by sport
714:
589:
can live part or all of their lives in caves, but can also complete a life cycle in appropriate environments on the surface. Examples include
1541:
787:
949:
497:
the parts of caves that are in communication with surface soils through cracks and rock seams, groundwater seepage, and root protrusion.
2246:
2148:
462:
The creation of an accurate, detailed map is one of the most common technical activities undertaken within a cave. Cave maps, called
235:
2363:
2358:
1038:
824:
254:
752:
892:
83:
2353:
2118:
1427:
1019:
2368:
2336:
2286:
954:
715:"Disciplinary identities and crossing boundaries: The academization of speleology in the first half of the twentieth century"
2063:
34:
1793:
945:
2326:
1768:
1480:
898:
622:
zone) for at least some portion of its life. Hibernating reptiles and mammals are the most widely recognized examples.
2331:
2158:
1910:
2098:
161:(United States and Canadian English). Speleology and caving are often connected, as the physical skills required for
2271:
2113:
2108:
2053:
1783:
2078:
1121:
203:
2444:
2316:
1534:
1456:
1417:
925:
100:
777:
285:
is a landscape that has limestone underneath which has been eroded. Caves are usually formed through chemical
231:
49:
618:
frequents caves, and may require caves for a portion of its life cycle, but must return to the surface (or a
2519:
1930:
1803:
1550:
1449:
979:
62:
1763:
2083:
1722:
1495:
1490:
1274:
966:
76:
804:
2481:
2088:
1463:
692:
687:
985:
975:
2493:
2266:
2251:
2231:
2215:
1527:
388:
381:
124:
20:
470:, provide a spatial reference for further scientific study, and assist visitors with route-finding.
2514:
2449:
2173:
2168:
2058:
1840:
1485:
1012:
39:
211:
2471:
2456:
2281:
1975:
1717:
1712:
1412:
1269:
1241:
1089:
238:, the first organization devoted to cave science in the world. Other early speleologists include
994:, Daily news and articles on caves, caving, speleology, karst and other information for cavers.
2389:
2037:
1571:
1139:
1057:
820:
783:
734:
573:
466:, can be used to compare caves to each other by length, depth and volume, may reveal clues on
128:
2466:
2241:
2178:
2163:
2027:
1970:
1965:
1880:
1830:
1778:
1758:
1727:
1264:
1199:
1082:
812:
726:
401:
239:
26:
2093:
1900:
1798:
1788:
1737:
1648:
1596:
1226:
941:
988:(International Journal of Speleology) (in English, Italian, French, German, and Spanish)
2439:
2434:
2429:
2138:
2128:
1995:
1670:
1508:
1371:
1144:
1005:
935:
902:
816:
602:
507:
the threshold regions near cave mouths that extend to the last penetration of sunlight.
