278:
2394:
40:
2649:
2243:
1144:
2661:
892:
Fermionic or bosonic behavior of a composite particle (or system) is only seen at large (compared to size of the system) distances. At proximity, where spatial structure begins to be important, a composite particle (or system) behaves according to its constituent makeup.
860:, nuclei, and atoms) can be bosons or fermions depending on their constituents. More precisely, because of the relation between spin and statistics, a particle containing an odd number of fermions is itself a fermion. It will have half-integer spin.
1075:
at Le Palais de la DĂ©couverte, 6 December 1945, UKNATARCHI Dirac Papers BW83/2/257889. See note 64 on page 331 in "The
Strangest Man: The Hidden Life of Paul Dirac, Mystic of the Atom" by Graham Farmelo
731:
838:
are Dirac or
Majorana fermions (or both). Dirac fermions can be treated as a combination of two Weyl fermions. In July 2015, Weyl fermions have been experimentally realized in
2279:
293:
724:
2423:
2166:
371:
2531:
717:
889:
The number of bosons within a composite particle made up of simple particles bound with a potential has no effect on whether it is a boson or a fermion.
2408:
367:
1916:
1134:
2154:
2272:
2526:
1098:
1133:
2609:
1196:
2265:
2665:
2433:
2052:
397:
2614:
2133:
294:
201:. Therefore, what is usually referred to as the spin-statistics relation is, in fact, a spin statistics-quantum number relation.
896:
Fermions can exhibit bosonic behavior when they become loosely bound in pairs. This is the origin of superconductivity and the
2574:
912:
2692:
2465:
2413:
693:
341:
297:
292:
212:. Then, at least one property of each fermion, such as its spin, must be different. Fermions are usually associated with
197:
In addition to the spin characteristic, fermions have another specific property: they possess conserved baryon or lepton
146:
2624:
2149:
578:
1149:
298:
295:
961:
287:
224:
fermions can also display bosonic behavior under extreme conditions. For example, at low temperatures, fermions show
68:
305:
296:
303:
288:
220:
particles. However, in the current state of particle physics, the distinction between the two concepts is unclear.
2225:
2579:
1637:
1168:
304:
110:
834:
Most
Standard Model fermions are believed to be Dirac fermions, although it is unknown at this time whether the
2584:
658:
588:
285:
209:
2498:
1455:
282:
2653:
2366:
2356:
2193:
1828:
1189:
359:
169:
286:
2371:
2344:
2128:
1465:
608:
493:
433:
363:
283:
2697:
2619:
2493:
2460:
2215:
483:
290:
2569:
2508:
2503:
2477:
2324:
1164:
1023:
941:
393:
333:
176:
173:
281:
39:
2536:
2230:
1213:
1001:
956:
935:
668:
628:
443:
428:
311:
153:
2242:
299:
2564:
2334:
2173:
1182:
1047:
1013:
916:
518:
289:
161:
122:
44:
603:
302:
2687:
2450:
2210:
2123:
1602:
1347:
1274:
1094:
1039:
851:
811:
Mathematically, there are many varieties of fermions, with the three most common types being:
785:
653:
583:
548:
478:
473:
438:
413:
389:
385:
229:
300:
284:
2629:
2376:
2361:
2302:
2220:
1991:
1766:
1627:
1612:
1294:
1205:
1090:
1031:
967:
827:
638:
633:
533:
508:
468:
325:
269:
221:
204:
As a consequence of the Pauli exclusion principle, only one fermion can occupy a particular
60:
301:
291:
2551:
2418:
2188:
2113:
2097:
2037:
1447:
1264:
951:
683:
568:
558:
553:
543:
503:
498:
458:
345:
240:
698:
1027:
919:; they consist of electrons with an even number of quantized vortices attached to them.
