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sphenopalatine ganglion blocks are less than $ 1.00 per application. Frequent repeated administration of sphenopalatine ganglion blocks seems to increase effectiveness initially, after which decreased frequency is required. Self-administered sphenopalatine ganglion blocks can be used to treat acute pain symptoms, and prophylactically to reduce the onset of painful conditions and anxiety.
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542:, which passes through the pterygoid canal before entering the ganglion. The stellate ganglion is at the bottom of the cervical sympathetic chain. Fibers from the stellate ganglion pass up the chain to the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion and into and through the sphenopalatine ganglion.
635:
There are multiple new devices utilized for neuromodulation of the sphenopalatine ganglion. There is one non-invasive device, a myomonitor, an ultra low frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation that has been utilized safely for more than 50 years by neuromuscular dentists in the
599:
Self-administration of sphenopalatine ganglion blocks with cotton-tipped catheters and continual capillary feed is the most cost-effective method of treatment and has the benefit of allowing patients to avoid visits to physicians and emergency rooms. After initial visit self-administered
2995:
587:
Blockade of the ganglion with local anesthetic, clinically referred to as a 'sphenopalatine ganglion block' may be performed transcutaneously with a small needle, or topically via the nose with local anesthetic soaked swabs. The topical sphenopalatine ganglion block is used for
596:, though a 2020 trial comparing local anaesthetic sphenopalatine ganglion block to sham injection with saline failed to show difference in pain scores for those receiving local anaesthetic vs placebo, suggesting any efficacy is unrelated to local anaesthetic blockade.
442:
In the pterygopalatine ganglion, the preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from the greater petrosal branch of the facial nerve synapse with neurons whose postganglionic axons, vasodilator, and secretory fibers are distributed with the deep branches of the
636:
diagnosis and treatment of temporomandibular joint disorders and orofacial pain conditions. Spenopalatine ganglion neuromodulation (possibly via the vagal nerve) is a secondary effect making it extremely effective for TMD.
728:
Depicts nerve branches that are involved in the autonomic innervation of the lacrimal gland. The terminal parts of the pathway are variable between individuals and differ for the other glands of the deep
638:
Neuromuscular dentistry and the role of the autonomic nervous system: Sphenopalatine ganglion blocks and neuromodulation. An
International College of Cranio Mandibular Orthopedics (ICCMO) position paper
610:
Neuromuscular dentistry and the role of the autonomic nervous system: Sphenopalatine ganglion blocks and neuromodulation. An
International College of Cranio Mandibular Orthopedics (ICCMO) position paper
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Self-administered sphenopalatine ganglion blocks are extremely helpful for treatment of migraines, chronic daily headaches, anxiety and temporomandibular joint disorders.
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Bilateral sphenopalatine ganglion block reduces blood pressure in never treated patients with essential hypertension. A randomized controlled single-blinded study
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Jespersen, Mads S.; Jaeger, Pia; Ægidius, Karen L.; Fabritius, Maria L.; Duch, Patricia; Rye, Ida; Afshari, Arash; Meyhoff, Christian S. (2020).
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The pterygopalatine ganglion and its branches (pterygopalatine ganglion visible but not labeled, as large yellow ganglion in upper-right center)
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352:. It is triangular or heart-shaped, of a reddish-gray color, and is situated just below the maxillary nerve as it crosses the fossa.
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324:, in particular the venous plexus of the conchae, is regulated by the pterygopalatine ganglion and heats or cools the air in the
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632:, the story of octogenerian otorhinolargyngologist Dr. Milton Reder, whose entire medical practice was based on that procedure.
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The sphenopalatine ganglion block has been called "The
Miracle Block" after publication of Albert Bengamin Gerber's book
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807:"Sphenopalatine ganglion block for the treatment of postdural puncture headache: A randomised, blinded, clinical trial"
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The right sympathetic chain and its connections with the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic plexuses.
592:, demonstrating relief within 10–20 minutes. Sphenopalatine ganglion block has been used to treat
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274:. It is one of four parasympathetic ganglia of the head and neck, (the others being the
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Plan of the facial and intermediate nerves and their communication with other nerves.