425:
246:
632:
which are surface organisms that enter caves for no survival reason. Some may even be
311:
2508:
2424:
2414:
2133:
2000:
1990:
1960:
1945:
1935:
1890:
1855:
1773:
1732:
1680:
1675:
1591:
1326:
1311:
1111:
1062:
1052:
682:
653:
479:
467:
136:
428:, which help in creating an environment which is highly favorable for the growth of
2394:
2256:
2210:
2123:
2022:
1702:
1613:
1407:
1321:
1179:
1169:
590:
353:
302:
207:
2476:
2461:
2409:
2399:
2143:
2073:
2032:
2010:
1950:
1601:
1251:
1099:
1077:
1067:
730:
670:
581:
457:
421:
413:
227:
191:
187:
144:
841:"Microbial diversity and proxy species for human impact in Italian karst caves"
2261:
2103:
1753:
1697:
1653:
1576:
1422:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1366:
1356:
1316:
1286:
1256:
1189:
1094:
610:
569:
548:
521:
396:
374:
370:
366:
362:
348:
957:, a communication platform for physical speleology and karst science research
738:
2404:
2276:
1985:
1870:
1860:
1643:
1633:
1628:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1301:
1291:
1246:
1231:
1216:
1184:
1159:
598:
561:
445:
358:
290:
286:
219:
171:
2017:
2005:
1915:
1895:
1885:
1865:
1845:
1835:
1707:
1638:
1623:
1361:
1351:
1346:
1236:
1221:
1206:
1174:
565:
512:
437:
429:
417:
170:
Speleology is a cross-disciplinary field that combines the knowledge of
2311:
2236:
2183:
1920:
1875:
1690:
1581:
1432:
1306:
1149:
433:
385:
223:
183:
179:
175:
163:
132:
66:
58:
260:
The growth of speleology is directly linked with that of the sport of
230:. Very little cave-specific study was undertaken prior to the work of
2419:
1955:
1940:
1925:
1850:
1660:
1618:
1586:
1194:
1154:
1072:
676:
441:
261:
245:
An international speleological congress was proposed at a meeting in
149:
106:
89:
43:
1905:
1665:
1211:
1164:
1106:
970:
352:
282:
277:
265:
250:
120:
108:
54:
48:
33:
25:
1980:
1685:
1608:
1028:
657:
392:
116:
1523:
1001:
1519:
1391:
997:
594:
306:
357:
Cave labeled with the six most common types of speleothems:
194:
to develop portraits of caves as complex, evolving systems.
960:
942:
Biospeleology; The
Biology of Caves, Karst, and Groundwater
322: with: Geochemistry of cave formation. You can help by
30:
Grotte des Faux-Monnayeurs, Mouthiers-Haute-Pierre (France)
143:
is also sometimes applied to the recreational activity of
991:
323:
679: – Recreational pastime of exploring cave systems
488:
Cave environments fall into three general categories:
210:
caves in the 1680s. The term speleology was coined by
867:
930:
139:) and change over time (speleomorphology). The term
38:
Beam of sun inside the cavity of Rocca ill'Abissu,
2382:
2374:
Southern
African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy
2299:
2224:
2203:
2196:
2046:
1823:
1816:
1746:
1564:
1557:
1473:
1441:
1400:
1285:
1130:
1045:
961:National Cave Research and Protection Organization
520:liberated from limestone and other minerals by
528:Cave organisms fall into three basic classes:
1535:
1013:
115: 'study of') is the scientific study of
8:
2349:Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining
249:, France in 1949 and first held in 1953 in
2322:History of hard rock miners' organizations
2200:
1820:
1561:
1542:
1528:
1520:
1020:
1006:
998:
147:caves, but this is more properly known as
57:'s church") of Paistjärvi, a peak cave in
782:. Springer Science & Business Media.
432:. Microbial assemblages in caves include
2307:American Society of Reclamation Sciences
2154:North American Aerospace Defense Command
530:
135:, and the processes by which they form (
944:, by Texas Natural Science Center, the
779:Karst Hydrology and Physical Speleology
705:
272:Cave geology, hydrogeology and biology
976:Cave Biota; an evolving "webumentary"
391:that accumulate over time in natural
7:
673: – Diving in water-filled caves
395:. Speleothems most commonly form in
206:wrote detailed descriptions of some
202:Before modern speleology developed,
950:Missouri Department of Conservation
2247:Journey to the Center of the Earth
2149:Naples underground geothermal zone
817:10.1016/B978-0-12-814124-3.00117-5
14:
2364:Research Centre for Deep Drilling
2359:International Union of Speleology
1039:Glossary of caving and speleology
255:International Union of Speleology
16:Science of cave and karst systems
938:, an online guide to speleothems
878:National Speleological Society,
412:Caves have an absence of stable
310:
2354:Institution of Mining Engineers
2119:Underground Great Wall of China
1428:Nok and Mamproug Cave Dwellings
713:Mattes, Johannes (2015-01-01).
