267:
34:
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174:, which represents the shape having the lowest potential energy for a rotating, fluid body. This ellipsoid is slightly fatter around the equator than a perfect sphere would be. Earth's shape is also slightly lumpy because it is composed of different materials of different densities that exert slightly different amounts of gravitational force per volume.
569:
These include the visibility of distant objects on Earth's surface; lunar eclipses; appearance of the Moon; observation of the sky from a certain altitude; observation of certain fixed stars from different locations; observing the Sun; surface navigation; grid distortion on a spherical surface;
322:, has been interpreted as stating that the contemporary Brahmans of India believed in a spherical Earth as the center of the universe. The knowledge of the Greeks was inherited by Ancient Rome, and Christian and Islamic realms in the Middle Ages.
169:
A sphere is the only stable shape for a non-rotating, gravitationally self-attracting liquid. The outward acceleration caused by Earth's rotation is greater at the equator than at the poles (where is it zero), so the sphere gets deformed into an
310:
The spherical shape of the Earth was known and measured by astronomers, mathematicians, and navigators from a variety of literate ancient cultures, including the
Hellenic World, and Ancient India. Greek ethnographer
672:
Ancient India as described by
Megasthenês and Arrian; being a translation of the fragments of the Indika of Megasthenês collected by Dr. Schwanbeck, and of the first part of the Indika of Arrian
803:, Vol. 15 (1978), pp. 533–633 (554f.); Glick, Thomas F., Livesey, Steven John, Wallis, Faith (eds.): "Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia", Routledge, New York 2005,
244:
Earth undulates as the shape of its lowest potential energy changes daily due to the gravity of the Sun and Moon as they move around with respect to Earth. This is what causes
548:
488:
Geodesy is primarily concerned with positioning and the gravity field and geometrical aspects of their temporal variations, although it can also include the study of Earth's
1137:
177:
The liquidity of a hot, newly formed planet allows heavier elements to sink down to the middle and forces lighter elements closer to the surface, a process known as
437:
330:
provided direct evidence. Improvements in transportation and other technologies refined estimations of the size of the Earth, and helped spread knowledge of it.
135:
1408:
1612:
720:(2015), "That before Columbus, geographers and other educated people knew the Earth was flat", in Numbers, Ronald L.; Kampourakis, Kostas (eds.),
146:. Grains of matter accreted through electrostatic interaction. As they grew in mass, gravity took over in gathering yet more mass, releasing the
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563:, ranging from ground level, flight, or orbit. The spherical shape causes a number of effects and phenomena that combined disprove
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388:, the world was portrayed as a disk floating in the ocean with a hemispherical sky-dome above, and this forms the premise for
746:
535:
1535:
442:
865:
Cullen, C. (1976). "A Chinese
Eratosthenes of the Flat Earth: A Study of a Fragment of Cosmology in Huai Nan tzu 淮 南 子".
824:"Space and Time in Chinese Texts of Astronomy and of Mathematical Astronomy in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries"
759:
Jamil, Jamil (2009). "Astronomy". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
526:
measured Earth more accurately, the shape of the geoid was first found not to be a perfect sphere but to approximate an
333:
The earliest documented mention of the concept dates from around the 5th century BC, when it appears in the writings of
473:, also called geodetics, is the scientific discipline that deals with the measurement and representation of Earth, its
1109:
1633:
1332:
564:
178:
747:
Materialien und
Dokumente zur mittelalterlichen Erdkugeltheorie von der Spätantike bis zur Kolumbusfahrt (1492)
441:. In the early 19th century, the flattening of the earth ellipsoid was determined to be of the order of 1/300 (
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also had a greater proportion of radioactive elements than Earth today because, over time, those elements
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and surrounding ridges. However, if the energy release from these processes halts, then they tend to
27:
500:("Erdmessung" or "höhere Geodäsie"), which is concerned with measuring Earth on a global scale, and
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artistic representation of a spherical Earth – with compartments representing
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Science and
Civilization in China: Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth
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maintains its roughly spherical shape. Most of its deviation from spherical stems from the
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534:. More recent measurements have measured the geoid to unprecedented accuracy, revealing
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away over time and return toward the lowest potential-energy curve of the ellipsoid.
