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15:1-618 should set the tone for our dealing with masturbation. Verses 16 and 17 say that a man who has an emission of semen should wash and be ceremonially unclean until evening. Verse 18 goes on to say that if a man and woman have intercourse, the same cleanliness rules apply. By bringing up intercourse separately, the passage surely does imply that the emission of semen in verses 16 and 17 occurred for the man individually. The passage may be referring to a nocturnal emission, or wet dream, rather than masturbation, but the passage is not specific. Johnson suggests that this
Leviticus passage is significant for treating a solitary sexual experience, whether wet dream or masturbation, as a purely ceremonial cleanliness issue and not as a matter of morality. The passage also puts no more disapproval on the solitary experience than it does on intercourse. Since Christians today commonly view the Old Testament ceremonial law as no longer valid, this author suggests that masturbation is not in itself a moral concern from a biblical perspective and is no longer a ceremonial concern either.
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people to have sexual release in the years when they are too young for a mature, committed, loving relationship." Reform Rabbi
Jonathan Stein, in a proposed schema for normative Reform evaluation of different sexual activities, proposed that masturbation be considered "mutar", a term generally translated as "permissible", but which he renders as "tolerable". Rabbi Walter Jacob, writing on behalf of the Reform responsa committee, asserts, "Although the statements of tradition are very clear, we would take a different view of masturbation, in the light of current psychological thought. Masturbation should be discouraged, but we would not consider it harmful or sinful."
468:
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142:, Niddah 13a-b, is the longest and most comprehensive discussion of the topic. This states that if a man frequently touches his penis with his hand (in order to check for ritually impure emission), his hand "ought to be cut off". It prohibits "emitting seed in vain", a term generally (but not only) referring to masturbation. The same passage likens the act to
428:
healthier sexual relationships. Considering
Maimonides, โmaintain physical health and vigor so that the soul may be upright and in condition to know Godโ, she discusses the emphasis Jewish tradition places on health and uses it as a justification for masturbation if it leads to greater bodily or relationship health.
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In the Hebrew Bible there is no same-gender sexuality for women and no allusion to female masturbation, whereas lying with a man as with a woman is famously prohibited twice in the Torah. Although later rabbinic texts pay little attention to the possibility that women indulge in solitary sex, they do
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permits sexual activity, it also includes many prohibitions of particular types of such activity, particularly sexual intercourse when the woman is menstruating, homosexual activity, and male masturbation. The first two prohibitions are directly stated in the
Pentateuch (Leviticus 18:22; 20:3), while
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of procreation (ืคืจื ืืจืื) with her. But if his intent.. is for his inclination and to satisfy his desire and his intent is not to avoid impregnating her, it is permitted, ..he whose intent is to fulfill the desire of his inclination does not transgress as "all that a man wants to do with his wife he
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Rebecca Alpert points out that the connection between the story of Onan and masturbation is not necessarily one to be taken for granted. She writes, 'What was Onan's crime? The most obvious conclusion is that it was his refusal to comply with the task his father set for him, which was to impregnate
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Jews historically shared the abhorrence of male masturbation that characterized other societies. Interestingly, although the prohibition was not debated, legal writers had difficulty locating a biblical base for it, and no less an authority than
Maimonides claimed that it could not be punishable by
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Rabbi Ariel Wolpe, while conceding that the
Talmudic rabbis do not take a permissive view with regards to masturbation, argues that possible health and relationship benefits could justify the act. She points out that masturbation can lower risk for prostate cancer, offers stress relief, can lead to
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Despite the many rabbinic passages about the evil of spilling seed in vain, it is difficult to find a single source for the prohibition in the Torah. The story of Onan (Gen. 38), often cited as the source, involves the more serious biblical sin of evading levirate marriage obligations. Rabbi David
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prohibition. Some Rabbis write that the question as to whether the prohibition is
Biblical or rabbinic is disputed already among the early rabbinic decisors. Since the prohibition of destroying semen is not explicitly stated in the Torah, there is disagreement among the rabbinic decisors as to the
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rabbis have decided on more liberal conclusions. Reconstructionist Rabbi Alexis