2369:Society of Economic Geologists
2337:National Speleological Society
2287:Wonderland (fictional country)
931:National Speleological Society
1:
1794:Subterranean rivers of London
982:and Indiana Karst Conservancy
967:cave-biology.org Cave biology
946:University of Texas at Austin
2327:National Mine Map Repository
1769:Jewel Cave National Monument
1481:List of UK caving fatalities
899:National Geographic Magazine
2332:National Mining Association
2159:Raven Rock Mountain Complex
891:Bennett, Paul (July 2006),
731:10.17704/1944-6187-34.2.275
648:Other areas of cave science
257:(UIS) was founded in 1965.
123:features, as well as their
2536:
2272:Tunnels in popular culture
2114:Underground City, Montreal
2109:Underground City (Beijing)
2054:816 Nuclear Military Plant
1784:Mammoth Cave National Park
926:Different Types of Erosion
477:
455:
346:
300:
275:
99:
82:
18:
2079:Cheyenne Mountain Complex
1504:
1036:
628:There are also so-called
96: 'cave' and
2445:Underground construction
2317:Cave Research Foundation
1457:Cave of Forgotten Dreams
776:Bögli, A. (2012-12-06).
53:Pirunkirkko (literally "
1931:Missile launch facility
1804:Wind Cave National Park
1450:Diving into the Unknown
980:Hoosier National Forest
880:The Fragile Underground
2084:Chicago Tunnel Company
1723:Subterranean waterfall
1496:Tham Luang cave rescue
1491:Riesending cave rescue
719:Earth Sciences History
630:accidental trogloxenes
424:and limited supply of
377:
236:Société de Spéléologie
157:(British English), or
69:
46:
31:
2099:Kőbánya cellar system
2089:Houston tunnel system
2069:Almadén Mercury Mines
2064:The Caves of Ægissíða
1464:The Underground Eiger
955:Speleogenesis Network
809:Encyclopedia of Caves
693:List of longest caves
688:List of deepest caves
356:
232:Édouard-Alfred Martel
52:
37:
29:
19:For the journal, see
2494:Subterranean warfare
2267:Subterranea (comics)
2252:Moria (Middle-earth)
2232:Allegory of the cave
2216:Subterranean fiction
803:White, W.B. (2019).
382:geological formation
167:study are the same.
21:Speleology (journal)
2450:Tunnel construction
2174:Subterranean Toledo
2169:Subterranean London
2059:Caves of Maastricht
1486:Alpazat cave rescue
1131:Types and formation
969:, biospeleology in
905:on January 20, 2008
533:
129:physical properties
40:Fondachelli Fantina
2472:Mining engineering
2457:Underground living
2282:Underland (Narnia)
2197:Fictional features
1976:Underground hangar
1718:Subterranean river
1713:Subterranean fauna
1413:Cave-dwelling Jews
1160:Estavelle/Inversac
865:Dr. Paul Richter,
847:. January 13, 2023
845:scientific reports
757:www.uis-speleo.org
753:"What is the UIS?"