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of the planet is still hot enough to remain liquid. Energy is still being released;
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Early
Astronomy and Cosmology: A Reconstruction of the Earliest Cosmic System, Etc
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162:. Their decay heated the early Earth even further, and continue to contribute to
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Pigafetta, Antonio (1906). Magellan's Voyage around the World. Arthur A. Clark.
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as the shape of Earth's land surface as it rises above and falls below the sea.
504:("Ingenieurgeodäsie"), which is concerned with measuring parts of the surface.
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Bulletin of the School of
Oriental and African Studies, University of London
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60:. The concept of a spherical Earth gradually displaced earlier beliefs in a
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994:. Vol. 3 (reprint ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
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can also move water, rock, and soil to make Earth slightly out of round.
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activity has pushed rocks into hills and mountains and blown them out of
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from a dust cloud that was at least partially the remnant of one or more
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Though the surface rocks of Earth have cooled enough to solidify, the
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400:. Other speculations on the shape of Earth include a seven-layered
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around its north-south axis. This force deforms the sphere into an
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NASA – Most
Changes in Earth's Shape Are Due to Changes in Climate
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Image from space: The curved surface of the spherical planet Earth
32:
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Continuation into Roman and medieval thought: Reinhard Krüger: "
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The concept of a spherical Earth displaced earlier beliefs in a
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485:, and crustal motion) in three-dimensional time-varying space.
278:
252:' water, which can flow freely along the changing potential.
696:. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press. pp. 72–198.
507:
Earth's shape can be thought of in at least two ways:
349:. This knowledge was gradually adopted throughout the
306:, the oldest surviving terrestrial globe (1492/1493)
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1371:
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Empirical evidence for the spherical shape of Earth
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760:
19:"Round world" redirects here. For other uses, see
799:: "History of Mathematical Astronomy in India",
570:weather systems; gravity; and modern technology.
100:Hydrostatic equilibrium § Planetary geology
16:Approximation of the figure of Earth as a sphere
1131:
8:
1044:. Whitegishm MT, US.: Kessinger Publishing.
726:, Harvard University Press, pp. 16–24,
723:Newton's Apple and Other Myths about Science
555:The roughly spherical shape of Earth can be
1020:Janice VanCleave's Science Through the Ages
924:A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy
515:, the mean sea level of the world ocean; or
431:dates to the 17th century, as described by
1138:
1124:
1116:
185:; the most abundant heavier elements were
166:. The early Earth was thus mostly liquid.
1110:Top 10 Ways to Know the Earth is Not Flat
449:). The modern value as determined by the
104:Earth is massive enough that the pull of
1104:The Round Earth and Christopher Columbus
958:suggest that Earth is actually slightly
820:Adoption by China via European science:
496:speaking world, geodesy is divided into
1063:How Did We Find Out the Earth is Round?
968:, (New York: Springer-Verlag), p. 119.
636:
601:Earth's rotation § Empirical tests
361:. A practical demonstration of Earth's
954:for details. Recent measurements from
456:since the 1960s is close to 1/298.25.
345:as a physical fact and calculated the
150:of their collisions and in-falling as
990:Needham, Joseph; Wang, Ling (1995) .
7:
1089:You say the earth is round? Prove it
581:Shapes of other astronomical bodies
427:is more accurately described as an
76:is more accurately described as an
801:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
693:Early Greek Astronomy to Aristotle
256:History of concept and measurement
14:
952:Earth radius § Global radii
547:This section is an excerpt from
477:field and geodynamic phenomena (
343:roughly spherical shape of Earth
142:that produced heavy elements by
822:Martzloff, Jean-Claude (1993).
773:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_22652
201:Later shape changes and effects
460:Measurement and representation
337:. In the 3rd century BC,
1:
1536:Inferior and superior planets
316:
286:
181:. This event is known as the
1654:Early scientific cosmologies
164:Earth's internal heat budget
80:, which was realized in the
926:. Birkhäuser. p. 577.
559:by many different types of
1682:
1613:Medieval Islamic astronomy
1410:On the Sizes and Distances
795:Direct adoption by India:
669:E. At. Schwanbeck (1877).
546:
463:
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25:
18:
1603:Medieval European science
1333:Sosigenes the Peripatetic
1023:. John Wiley & Sons.
1017:Janice VanCleave (2002).
879:10.1017/S0041977X00052137
840:10.1163/26669323-01101005
538:beneath Earth's surface.
423:The realization that the
179:planetary differentiation
1112:, science education site
962:-shaped. Hugh Thurston,
645:"Why Are Planets Round?"
