837:(420,000 sq mi) of Canadian peat bog are used for peat moss mining. Some efforts are being made to restore peat bogs after peat mining, and some debate exists as to whether the peat bogs can be restored to their premining condition and how long the process takes. "The North American Wetlands Conservation Council estimates that harvested peatlands can be restored to 'ecologically balanced systems' within five to 20 years after peat harvesting." Some wetlands scientists assert that "a managed bog bears little resemblance to a natural one. Like tree farms, these peatlands tend toward monoculture, lacking the biodiversity of an unharvested bog."
1125:
1017:, for example, once had large areas of peatland, both fen and bog. Between 100 AD and the present, they were drained and converted to agricultural land. The English broadlands have small lakes that originated as peat mines. More than 90% of the bogs in England have been damaged or destroyed. A handful of bogs has been preserved through government buyouts of peat-mining interests. Over longer time scales, however, some parts of England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales have seen expansion of bogs, particularly blanket bogs, in response to deforestation and abandonment of agricultural land.
71:
721:
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579:
51:
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1041:; it ensures the regeneration of the moss, while protecting the wildlife and the environment. Most harvesting in New Zealand swamps is done only using pitchforks without the use of heavy machinery. During transportation, helicopters are commonly employed to transfer the newly harvested moss from the swamp to the nearest road.
519:
is forced off, followed by a cloud of spores. The exact mechanism has traditionally attributed to a "pop gun" method using air compressed in the capsule, reaching a maximum velocity of 3.6 meters (12 feet) per second, but alternative mechanisms have been recently proposed. High-speed photography has
1036:
to ensure enough moss is remaining to allow regrowth. An 8-year cycle is suggested, but some sites require a longer cycle of 11 to 32 years for full recovery of biomass, depending on factors including whether reseeding is done, the light intensity, and the water table. This "farming" is based on a
1073:
soil, or plants that need increased or steady moisture content to flourish. A distinction is sometimes made between sphagnum moss, the live moss growing on top of a peat bog, and 'sphagnum peat moss' (North
American usage) or 'sphagnum peat' (British usage), the latter being the slowly decaying
836:
According to an article written in 2013, the U.S. got up to 80% of sphagnum peat moss it uses from Canada. At that time, in Canada, the peat bog mass harvested each year was roughly 1/60th of the peat mass that annually accumulated. About 0.02% of the 1.1 million km
452:, which start as filaments, can become thalloid, and can produce a few rhizoids. Soon afterwards, the protonema develops buds and these differentiate into its characteristic, erect, leafy, branched gametophyte with chlorophyllose cells and hyaline cells.
224:
can store water, since both living and dead plants can hold large quantities of water inside their cells; plants may hold 16 to 26 times as much water as their dry weight, depending on the species. The empty cells help retain water in drier conditions.
566:
Peat moss can be distinguished from other moss species by its unique branch clusters. The plant and stem color, the shape of the branch and stem leaves, and the shape of the green cells are all characteristics used to identify peat moss to species.
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Anaerobic acidic sphagnum bogs have low rates of decay, and hence preserve plant fragments and pollen to allow reconstruction of past environments. They even preserve human bodies for millennia; examples of these preserved specimens are
2149:
Arroyo, M.T.K., P. Mihoc, P. Pliscoff and M. Arroyo-Kalin. (2005). The
Magellanic moorland. P. 424-445 in L.H. Fraser and P.A. Keddy (eds.). The World's Largest Wetlands: Ecology and Conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
833:, including the West Siberian Lowland, the Hudson Bay Lowland and the Mackenzie River Valley. These areas provide habitat for common and rare species. They also store large amounts of carbon, which helps reduce global warming.
438:
is relatively short-lived, and consists almost entirely of a shiny green, spherical spore capsule that becomes black with spores. Sporophytes are raised on stalks to facilitate spore dispersal, but unlike other mosses,
524:
are created during the discharge, which enable the spores to reach a height of 10 to 20 cm (4 to 8 in), further than would be expected by ballistics alone. The acceleration of the spores is about
329:
has compact clusters of young branches that give the plant its characteristic tuft-like appearance. Along the stem are scattered leaves of various shapes, named stem leaves; the shape varies according to
443:
stalks are produced by the maternal gametophyte. Tetrahedral haploid spores are produced in the sporophyte by meiosis, which are then dispersed when the capsule explosively discharges its cap, called an
2904:, explains reproductive biology, research history and phylogenesis of peat mosses. The systematic part: Description and identification of the sections, keys for all peat moss species by continent, and
2594:
Sphagnum research programme: the ecological effects of commercial harvesting
Department of Conservation R. P. Buxton, P. N. Johnson and P. R. Espie. Wellington, N.Z. Department of Conservation, 1996
848:
fiber. Semi-open cell polyurethane materials available in flaked and sheet stock are also finding application as sphagnum replacements with typical usage in green wall and roof garden substrates.
2431:
654:
plants vary in color from green to yellow and orange (but never red), and are found in hollows, lawns, or are aquatic. Species always with unisexual gametophytes. Examples:
1113:. Because of the acidity of peat, however, bones are dissolved rather than preserved. These bogs have also been used to preserve food. Up to 2000-year-old containers of
844:
has also been touted as a sustainable alternative to peat moss in growing media. Another peat moss alternative is manufactured in
California from sustainably harvested
398:, the haploid gametophyte generation is dominant and persistent. Unlike other mosses, the long-lived gametophytes do not rely upon rhizoids to assist in water uptake.
