171:
distinction between round spermatids and other round cells of similar size, such as leukocytes, is not an easy task. Moreover, the distinction between living round spermatids, to be used in ROSI, and dead round spermatids, to be discarded, needs specific methods and skills, not required in the case of ICSI where sperm cell viability can be easily evaluated on the basis of sperm motility in most cases. The microinjection procedure for ROSI also differs slightly from that of ICSI, since additional stimuli are needed to ensure proper oocyte activation after spermatid injection. If all requirements for round spermatid selection and injection are successfully met, the injected oocytes develop to early embryos and can be transferred to the mother's uterus to produce pregnancy.
184:
272:. We will know which spermatozoa are mature because they will bind to the HA drops. This is because only mature sperm have a receptor for hyaluronic acid, which they need because this acid can be found surrounding the oocytes, and sperm need to be able to bind to this acid and digest it in order to fertilize the oocyte. After the mature spermatozoa have been selected, they can be used for the microinjection of oocytes. Sperms selected by hyaluronic acid has about no effect on whether a live birth results, but may reduce miscarriage.
167:(TESE) and used for ICSI. In cases of nonobstructive (secretory) azoospermia, on the other hand, testicular sperm production is blocked at different stages of the process of sperm formation (spermatogenesis). In those men in whom spermatogenesis is blocked at the stage of round spermatids, in which meiosis has already been completed, these round cells can successfully fertilize oocytes after being injected into their cytoplasm.
381:) surrounding the oocyte. The device provides microscopic droplets of hyaluronan hydrogel attached to the culture dish. The embryologist places the prepared sperm on the microdot, selects and captures sperm that bind to the dot. Basic research on the maturation of sperm shows that hyaluronan-binding sperm are more mature and show fewer DNA strand breaks and significantly lower levels of
328:
40:
364:
at about 12 o'clock indicating its maturity. The polar body is positioned at the 12 or 6 o'clock position, to ensure that the inserted micropipette does not disrupt the spindle inside the egg. After the procedure, the oocyte will be placed into cell culture and checked on the following day for signs
323:
In ICSI IVF, the male partner or a donor provides a sperm sample on the same day when the eggs are collected. The sample is checked in the lab, and if no sperm is present, doctors will extract sperm from the epididymis or testicle. The extraction of sperm from epididymis is also known as percutaneous
170:
Even though many technical aspects of ROSI are similar to those of ICSI, there are also significant differences between both techniques. In the first place, as compared to spermatozoa, round spermatids do not possess easily perceptible morphological characteristics and are immotile. Consequently, the
311:
comment on the success of ICSI since 1992 saying, "hus, the woman carries the treatment burden for male infertility, a fairly unique scenario in medical practice. ICSI's success has effectively diverted attention from identifying what causes male infertility and focused research onto the female, to
174:
The first successful pregnancies and births with the use of ROSI were achieved in 1995 by Jan
Tesarik and his team. The clinical potential of ROSI in the treatment of male infertility due to the total absence of spermatozoa has been corroborated recently by a publication reporting on the postnatal
162:
Round spermatid injection (ROSI) is a technique of assisted reproduction whereby a round spermatid is injected into oocyte cytoplasm in order to achieve fertilization. This technique can be used to enable genetic fatherhood to some men who have no spermatozoa in the ejaculate (azoospermia) and in
406:
A new variation of the standard ICSI-procedure called Piezo-ICSI uses small axial mechanical pulses (Piezo-pulses) to lower stress to the cytoskeleton during zona pellucida and oolemma breakage. The procedure includes specialized Piezo actuators, microcapillaries, and filling medium to transfer
372:
In contrast, in natural fertilization sperm compete and when the first sperm penetrates the oolemma, the oolemma hardens to block the entry of any other sperm. Concern has been raised that in ICSI this sperm selection process is bypassed and the sperm is selected by the embryologist without any
163:
whom spermatozoa cannot be obtained surgically from the testicles. This condition is called non-obstructive or secretory azoospermia, as opposed to obstructive azoospermia, in which complete sperm production does occur in the testicles, and potentially fertilizing spermatozoa can be obtained by
508:
are increased with the use of IVF in general, and ICSI specifically, though different studies show contradictory results. In a summary position paper, the
Practice Committee of the American Society of Reproductive Medicine has said it considers ICSI safe and effective therapy for male factor
256:
One of these new techniques is the use of microfluidic chips, like Zymot ICSI chip. This chip is a device that helps identify the highest quality spermatozoa for the ICSI technique. It reproduces the conditions of the vagina, resulting in a more natural spermatozoa selection. One of the main
324:
epididymal sperm aspiration (PESA) and extraction of sperm from testicle is also known as testicular sperm aspiration (TESA). Depending on the total amount of spermatozoa in the semen sample, either low or high, it can be just washed or capacitated via swim-up or gradients, respectively.