26:Not to be confused with
1639:Ancient Greek astronomy
1328:Sosigenes of Alexandria
1147:Ancient Greek astronomy
1400:On Sizes and Distances
1106:, educational web site
763:Encyclopaedia of Islam
611:Myth of the flat Earth
386:Mesopotamian mythology
307:
293:
38:
1511:Deferent and epicycle
1440:Antikythera mechanism
1059:Isaac Asimov (1972).
606:Geographical distance
557:empirically evidenced
530:, a specific type of
454:World Geodetic System
371:Juan Sebastián Elcano
347:Earth's circumference
339:Hellenistic astronomy
299:
269:
260:Further information:
193:, which now form the
128:Further information:
36:
1582:Babylonian astronomy
1273:Hippocrates of Chios
1067:. New York, Walker.
690:Dicks, D.R. (1970).
511:as the shape of the
492:. Especially in the
408:, alluded to in the
398:Hecataeus of Miletus
326:of the world in the
1353:Theon of Alexandria
1038:Menon, CPS (2003).
948:Figure of the Earth
920:Neugebauer, Otto E.
536:mass concentrations
425:figure of the Earth
156:protoplanetary disk
136:Solar System formed
82:early modern period
74:figure of the Earth
66:classical antiquity
54:figure of the Earth
1587:Egyptian astronomy
1501:Circle of latitude
718:Cormack, Lesley B.
565:flat Earth beliefs
522:As the science of
367:Ferdinand Magellan
335:Greek philosophers
320: 300 BC
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262:History of geodesy
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21:The World is Round
1634:Ancient astronomy
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1496:Celestial spheres
1093:The Straight Dope
933:978-3-540-06995-9
782:978-90-04-17852-6
703:978-0-8014-0561-7
591:Celestial spheres
110:centrifugal force
46:Earth's curvature
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1531:Hipparchic cycle
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365:was achieved by
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324:Circumnavigation
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1521:Geocentrism
1433:Instruments
1423:(Aristotle)
1228:Cleostratus
1193:Aristarchus
1173:Anaximander
1155:Astronomers
983:Works cited
561:observation
394:Anaximander
384:: In early
359:Middle Ages
313:Megasthenes
290: 1400
237:powered by
225:also cause
70:Middle Ages
1628:Categories
1596:Influenced
1575:Influences
1546:Octaeteris
1475:Triquetrum
1363:Timocharis
1348:Theodosius
1308:Posidonius
1268:Hipparchus
1258:Heraclides
1198:Aristyllus
1183:Apollonius
1178:Andronicus
956:satellites
858:2021-10-12
797:D. Pingree
675:. p.
655:2019-08-31
632:References
382:flat Earth
363:sphericity
207:outer core
140:supernovas
112:caused by
98:See also:
62:flat Earth
28:Earth ball
1450:Astrolabe
1383:(Ptolemy)
1303:Philolaus
1293:Oenopides
1278:Hypsicles
1223:Cleomedes
1218:Callippus
1208:Autolycus
1163:Aglaonice
895:171017315
532:ellipsoid
502:surveying
438:Principia
429:ellipsoid
351:Old World
172:ellipsoid
124:Formation
78:ellipsoid
1551:Solstice
1484:Concepts
1380:Almagest
1323:Seleucus
1283:Menelaus
1243:Euctemon
922:(1975).
848:43290474
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575:See also
542:Evidence
481:, Earth
443:Delambre
402:ziggurat
357:and the
303:Erdapfel
271:Medieval
219:calderas
215:tectonic
211:volcanic
114:rotation
68:and the
1664:Spheres
1659:Geodesy
1455:Dioptra
1318:Pytheas
1313:Ptolemy
1263:Hicetas
1253:Geminus
1248:Eudoxus
1203:Attalus
1168:Agrippa
524:geodesy
471:Geodesy
466:Geodesy
447:Everest
414:Persian
353:during
248:in the
235:Weather
223:Meteors
160:decayed
106:gravity
64:during
52:of the
1566:Zodiac
1516:Equant
1465:Gnomon
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191:nickel
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1649:Earth
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1288:Meton
1233:Conon
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883:JSTOR
844:JSTOR
513:geoid
483:tides
283:water
275:earth
246:tides
231:erode
88:Cause
56:to a
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1069:ISBN
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