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2831:
2908:
species lists for 20 phytogeographic regions of the world. Keys for Africa, Europe and North
America are based on existing data and were revised and supplemented.
2943:
3121:
930:. Some environmental organisations expressed regret as the original law project presented in 2018 sought the extablish a definitive ban on the harvest. Along
375:
or retort cells that are barrel shaped and have a pore at one end to allow for water absorption and improved water-holding capacity. These unique cells help
634:
plants have the largest gametophytes among the sections, forming large hummocks, their leaves form cuculate (hood-shaped) apices, and are green, except for
1846:"The ecological impact of oceanic island colonization - a palaeoecological perspective from the Azores: Palaeoecology of human colonization of the Azores"
2331:
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2212:
1657:
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2296:
Molinet, Carlos; Solari, María
Eugenia; Díaz, Manuel; Marticorena, Francisca; Díaz, Patricio A.; Navarro, Magdalena; Niklitschek, Edwin (2018).
3170:
575:
species can be identified to one of four major sections of the genus—classification and descriptions follow Andrus 2007 (Flora North
America):
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2582:
2485:
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1844:
Connor, Simon E.; van
Leeuwen, Jacqueline F.N.; Rittenour, Tammy M.; van der Knaap, Willem O.; Ammann, Brigitta; Björck, Svante (June 2012).
1265:
1032:. The latest estimates for wetland loss in New Zealand are 90% over 150 years. In some cases, better care is taken during the harvesting of
3254:
2454:
2450:"Efectos de la extracción de turba sobre la composición y estructura de una turbera de Sphagnum explotada y abandonada hace 20 años, Chile"
571:
taxonomy has been very contentious since the early 1900s; most species require microscopic dissection to be identified. In the field, most
2577:
Peters, M. and
Clarkson, B. 2010. Wetland Restoration: A Handbook for New Zealand Freshwater Systems. Manaaki Whenua Press, Lincoln, N.Z.
2476:
Durán, Vanessa; Moncada, Eduardo; Natho, Federico (2018). "Megaparques eólicos, destrucción de turberas y conflictividad sociopolítica".
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Since it is absorptive and extremely acidic, it inhibits growth of bacteria and fungi, so it is used for shipping seeds and live plants.
3244:
2814:
2452:[Effects of peat extraction on the structure and composition of Sphagnum peatland exploited and abandones for 20 years, Chile].
2934:
2877:
3239:
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in areas that lack the proper conditions for ordinary disposal means. It is also used as an environmentally friendly alternative to
2501:
Moss B (1984). "Medieval man-made lakes: progeny and casualties of
English social history, patients of twentieth century ecology".
1124:
359:
to move water and nutrients around the plant. Thus tissues are thin and usually one cell thick to allow them to diffuse easily.
2298:"Fragmentos de la historia ambiental del sistema de fiordos y canales nor-patagónicos, Sur de Chile: Dos siglos de explotación"
1408:
O'Neill, Alexander; et al. (25 February 2020). "Establishing Ecological Baselines Around a Temperate Himalayan Peatland".
2599:
2432:"Congreso despachó proyecto de protección de turberas que prohíbe extracción de la turba y permite la explotación del pompón"
2922:
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after harvest was not to be left with a length of less than 5 cm (2.0 in) over the water table. In the regions of
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2782:
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in Chile is regulated by law since 2 August 2018. Between 2018 and 2024, Chilean law allowed for the manual extraction of
874:
has begun to be harvested at a large scale for export to countries like Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and the United States.
840:
PittMoss, a peat moss alternative made from recycled newspaper, has emerged as a sustainable substitute in growing media.
883:
416:
404:
species can be unisexual (male or female, dioecious) or bisexual (male and female gametes produced from the same plant;
1901:
3004:
2449:
2405:
818:
2101:
Nakatsubo, Takayuki; Uchida, Masaki; Sasaki, Akiko; Kondo, Miyuki; Yoshitake, Shinpei; Kanda, Hiroshi (1 June 2015).
1974:
526:
391:
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922:(49–56°S) 85 years had to pass before the same area can be harvested again. According to a 2024 law harvesting of
894:
using only pitchforks or similar tools as an aid. In a given designated harvesting area (polygon) at least 30% of
536:
and cattle grazing are believed to promote the growth and expansion of Sphagnum moss. Oceanic islands such as the
990:
70:
1001:
usually implies the removal of vegetation and the alteration of the soil, changing by the way also of the local
2266:
1196:
1066:
557:
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that can survive the fungal attack and months later germinate to produce new protonema and leafy gametophytes.
153:
325:
usually consisting of two or three spreading branches and two to four hanging branches. The top of the plant (
2646:
529:. Spores are extremely important in establishment of new populations in disturbed habitats and on islands.
3043:
2957:
2103:"Carbon accumulation rate of peatland in the High Arctic, Svalbard: Implications for carbon sequestration"
1537:
2013:"Newly resolved relationships in an early land plant lineage: Bryophyta class Sphagnopsida (peat mosses)"
301:
have different tolerance limits for flooding and pH, and any one peatland may have a number of different
3157:
3048:
2835:
2549:
1530:
1129:
636:
1900:
Lawson, Ian T.; Church, Mike J.; Edwards, Kevin J.; Cook, Gordon T.; Dugmore, Andrew J. (March 2007).