Roberts maintains that masturbation is "harmless, natural and healthy. It may provide release and pleasure, as well as self-knowledge that is useful for pleasurable sex with a partner. It may make it easier for young
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1. We are aware of only one argument that attempts to draw directly from the
Scripture to establish a basis for the acceptance of masturbation, found in J. Johnson, "Toward a Biblical Approach to Masturbation, Journal of Psychology and Theology 10 (1982): 137-146. Johnson suggest that Leviticus
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The story begins with Judah's marriage to a
Canaanite woman. This is not condemned in the text, but it goes against the practice of the patriarchs hitherto. When their son Er dies, his brother Onan is expected to "go in" to his widow, Tamar, to raise up offspring for him. (This is known as the
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The story of Onan in Genesis 38:7-10 has been the basis of the condemnation of masturbation by Jewish and Christian theologians. Biblical scholars universally agree that the Onan story is a gross misconception of masturbation, since Onan's sexual activity was not masturbation but coitus
110:, the resulting child would be considered to belong to Onan's brother Er rather than Onan, or because he didn't want to ruin her beauty with pregnancy, or because he didn't want to bear the effort of raising children, among other reasons), so when they had sex Onan performed
350:) who permitted an occasional exterior ejaculation with one's wife on the condition that one does not accustom himself to always doing so, as this is not considered comparable to Onan, who wished to avoid impregnating Tamar entirely. This opinion is accepted as normative by
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Social change in attitudes toward masturbation has occurred at the professional level only since 1960 and at the popular level since 1970. ... onanism and masturbation erroneously became synonymous... ... there is no legislation in the Bible pertaining to masturbation.
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rabbis read the classical Jewish texts in the same way, and have felt that the traditional reading on the subject of male masturbation was wrong, but did not share these thoughts in public, afraid of the effect this would have on the traditional Ultra-Orthodox way of
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Text: " the ejaculation of semen results in only a one-day impurity that requires laundering and ablutions (15:16-18), regardless of whether the act takes place during (legitimate) intercourse or by the self, deliberately (masturbation) or accidentally (nocturnal
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Tamar. So although the term "onanism" should refer to a refusal to follow orders or to take a stance against the custom of levirate marriage, it refers instead to the method Onan used to accomplish this act, namely, "letting his seed go to waste.
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When examined critically, Niddah 13a-b may be separated into several strata. The discussion of the non-procreative emission of semen came in the redactorial strata; the tannaitic sources make no mention and only discuss arousal.
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states that if a man's sexual desire is so great that he is afraid of committing a worse sin, then he is allowed to masturbate in order to avoid a worse sin, but must then perform penance by fasting or sitting in ice water.
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Even if a wife is unable to become pregnant (e.g. infertile, old, or currently pregnant or nursing), sexual relations between a married couple are not only permitted, but required within the framework of the commandment of
106:) is interpreted by many commentators as a source for prohibiting ejaculation outside a woman's body, including masturbation. In the story, Onan did not want to impregnate his wife (either because, this being a
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Even among Jewish scholars and among rabbis, it is widely disputed whether the prohibition of masturbation is a biblical prohibition or a rabbinical prohibition, since it is never explicitly mentioned in the
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Feldman brings a number of possible sources for the law. The difficulty of pinpointing a biblical source seems to indicate that this is a rabbinic prohibition based on the rabbis' own sense of propriety.
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indicates that there is no commandment phrased as a prohibition against masturbation, however, many Rabbi have held that the prohibition can clearly be seen upon further analysis. The Medieval Rabbi
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cites one opinion which says that a person can never repent for wasting sperm, and another that says it requires "great/powerful repentance" (lit. "multitudinous repentance" - ืชืฉืืื ืจืื). The
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What was the (forbidden) action of Er and Onan that the Torah prohibits? that committed with the intent of not diminishing her beauty (due to pregnancy) and he doesn't desire to fulfill the
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explains that his sin was ejaculating outside the context of marriage. Modern Bible scholars say that his sin was denying a child to Er (which would have no implications for masturbation).