481:
Numerous biochemical markers were shown to be associated with oocyte quality for ICSI. For example, it was shown that after ICSI the follicular fluid of unfertilized oocytes contains high levels of cytotoxicity and oxidative stress markers, as Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase, catalase, and
303:
The procedure itself was first performed in 1987, though it only went to the pronuclear stage. The first activated embryo by ICSI was produced in 1990, but the first successful birth by ICSI took place on
January 14, 1992, after an April 1991 conception.
355:
with gentle suction applied by a microinjector. From the opposite side a thin, hollow glass micropipette is used to collect a single sperm, having immobilised it by cutting its tail with the point of the micropipette. The oocyte is pierced through the
509:
infertility, but may carry an increased risk for the transmission of selected genetic abnormalities to offspring, either through the procedure itself or through the increased inherent risk of such abnormalities in parents undergoing the procedure.
264:) which is able to identify more viable spermatozoa. When the semen sample is passed through a column with a magnetic field, apoptotic respermatozoa are retained in the column while the healthy ones are easily obtained at the bottom of it.
280:
The first child born from a gamete micromanipulation (technique in which special tools and inverted microscopes are used that help embryologists to choose and pick an individual sperm for ICSI IVF was a
Singapore-born child in April 1989.
385:
than the sperm population from which they were selected. A brand name for one such sperm selection device is PICSI. A recent clinical trial showed a sharp reduction in miscarriage with embryos derived from PICSI sperm selection.
544:
scan and biomarkers is appropriate. However, biomarkers seem to be altered for pregnancies resulting from ICSI, causing a higher false-positive rate. Correction factors have been developed and should be used when screening for
553:
pregnancies with a second gestational sac with a dead fetus, first trimester screening should be based solely on the maternal age and the nuchal translucency scan as biomarkers are significantly altered in these cases.
267:
PICSI is another method derived from this one, the only difference is the selection process of the spermatozoa. In this case, they are placed on a plate containing drops of a synthetic compound similar to
139:
There are several differences between classic IVF and ICSI. However, the steps to be followed before and after insemination are the same. In terms of insemination, ICSI needs only one sperm cell per
1394:"Use of hyaluronan in the selection of sperm for intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI): significant improvement in clinical outcomes--multicenter, double-blinded and randomized controlled trial"
143:, while IVF needs 50,000–100,000. This is because the acrosome reaction has to take place and thousands of sperm cells have to be involved in IVF. Once fertilized, the egg is transformed into a
1807:"Oocyte polarized light microscopy, assay of specific follicular fluid metabolites, and gene expression in cumulus cells as different approaches to predict fertilization efficiency after ICSI"
2035:
214:
development or blastocyst morphology. Even with severe teratozoospermia, microscopy can still detect the few sperm cells that have a "normal" morphology, allowing for optimal success rate.
915:
464:
431:
PGD is a process in which one or two cells from an embryo on Day 3 or Day 5 are extracted and the cells genetically analyzed. Couples who are at a high risk of having abnormal number of
257:
advantages of this method is spermatozoa quality, as the selected ones have better motility, morphology, little DNA fragmentation and less quantity of reactive oxygen species (ROS).
2390:
435:
or who have an history of single gene defects or chromosome defects are ideal candidates for this procedure. It is used to diagnose a large number of genetic defects at present.
175:
development of 90 babies born in Japan and 17 in Spain. Based on the evaluation of the babies born, no abnormalities attributable to the ROSI technique have been identified.
2416:
778:
2028:
1615:
Speyer BE, Pizzey AR, Ranieri M, Joshi R, Delhanty JD, Serhal P (July 2010). "Fall in implantation rates following ICSI with sperm with high DNA fragmentation".
1856:
Practice
Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, Practice Committee of the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology (November 2006).
1210:
Van
Steirteghem A (January 2012). "Celebrating ICSI's twentieth anniversary and the birth of more than 2.5 million children--the 'how, why, when and where'".
360:
and the sperm is directed into the inner part of the oocyte (cytoplasm). The sperm is then released into the oocyte. The pictured oocyte has an extruded
2437:
2021:
1058:
Palermo G, Joris H, Devroey P, Van
Steirteghem AC (July 1992). "Pregnancies after intracytoplasmic injection of single spermatozoon into an oocyte".
373:
specific testing. However, in mid-2006 the FDA cleared a device that allows embryologists to select mature sperm for ICSI based on sperm binding to
2130:
1578:
1325:
407:
mechanical pulses to the cell membranes. The Piezo technique itself was for example established for animal ICSI and animal ES cell transfer.
