557:, with adult males emerging at least two weeks prior to females. As a result, males are able to mate multiply, while females usually mate only once. Furthermore, roughly 50% of males are unsuccessful at mating. Males actively seek out their mates, flying low over habitats in search of sedentary females. Females are often found on adult nectar plants, as intake of sufficient nectar crucially determines their reproductive success and fecundity. During mating, females receive a sodium transfusion from males, which is used for egg production. If females do have the opportunity to mate multiply, they can derive the bulk of their nutrients from nuptial gifts, and thereby reduce their need to forage for nectar. Following mating, females oviposit near their host plant, violets, but rarely on them. Females can be observed walking amidst the vegetation, searching for an appropriate site to oviposit.
405:, males puddle more than females, and young males puddle more frequently than older males. Furthermore, older females were observed puddling, particularly if their overall lifetime mating count was low. This behavior is explained by the nutrients derived from puddling. Males source sodium at puddles, which they then transfer to females during mating. An older female who has only mated once or twice may have exhausted her sodium supply, and so turns to puddling to refresh her nutrient stores. Young females still retain sodium from their first mating, and therefore have no need to puddle. Females who mate multiply are resupplied sodium with each mating, and similarly do not need to puddle.
390:
53:
578:
flight period at the same time, towards the end of August and into early
September. Regarding specific flight patterns, both sexes display dispersing habits, with no significant difference between the two. However, males may be more mobile than females, as they fly close to the ground to search for mates. Flight period shows a close dependency on weather patterns, with a lack of rainfall correlating to shorter flight periods.
31:
40:
565:
The Mormon
Fritillary is relatively small in comparison to other fritillaries. Their wings are orange with small black patches, excepting the ventral hindwing, which has a green tinge accented by light silver streaks. These silver streaks vary between subspecies, with some possessing a reflective
577:
are a univoltine species, having one flight period from mid-July through early
September. Females and males differ in their peak flight periods, with males flying first, and females following two to three weeks afterwards. Although they have different peaks, both males and females conclude their
566:
quality, and others appearing chalk white. On average, female wingspan ranges from 25-27mm, while males have a slightly smaller wingspan, from 23-26mm. These values are specific to a population in
Colorado, and wingspan might vary between unique populations and subspecies.
303:
are reported in both Canada and the US as being found at higher elevations. Populations tend to occur in small, semi-isolated patches. The amount of dispersal between subsites may vary based on the subspecies or population in question. For example, the
Canadian subspecies
462:
are skewed toward males. This potentially results from the species' extreme protandry, i.e. that adult males emerge weeks before females. The prolonged female pupal stage increases the probability of female death before adult eclosion, or emergence. In other words,
467:
may lay equal numbers of male and female eggs, but more males successfully make it to adulthood, skewing the sex ratio. This bias has several implications, including high variance in male reproductive success, and the need for larval-derived nutrients for females.
449:
Males emerge from pupa at least 2 weeks prior to females, and similarly have a peak flight period 2-3 weeks before females. Adult lifespan, observed by C.L. Boggs in a
Colorado population over four years, varied between 10 and 40 days.
385:
under experimental conditions. These observations reinforce the necessity of adult feeding for reproductive success in females, since sub-sufficient nutrient consumption negatively impacts fecundity in favor of adult survival.
669:
Marks, D. and V. Young. 2009. Mormon
Fritillary (Speyeria mormonia erinna) inventory in the Okanagan and Boundary regions of southern British Columbia, 2009. Ministry of Environment, Penticton, B.C. 17pp.
1040:
1035:
932:
1050:
984:
433:
as early instars, stopping feeding and development to hibernate through the winter. As late instars, larvae depend on species of violets as their host plants.
361:
plants. Females are more dependent on adult feeding for reproductive success, yet male adult survivorship is more closely dependent on nectar availability.
721:
Brittnacher, John G., Steven R. Sims, and
Francisco J. Ayala. "Genetic differentiation between species of the genus Speyeria (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)."
293:, open grasslands, and clearings within pine forests. Their populations are dependent on climate conditions and availability of nectar from species of
1055:
758:
441:
Females pupate later than males, presumably to allow for the gathering of more larval-derived nutrients which can be allocated towards reproduction.
906:
621:
Boggs, Carol L., and
Charles L. Ross. "The effect of adult food limitation on life history traits in Speyeria mormonia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)."
945:
639:
Boggs, Carol L., and Dennis D. Murphy. "Community composition in mountain ecosystems: climatic determinants of montane butterfly distributions."