3234:
3136:
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2255:
EPA/SBIR Sponsored (Contract No. 68D60035)(C) 1997 Wabash Vallet Products, Inc. Crown Point, Indiana.
2114:
1913:
1818:
1761:
1417:
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708:, phylogenetic distance is relatively short, and molecular dating methods suggest nearly all current
2602:
1144:
1094:
1082:
994:
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857:
779:
767:
748:
734:
729:
616:
469:
275:
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1939:
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1105:. Such bogs can also preserve human hair and clothing, one of the most noteworthy examples being
861:
686:
reside in one clade; two other species have recently been separated into new families within the
516:
445:
274:. In addition, bogs, like all wetlands, develop anaerobic soil conditions, which produces slower
165:
65:
3162:
907:
794:. In the Southern Hemisphere, however, peat landscapes may contain many moss species other than
297:
Under the right conditions, peat can accumulate to a depth of many meters. Different species of
1069:– uses that are particularly useful in gardening. This is often desired when dealing with very
505:
species disperse spores through the wind. The tops of spore capsules are only about 1 cm (
347:
has a distinctive cellular structure. The stem portion consists of two important sections. The
278:
rather than aerobic microbial action. Peat moss can also acidify its surroundings by taking up
3224:
3144:
3087:
2931:
2873:
2853:
2764:
2725:
2717:
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2132:
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1993:
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1722:
1683:
1634:
1387:
1178:
1153:
935:
919:
720:
594:
plants generally form hummocks above the water line, usually colored orange or red. Examples:
322:
2811:
1551:
Rydin, Hakan and Jeglum, John K. 2006. Biology of Peatlands. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
256:
accumulations then provide habitat for a wide array of peatland plants, including sedges and
3149:
2756:
2709:
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2122:
2075:
2032:
2024:
1983:
1929:
1921:
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1714:
1675:
1624:
1616:
1607:
1579:
1502:
1484:
1425:
1379:
1340:
1229:, long strand dried sphagnum moss is traditionally used as a potting medium for cultivating
1062:
1058:
952:
947:
911:
879:
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have recorded a significant increase in their Sphagnum populations after human settlement.
3249:
2938:
2926:
2818:
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2235:
1809:
1666:
1170:
958:
596:
356:
2628:
2535:
2228:
1658:"Exploding a myth: the capsule dehiscence mechanism and the function of pseudostomata in
915:
3035:
2705:
2514:
2118:
1917:
1822:
1765:
1421:
1321:
Bold, H. C. 1967. Morphology of Plants. second ed. Harper and Row, New York. p. 225-229.
2995:
2632:
1653:
1629:
1598:
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Schofield, W. B. 1985. Introduction to Bryology. Macmillan Publ. Co., N.Y. & London
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31:
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1383:
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1200:
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fibers we not allowed to exceed 15 cm (5.9 in) in length and the remaining
679:
614:
plants are usually found in hollows, lawns, or are aquatic, and are green. Examples:
537:
139:
2332:"Ministerio de Agricultura dicta decreto que regula extracción de musgo de turberas"
2316:
2297:
1943:
1902:"Peat initiation in the Faroe Islands: climate change, pedogenesis or human impact?"
1879:
578:
3201:
998:
931:
914:(41–43°S) the same plots could be harvested after 12 years, while further south in
696:
515:") above ground, and where wind is weak. As the spherical spore capsule dries, the
102:
3009:
2364:
2064:) diversification associated with Miocene Northern Hemisphere climatic cooling?".
1057:
Decayed, dried sphagnum moss has the name of peat or peat moss. This is used as a
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50:
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peatlands in Chile disturbed by peat extraction have been found to host various
787:
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species are descended from a radiation that occurred just 14 million years ago.
521:
431:
364:
241:
122:
1429:
1367:
363:
mosses have two distinct cell types. There are small, green, living cells with
2744:
2522:
2302:
1925:
1906:
Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
1174:
1102:
1061:
which increases the soil's capacity to hold water and nutrients by increasing
878:’s ability to absorb excess water and release it during dry months means that
687:
448:, and shoots the spores some distance. The spores germinate to produce minute
435:
427:
405:
395:
112:
2768:
2721:
2136:
1391:
1139:
moss has been used for centuries as a dressing for wounds, including through
17:
3030:
3017:
1803:
Sundberg, S (2005). "Larger capsules enhance short-range spore dispersal in
1773:
1718:
1187:
Peat moss is used to dispose of the clarified liquid output (effluent) from
1002:
986:
802:
species are also reported from "dripping rocks" in mountainous, subtropical
775:
667:
478:
449:
333:
287:
271:
257:
3188:
2980:
2729:
2087:
2046:
1997:
1988:
1965:
1781:
1726:
1687:
1638:
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such as Sphagnol soap have been used for various skin conditions including
2614:
Hood, Gerry (January 1995). "Don't Confuse Sphagnum Moss with Peat Moss".
3183:
2974:
1620:
1192:
791:
756:
691:
464:
291:
2251:
2229:"Ask Natural Life: Does Peat Moss Have a Place In the Ecological Garden"
2028:
2012:
1249:
814:
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2185:
1870:
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1207:
1110:
372:
283:
232:
moss grows, it can slowly spread into drier conditions, forming larger
197:
2478:
Archipiélago de Chiloé: nuevas lecturas de un territorio en movimiento
2037:
1934:
1161:
moss use as a medical dressing in place of cotton. Preparations using
371:
cells) that produce food for the plant. Additionally there are larger
3074:
2662:
1114:
1078:
803:
760:
752:
545:
474:
460:
279:
248:
can influence the composition of such habitats, with some describing
2951:
2177:
1583:
1488:
1475:
relative to environmental factors in northern Minnesota peatlands".