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With regard to any hand that is diligent to examine bodily emissions to ascertain ritual impurity, among women such a hand is praiseworthy. But among men such a hand should be severed
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Onan's death is attributed to his refusal to perform this duty of impregnating Er's widow, Tamar, probably by coitus interruptus (rather than "onanism," masturbation).
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Rabbi Yoแธฅanan says: Anyone who emits semen for naught is liable to receive the punishment of death at the hand of Heaven, as it is stated with regard to Onan
126:. Many Ultra-Orthodox rabbis are afraid to publicly discuss their disagreement with the traditional interpretation about it being prohibited by the Bible.
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authorities to be based on a biblical verse (Deuteronomy 23:10), as discussed in the Talmud (Ketubot 46a, Avoda Zara 20b), and is considered very serious.
91:, or sex between married heterosexual partners. The traditional rabbinical interpretation and simple reading of Leviticus 15 indicates that it applies to
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The Bible presents no clear theological ethic on masturbation, leaving many young unmarried Christians with confusion and guilt around their sexuality.
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sperm flows, including sperm flows due to masturbation. Other than this ritual impurity, no consequences or punishments are specified in those verses.
1976:
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The NL himself thinks about this question and even poses it in his blog. His answer is that his position is not, in fact, an innovation. Many other
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and caused his semen to spill on the ground. Onan was slain by God, which was deemed retribution for being "evil in the sight of the Lord". The
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Rabbi Eliezer says: With regard to anyone who holds his penis and urinates, it is considered as though he is bringing a flood to the world
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1417:""Adultery with the hand": The Talmud on Masturbation and Guidelines for How Men Should Urinate and Check for Emissions (Niddah 13a-b)"
262:). In any case, female masturbation does not carry the severity of male masturbation, because it does not involve the release of seed.
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approach lesbianism negatively. The transgression is still minor, however, compared to male homosexuality, and is not taken seriously.
1090:
873:
38:: ืืืฆืืช ืืจืข ืืืืื) is (according to Orthodox Judaism) a Biblical prohibition derived from (Genesis 38:7), this is explained in the
662:(literally: destruction of seed) is a Biblical offense. Other Rabbis write that the prohibition is part of the tradition given to
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Rabbinic authorities have in certain instances permitted intentional extra-vaginal ejaculation in tandem with a man's wife.
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stated that the rabbis condemned masturbation, and that "it is their enactment, not that of Scripture." Conservative rabbi
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states that the traditional Jewish religious authorities did not take female masturbation seriously, considering even
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54:- a Biblical prohibition is one that is.) The prohibition forbids a male from intentional wasteful spilling of his
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336:(ืืฉ ืืืคื ืื ืืืืจื ืืืืืฅ) with his wife while she is pregnant or nursing, for health reasons. For similar reasons,
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638:
Encyclopedia of Jewish Medical Ethics: A Compilation of Jewish Medical Law on All Topics of Medical Interest ..
247:
61:
Jewish religious authorities widely dispute whether it is a biblical prohibition or a rabbinical prohibition.
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1277:
Carr, David M. (2018). Coogan, Michael David; Brettler, Marc Zvi; Newsom, Carol A.; Perkins, Pheme (eds.).
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taught that one is obligated to fast eighty-four times to repent for the discharging of semen in vain. The
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Rabbi Yitzแธฅak and Rabbi Ami say: One who emits semen for naught is considered as though he sheds blood
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How and When to Tell Your Kids About Sex: A Lifelong Approach to Shaping Your Child's Sexual Character
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323:. This is despite the fact that the sperm will be "wasted" in the sense of not causing pregnancy.
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219:, and that the effects of impure ejaculation can only be nullified through the recitation of the
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753:"Chapter 8. Body and Sexuality Constructs among Youth of the Ultra-Orthodox Jewish Community"
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consider female masturbation as necessarily involving forbidden "impure thoughts". However,
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286:(decisors of Jewish law) whether masturbation is an acceptable way of procuring semen for
243:
227:
208:
1841:
1702:
Rabbi Chaim Rappoport, Judaism and Homosexuality: An Authentic Orthodox View, pp. 141-42.