1598:"Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) in the Mouse with the Eppendorf PiezoXpert®: How to Increase Oocyte Survival Rates After Injection"
2208:
403:
Ultra-high magnification sperm injection (IMSI) has no evidence of increased live birth or miscarriage rates compared to standard ICSI.
1999:
1352:
594:"Spermatid injection into human oocytes. II. Clinical application in the treatment of infertility due to non-obstructive azoospermia"
2218:
1489:"Increased live birth rates with GnRH agonist addition for luteal support in ICSI/IVF cycles: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
1259:
1194:
1042:
108:
1374:
1184:
738:"Ninety babies born after round spermatid injection into oocytes: survey of their development from fertilization to 2 years of age"
858:"Does severe teratozoospermia affect blastocyst formation, live birth rate, and other clinical outcome parameters in ICSI cycles?"
2173:
2044:
471:
253:(swim-up, density gradients, filtration and simple wash), some new techniques are useful and have advantages over older methods.
423:. The procedure involves creating a hole in the zona to improve the chances of normal implantation of the embryo in the uterus.
320:
ICSI is generally performed following a transvaginal oocyte retrieval procedure to extract one or several oocytes from a woman.
2269:
1277:"'Man Up': the importance and strategy for placing male reproductive health centre stage in the political and research agenda"
2281:
2228:
1032:
443:
One of the areas in which sperm injection can be useful is vasectomy reversal. However, potential factors that may influence
260:
Another way to perform the selection is the MACS technique, which consists of tiny magnetic particles linked to an antibody (
2385:
2223:
2213:
2147:
2125:
782:
549:
in singleton pregnancies after ICSI, but in twin pregnancies such correction factors have not been fully elucidated. In
199:
problems, although it may also be used where eggs cannot easily be penetrated by sperm, and occasionally in addition to
2447:
2442:
164:
1583:
ESHRE-Workshop: Top quality in micromanipulation: everything you always wanted to know about ICSI and embryo biopsy
289:
183:
516:
in regard to vertical transmission to the offspring, since the puncture of the oocyte can potentially avail for
1650:
Teixeira DM, Hadyme
Miyague A, Barbosa MA, Navarro PA, Raine-Fenning N, Nastri CO, Martins WP (February 2020).
1246:
50:
642:"Spermatid injection into human oocytes. I. Laboratory techniques and special features of zygote development"
2264:
2259:
2244:
2090:
1103:"A preclinical evaluation of pronuclear formation by microinjection of human spermatozoa into human oocytes"
563:
297:
2395:
2329:
2274:
2168:
2157:
499:
463:. It is uncertain whether ICSI improves live birth rates or reduces the risk of miscarriage compared with
420:
230:
188:
117:
517:
456:
2008:
2286:
2178:
2100:
1986:
415:
People who have experienced repeatedly failed implantation, or whose experimental embryo has a thick
285:
151:
2298:
2249:
2193:
2188:
2113:
2108:
1330:
568:
541:
2324:
2291:
2060:
1652:"Regular (ICSI) versus ultra-high magnification (IMSI) sperm selection for assisted reproduction"
1144:"Laser-assisted ICSI: a novel approach to obtain higher oocyte survival and embryo quality rates"
1083:
767:
671:
225:), when valious spermatozoa (the name given to sperm samples taken to preservate fertility after
132:
for the obtention of embryos that may be transferred to a maternal uterus. With this method, the
2375:
2085:
2080:
2070:
1966:
1920:
1879:
1838:
1805:
Revelli A, Canosa S, Bergandi L, Skorokhod OA, Biasoni V, Carosso A, et al. (June 2017).
1787:
1756:"Follicular fluid content and oocyte quality: from single biochemical markers to metabolomics"
1736:
1681:
1632:
1559:
1510:
1423:
1306:
1255:
1227:
1190:
1165:
1124:
1075:
1038:
1013:
964:
879:
835:
759:
736:
Tanaka A, Suzuki K, Nagayoshi M, Tanaka A, Takemoto Y, Watanabe S, et al. (August 2018).
715:
663:
615:
448:
312:
optimize the provision of eggs and a receptive endometrium, on which ICSI's success depends."
133:
806:"Trends in use of and reproductive outcomes associated with intracytoplasmic sperm injection"
210:, because once the egg is fertilized, abnormal sperm morphology does not appear to influence
2349:
2254:
2203:
2075:
2065:
1956:
1910:
1869:
1828:
1818:
1777:
1767:
1726:
1716:
1671:
1663:
1624:
1549:
1541:
1500:
1467:
1457:
1413:
1405:
1392:
Worrilow KC, Eid S, Woodhouse D, Perloe M, Smith S, Witmyer J, et al. (February 2013).