531:
380:A speleothem is a
378:
70:
47:
32:
2502:
2501:
2390:Cave conservation
2295:
2294:
2192:
2191:
2038:Ventilation shaft
1817:Man-made features
1812:
1811:
1517:
1516:
1295:(Cave formations)
1058:Cave conservation
789:978-3-642-67669-7
626:
625:
340:
339:
289:via a process of
247:Valence-sur-Rhone
63:Päijänne Tavastia
2527:
2467:Mine exploration
2242:Greek Underworld
2201:
2179:Turda Salt Mines
2164:Shanghai tunnels
2028:Smuggling tunnel
1971:Underground base
1966:Underground city
1881:Dugout (shelter)
1831:Air raid shelter
1821:
1779:Lechuguilla Cave
1759:Castellana Caves
1728:Underground lake
1562:
1558:Natural features
1544:
1537:
1530:
1521:
1140:Anchihaline cave
1122:Caves by country
1022:
1015:
1008:
999:
936:The Virtual Cave
913:
912:
911:
910:
901:, archived from
888:
882:
876:
870:
863:
857:
856:
854:
852:
837:
831:
830:
800:
794:
793:
773:
767:
766:
764:
763:
749:
743:
742:
710:
534:
522:chemoautotrophic
452:Cave cartography
444:and other micro-
426:organic material
416:, high relative
335:
332:
314:
307:
240:Herbert E. Balch
112:
103:
93:
86:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2505:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2378:
2291:
2220:
2188:
2094:Kosvinsky Kamen
2042:
1901:Fallout shelter
1871:Crypt Mausoleum
1808:
1799:Veryovkina Cave
1789:Reed Flute Cave
1742:
1649:Solutional cave
1597:Communal burrow
1553:
1548:
1518:
1513:
1500:
1469:
1442:Popular culture
1437:
1396:
1294:
1289:
1281:
1227:Solutional cave
1132:
1126:
1041:
1032:
1026:
986:IJS – Home Page
978:, sponsored by
922:
917:
916:
908:
906:
890:
889:
885:
877:
873:
864:
860:
850:
848:
839:
838:
834:
827:
802:
801:
797:
790:
775:
774:
770:
761:
759:
751:
750:
746:
712:
711:
707:
702:
697:
666:
650:
605:, and spiders.
603:pseudoscorpions
556:are obligatory
532:Cave organisms
482:
476:
460:
454:
420:, low rates of
410:
351:
345:
336:
330:
327:
320:needs expansion
305:
299:
280:
274:
200:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2533:
2531:
2523:
2522:
2520:Earth sciences
2517:
2507:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2452:
2442:
2440:Trench warfare
2437:
2435:Tunnel network
2432:
2430:Tunnel warfare
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2386:
2384:
2383:Related topics
2380:
2379:
2377:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2345:
2344:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2207:
2205:
2198:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2139:Mount Yamantau
2136:
2131:
2129:Mines of Paris
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2003:
1998:
1996:Secret passage
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1827:
1825:
1818:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1764:Hang Sơn Đoòng
1761:
1756:
1750:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1694:
1693:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1671:Lava tree mold
1668:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1606:
1605:
1604:
1599:
1594:
1584:
1579:
1574:
1568:
1566:
1559:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1524:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1468:
1467:
1460:
1453:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1420:
1418:Cave monastery
1415:
1410:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1372:Speleoseismite
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1298:
1296:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1145:Breathing cave
1142:
1136:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1017:
1010:
1002:
996:
995:
989:
983:
973:
964:
958:
952:
939:
933:
928:
921:
920:External links
918:
915:
914:
883:
871:
858:
832:
825:
795:
788:
768:
744:
725:(2): 275–295.
704:
703:
701:
698:
696:
695:
690:
685:
680:
674:
667:
665:
662:
649:
646:
624:
623:
616:
613:
607:
606:
587:
584:
578:
577:
554:
553:cave dwellers
551:
545:
544:
541:
538:
526:
525:
516:
515:
509:
508:
504:
503:
499:
498:
494:
493:
478:Main article:
475:
472:
456:Main article:
453:
450:
409:
406:
347:Main article:
344:
341:
338:
337:
317:
315:
301:Main article:
298:
295:
276:Main article:
273:
270:
199:
196:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2532:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2425:Civil defense
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2415:Cave painting
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2385:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2300:Organisations
2298:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2199:
2195:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2134:Mustang Caves
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2004:
2002:
2001:Semi-basement
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1991:Subway system
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1961:Utility vault
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1946:Rock-cut tomb
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1936:Passage grave
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1891:Earth shelter
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1856:Blast shelter
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1774:Kazumura Cave
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1733:Volcanic pipe
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1681:Maternity den
1679:
1677:
1676:Magma chamber
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1592:Burrow fossil
1590:
1589:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1540:
1538:
1533:
1531:
1526:
1525:
1522:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1497:
1494:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1327:Dogtooth spar
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1312:Calcite rafts
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1112:Speleogenesis
1110:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1063:Cave painting
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1053:Biospeleology
1051:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1023:
1018:
1016:
1011:
1009:
1004:
1003:
1000:
993:
990:
987:
984:
981:
977:
974:
972:
968:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
951:
947:
943:
940:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
923:
919:
904:
900:
896:
895:
887:
884:
881:
875:
872:
868:
862:
859:
846:
842:
836:
833:
828:
826:9780128141243
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
805:"Speleothems"
799:
796:
791:
785:
781:
780:
772:
769:
758:
754:
748:
745:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
709:
706:
699:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
683:List of caves
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
668:
663:
661:
659:
655:
654:Cloaca Maxima
647:
645:
644:communities.