1283:(Fully revised fifth ed.). New York, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 65.
1723:
953:"Theologically-Informed Education about Masturbation: A Male Sexual Health Perspective"
459:
413:
351:
265:
220:
178:
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1679:"The Use of Cryopreserved Sperm and Pre-embryos In Contemporary Jewish Law and Ethics"
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1280:
The new Oxford annotated Bible : New Revised Standard version with the Apocrypha
1117:
987:
431:
337:
306:
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states that this is not literal, but rather serves to frighten man into avoiding the
1997:
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58:. Unintentional wasting of seed is also a (lesser) sin according to the Oral Torah.
930:
496:
435:
371:
255:
70:
1040:(First paperback ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Jewish Publication Society. p.
966:(4). La Mirada, CA, US: Rosemead School of Psychology. Biola University: 258โ269.
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permits any activity with one's wife necessary to "quiet (lit. seat)" his desire.
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629:
367:
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Female masturbation is not explicitly prohibited, but authorities such as Rabbi
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the court because there was not an explicit negative commandment forbidding it.
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state that wasting sperm is considered to be a sin greater than any sin in the
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Rav says: One who intentionally causes himself an erection shall be ostracized.
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contends that, in current times, one can give to charity in place of fasting.
80:
74:
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979:
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716:"The Other Voice. The Body and Sexuality According to the "Nir'eh Likh'orah""
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17:
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1239:
1037:
Matters of life and death : a Jewish approach to modern medical ethics
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847:
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Rabbi Isaiah the Elder's view is likewise echoed by his descendant, rabbi
1079:"CHAPTER 13: Developing Moral Discernment About Masturbation and Petting"
363:
147:
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recommended coitus interruptus for a duration of 24 months after birth.
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35:
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Rokeach to the Torah (J. Kluggman, Bnei Brak), p. 83 (commentary to
1998:"A critique of Jacob Milgrom's views on Leviticus 18:22 and 20:13"
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states that the Tanakh does not explicitly prohibit masturbation.
200:
186:
123:
55:
47:
1737:"ืืฆืืืช ืขืื ื โ ืืืืช ืืืขื ืืืคื ืืฉืชื / ืืืจืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืจืฉืืืื"
1326:. Oxford Handbooks Series. Oxford University Press. p. 391.
377:
A more explicit permissive stance is that of the tosafist rabbi
320:
150:, and also prohibits a man from intentionally arousing himself:
99:
1917:"Toward a Taxonomy for Reform Jews to Evaluate Sexual Behavior"
1085:. Colorado Springs, CO: NavPress, Tyndale House. p. 253.
196:
1977:"Pornography: An Investigation of Jewish Sexual Perspectives"
166:
Rav Asi says: It is considered as though he worships idols
46:. (A Rabbinical prohibition is one that is not found in the
810:(June 1985). "Masturbation from Judaism to Victorianism".
1863:
Tosafot Ri"d to Yevamot 12b (Yad HaRav Herzog, Jerusalem)
258:
states that it is wrong because it creates evil forces (
234:
is that sperm is destroyed for no constructive purpose.
1953:. Central Conference of American Rabbis. Archived from
1923:. Central Conference of American Rabbis. Archived from
77:
agreed that the Tanakh does not prohibit masturbation.
1640:"Reconsidering Solitary Sex from a Jewish Perspective"
1190:. In Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael David (eds.).
276:
Situations in which halakha may permit "wasting" sperm
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Sefer haHinuch, commandment 209 (parshat Acharei Mot)
593:
Chofetz Chaim - Machane Yisroel: Article Dvar Be'Ito
1017:
1015:
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may do" - and this isn't called "wasting his seed".
83:states that any male who emits semen is considered
1322:. In Dorff, Elliot N.; Crane, Jonathan K. (eds.).
87:- whether the emission came through masturbation,
1324:The Oxford Handbook of Jewish Ethics and Morality
1265:levirate law. It is spelled out in Deut 25:5-10.)