1296:
1288:
1219:
1155:
1114:
1067:
1003:
995:
954:
946:
869:
825:
817:
749:
705:
653:
605:
533:
483:
378:
340:
207:
85:
1996:
1360:
933:
Parmegiani L, Cognigni GE, Ciampaglia W, Pocognoli P, Marchi F, Filicori M (January 2010).
2380:
2339:
2183:
2003:
1375:"New Sperm Selection Technology for Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) Cleared by FDA"
658:
641:
610:
593:
444:
269:
1142:
Abdelmassih S, Cardoso J, Abdelmassih V, Dias JA, Abdelmassih R, Nagy ZP (October 2002).
1897:
Lutgens SP, Nelissen EC, van Loo IH, Koek GH, Derhaag JG, Dunselman GA (November 2009).
1378:
2452:
2344:
1833:
1806:
1782:
1755:
1731:
1700:
1676:
1651:
1554:
1529:
1418:
1393:
1301:
1276:
1034:
Third Party
Assisted Conception Across Cultures: Social, Legal and Ethical Perspectives
1008:
983:
959:
934:
830:
805:
550:
416:
393:
344:
200:
1874:
1857:
1701:"A systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the effect of sperm DNA damage on
1119:
1102:
2431:
2400:
2303:
1071:
874:
857:
754:
737:
546:
529:
505:
460:
366:
348:
771:
675:
245:
selection and capacitation has to be done. Apart from the most common techniques of
2334:
2135:
2013:
1754:
Revelli A, Delle Piane L, Casano S, Molinari E, Massobrio M, Rinaudo P (May 2009).
1667:
1545:
1101:
Lanzendorf SE, Maloney MK, Veeck LL, Slusser J, Hodgen GD, Rosenwaks Z (May 1988).
1087:
999:
537:
397:
293:
250:
226:
121:
1487:
Kyrou D, Kolibianakis EM, Fatemi HM, Tarlatzi TB, Devroey P, Tarlatzis BC (2011).
592:
Tesarik J, Rolet F, Brami C, Sedbon E, Thorel J, Tibi C, Thébault A (April 1996).
512:
There is not enough evidence to say that ICSI procedures are safe in females with
804:
Boulet SL, Mehta A, Kissin DM, Warner L, Kawwass JF, Jamieson DJ (January 2015).
56:
2052:
1326:"IVF to fix male infertility 'infringes human rights of women' argue scientists"
1160:
1143:
710:
693:
513:
452:
218:
196:
1585:. Gent, Belgium: European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (ESHRE).
1186:
Baby-Making: What the New
Reproductive Treatments Mean for Families and Society
17:
2354:
2140:
1823:
982:
Lepine S, McDowell S, Searle LM, Kroon B, Glujovsky D, Yazdani A (July 2019).
950:
432:
382:
374:
361:
336:
211:
144:
1721:
2308:
2118:
1961:
1944:
1915:
1898:
1628:
1505:
1488:
1462:
1445:
1409:
1292:
1223:
821:
327:
261:
1970:
1924:
1883:
1858:"Genetic considerations related to intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)"
1842:
1791:
1772:
1740:
1685:
1636:
1563:
1514:
1427:
1310:
1231:
1169:
1017:
968:
883:
839:
763:
1444:
Van der Linden M, Buckingham K, Farquhar C, Kremer JA, Metwally M (2012).
1128:
1079:
719:
667:
619:
2359:
1945:"First trimester prenatal screening among women pregnant after IVF/ICSI"
1899:"To do or not to do: IVF and ICSI in chronic hepatitis B virus carriers"
1596:
Costa-Borges N, Mestres E, Vanrell I, García M, Calderón G, Stobrawa S.
147:
and it has to be transferred to the uterus to continue its development.
1353:"ICSI IVF or (Intracytoplasmic sperm injection In vitro fertilization)"
357:
150:
The first human pregnancy generated by ICSI was carried out in 1991 by
1597:
1472:
187:
Schematic image of intracytoplasmic sperm injection in the context of
897:
352:
222:
140:
129:
1943:
Gjerris AC, Tabor A, Loft A, Christiansen M, Pinborg A (July 2012).
66:
1530:"Assisted reproductive technology: an overview of Cochrane Reviews"
221:(when there are no spermatozoa ejaculated but they can be found in
487:
475:
182:
478:
DNA damage negatively affects clinical pregnancy following ICSI.