641:
637:
635:
631:
621:
617:
614:
612:
609:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
591:cave crickets
588:
585:
583:
580:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
552:
550:
547:
546:
542:
539:
536:
535:
529:
523:
518:
517:
514:
511:
510:
506:
505:
501:
500:
496:
495:
491:
490:
489:
486:
481:
480:Biospeleology
473:
471:
469:
468:speleogenesis
465:
459:
451:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
407:
405:
403:
402:paleoclimatic
398:
394:
390:
387:
383:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
355:
350:
342:
334:
331:February 2023
325:
321:
318:This section
316:
313:
309:
308:
304:
296:
294:
292:
288:
284:
279:
271:
269:
267:
263:
258:
256:
252:
248:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
215:
213:
212:Émile Rivière
209:
205:
204:John Beaumont
197:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
168:
166:
165:
160:
156:
152:
151:
146:
142:
138:
137:speleogenesis
134:
130:
127:, structure,
126:
122:
118:
114:
111:
110:
102:
98:
95:
92:
85:
81:
78:
77:Ancient Greek
74:
68:
64:
60:
56:
51:
45:
41:
36:
28:
22:
2488:
2395:Cave dweller
2257:Nome Kingdom
2211:Hollow Earth
2124:Maginot Line
2023:Storm cellar
1841:Burial vault
1703:Rock shelter
1614:Glacier cave
1462:
1455:
1448:
1408:Cave dweller
1322:Cave popcorn
1261:Underground
1180:Karst spring
1170:Glacier cave
1116:
907:, retrieved
903:the original
894:Rome's Ruins
893:
886:
879:
874:
866:
861:
849:. Retrieved
844:
835:
808:
798:
778:
771:
760:. Retrieved
756:
747:
722:
718:
708:
651:
642:
638:
634:troglophobes
633:
629:
627:
620:parahypogean
619:
615:cave guests
586:cave lovers
582:Troglophiles
558:cavernicoles
557:
527:
502:Parahypogean
487:
483:
474:Cave biology
463:
461:
411:
408:Biochemistry
379:
328:
324:adding to it
319:
303:Geochemistry
297:Geochemistry
281:
259:
244:
216:
201:
169:
162:
158:
154:
148:
140:
107:
104:
97:
90:
87:
80:
72:
71:
2477:Mole people
2462:Mine rescue
2410:Cave rescue
2400:Cave diving
2144:Mogao Caves
2074:Coober Pedy
2033:Spider hole
2011:Septic tank
1951:Root cellar
1602:Paleoburrow
1551:Subterranea
1287:Speleothems
1200:Exploration
1100:Troglofauna
1068:Cave survey
1046:Main topics
992:Caving News
811:: 1006–17.