1045:
1030:
745:
Sculley, Colleen E., and Carol L. Boggs. "Mating systems and sexual division of foraging effort affect puddling behaviour by butterflies."
958:
1060:
950:
401:
Mud puddling refers to a behavior where adult butterflies feed from mud and animal waste, rather than on nectar. In adult
389:
217:, which is the emergence of male adults before female adults. This has several consequences on male and female behavior.
854:
989:
697:
Boggs, Carol L. "Within population variation in the demography of
Speyeria mormonia (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)."
52:
594:
209:. It is highly diverse, having differentiated into several subspecies which occupy a wide geographic range.
164:
802:
963:
324:. There is currently no evidence for a particular species of violet being preferred as a host plant, and
859:
777:
Elgar, M.A. &Pierce, N.E. (1988) Mating success and fecundity in an ant-tended lycaenid butterfly.
147:
976:
893:
226:
339:
308:
exists at isolated sites, while the Colorado population showed high dispersal between sub-sites.
261:
173:
47:
836:
937:
1025:
997:
880:
225:
appears to be associated with a wide range of habitats. This species is not under threat, and
221:
specificity is still being investigated, as there are few known environmental predictors, and
373:
have the ability to reallocate nutrients from reproduction to survival. They reabsorb unlaid
1002:
790:
Guppy, C., and J. Shepard. 2001. Butterflies of British Columbia. Royal BC Museum. Victoria.
331:
257:
343:
30:
347:. Violets flower before the peak flight season, meaning that its function as an adult
335:
39:
1019:
779:
Reproductive Success: Studies of individual variation in contrasting breeding systems
317:
295:
265:
241:
240:
is found throughout western North America, with significant populations in both the
885:
352:
971:
919:
554:
377:
to supply sufficient nutrients for their own survival, decreasing their overall
299:(violets), which in turn depends on suitable rainfall to prosper. Furthermore,
206:
114:
104:
825:
382:
357:
290:
249:
378:
214:
202:
84:
64:
846:
867:
819:
430:
274:
124:
911:
872:
381:
and reproductive success. If allowed, females will consume honey-water
218:
924:
781:(ed. By T. H. Clutton-Brock), pp. 59-75. University of Chicago Press.
374:
348:
245:
94:
74:
796:
388:
260:. Several more subspecies are present in the United States, with
253:
289:
occupy a wide range of habitats, including rocky mountainsides,
898:
800:
328:
has been observed feeding on many species of violet, including
355:, specifically by males and older females, and on nectar from
351:
source is limited. Adult feeding also takes place at
278:, and exhibits high genetic variability as a result.
418:
Eggs are oviposited near hostplants in leaf debris.
809:
264:populations in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, and
8:
272:is a wide-ranging species compared to other
797:
38:
29:
20:
429:larvae are tan with black stripes. They
1041:Fauna of the Southwestern United States
1036:Fauna of the Northwestern United States
641:Global Ecology and Biogeography Letters
587:
268:populations in California and Nevada.
1051:Taxa named by Jean Baptiste Boisduval
767:Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
229:efforts are generally not necessary.
7:
741:
739:
737:
735:
733:
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609:
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14:
1056:Lepidoptera of the United States
252:are present in Canada, from the
51:
540:(Barnes & McDunnough, 1913)
524:(Barnes & McDunnough, 1913)
369:Under resource stress, female
320:are the host plant for larval
1:
1046:Butterflies described in 1869
1031:Butterflies of North America
1077:
179:
172:
153:
146:
48:Scientific classification
46:
37:
28:
23:
342:, Viola orbiculate, and
205:belonging to the family
597:, Butterflies of Canada
476:Listed alphabetically:
393:
201:, is a North American
197:commonly known as the
1061:Lepidoptera of Canada
749:21.2 (1996): 193-197.
747:Ecological Entomology
725:32.1 (1978): 199-210.
701:10.3 (1987): 175-184.
625:74.2 (1993): 433-441.