1991:
694:"Viable embryos from injection of round spermatids into oocytes"
125:
2017:
984:"Advanced sperm selection techniques for assisted reproduction"
39:
392:
Live birth rate are significantly higher with progesterone to
1705:
fertilization and intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcome"
1699:
Simon L, Zini A, Dyachenko A, Ciampi A, Carrell DT (2017).
100:
856:
French DB, Sabanegh ES, Goldfarb J, Desai N (March 2010).
1245:
Jauniaux ER, Rizk BR, eds. (2012-09-06). "Introduction".
777:
Tesarik J, Mendoza C, Mendoza-Tesarik R (24 April 2018).
389:'Washed' or 'unwashed' sperm may be used in the process.
91:
419:(covering) around the embryo, have ideal candidates for
1987:
The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA)
44:
Oocyte cytoplasm is injected with the sperm during ICSI
1446:"Luteal phase support in assisted reproduction cycles"
195:
This procedure is most commonly used to overcome male
1439:
1437:
731:
729:
331:
A medical animation still showing the ICSI procedure.
109:
97:
94:
935:"Efficiency of hyaluronic acid (HA) sperm selection"
292:, in the Center for Reproductive Medicine headed by
2409:
2368:
2317:
2237:
2156:
2099:
2051:
851:
849:
124:cell is injected directly into the cytoplasm of an
88:
49:
32:
300:. Actually, the discovery was made by a mistake.
2417:Reproduction and pregnancy in speculative fiction
1275:Barratt CL, De Jonge CJ, Sharpe RM (April 2018).
128:. This technique is used in order to prepare the
1248:Pregnancy After Assisted Reproductive Technology
474:based on a variety of techniques concluded that
447:(and live birth rates) in ICSI include level of
229:) is available, or after previous irruptions in
692:Tesarik J, Mendoza C, Testart J (August 1995).
635:
633:
631:
629:
587:
585:
583:
217:Additionally, specialists use ICSI in cases of
1938:
1936:
1934:
687:
685:
470:A systematic meta-analysis of 24 estimates of
400:has been estimated to increase success rates.
2029:
939:Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics
8:
1656:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1534:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
988:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
500:In vitro fertilisation § Complications
351:). A holding pipette stabilizes the mature
2036:
2022:
2014:
1528:Farquhar C, Marjoribanks J (August 2018).
339:using multiple micromanipulation devices (
38:
1992:The Epigenome Network of Excellence (NoE)
1960:
1914:
1873:
1832:
1822:
1781:
1771:
1730:
1720:
1675:
1553:
1504:
1471:
1461:
1417:
1300:
1159:
1118:
1007:
958:
873:
829:
753:
709:
657:
609:
377:, the main constituent of the gel layer (
916:"MACS, técnica de reproducción asistida"
326:
1183:Fauser B, Devroey P (27 October 2011).
579:
427:Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)
1811:Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology
1760:Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology
29:
659:10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a019253
611:10.1093/oxfordjournals.humrep.a019254
396:in ICSI cycles. Also, addition of a
7:
698:The New England Journal of Medicine
640:Tesarik J, Mendoza C (April 1996).
62:
120:(IVF) procedure in which a single
25:
2219:Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
1875:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.07.1489
2438:Assisted reproductive technology
2199:Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
2174:Autologous endometrial coculture
2045:Assisted reproductive technology
875:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.10.051
755:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.04.033
158:Round spermatid injection (ROSI)
84:
77:Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
33:Intracytoplasmic sperm injection
27:In vitro fertilization procedure
1037:. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
904:(in Spanish). Barcelona, Spain.
604:(4). Oxford, England: 780–783.
465:ultra‐high magnification (IMSI)
284:The technique was developed by
2282:Gamete intrafallopian transfer
2229:Zygote intrafallopian transfer
1668:10.1002/14651858.CD010167.pub3
1546:10.1002/14651858.CD010537.pub5
1254:. Cambridge University Press.
1000:10.1002/14651858.CD010461.pub3
922:(in Spanish). Valencia, Spain.
504:There is some suggestion that
335:The procedure is done under a
241:Before performing ICSI, sperm
1:
2386:Genetic diagnosis of intersex
2214:Partner-assisted reproduction
1120:10.1016/S0015-0282(16)59893-8
534:prenatal aneuploidy screening
1072:10.1016/0140-6736(92)92425-F
2224:Transvaginal ovum retrieval
711:10.1056/nejm199508243330819
411:Assisted zona hatching (AH)
165:testicular sperm extraction
2469:
1709:Asian Journal of Andrology
1324:Knapton S (6 March 2018).
1031:Blyth E, Landau R (2004).