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Knowledge articles incorporating text from the 20th edition of Gray's
Anatomy (1918)
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The ganglion also consists of sympathetic efferent (postganglionic) fibers from the
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781:"Sphenopalatine Ganglion Block Postdural Puncture Headache « metajournal.com"
340:), the largest of the parasympathetic ganglia associated with the branches of the
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534:. The deep petrosal nerve (carrying postganglionic sympathetics) joins with the
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are innervated with secretomotor fibers from the nasal branches. Likewise, the
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Blockade and neuromodulation of the pterygopalatine (sphenopalatine) ganglion
214:
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Sympathetic connections of the sphenopalatine and superior cervical ganglia.
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526:. These fibers, from the superior cervical ganglion, travel through the
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239:
1900:
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483:(from the trigeminal nerve), which then arrives at the lacrimal gland.
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419:; a few, however, enter the ganglion, constituting its sensory root.
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It receives a sensory, a parasympathetic, and a sympathetic root.
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185:
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895:
at The
Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (
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463:, roof of the mouth, upper lip and gums, and upper part of the
467:. It also sends postganglionic parasympathetic fibers to the
29:
415:; their fibers, for the most part, pass directly into the
510:
innervates pharyngeal glands. These are all branches of
590:
treatment of persistent migraines and cluster headaches
538:(carrying preganglionic parasympathetics) to form the
2963:
604:
Self-administration of sphenopalatine ganglion blocks
27:
Parasympathetic ganglion in the pterygopalatine fossa
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An illustration of the path of the
Maxillary nerve.
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57:but its sources remain unclear because it lacks
756:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
680:Diagram of efferent sympathetic nervous system.
2281:
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475:, also part of the trigeminal nerve) via the
427:Its parasympathetic root is derived from the
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355:The pterygopalatine ganglion supplies the
127:
108:
822:
572:Posterior superior lateral nasal branches
88:Learn how and when to remove this message
2414:medial superior posterior nasal branches
750:"Neuroanatomy, Pterygopalatine Ganglion"
748:Lundy, Jason A.; McNary, Thomas (2023),
313:. Its postsynaptic axons project to the
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740:
646:
3006:Autonomic ganglia of the head and neck
857:This article incorporates text in the
383:. It communicates anteriorly with the
237:
99:
403:Its sensory root is derived from two
7:
2948:
704:Diagram of the cervical sympathetic.
577:Pharyngeal branch of maxillary nerve
622:of cases of essential hypertension.
295:greater superficial petrosal nerve
25:
2397:inferior posterior nasal branches
612:They are also effective in about
336:The pterygopalatine ganglion (of
2973:
2947:
2938:
2937:
2009:sensory root of ciliary ganglion
851:
721:
709:
697:
685:
673:
661:
649:
234:Anatomical terms of neuroanatomy
170:posterior lateral nasal branches
34:
811:British Journal of Anaesthesia
447:to the mucous membrane of the
375:, and the mucous membrane and
363:, glands of the mucosa of the
1:
1813:Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve
2678:Inferior mesenteric ganglion
2673:Superior mesenteric ganglion
594:post-dural-puncture headache
540:nerve of the pterygoid canal
121:and pterygopalatine ganglion
2105:posterior superior alveolar
1592:Inferior salivatory nucleus
865:of the 20th edition of
3037:
2115:anterior superior alveolar
1036:lateral geniculate nucleus
997:anterior olfactory nucleus
524:superior cervical ganglion
344:, is deeply placed in the
2933:
2798:Cavernous nerves of penis
2389:branches of distribution:
2167:to muscles of mastication
1716:Superior cervical cardiac
1409:Superior salivary nucleus
1162:spinal trigeminal nucleus
824:10.1016/j.bja.2020.02.025
320:The flow of blood to the
232:
191:ganglion pterygopalatinum
126:
107:
2921:Pelvic splanchnic nerves
2899:Sacral splanchnic nerves
2823:Lumbar splanchnic nerves
2380:nerve of pterygoid canal
2370:Pterygopalatine ganglion
2298:autonomic nervous system
2110:middle superior alveolar
1849:spinal accessory nucleus
1289:pterygopalatine ganglion
1080:Edinger–Westphal nucleus
289:It is innervated by the
268:parasympathetic ganglion
252:pterygopalatine ganglion
152:nerve of pterygoid canal
103:Pterygopalatine ganglion
43:This article includes a
3001:Parasympathetic ganglia
2722:Abdominal aortic plexus
2177:to tensor veli palatini
1231:no significant branches
1133:no significant branches
973:no significant branches
630:Miracles on Park Avenue
530:, and then through the
264:sphenopalatine ganglion
72:more precise citations.