883:"Twentieth-Century Attitudes Toward Masturbation"
755:. In Nynรคs, Peter; Yip, Andrew Kam-Tuck (eds.).
301:rule that it is possible to masturbate to avoid
1378:""Wasted Seed," The History of a Rabbinic Idea"
1244:(Third ed.). Minneapolis: Fortress Press.
757:Religion, Gender and Sexuality in Everyday Life
720:The Male Body in Ultra-Orthodox Jewish Theology
383:
152:
759:. Taylor & Francis. p. unpaginated.
482:Religious views on pornography ยง Judaism
27:Prohibition of onanism in the Jewish religion
8:
660:improper emission of semen (hashchatat zera)
1831:"Eliyah rabbah" to Orach Chayim, 240:10-11
1774:Tosafot Yebamot 34b, Tosafot Sanhedrin 58b
1371:
1369:
1360:
1711:Sefer Hasidim, no. 50 (p. 44, Parma ed.)
1194:. Oxford University Press. p. 565.
799:
797:
1515:"Issues in Jewish Ethics: "Kosher" Sex"
1439:
1437:
1120:, Leviticus 17-22, pp. 1567-1568, apud
951:Kwee, Alex W.; David C. Hoover (2008).
751:Zalcberg, Sara; Zalcberg, Sima (2016).
683:"Raising sexually responsible children"
666:. Yet other Rabbis consider it to be a
513:
1121:
1077:Jones, Stanton; Jones, Brenna (2014).
865:
722:. Pickwick Publications. p. 163.
617:
615:
613:
1644:The Passionate Torah: Sex and Judaism
1133:
1131:
346:cites the opinion of Rabbi Yitzchak (
7:
1616:Shaar HaKavanos, Inyan Drushei Layla
1186:Ehrlich, Carl S. (14 October 1993).
1032:"Chapter Five. Preventing Pregnancy"
1023:Commentary to the Mishnah, Sanhedrin
997:from the original on 6 February 2012
640:. Feldheim Publishers. p. 912.
589:
587:
572:
570:
555:
553:
546:. pp. Even HaEzer 3:14, p. 437.
537:
535:
519:
517:
1208:from the original on 15 August 2021
215:claimed that masturbation leads to
960:Journal of Psychology and Theology
561:Babylonian Talmud: Tractate Niddah
526:Shulchan Aruch: Even HaEzer 23:1-3
232:prohibition on male homosexual sex
25:
1443:Shulchan Aruch, Even Ha'Ezer 23:1
1192:The Oxford Companion to the Bible
1241:Introduction to the Hebrew Bible
466:
452:
280:There is disagreement among the
2049:Religious views on masturbation
2014:from the original on 2015-09-24
1685:from the original on 2012-05-16
1583:from the original on 2020-09-26
1577:"ืืื ื ืืช ื ืฉืืช โ ืืื ืืืืชื ืืขืจืื"
1558:from the original on 2020-09-24
1521:from the original on 2016-05-28
687:Does God Belong in the Bedroom?
487:Religious views on masturbation
1810:Maharsha to Talmud Nedarim 20a
1642:. In Ruttenberg, Danya (ed.).
887:Journal of Religion and Health
812:Journal of Religion and Health
374:, and some other authorities.
1:
1915:Stein, Jonathan (Fall 2001).
1163:"Bekhor Shor, Genesis 38:9:1"
872:: CS1 maint: date and year (
272:to be a minor transgression.
230:, one of the reasons for the
1452:Kitzur Shulchan Aruch 151:1)
689:. Varda Books. p. 195.
1975:Wolpe, Ariel (2023-04-07).
1896:Masturbation: Is It Kosher?
1783:Tosafot haRosh, Yebamot 34b
1638:Alpert, Rebecca T. (2009).
1552:"ืฉื ืช ืชืฉืข"ื | ืฉืืช ืคืจืฉืช ืืืฉื"
1382:Hebrew Union College Annual
1376:Satlow, Michael L. (1994).