497:
439:Success or failure factors
290:Vrije Universiteit Brussel
2391:Religious response to ART
1949:Human Reproduction Update
1824:10.1186/s12958-017-0265-2
1493:Human Reproduction Update
1450:Human Reproduction Update
1199:– via Google Books.
1161:10.1093/humrep/17.10.2694
951:10.1007/s10815-009-9380-0
482:lipoperoxidation product
63:
37:
2209:Ovarian hyperstimulation
1868:(5 Suppl 1): S103–S105.
1722:10.4103/1008-682X.182822
1604:. Hamburg: Eppendorf AG.
1577:Sakkas D (18 May 2019).
2245:Artificial insemination
2091:Male infertility crisis
1862:Fertility and Sterility
1107:Fertility and Sterility
862:Fertility and Sterility
822:10.1001/jama.2014.17985
742:Fertility and Sterility
564:Reproductive technology
528:In addition to regular
490:) -protein conjugates.
2396:Mitochondrial donation
2330:Donor Sibling Registry
2169:Assisted zona hatching
2158:In vitro fertilisation
2009:Assisted Zona hatching
1997:TEST TUBE BABY PROCESS
1773:10.1186/1477-7827-7-40
1357:Test Tube Baby Process
421:assisted zona hatching
332:
192:
118:in vitro fertilization
1962:10.1093/humupd/dms010
1916:10.1093/humrep/dep258
1629:10.1093/humrep/deq116
1506:10.1093/humupd/dmr029
1463:10.1093/humupd/dms017
1410:10.1093/humrep/des417
1293:10.1093/humrep/dey020
1224:10.1093/humrep/der447
518:vertical transmission
457:advanced maternal age
330:
298:Andre Van Steirteghem
186:
2287:Reproductive surgery
2179:Cytoplasmic transfer
2109:Estrogen antagonists
2101:Fertility medication
1579:"New styles of ICSI"
1381:on December 6, 2008.
785:on 20 September 2018
451:as measured e.g. by
2299:Selective reduction
2250:Ovulation induction
2194:In vitro maturation
2189:Gestational carrier
2114:aromatase inhibitor
569:Ernestine Gwet Bell
542:nuchal translucency
394:assist implantation
2448:1991 introductions
2443:Fertility medicine
2325:Donor registration
2292:Vasectomy reversal
2002:2018-11-02 at the
1903:Human Reproduction
1617:Human Reproduction
1398:Human Reproduction
1281:Human Reproduction
1212:Human Reproduction
1148:Human Reproduction
646:Human Reproduction
598:Human Reproduction
524:Follow-up on fetus
520:to the offspring.
333:
206:It can be used in
193:
2425:
2424:
2376:Accidental incest
2086:Fertility tourism
2081:Fertility testing
1909:(11): 2676–2678.
1154:(10): 2694–2699.
467:sperm selection.
449:DNA fragmentation
286:Gianpiero Palermo
152:Gianpiero Palermo
134:acrosome reaction
74:
73:
16:(Redirected from
2460:
2350:Semen collection
2255:Cryopreservation
2204:Oocyte selection
2076:Fertility clinic
2038:
2031:
2024:
2015:
1975:
1974:
1964:
1940:
1929:
1928:
1918:
1894:
1888:
1887:
1877:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1836:
1826:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1785:
1775:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1734:
1724:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1679:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1623:(7): 1609–1618.
1612:
1606:
1605:
1602:Application Note
1593:
1587:
1586:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1557:
1525:
1519:
1518:
1508:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1465:
1441:
1432:
1431:
1421:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1377:. Archived from
1371:
1365:
1364:
1359:. Archived from
1349:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1304:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1253:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1163:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1122:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1055:
1049:
1048:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1011:
979:
973:
972:
962:
930:
924:
923:
912:
906:
905:
894:
888:
887:
877:
868:(4): 1097–1103.
853:
844:
843:
833:
801:
795:
794:
792:
790:
781:. Archived from
775:
757:
733:
724:
723:
713:
689:
680:
679:
661:
637:
624:
623:
613:
589:
484:4-hydroxynonenal
379:cumulus oophorus
341:micromanipulator
208:teratozoospermia
112:
107:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
90:
67:edit on Wikidata
59:
42:
30:
21:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2458:
2457:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2405:
2381:Fertility fraud
2364:
2313:
2233:
2184:Embryo transfer
2161:
2152:
2095:
2047:
2042:
2004:Wayback Machine
1983:
1978:
1942:
1941:
1932:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1662:(2): CD010167.
1649:
1648:
1644:
1614:
1613:
1609:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1540:(8): CD010537.
1527:
1526:
1522:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1443:
1442:
1435:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1363:on 3 June 2017.