18:Sphenopalatine ganglion
2573:Thoracic aortic plexus
2428:Submandibular ganglion
2232:submandibular ganglion
1551:Stylopharyngeal branch
1311:submandibular ganglion
1296:Nerve to the stapedius
562:Greater palatine nerve
536:greater petrosal nerve
504:lesser palatine nerves
500:greater palatine nerve
494:are innervated by the
437:greater petrosal nerve
350:sphenopalatine foramen
162:Greater palatine nerve
2876:paravertebral ganglia
2641:paravertebral ganglia
2540:paravertebral ganglia
2465:paravertebral ganglia
2075:pterygopalatine fossa
567:Lesser palatine nerve
346:pterygopalatine fossa
272:pterygopalatine fossa
166:lesser palatine nerve
117:branches of superior
2784:Inferior hypogastric
2767:Superior hypogastric
2654:prevertebral ganglia
2142:middle cranial fossa
2056:middle cranial fossa
1399:Facial motor nucleus
1095:parasympathetic root
423:Parasympathetic root
3021:Otorhinolaryngology
2750:Inferior mesenteric
2738:Superior mesenteric
2686:prevertebral plexus
2553:prevertebral plexus
2500:prevertebral plexus
1992:posterior ethmoidal
1711:Recurrent laryngeal
1556:Pharyngeal branches
1334:Posterior auricular
1182:trigeminal ganglion
785:www.metajournal.com
532:deep petrosal nerve
303:deep petrosal nerve
2208:posterior division
2088:zygomaticotemporal
1997:anterior ethmoidal
1694:Superior laryngeal
1561:Tonsillar branches
1259:Intermediate nerve
1075:oculomotor nucleus
557:Nasopalatine nerve
479:, a branch of the
429:nervus intermedius
385:nasopalatine nerve
317:and nasal mucosa.
307:maxillary division
174:nasopalatine nerve
45:list of references
2961:
2960:
2929:
2928:
2916:splanchnic nerves
2894:splanchnic nerves
2854:
2853:
2818:splanchnic nerves
2772:hypogastric nerve
2619:
2618:
2581:splanchnic nerves
2563:Esophageal plexus
2518:
2517:
2492:Stellate ganglion
2443:
2442:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2239:inferior alveolar
2182:lateral pterygoid
2159:anterior division
2125:
2124:
2039:
2038:
1898:
1897:
1826:
1825:
1792:Posterior gastric
1687:pharyngeal plexus
1682:Pharyngeal branch
1605:
1604:
1469:Scarpa's ganglion
1457:lateral lemniscus
1452:striae medullares
1435:vestibular nuclei
1423:Vestibulocochlear
1417:
1416:
643:Additional images
471:(a branch of the
361:paranasal sinuses
256:Meckel's ganglion
248:
247:
243:
98:
97:
90:
16:(Redirected from
3028:
2978:
2977:
2969:
2951:
2950:
2941:
2940:
2865:
2846:Myenteric plexus
2841:Submucous plexus
2630:
2568:Pulmonary plexus
2545:Thoracic ganglia
2529:
2510:Internal carotid
2505:Cavernous plexus
2470:Cervical ganglia
2454:
2392:greater palatine
2351:Ciliary ganglion
2321:Cervical ganglia
2311:
2290:
2283:
2276:
2267:
2215:auriculotemporal
2173:medial pterygoid
2137:
2093:zygomaticofacial
2064:middle meningeal
2051:
2014:ciliary ganglion
1947:
1933:trigeminal nerve
1925:
1918:
1911:
1902:
1844:nucleus ambiguus
1818:Solitary nucleus
1808:Nucleus ambiguus
1787:Anterior gastric
1734:Inferior cardiac
1664:Auricular branch
1659:Meningeal branch
1617:
1597:Solitary nucleus
1587:Nucleus ambiguus
1566:Lingual branches
1487:
1481:Glossopharyngeal
1404:Solitary nucleus
1284:Greater petrosal
1249:
1099:ciliary ganglion
935:
928:
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912:
855:
854:
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689:
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653:
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552:Orbital branches
518:Sympathetic root
508:pharyngeal nerve
473:ophthalmic nerve
445:trigeminal nerve
413:trigeminal nerve
407:branches of the
311:trigeminal nerve
284:ciliary ganglion
240:edit on Wikidata
131:
112:
100:
93:
86:
82:
79:
73:
68:this article by
59:inline citations
38:
37:
30:
21:
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3011:Maxillary nerve
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2925:
2908:Parasympathetic
2903:
2850:
2827:
2777:Superior rectal
2615:
2598:cardiac nerves:
2586:cardiopulmonary
2514:
2439:
2404:lesser palatine
2344:Parasympathetic
2339:
2300:
2296:Anatomy of the