252:
as 'habitat manipulators' or 'autogenic ecosystem engineers'. These
1344:
938:
there are some historically important harvesting fields of peat in
3022:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1123:
1048:
871:
813:
771:
719:
577:
423:
355:
which serves to absorb water and protect the pith. Mosses have no
332:
193:
82:
2603:
http://www.doc.govt.nz/documents/science-and-technical/sfc025.pdf
1599:"Size matters for violent discharge height and settling speed of
1461:(2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 397 pp.
1053:
Long strand Sphagnum moss used in mounting a Vanda Falcata orchid
978:
mosses or any where else is forbidden in Chile since April 2024.
2912:
Website about sphagnum farming in Germany, in English and German
1181:
during both World Wars to treat facial wounds and trench sores.
1166:
1118:
1070:
1029:
1013:
Europe has a long history of the exploitation of peatlands. The
841:
830:
786:
44,000 square km; 17,000 sq. mi.). Peat areas are also found in
755:
areas. Their northernmost populations lie in the archipelago of
738:
498:
473:, produces conspicuous dead patches. When this fungus and other
348:
266:
and the peat formed from it do not decay readily because of the
253:
233:
217:
201:
92:
2955:
2448:
Domínguez, Erwin; Bahamonde, Nelson; Muñoz-Escobar, Christian.
829:
Several of the world's largest wetlands are sphagnum-dominated
419:, producing much of the living material in sphagnum peatlands.
237:
2375:(in Spanish). Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional. 2 August 2017
1570:
Redhead, S.A. (1981). "Parasitism of bryophytes by agarics".
2267:
Coir is sustainable alternative to peat moss in the garden.
1278:
species lists for 20 phytogeographic regions of the world)"
2283:
Soilless Culture: Theory and Practice: Theory and Practice
1471:
Vitt D. H., Slack N. G. (1984). "Niche diversification of
351:
which is the site of food production and storage, and the
2629:
Bogosphere: The Strangest Things Pulled Out of Peat Bogs.
1274:
bible: keys for all peat moss species by continents, and
1037:
sustainable management program approved by New Zealand's
1701:
Johan L. van Leeuwen (23 July 2010). "Launched at 36,000
1028:
has, like other parts of the world, lost large areas of
985:
grows have also come under threat by the development of
926:
can only be done with land-management plans approved by
2832:
Time to fire the pool boy? Moss helps pools stay clean.
997:
was constructed in the 2010s. The construction of each
2398:"Ley 21660 Sobre protección ambiental de las turberas"
2200:
The World's Largest Wetlands: Ecology and Conservation
415:
Gametophytes have substantial asexual reproduction by
2252:
Cellulose Based Soil Medium as a Peat Moss Substitute
1748:
Dwight L. Whitaker and Joan Edwards (23 July 2010). "
1603:
spores: important attributes for dispersal potential"
1403:
1401:
1203:
and reduces the need for chlorine in swimming pools.
2964:
2202:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. p. 488
260:shrubs, as well as orchids and carnivorous plants.
2783:"'Sphagnol soap' cake, London, England, 1945-1960"
1331:Gorham E. (1957). "The development of peatlands".
1210:, peat mosses have been used to make bread during
2812:Moss Proving An Alternative To Chlorine In Pools.
2503:Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa
1970:) evolution: who says bryophytes have no roots?"
1128:Sphagnum moss wound dressings being made at the
1656:; P’ng, Ken M. Y.; Renzaglia, Karen S. (2009).
1157:in 1918, was instrumental in the acceptance of
898:coverage had to be left unharvested. Harvested
216:(although that term is also sometimes used for
2365:"Dispone Medidas Para La Protección Del Musgo
1525:
1523:
700:and long phylogenetic distance to the rest of
690:reflecting an ancestral relationship with the
379:to retain water during prolonged UV exposure.
2870:Art of tradition and evolution: Fukiran, 2014
2430:Maldonado Caballero, Claudia (6 March 2024).
682:. All but two species normally identified as
8:
2471:
2469:
2198:Fraser, L. H. and P. A. Keddy (eds.). 2005.
1459:Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation
670:of these sections and two other minor ones (
2932:Guide to wetland restoration in New Zealand
2425:
2423:
2392:
2390:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
321:, with tightly arranged clusters of branch
2952:
2898:Species of the World. 435 p. Schweizerbart
2270:Oregon State University Extension Service.
2060:Shaw A.J.; et al. (2010). "Peatmoss (
1752:Moss Disperses Spores with Vortex Rings".
49:
38:
2443:
2441:
2315:
2126:
2036:
1987:
1964:Shaw, A.J.; Cox, C.; Boles, S.B. (2003).
1933:
1869:
1628:
770:, the largest peat areas are in southern
751:in peat bogs, conifer forests, and moist
1077:Dried sphagnum moss is used in northern
485:is induced to produce nonphotosynthetic
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1242:
1317:
1315:
1313:
2067:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1368:"How Sphagnum bogs down other plants"
882:may threaten the water supply in the
678:) has been clarified using molecular
390:, like all other land plants, has an
7:
3137:c175fc89-69e6-4430-b604-63942736c64d
2900:Describes anatomy and morphology of
2562:Bogs to be preserved for peat's sake
2480:(in Spanish). CESCH. pp. 7–17.