1351:
1350:
1346:
1336:
1334:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1251:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1197:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1100:
1099:
1095:
1066:(8810): 17–18.
1057:
1056:
1052:
1045:
1030:
1029:
1025:
994:(7): CD010461.
981:
980:
976:
932:
931:
927:
914:
913:
909:
896:
895:
891:
855:
854:
847:
803:
802:
798:
788:
786:
776:
735:
734:
727:
691:
690:
683:
639:
638:
627:
591:
590:
581:
577:
560:
526:
502:
496:
445:pregnancy rates
441:
429:
413:
318:
278:
270:hyaluronic acid
239:
237:Sperm selection
181:
160:
110:
87:
83:
70:
55:
45:
28:
23:
22:
18:Sperm selection
15:
12:
11:
5:
2466:
2464:
2456:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2430:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2321:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2284:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2272:
2270:ovarian tissue
2267:
2262:
2252:
2247:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2165:
2163:
2162:and expansions
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2105:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2057:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2033:
2026:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2006:
1994:
1989:
1982:
1981:External links
1979:
1977:
1976:
1955:(4): 350–359.
1930:
1889:
1848:
1797:
1746:
1691:
1642:
1607:
1588:
1569:
1520:
1499:(6): 734–740.
1479:
1433:
1404:(2): 306–314.
1384:
1366:
1344:
1316:
1287:(4): 541–545.
1267:
1260:
1237:
1202:
1195:
1175:
1134:
1113:(5): 835–842.
1093:
1050:
1043:
1023:
974:
925:
907:
902:Fertil Ibérica
889:
845:
816:(3): 255–263.
796:
748:(3): 443–451.
725:
681:
652:(4): 772–779.
625:
578:
576:
573:
572:
571:
566:
559:
556:
551:vanishing twin
525:
522:
495:
492:
440:
437:
428:
425:
417:zona pellucida
412:
409:
345:microinjectors
317:
314:
277:
274:
238:
235:
201:sperm donation
180:
177:
159:
156:
154:and his team.
72:
71:
64:
61:
60:
53:
47:
46:
43:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2465:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2401:Sex selection
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2304:Sex selection
2302:
2300:
2297:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2238:Other methods
2236:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2136:Gonadotropins
2134:
2132:
2131:GnRH agonists
2129:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2039:
2034:
2032:
2027:
2025:
2020:
2019:
2016:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1893:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1852:
1849:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1801:
1798:
1793:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1750:
1747:
1742:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1704:
1695:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1646:
1643:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1589:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1480:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1388:
1385:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1348:
1345:
1333:
1332:
1331:The Telegraph
1327:
1320:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1271:
1268:
1263:
1261:9781107006478
1257:
1250:
1249:
1241:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1206:
1203:
1198:
1196:9780199597314
1192:
1188:
1187:
1179:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1135:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1097:
1094:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1054:
1051:
1046:
1044:9781843100843
1040:
1036:
1035:
1027:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
978:
975:
970:
966:
961:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
929:
926:
921:
917:
911:
908:
903:
899:
898:"ZyMōt ™ICSI"
893:
890:
885:
881:
876:
871:
867:
863:
859:
852:
850:
846:
841:
837:
832:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
800:
797:
784:
780:
773:
769:
765:
761:
756:
751:
747:
743:
739:
732:
730:
726:
721:
717:
712:
707:
703:
699:
695:
688:
686:
682:
677:
673:
669:
665:
660:
655:
651:
647:
643:
636:
634:
632:
630:
626:
621:
617:
612:
607:
603:
599:
595:
588:
586:
584:
580:
574:
570:
567:
565:
562:
561:
557:
555:
552:
548:
547:Down syndrome
543:
539:
535:
531:
530:prenatal care
523:
521:
519:
515:
510:
507:
506:birth defects
501:
494:Complications
493:
491:
489:
485:
479:
477:
473:
468:
466:
462:
461:semen quality
458:
454:
450:
446:
438:
436:
434:
426:
424:
422:
418:
410:
408:
404:
401:
399:
395:
390:
387:
384:
380:
376:
370:
368:
367:fertilization
363:
359:
354:
350:
349:micropipettes
346:
342:
338:
329:
325:
321:
315:
313:
310:
305:
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
282:
275:
273:
271:
265:
263:
258:
254:
252:
248:
244:
236:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
215:
213:
209:
204:
202:
198:
190:
185:
178:
176:
172:
168:
166:
157:
155:
153:
148:
146:
142:
137:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
114:
105:
82:
78:
68:
58:
54:
52:
48:
41:
36:
31:
19:
2335:Egg donation
2198:
1952:
1948:
1906:
1902:
1892:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1814:
1810:
1800:
1763:
1759:
1749:
1715:(1): 80–90.