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2255:
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2154:
2121:
2068:
2035:
2020:
1968:
1935:
1929:
1899:
1894:
1865:
1822:
1796:
1758:
1720:
1668:
1644:
1601:
1575:
1539:lesser petrosal
1534:tympanic plexus
1514:
1475:
1440:cochlear nuclei
1413:
1387:
1325:
1317:
1274:
1268:
1237:
1208:
1139:
1110:
1057:
1018:
1012:olfactory tract
979:
945:
939:
878:
852:
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804:
803:
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779:
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681:
678:
669:
666:
657:
654:
645:
618:
614:
613:
606:
585:
548:
520:
512:maxillary nerve
492:palatine glands
481:maxillary nerve
477:zygomatic nerve
431:(a part of the
425:
417:palatine nerves
409:maxillary nerve
401:
393:
348:, close to the
342:maxillary nerve
334:
315:lacrimal glands
293:(formed by the
244:
148:Maxillary nerve
134:
122:
119:maxillary nerve
94:
83:
77:
74:
63:
49:related reading
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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3032:
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3023:
3018:
3013:
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3003:
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2987:
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2982:
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2958:
2956:
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2945:
2934:
2931:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2911:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2889:
2888:
2886:Ganglion impar
2883:
2881:Sacral ganglia
2871:
2869:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2837:
2835:
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2800:
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2710:
2705:
2700:
2690:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2661:Celiac ganglia
2649:
2648:
2646:Lumbar ganglia
2636:
2634:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2576:
2575:
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2565:
2560:
2558:Cardiac plexus
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2256:
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2236:
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2222:
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2209:
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2196:
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2019:
2018:
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2016:
2006:
2005:
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2002:external nasal
1994:
1989:
1987:infratrochlear
1984:
1978:
1976:
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1967:
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1961:
1959:supratrochlear
1955:
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1484:
1477:
1476:
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1461:
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1454:
1447:Cochlear nerve
1444:
1443:
1442:
1437:
1428:
1426:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1356:Parotid plexus
1353:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1336:
1330:
1328:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1314:
1313:
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1301:Chorda tympani
1298:
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1040:
1039:
1038:
1029:
1027:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1015:
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1009:
1007:olfactory bulb
1001:
1000:
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981:
980:
978:
977:
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966:
965:
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943:cranial nerves
940:
938:
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930:
923:
915:
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908:
890:
877:
876:External links
874:
868:Gray's Anatomy
847:
846:
817:(6): 739–747.