2455:Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia
2160:Crum H (1991). "Two new species of
1807:, but what happens further away?".
430:that remain attached to the female
2536:Insight into threatened peat bogs.
1280:. Schweizerbart. 21 November 2019.
1199:. The moss inhibits the growth of
25:
2848:Engman, Max; D. G. Kirby (1989).
2743:Thieret, John W. (January 1956).
2690:"Sphagnum as a Surgical Dressing"
1410:Wetlands Ecology & Management
1372:Trends in Ecology & Evolution
2688:Hotson, J. W. (30 August 1918).
2406:Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional
1862:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2011.02671.x
1831:10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.12916.x
1680:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02905.x
1503:"Morphology of the Sphagnopsida"
989:in cool humid areas such as the
825:bog near Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
463:, and one fungus that is also a
69:
30:For a genus of crustaceans, see
2745:"Bryophytes as economic plants"
2317:10.4067/S0718-22442018000200107
2011:Shaw A.J.; et al. (2010).
1149:Sphagnum as a surgical dressing
2850:Finland: people, nation, state
2338:(in Spanish). 18 February 2018
727:with northern pitcher plants (
196:of approximately 380 accepted
1:
2894:Michaelis, Dierk (2019): The
1266:"Dierk Michaelis (2019): The
981:Harvesting aside, bogs where
2852:. C. Hurst & Co. p. 45.
1384:10.1016/0169-5347(95)90007-1
928:Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero
884:fjords and channels of Chile
426:fertilize eggs contained in
408:); In North America, 80% of
3255:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2714:10.1126/science.48.1235.203
2605:(Retrieved 10 January 2013)
2128:10.1016/j.polar.2014.12.002
2080:10.1016/j.ympev.2010.01.020
1597:Sebastian Sundberg (2010).
1333:Quarterly Review of Biology
1177:. The soap was used by the
819:Mer Bleue Conservation Area
747:mosses occur mainly in the
459:may be attacked by various
3271:
3245:Bryophyta of North America
2213:The truth about peat moss.
2017:American Journal of Botany
1975:American Journal of Botany
1477:Canadian Journal of Botany
1430:10.1007/s11273-020-09710-7
1366:van Breemen, Nico (1995).
1039:Department of Conservation
855:
555:
392:alternation of generations
29:
27:Genus of mosses, peat moss
2667:) – Encyclopedia of Life"
2523:10.1080/00359198409519477
1926:10.1017/S1755691007000035
317:plant consists of a main
171:
164:
151:
146:
66:Scientific classification
64:
57:
48:
41:
3240:Bryophyta of Australasia
2663:"Facts about Peat Moss (
1197:swimming pool sanitation
1067:cation exchange capacity
974:. Harvesting of peat in
950:plant species including
2925:12 October 2020 at the
2616:African Violet Magazine
1966:"Polarity of peatmoss (
1850:Journal of Biogeography
1774:10.1126/science.1190179
1719:10.1126/science.1193047
704:. Within main clade of
412:species are unisexual.
270:embedded in the moss's
2817:21 August 2008 at the
1989:10.3732/ajb.90.12.1777
1538:Flora of North America
1270:Species of the World (
1133:
1054:
991:Cordillera del Piuchén
826:
741:
583:
532:Human activities like
341:
3158:Paleobiology Database
2821:WCCO. 15 August 2008.
2367:Sphagnum magellanicum
2240:Natural Life Magazine
2211:Trail, Jesse Vernon.
1457:Keddy, P. A. (2010).
1130:University of Toronto
1127:
1052:
821:, a large, protected
817:
723:
581:
556:Further information:
336:
2793:on 13 September 2021
582:Red sphagnum closeup
220:). Accumulations of
204:, commonly known as
2937:8 June 2012 at the
2787:Wellcome Collection
2706:1918Sci....48..203H
2568:. 27 February 2002.
2515:1984TRSSA..45..115M
2234:5 July 2014 at the
2119:2015PolSc...9..267N
2029:10.3732/ajb.1000055
1918:2007EESTR..98...15L
1823:2005Oikos.108..115S
1766:2010Sci...329..406W
1422:2020WetEM..28..375O
1145:John William Hotson
1074:matter underneath.
995:San Pedro Wind Farm
971:Hieracium pilosella
858:Magellanic moorland
780:Magellanic moorland
778:, part of the vast
768:Southern Hemisphere
749:Northern Hemisphere
730:Sarracenia purpurea
617:Sphagnum cuspidatum
602:S. warnstorfii
497:As with many other
470:Sphagnurus paluster
2839:. 29 October 2009.
2761:10.1007/BF02985319
2627:Madrigal, Alexis.
2227:Priesnitz, Wendy.
2218:. 25 January 2013.
1621:10.1093/aob/mcp288
1298:. Theplantlist.org
1134:
1055:
862:Urban Wetlands Law
827:
742:
584:
455:Carpets of living
342:
268:phenolic compounds
59:Sphagnum flexuosum
3212:
3211:
3145:Open Tree of Life
2958:Taxon identifiers
2917:On-line guide to
2700:(1235): 203–208.
2583:978-0-478-34707-4
2487:978-956-09219-0-1
2336:Chile Sustentable
1982:(12): 1777–1787.