881:Patton, Michael S. (1986).
782:the third is considered by
658:Some Rabbis write that the
396:Isaiah di Trani the Younger
305:(forbidden relationships).
134:prohibition on masturbation
2065:
1842:"ืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ื ืื ืืืืื"
1646:. NYU Press. p. 185.
972:10.1177/009164710803600402
332:recommended a man perform
2007:. Pittsburgh. p. 6.
1539:Igros Moshe, Even Ha'ezer
1238:Collins, John J. (2018).
714:Englander, Yakir (2021).
1951:American Reform Responsa
542:Feinstein, Rabbi Moshe.
213:Rabbi Nachman of Breslov
32:extracting semen in vain
1872:"Ria"z", jerusalem 1994
1465:. pp. Vayechi 191.
604:Shaarei Kedushah Part 2
288:artificial insemination
1945:Jacob, Walter (1979).
1320:"Jewish Sexual Ethics"
681:Gold, Michael (2001).
474:Human sexuality portal
409:Non-Orthodox movements
392:
292:in vitro fertilisation
171:
98:The Biblical story of
2044:Judaism and sexuality
1801:Agudah, p. 115 col. 2
675:for this prohibition:
606:. pp. Section 5.
183:Kitzur Shulchan Aruch
1792:Tur, Even Ha'ezer 25
1479:. pp. Noach 57.
502:Sexuality in Judaism
1994:Gagnon, Robert A.J.
1601:Od Yosef Chai p. 37
1490:Sternhatz, Nosson.
524:Karo, Rabbi Yosef.
492:Portnoy's Complaint
238:Female masturbation
30:The prohibition of
2039:Jewish marital law
1901:2008-09-28 at the
1625:2017-10-05 at the
1606:2017-10-05 at the
1421:www.ezrabrand.com/
899:10.1007/BF01534067
824:10.1007/BF01532257
808:Patton, Michael S.
626:Steinberg, Avraham
334:coitus interruptus
112:coitus interruptus
89:nocturnal emission
81:Leviticus 15:16โ18
2005:www.robgagnon.net
1653:978-0-8147-7605-6
1579:. 22 April 2020.
1333:978-0-19-060838-5
1316:Ruttenberg, Danya
1290:978-0-19-027609-6
1251:978-1-5064-4605-9
1201:978-0-19-974391-9
766:978-1-317-06726-9
729:978-1-7252-8729-7
696:978-1-59045-127-4
647:978-1-58330-592-8
418:Reconstructionist
252:Tzvi Pesach Frank
189:. The commentary
140:Babylonian Talmud
108:Levirate marriage
69:A reading of the
52:biblical exegesis
16:(Redirected from
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1227:Genesis 38:9โ10
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1167:www.sefaria.org
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673:Biblical source
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563:. pp. 13a.
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510:
472:
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458:
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451:
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438:has noted that
411:
379:Isaiah di Trani
360:Sefer HaAguddah
316:
314:Married couples
278:
244:Moshe Feinstein
240:
228:Sefer haChinuch
199:. However, the
136:
104:Genesis 38:6โ10
85:ritually impure
67:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2051:
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2024:
1996:(2005-02-07).
1985:
1967:
1947:"Masturbation"
1937:
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1741:www.daat.ac.il
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1724:Mishnah Brurah
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1610:, quoting the
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1492:Likutei Eitzot
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1365:
1363:, p. 163.
1361:Englander 2021
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266:Rebecca Alpert
239:
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221:Tikkun Haklali
179:Shulchan Aruch
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1957:on 2009-01-16
1956:
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1927:on 2007-09-27
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1955:the original
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1925:the original
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1920:
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1890:
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963:
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859:
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770:. Retrieved
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1122:Gagnon 2005
1001:12 November
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1961:2007-08-28
1931:2007-08-27
1756:Niddah 2:4
1689:2012-05-30
1587:2020-08-16
1562:2020-08-16
1525:2016-05-24
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440:Maimonides
330:Rabbi Meir
270:lesbianism
250:and Rabbi
217:depression
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