797:
772:
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528:carotid plexus
519:
516:
469:lacrimal nerve
435:) through the
424:
421:
405:sphenopalatine
400:
397:
392:
389:
357:lacrimal gland
333:
330:
297:branch of the
260:nasal ganglion
246:
245:
236:
230:
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224:
218:
217:
212:
206:
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194:
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113:
105:
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96:
95:
53:external links
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2814:
2809:
2808:Middle rectal
2806:
2804:
2801:
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2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
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2785:
2782:
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2728:
2725:
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2718:
2715:
2714:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2694:
2693:Celiac plexus
2691:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2671:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
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2651:
2650:
2647:
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2638:
2637:
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2622:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
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2582:
2578:
2577:
2574:
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2569:
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2559:
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2541:
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2472:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2436:
2435:Otic ganglion
2433:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2375:deep petrosal
2373:
2372:
2371:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2363:Short ciliary
2361:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2335:Deep petrosal
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2319:
2318:
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2312:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2299:
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2279:
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2271:
2268:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2220:otic ganglion
2218:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2192:deep temporal
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2138:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2084:
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2080:
2078:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2062:
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2031:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1999:
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1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
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1971:
1965:
1962:
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1956:
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1942:
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1926:
1921:
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1743:Vagal trunks
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1651:jugular fossa
1647:
1639:
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1631:
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1628:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1622:jugular fossa
1618:
1615:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1571:Carotid sinus
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1544:otic ganglion
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1521:jugular fossa
1517:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1492:jugular fossa
1488:
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1470:
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1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1320:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1306:lingual nerve
1304:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
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1286:
1285:
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1279:
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1149:
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1130:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1113:
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1093:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1085:
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1078:
1076:
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1069:
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1049:
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1044:
1043:
1041:
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1033:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1002:
998:
995:
994:
992:
991:
989:
986:
982:
974:
971:
970:
968:
964:
963:septal nuclei
961:
960:
958:
957:
955:
952:
948:
944:
936:
931:
929:
924:
922:
917:
916:
913:
906:
905:
900:
899:
894:
893:cranialnerves
891:
889:
888:Who Named It?
885:
884:
880:
879:
875:
873:
872:
869:
866:
864:
860:
859:public domain
842:
838:
834:
830:
825:
820:
816:
812:
808:
801:
798:
786:
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776:
773:
763:
759:
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751:
744:
741:
734:
724:
719:
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700:
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688:
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671:
664:
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631:
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601:
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582:
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573:
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568:
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563:
560:
558:
555:
553:
550:
549:
545:
543:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
517:
515:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
440:
438:
434:
430:
422:
420:
418:
414:
410:
406:
398:
396:
390:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
362:
358:
353:
351:
347:
343:
339:
331:
329:
327:
323:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
287:
285:
281:
277:
276:submandibular
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
241:
235:
231:
228:
225:
223:
219:
216:
213:
211:
207:
204:
201:
199:
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192:
189:
187:
183:
178:
175:
171:
167:
163:
160:
156:
153:
149:
146:
142:
137:
130:
125:
120:
116:
111:
106:
101:
92:
89:
81:
71:
67:
61:
60:
54:
50:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
3016:Facial nerve
2914:
2892:
2874:
2816:
2803:Uterovaginal
2717:aorticorenal
2716:
2684:
2666:Aorticorenal
2652:
2639:
2597:
2579:
2551:
2538:
2498:
2463:
2409:nasopalatine
2388:
2369:
2330:long ciliary
2324:
2165:
2100:infraorbital
1982:long ciliary
1964:supraorbital
1324:stylomastoid
1288:
1276:facial canal
1230:
1132:
1046:optic chiasm
972:
902:
896:
881:
870:
856:
850:
814:
810:
800:
788:. Retrieved
784:
775:
765:, retrieved
753:
743:
634:
629:
627:
607:
598:
586:
521:
496:nasopalatine
488:nasal glands
485:
441:
433:facial nerve
426:
402:
399:Sensory root
394:
365:nasal cavity
354:
335:
322:nasal mucosa
319:
299:facial nerve
291:Vidian nerve
288:
263:
259:
255:
251:
249:
203:A14.3.02.006
190:
84:
75:
64:Please help
56:
2868:Sympathetic
2633:Sympathetic
2532:Sympathetic
2457:Sympathetic
2314:Sympathetic
1974:nasociliary
1871:Hypoglossal
1252:Near origin
1051:optic tract
453:soft palate
381:hard palate
180:Identifiers
70:introducing
2990:Categories
2731:Suprarenal
2708:Pancreatic
2421:pharyngeal
2187:masseteric
2131:mandibular
1941:ophthalmic
1464:Vestibular
1376:mandibular
1349:stylohyoid
1339:Suprahyoid
1264:Geniculate
1202:mandibular
1192:ophthalmic
1145:Trigeminal
1063:Oculomotor
767:2023-12-07
754:StatPearls
735:References
2794:Prostatic
2755:Spermatic
2244:mylohyoid
2150:meningeal
2083:zygomatic
2045:maxillary
1884:Branches
1832:Accessory
1752:posterior
1739:Pulmonary
1425:(CN VIII)
1366:zygomatic
1344:digastric
1227:Branches
1197:maxillary
1188:Branches
1129:Branches
1116:Trochlear
1086:Branches
985:Olfactory
883:synd/2132
841:215809853
332:Structure
2943:Category
2611:Inferior
2601:Superior
2591:thoracic
2485:Inferior
2475:Superior
2026:lacrimal
1873:(CN XII)
1747:anterior
1704:internal
1699:external
1638:inferior
1633:superior
1629:Ganglia
1529:Tympanic
1508:inferior
1503:superior
1499:Ganglia
1381:cervical
1361:temporal
1245:(CN VII)
1214:Abducens
1104:inferior
1090:superior
1065:(CN III)
951:Terminal
863:page 891
833:32303377
790:28 April
762:31424892
546:Branches
115:Alveolar
78:May 2015
2980:Anatomy
2953:Commons
2833:Enteric
2789:Vesical
2760:Ovarian
2743:Gastric
2703:Splenic
2698:Hepatic
2625:Abdomen
2227:lingual
1951:frontal
1888:lingual
1880:Nucleus
1856:Cranial
1840:Nuclei
1834:(CN XI)
1782:Hepatic
1764:Abdomen
1620:Before
1490:Before
1483:(CN IX)
1431:Nuclei
1326:foramen
1223:Nucleus
1216:(CN VI)
1178:Course
1153:Nuclei
1125:Nucleus
1118:(CN IV)
1071:Nuclei
1042:Course
1032:Nuclei
1026:(CN II)
1003:Course
993:Nuclei
969:Course
959:Nuclei
617:⁄
465:pharynx
457:tonsils
411:of the
379:of the
373:gingiva
369:pharynx
309:of the
270:in the
266:) is a
139:Details
66:improve
2966:Portal
2860:Pelvis
2606:Middle
2524:Thorax
2480:Middle
2249:mental
2199:buccal
1861:Spinal
1801:Nuclei
1772:Celiac
1726:Thorax
1649:After
1613:(CN X)
1580:Nuclei
1519:After
1392:Nuclei
1371:buccal
1273:Inside
1243:Facial
1147:(CN V)
987:(CN I)
953:(CN 0)
871:(1918)
839:
831:
760:
506:. The
377:glands
371:, the
338:Meckel
305:) and
282:, and
2727:Renal
2356:Roots
2325:roots
1777:Renal
1611:Vagus
1024:Optic
861:from
837:S2CID
729:face.
461:uvula
391:Roots
262:, or
254:(aka
238:[
186:Latin
51:, or
2449:Neck
2306:Head
2133:(V3)
2047:(V2)
1943:(V1)
1931:The
1674:Neck
941:The
829:PMID
792:2023
758:PMID
502:and
486:The
449:nose
367:and
326:nose
301:and
280:otic
250:The
227:6965
215:6665
198:TA98
172:and
150:and
144:From
2140:in
2073:in
2054:in
1322:At
1172:TMN
1157:PSN
1097:of
904:VII
886:at
819:doi
815:124
286:).
222:FMA
210:TA2
2992::
2796:/
2323::
1167:MN
901:,
835:.
827:.
813:.
809:.
783:.
752:,
514:.
498:,
459:,
455:,
451:,
439:.
387:.
359:,
328:.
278:,
258:,
168:,
164:,
158:To
55:,
47:,
2968::
2918::
2896::
2878::
2820::
2729:/
2688::
2656::
2643::
2583::
2555::
2542::
2502::
2467::
2289:e
2282:t
2275:v
2175:/
1924:e
1917:t
1910:v
934:e
927:t
920:v
907:)
898:V
843:.
821::
794:.
619:3
615:1
242:]
91:)
85:(
80:)
76:(
62:.
20:)
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