1529:Andrus, Richard.
1507:ucmp.berkeley.edu
1179:British Red Cross
1121:have been found.
936:Magallanes Region
660:Sphagnum pylaesii
656:Sphagnum lescurii
642:Sphagnum austinii
622:S. flexuosum
185:
184:
179:
142:
16:(Redirected from
3262:
3205:
3204:
3192:
3191:
3179:
3178:
3166:
3165:
3153:
3152:
3140:
3139:
3130:
3129:
3117:
3116:
3114:NHMSYS0000310652
3104:
3103:
3091:
3090:
3078:
3077:
3065:
3064:
3052:
3051:
3039:
3038:
3026:
3025:
3013:
3012:
3000:
2999:
2998:
2985:
2984:
2983:
2953:
2944:Poster guide to
2881:
2867:
2861:
2846:
2840:
2828:
2822:
2809:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2789:. Archived from
2779:
2773:
2772:
2740:
2734:
2733:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2659:
2653:
2652:. 20 March 2004.
2647:Bog Butter Test.
2644:
2638:
2625:
2619:
2612:
2606:
2592:
2586:
2575:
2569:
2560:Jeffery, Simon.
2558:
2552:
2550:The RSPB: Policy
2547:
2541:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2473:
2464:
2463:
2445:
2436:
2435:
2427:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2394:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2361:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2293:
2287:
2286:
2281:Raviv, Michael.
2278:
2272:
2265:Richards, Davi.
2263:
2257:
2249:
2243:
2225:
2219:
2209:
2203:
2196:
2190:
2189:
2157:
2151:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2130:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2074:(3): 1139–1145.
2057:
2051:
2050:
2040:
2023:(9): 1511–1531.
2008:
2002:
2001:
1991:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1937:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1873:
1856:(6): 1007–1023.
1841:
1835:
1834:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1745:
1739:
1738:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1632:
1608:Annals of Botany
1594:
1588:
1587:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1543:
1527:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1468:
1462:
1455:
1442:
1441:
1405:
1396:
1395:
1363:
1357:
1356:
1328:
1322:
1319:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1296:on theplantlist"
1288:
1282:
1281:
1262:
1256:
1247:
1095:Haraldskær Woman
1063:capillary forces
1059:soil conditioner
953:Rumex acetosella
886:. Extraction of
880:overexploitation
735:Brown's Lake Bog
514:
513:
509:
290:, and releasing
177:
138:
74:
73:
53:
39:
21:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3200:
3195:
3187:
3182:
3174:
3169:
3161:
3156:
3148:
3143:
3135:
3133:
3125:
3120:
3112:
3107:
3099:
3094:
3086:
3081:
3073:
3068:
3060:
3055:
3047:
3042:
3034:
3029:
3021:
3016:
3008:
3003:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2960:
2939:Wayback Machine
2927:Wayback Machine
2890:
2885:
2884:
2868:
2864:
2847:
2843:
2829:
2825:
2819:Wayback Machine
2810:
2806:
2796:
2794:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2749:Economic Botany
2742:
2741:
2737:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2672:
2670:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2645:
2641:
2626:
2622:
2613:
2609:
2593:
2589:
2576:
2572:
2559:
2555:
2548:
2544:
2534:
2530:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2475:
2474:
2467:
2447:
2446:
2439:
2429:
2428:
2421:
2411:
2409:
2408:. 10 April 2024
2396:
2395:
2388:
2378:
2376:
2363:
2362:
2351:
2341:
2339:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2295:
2294:
2290:
2280:
2279:
2275:
2264:
2260:
2250:
2246:
2236:Wayback Machine
2226:
2222:
2210:
2206:
2197:
2193:
2178:10.2307/3243970
2159:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2144:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2010:
2009:
2005:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1884:
1882:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1747:
1746:
1742:
1713:(5990): 395–6.
1700:
1699:
1695:
1667:New Phytologist
1654:Pressel, Silvia
1651:
1650:
1646:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1584:10.1139/b81-011
1569:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1528:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1489:10.1139/b84-192
1470:
1469:
1465:
1456:
1445:
1407:
1406:
1399:
1365:
1364:
1360:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1311:
1301:
1299:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1248:
1244:
1239:
1151:, published in
1047:
1023:
1011:
959:Carex canescens
864:
854:
812:
718:
666:The reciprocal
637:S. magellanicum
597:Sphagnum fuscum
564:
554:
511:
507:
506:
495:
493:Spore dispersal
385:
357:vascular system
311:
276:anaerobic decay
137:
68:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3268:
3266:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3217:
3216:
3210:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3202:wfo-4000036022
3193:
3180:
3167:
3154:
3141:
3131:
3118:
3105:
3092:
3079:
3066:
3053:
3040:
3027:
3014:
3001:
2986:
2970:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2950:
2949:
2941:
2929:
2914:
2909:
2889:
2888:External links
2886:
2883:
2882:
2878:978-4886163103
2862:
2841:
2823:
2804:
2774:
2735:
2680:
2654:
2639:
2637:21 August 2009
2633:Wired Magazine
2620:
2607:
2587:
2570:
2553:
2542:
2528:
2493:
2486:
2465:
2458:(in Spanish).
2437:
2419:
2404:(in Spanish).
2386:
2349:
2323:
2310:(2): 107–128.
2306:(in Spanish).
2288:
2273:
2258:
2244:
2242:. 1 July 2012.