1712:
1708:
1702:
1694:
1659:
1655:
1645:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1601:
1591:
1582:
1572:
1537:
1533:
1523:
1496:
1492:
1482:
1453:
1449:
1401:
1397:
1387:
1379:the original
1369:
1361:the original
1356:
1347:
1335:. Retrieved
1329:
1319:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1247:
1240:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1185:
1178:
1151:
1147:
1137:
1110:
1106:
1096:
1063:
1059:
1053:
1033:
1026:
991:
987:
977:
942:
938:
928:
919:
910:
901:
892:
865:
861:
813:
809:
799:
787:. Retrieved
783:the original
745:
741:
701:
697:
649:
645:
601:
597:
538:maternal age
527:
511:
503:
480:
469:
442:
430:
414:
405:
402:
398:GNRH agonist
391:
388:
371:
334:
322:
319:
308:
306:
302:
294:Paul Devroey
283:
279:
266:
259:
255:
251:capacitation
246:
242:
240:
227:chemotherapy
216:
205:
194:
173:
169:
161:
149:
138:
136:is skipped.
80:
76:
75:
2141:menotropins
2053:Infertility
945:(1): 13–6.
514:hepatitis B
453:comet assay
433:chromosomes
219:azoospermia
197:infertility
179:Indications
2432:Categories
2355:Sperm bank
1473:2066/98072
1456:(5): 473.
1218:(1): 1–2.
789:16 October
779:"Comments"
704:(8): 525.
575:References
498:See also:
472:DNA damage
383:aneuploidy
375:hyaluronan
362:polar body
337:microscope
212:blastocyst
145:pre-embryo
2309:Surrogacy
2119:clomifene
1817:(1): 47.
536:based on
316:Procedure
262:annexin V
2360:Ova bank
2318:Donation
2000:Archived
1971:22523111
1925:19625309
1884:17055799
1843:28645283
1792:19413899
1741:27345006
1703:in vitro
1686:32083321
1637:20495207
1564:30117155
1515:21733980
1428:23203216
1311:29425298
1232:22180598
1170:12351550
1018:31425620
969:20041286
884:19200957
840:25602996
772:51968167
764:30098696
676:10309237
558:See also
247:in vitro
243:in vitro
233:cycles.
116:) is an
2410:Related
2260:embryos
1834:5481970
1783:2685803
1732:5227680
1677:7033651
1555:6953328
1419:3545641
1337:7 March
1302:5989613
1189:. OUP.
1129:3360172
1088:2916063
1080:1351601
1009:6699650
960:2826621
831:4343214
720:7623897
668:8671327
620:8671328
358:oolemma
307:Sharpe
288:at the
276:History
130:gametes
57:D020554
2369:Ethics
2340:Embryo
2265:oocyte
2061:Female
1969:
1923:
1882:
1841:
1831:
1790:
1780:
1766:: 40.
1739:
1729:
1684:
1674:
1635:
1562:
1552:
1513:
1426:
1416:
1309:
1299:
1258:
1230:
1193:
1168:
1127:
1086:
1078:
1060:Lancet
1041:
1016:
1006:
967:
957:
920:IVIRMA
882:
838:
828:
770:
762:
718:
674:
666:
618:
353:oocyte
249:sperm
223:testis
141:oocyte
2453:Semen
2345:Sperm
2275:semen
2160:(IVF)
1252:(PDF)
1084:S2CID
768:S2CID
672:S2CID
488:4-HNE
476:sperm
309:et al
122:sperm
65:[
2071:LGBT
2066:Male
1967:PMID
1921:PMID
1880:PMID
1839:PMID
1788:PMID
1737:PMID
1682:PMID
1660:2020
1633:PMID
1560:PMID
1538:2018
1511:PMID
1424:PMID
1339:2018
1307:PMID
1256:ISBN
1228:PMID
1191:ISBN
1166:PMID
1125:PMID
1076:PMID
1039:ISBN
1014:PMID
965:PMID
880:PMID
836:PMID
810:JAMA
791:2018
760:PMID
716:PMID
664:PMID
616:PMID
459:and
347:and
296:and
113:-see
81:ICSI
51:MeSH
2148:hCG
2126:FSH
1957:doi
1911:doi
1870:doi
1829:PMC
1819:doi
1778:PMC
1768:doi
1727:PMC
1717:doi
1672:PMC
1664:doi
1625:doi
1550:PMC
1542:doi
1501:doi
1468:hdl
1458:doi
1414:PMC
1406:doi
1297:PMC
1289:doi
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