671:Cave diving
611:Trogloxenes
549:Troglobites
543:Definition
458:Cave survey
422:evaporation
414:temperature
371:stalactites
367:stalagmites
365:, drapery,
343:Speleothems
291:dissolution
228:archaeology
192:cartography
188:meteorology
131:, history,
125:composition
2515:Speleology
2509:Categories
2489:Speleology
2482:in fiction
2262:Pellucidar
2104:Kome Caves
1754:Balve Cave
1698:Pit crater
1654:Talus cave
1577:Ant colony
1423:Kome Caves
1387:Stalagnate
1382:Stalagmite
1377:Stalactite
1367:Soda straw
1357:Shelfstone
1317:Cave pearl
1292:Speleogens
1257:Talus cave
1190:Ley tunnel
1117:Speleology
1095:Stygofauna
909:2009-05-03
851:August 20,
762:2019-04-28
700:References
599:millipedes
570:collembola
446:eukaryotes
397:calcareous
349:Speleothem
159:spelunking
141:speleology
119:and other
75:(from
73:Speleology
2405:Cave gate
2277:Underdark
2225:Exemplars
2047:Exemplars
1986:Wine cave
1861:Catacombs
1747:Exemplars
1644:Show cave
1634:Lava tube
1629:Lava cave
1474:Incidents
1401:Dwellings
1342:Helictite
1337:Frostwork
1332:Flowstone
1302:Anthodite
1275:Waterfall
1247:Suffosion
1232:Show cave
1217:Salt cave
1185:Lava cave
1133:processes
1083:Equipment
739:0736-623X
574:blindfish
566:glowworms
562:flatworms
524:bacteria.
404:proxies.
359:flowstone
287:corrosion
220:geography
214:in 1890.
172:chemistry
155:potholing
145:exploring
2018:Stepwell
2006:Sewerage
1916:Hypogeum
1896:Erdstall
1886:Dry well
1866:Casemate
1846:Borehole
1836:Basement
1708:Sinkhole
1639:Pit Cave
1624:Ice cave
1509:Category
1362:Snottite
1352:Rimstone
1347:Moonmilk
1237:Sinkhole
1222:Sea cave
1207:Pit cave
1175:Ice cave
948:and the
664:See also
540:English
513:Hypogean
492:Endogean
438:bacteria
430:microbes
418:humidity
389:deposits
91:spḗlaion
84:σπήλαιον
2312:Bergamt
2237:Batcave
2184:Yaodong
1921:Manhole
1911:Foxhole
1876:Dungeon
1582:Aquifer
1433:Yaodong
1307:Boxwork
1150:Cave-in
963:, India
464:surveys
434:archaea
386:mineral
363:columns
224:geology
198:History
184:physics
180:geology
176:biology
164:in situ
133:ecology
67:Finland
59:Heinola
2420:Caving
2342:Grotto
1956:Tunnel
1941:Quarry
1851:Bunker
1738:Warren
1661:Cenote
1619:Grotto
1587:Burrow
1572:Alcove
1242:Spring
1155:Cenote
1078:Diving
1073:Caving
1031:topics
869:(1996)
823:
786:
737:
677:Caving
572:, and
537:Latin
375:straws
266:cavers
262:caving
253:. The
208:Mendip
190:, and
150:caving
109:-logía
101:-λογία
44:Sicily
2204:Types
1906:Fogou
1824:Types
1666:Karst
1565:Types
1270:River
1212:Ponor
1165:Foiba
1107:Karst
1090:Fauna
971:India
442:fungi
393:caves
283:Karst
278:Karst
251:Paris
121:karst
117:caves
79:
55:devil
1981:Well
1926:Mine
1686:Nest
1609:Cave
1290:and
1265:Lake
1252:Sump
1195:Mine
1029:Cave
853:2024
821:ISBN
784:ISBN
735:ISSN
658:Rome
595:bats
373:and
1691:Bee
1392:Vug
813:doi
727:doi
656:in
384:by
326:.
226:or
2511::
897:,
843:.
819:.
807:.
755:.
733:.
723:34
721:.
717:.
660:.
601:,
597:,
593:,
576:.
568:,
564:,
440:,
436:,
369:,
361:,
268:.
242:.
222:,
186:,
182:,
178:,
174:,
153:,
65:,
61:,
42:,
1543:e
1536:t
1529:v
1021:e
1014:t
1007:v
855:.
829:.
815::
792:.
765:.
741:.
729::
333:)
329:(
113:)
105:(
94:)
88:(
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