392:
458:Adult sex ratios in
16:Species of butterfly
765:at Markku Savela's
537:S. m. washingtonia
394:
340:Viola nephrophylla
24:Mormon fritillary
1013:
1012:
998:Open Tree of Life
837:Speyeria-mormonia
811:Speyeria mormonia
803:Taxon identifiers
595:Mormon Fritillary
541:
533:
525:
517:
509:
501:
493:
485:
291:saturated meadows
213:exhibits extreme
199:Mormon fritillary
193:Speyeria mormonia
189:
188:
182:Argynnis mormonia
157:Speyeria mormonia
1068:
1006:
1005:
993:
992:
980:
979:
967:
966:
954:
953:
941:
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928:
927:
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901:
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839:
830:
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743:
726:
719:
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695:
670:
667:
644:
637:
626:
619:
598:
592:
539:
531:
523:
515:
507:
499:
497:S. m. bischoffii
491:
484:(Strecker, 1878)
483:
332:Viola canadensis
258:British Columbia
233:Geographic range
184:Boisduval, 1869
159:
139:S. mormonia
56:
55:
42:
33:
21:
1076:
1075:
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1016:
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532:(Edwards, 1874)
516:(Edwards, 1872)
508:(Edwards, 1883)
500:(Edwards, 1870)
492:(Edwards, 1881)
474:
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439:
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367:
365:Resource stress
344:Viola renifolia
314:
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256:region through
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763:Scudder, 1872"
751:
727:
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671:
645:
643:(1997): 39-48.
627:
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586:
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583:
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571:
568:
562:
559:
547:
544:
543:
542:
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513:S. m. eurynome
510:
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494:
486:
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455:
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438:
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423:
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366:
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336:Viola glabella
313:
312:Food resources
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545:
538:
535:
530:
527:
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519:
514:
511:
506:
503:
498:
495:
490:
489:S. m. artonis
487:
482:
479:
478:
477:
471:
469:
466:
461:
453:
451:
444:
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436:
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372:
364:
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359:
354:
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346:
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341:
337:
333:
330:Viola dunce,
327:
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307:
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298:
297:
292:
288:
281:
279:
277:
276:
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251:
247:
243:
242:United States
239:
232:
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216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
194:
185:
183:
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149:
148:Binomial name
145:
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32:
27:
22:
19:
810:
786:
778:
773:
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746:
722:
698:
640:
622:
590:
574:
573:
564:
550:
549:
536:
528:
520:
512:
505:S. m. erinna
504:
496:
488:
480:
475:
464:
459:
457:
448:
440:
426:
425:
417:
402:
400:
397:Mud puddling
370:
368:
356:
329:
325:
321:
315:
305:
300:
294:
286:
285:
273:
269:
237:
236:
227:conservation
222:
210:
198:
192:
191:
190:
181:
180:
156:
154:
138:
137:
125:
18:
920:iNaturalist
575:S. mormonia
555:protandrous
551:S. mormonia
521:S. m. luski
465:S. mormonia
460:S. mormonia
427:S. mormonia
422:Caterpillar
403:S. mormonia
371:S. mormonia
353:mud puddles
326:S. mormonia
322:S. mormonia
316:Species of
301:S. mormonia
287:S. mormonia
270:S. mormonia
238:S. mormonia
223:S. mormonia
211:S. mormonia
207:Nymphalidae
115:Nymphalidae
105:Lepidoptera
1020:Categories
582:References
561:Physiology
529:S. m. opis
481:S. m. arge
472:Subspecies
409:Life cycle
383:ad libitum
358:Compositae
250:subspecies
85:Arthropoda
723:Evolution
699:Ecography
454:Sex ratio
379:fecundity
215:protandry
203:butterfly
165:Boisduval
133:Species:
71:Kingdom:
65:Eukaryota
1026:Speyeria
959:LepIndex
938:11118564
868:BugGuide
844:BioLib:
834:BAMONA:
826:Q2716180
820:Wikidata
761:Speyeria
431:diapause
275:Speyeria
174:Synonyms
126:Speyeria
111:Family:
81:Phylum:
75:Animalia
61:Domain:
912:1905187
623:Ecology
375:oocytes
282:Habitat
262:montane
248:. Four
219:Habitat
167:, 1869)
121:Genus:
101:Order:
95:Insecta
91:Class:
1003:714811
964:156777
951:778003
899:162978
847:701682
570:Flight
546:Mating
349:nectar
318:violet
306:erinna
246:Canada
990:72263
933:IRMNG
925:68270
886:4YKGM
873:37879
860:23212
445:Adult
296:Viola
266:mesic
254:Yukon
985:NCBI
977:4461
972:MONA
946:ITIS
907:GBIF
855:BOLD
553:are
437:Pupa
244:and
894:EoL
881:CoL
414:Egg
1022::
1000::
987::
974::
961::
948::
935::
922::
909::
896::
883::
870::
857::
822::
730:^
706:^
674:^
648:^
630:^
602:^
338:,
334:,
759:"
195:,
163:(
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