2220:
2204:
2191:
2172:(3): 301–303.
2166:The Bryologist
2164:from Brazil".
2152:
2142:
2113:(2): 267–275.
2093:
2052:
2003:
1956:
1892:
1836:
1817:(1): 115–124.
1795:
1740:
1693:
1674:(4): 1053–63.
1652:Jeff Duckett;
1644:
1615:(2): 291–300.
1589:
1562:
1553:
1544:
1519:
1494:
1483:(7): 1409–30.
1463:
1443:
1416:(2): 375–388.
1397:
1378:(7): 270–275.
1358:
1345:10.1086/401755
1323:
1309:
1283:
1257:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1099:Clonycavan Man
1081:regions as an
1046:
1043:
1022:
1019:
1010:
1007:
965:Holcus lanatus
918:(44–48°S) and
866:In the 2010s,
853:
850:
811:
808:
717:
714:
664:
663:
645:
625:
605:
553:
550:
534:slash-and-burn
494:
491:
384:
381:
369:chlorophyllose
353:cortical layer
313:An individual
310:
307:
236:, both raised
183:
182:
181:
180:
169:
168:
162:
161:
149:
148:
144:
143:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
90:
86:
85:
80:
76:
75:
62:
61:
55:
54:
46:
45:
32:Sphaeromatidae
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3267:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3128:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3019:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3002:
2997:
2991:
2987:
2982:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2897:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2863:
2859:
2858:0-253-32067-4
2855:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2830:Hill, Catey.
2827:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2813:
2808:
2805:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2739:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2684:
2681:
2668:
2666:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2650:New Scientist
2648:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2532:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2509:(2): 115–28.
2508:
2504:
2497:
2494:
2489:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2444:
2442:
2438:
2434:(in Spanish).
2433:
2426:
2424:
2420:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2391:
2387:
2374:
2370:
2368:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2324:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2292:
2289:
2284:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2216:The Ecologist
2214:
2208:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2153:
2146:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2107:Polar Science
2104:
2097:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2056:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2007:
2004:
1999:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1960:
1957:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1896:
1893:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1840:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1799:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1760:(5990): 406.
1759:
1755:
1751:
1744:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1661:
1655:
1648:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1604:
1602:
1593:
1590:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1533:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1495:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1359:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1339:(2): 145–66.
1338:
1334:
1327:
1324:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1297:
1295:
1287:
1284:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1246:
1243:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1231:Vanda falcata
1228:
1224:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1155:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1051:
1044:
1042:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
979:
977:
973:
972:
967:
966:
961:
960:
955:
954:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
863:
859:
851:
849:
847:
843:
838:
834:
832:
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18:Sphagnum moss
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2869:
2865:
2849:
2844:
2834:
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2807:
2797:13 September
2795:. Retrieved
2791:the original
2786:
2777:
2755:(1): 75–91.
2752:
2748:
2738:
2697:
2693:
2683:
2673:11 September
2671:. Retrieved
2664:
2657:
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2566:The Guardian
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2412:11 September
2410:. Retrieved
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1959:
1947:. Retrieved
1912:(1): 15–28.
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1905:
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1883:. Retrieved
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1578:(1): 63–67.
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1510:. Retrieved
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1302:17 September
1300:. Retrieved
1293:
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1189:septic tanks
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822:
810:Conservation
799:
795:
783:
765:
763:, at 81° N.
744:
743:
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724:
716:Distribution
709:
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697:Ambuchanania
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263:
262:
249:
245:
242:blanket bogs
229:
227:
221:
214:quacker moss
213:
209:
205:
188:
187:
186:
174:
155:
152:
133:
132:
103:Sphagnopsida
58:
42:
36:
3235:Moss genera
3070:iNaturalist
2990:Wikispecies
2462:(2): 37–45.
2373:leychile.cl
2285:. Elsevier.
1871:11343/55221
1572:Can. J. Bot
1143:. Botanist
1141:World War I
1107:Egtved Girl
1091:Tollund Man
1026:New Zealand
1021:New Zealand
1015:Netherlands
942:peatlands.
910:(40°S) and
788:New Zealand
477:attack the
432:gametophyte
365:chlorophyll
309:Description
123:Sphagnaceae
3219:Categories
2836:Daily News
2600:0478017871
2303:Magallania
2038:10161/4194
1949:13 January
1935:10023/5982
1885:13 January
1250:Tropicos,
1237:References
1147:'s paper,
1103:Lindow Man
1085:material.
1083:insulating
993:where the
987:wind farms
920:Magallanes
856:See also:
688:Sphagnales
652:Subsecunda
592:Acutifolia
450:protonemae
436:sporophyte
428:archegonia
406:monoecious
396:bryophytes
327:capitulum)
282:, such as
272:cell walls
258:ericaceous
113:Sphagnales
89:Division:
3031:FloraBase
2769:0013-0001
2722:0036-8075
2669:. Eol.org
2539:BBC News.
2137:1873-9652
1790:206526774
1735:206527957
1438:211081106
1392:0169-5347
1353:129085635
1252:Isocladus
1233:orchids.
1003:hydrology
912:Los Lagos
776:Argentina
759:, Arctic
692:Tasmanian
676:Squarrosa
668:monophyly
640:Example:
612:Cuspidata
542:Galápagos
517:operculum
479:protonema
446:operculum
422:Swimming
383:Lifecycle
323:fascicles
305:species.
288:magnesium
175:Isocladus
93:Bryophyta
79:Kingdom:
3225:Sphagnum
3189:35001213
3184:Tropicos
2996:Sphagnum
2975:Wikidata
2966:Sphagnum
2946:Sphagnum
2935:Archived
2923:Archived
2919:Sphagnum
2906:Sphagnum
2902:Sphagnum
2896:Sphagnum
2815:Archived
2730:17779474
2665:Sphagnum
2585:(online)
2232:Archived
2162:Sphagnum
2088:20102745
2062:Sphagnum
2047:21616905
1998:21653354
1968:Sphagnum
1944:51730103
1880:86191735
1805:Sphagnum
1782:20651145
1750:Sphagnum
1727:20651138
1688:19552695
1660:Sphagnum
1639:20123930
1601:Sphagnum
1532:Sphagnum
1473:Sphagnum
1294:Sphagnum
1276:Sphagnum
1272:Sphagnum
1268:Sphagnum
1201:microbes
1193:chlorine
1171:ringworm
1163:Sphagnum
1159:Sphagnum
1137:Sphagnum
1034:Sphagnum
1030:peatland
983:Sphagnum
976:Sphagnum
948:invasive
944:Sphagnum
940:Sphagnum
924:Sphagnum
908:Los Ríos
904:Sphagnum
900:Sphagnum
896:Sphagnum
892:Sphagnum
888:Sphagnum
876:Sphagnum
870:peat in
868:Sphagnum
823:Sphagnum
800:Sphagnum
796:Sphagnum
792:Tasmania
757:Svalbard
745:Sphagnum
725:Sphagnum
710:Sphagnum
706:Sphagnum
702:Sphagnum
694:endemic
684:Sphagnum
648:Sphagnum
632:Sphagnum
628:Sphagnum
608:Sphagnum
588:Sphagnum
573:Sphagnum
569:Sphagnum
560:Sphagnum
558:List of
552:Taxonomy
503:Sphagnum
483:Sphagnum
465:mushroom
457:Sphagnum
441:Sphagnum
410:Sphagnum
402:Sphagnum
388:Sphagnum
377:Sphagnum
361:Sphagnum
345:Sphagnum
338:Sphagnum
330:species.
315:Sphagnum
303:Sphagnum
299:Sphagnum
292:hydrogen
264:Sphagnum
250:Sphagnum
246:Sphagnum
244:. Thus,
230:Sphagnum
222:Sphagnum
210:bog moss
189:Sphagnum
166:Synonyms
156:Sphagnum
154:List of
147:Species
134:Sphagnum
119:Family:
43:Sphagnum
3088:1296306
3062:2668958
2702:Bibcode
2694:Science
2618:, p. 34
2511:Bibcode
2379:17 July
2342:14 July
2186:3243970
2115:Bibcode
1914:Bibcode
1819:Bibcode
1762:Bibcode
1754:Science
1707:Science
1630:2814761
1512:6 April
1418:Bibcode
1212:famines
1208:Finland
1154:Science
1132:c. 1914
1111:Denmark
846:redwood
766:In the
562:species
544:or the
510:⁄
475:agarics
373:hyaline
284:calcium
280:cations
208:, also
198:species
158:species
129:Genus:
109:Order:
99:Class:
83:Plantae
3250:Pakihi
3176:SPHAG2
3171:PLANTS
3163:321353
3150:738989
3134:NZOR:
3049:130947
3010:120805
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1254:Lindb.
1175:eczema
1173:, and
1115:butter
1079:Arctic
1009:Europe
804:Brazil
761:Norway
753:tundra
672:Rigida
650:sect.
630:sect.
610:sect.
590:sect.
546:Azores
540:, the
525:36,000
520:shown
499:mosses
487:gemmae
434:. The
294:ions.
202:mosses
178:Lindb.
3127:13804
3101:15683
3083:IRMNG
3075:54704
3036:22600
3023:1SHGG
2182:JSTOR
1940:S2CID
1876:S2CID
1810:Oikos
1786:S2CID
1731:S2CID
1434:S2CID
1349:S2CID
1227:Korea
1223:Japan
1219:China
1071:sandy
916:Aysén
872:Chile
852:Chile
784:circa
772:Chile
733:) at
461:fungi
424:sperm
340:cells
234:mires
194:genus
192:is a
3230:Bogs
3122:NCBI
3096:ITIS
3057:GBIF
3018:EPPO
3005:APNI
2874:ISBN
2854:ISBN
2799:2021
2765:ISSN
2726:PMID
2718:ISSN
2675:2013
2596:ISBN
2579:ISBN
2482:ISBN
2414:2024
2381:2019
2344:2019
2133:ISSN
2084:PMID
2043:PMID
1994:PMID
1951:2022
1887:2022
1778:PMID
1723:PMID
1684:PMID
1635:PMID
1542:2007
1514:2023
1388:ISSN
1304:2016
1225:and
1167:acne
1119:lard
1101:and
1065:and
1045:Uses
968:and
860:and
842:Coir
831:bogs
790:and
774:and
739:Ohio
674:and
658:and
620:and
600:and
349:pith
319:stem
286:and
254:peat
240:and
238:bogs
218:peat
212:and
3197:WFO
3109:NBN
3044:FNA
2757:doi
2710:doi
2519:doi
2312:doi
2174:doi
2150:UK.
2123:doi
2076:doi
2033:hdl
2025:doi
1984:doi
1930:hdl
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