2589:
2288:
2247:
2161:
2118:
1854:
1642:
1415:
1337:
1332:
1254:
973:
946:
839:
801:
745:
623:
593:
538:
528:
513:
423:
329:
265:
198:
183:
138:
91:
900:
of helium-3: in superconducting materials, electrons interact through the exchange of
2681:
2559:
2518:
2205:
2057:
2024:
1816:
1786:
1718:
1577:
1357:
1284:
1269:
1051:
821:
793:
765:
643:
598:
563:
418:
225:
217:
205:
756:. In all, the model distinguishes 24 different fermions. There are six quarks (
2541:
2472:
2381:
2339:
2329:
2183:
1733:
1723:
1713:
1474:
1425:
1367:
1289:
1244:
815:
805:
773:
703:
673:
648:
618:
488:
463:
448:
337:
251:
191:
126:
17:
1132:
2455:
2349:
2317:
2312:
2198:
1966:
1869:
1864:
1781:
1776:
1706:
1660:
1617:
1582:
1541:
1433:
1397:
1259:
905:
769:
678:
663:
613:
573:
523:
1035:
1940:
1834:
1824:
1806:
1696:
1597:
1532:
1249:
897:
761:
688:
453:
247:
1043:
2082:
2072:
2042:
1935:
1901:
1894:
1771:
1761:
1756:
1728:
1496:
1279:
882:
871:
777:
51:. All subatomic particles must be one or the other. A composite particle (
2634:
2178:
2006:
1961:
1945:
1906:
1879:
1592:
1587:
1567:
1537:
1527:
1522:
1372:
1362:
1352:
1342:
1317:
1312:
1239:
978:
878:
867:
A baryon, such as the proton or neutron, contains three fermionic quarks.
835:
781:
757:
157:
72:
1152:
was created from a revision of this article dated 11 July 2021
2087:
2077:
2047:
2001:
1996:
1971:
1889:
1874:
1801:
1796:
1701:
1686:
1632:
1607:
1572:
1501:
1483:
1174:
236:
180:
31:
2067:
2062:
1691:
1678:
1669:
1491:
1405:
1304:
901:
857:
753:
213:
165:
130:
118:
52:
908:, while in helium-3, Cooper pairs are formed via spin fluctuations.
2092:
2032:
1884:
1743:
1622:
1562:
1517:
1410:
1388:
1231:
1018:
929:
881:(He) consists of two protons, one neutron, and two electrons. The
797:
749:
187:
142:
114:
48:
2257:
208:
at a given time. Suppose multiple fermions have the same spatial
1859:
1791:
1751:
1327:
1322:
789:
134:
2261:
1178:
250:
coined the name fermion from the surname of
Italian physicist
1002:"Spin-statistics-quantum number connection and supersymmetry"
1130:
276:
885:
atom consists of one proton, one neutron, and one electron.
55:) may fall into either class depending on its composition
1085:
T. Morii; C. S. Lim; S. N. Mukherjee (1 January 2004).
43:
Fermions form one of the two fundamental classes of
2602:
2550:
2517:
2486:
2443:
2432:
2401:
2295:
2142:
2106:
2023:
1984:
1954:
1928:
1915:
1847:
1815:
1742:
1677:
1668:
1659:
1555:
1510:
1482:
1473:
1464:
1446:
1424:
1396:
1387:
1303:
1230:
1221:
1212:
280:
2424:Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model
2273:
1190:
874:atom contains six protons and seven neutrons.
748:recognizes two types of elementary fermions:
725:
8:
1087:The Physics of the Standard Model and Beyond
852:List of particles § Composite particles
2440:
2280:
2266:
2258:
1925:
1921:
1674:
1665:
1479:
1470:
1393:
1227:
1218:
1197:
1183:
1175:
732:
718:
261:
1017:
71:. Fermions have a half-odd-integer spin (
1160:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
1143:
235:Composite fermions, such as protons and
38:
992:
264:
7:
2660:
1000:Weiner, Richard M. (4 March 2013).
25:
398:Physics beyond the Standard Model
239:, are the key building blocks of
168:). For example, according to the
2659:
2648:
2647:
2392:
2241:
2134:Timeline of particle discoveries
1142:
863:Examples include the following:
804:), along with the corresponding
216:, whereas bosons are generally
2575:Causal dynamical triangulation
938:, left-handed and right-handed
913:fractional quantum Hall effect
246:English theoretical physicist
190:. In contrast, particles with
113:. These particles include all
1:
2414:Spontaneous symmetry breaking
1073:Developments in Atomic Theory
856:Composite particles (such as
342:Spontaneous symmetry breaking
2150:History of subatomic physics
830:(each its own antiparticle).
228:for uncharged particles and
970:, each its own antiparticle
964:, a type of lattice fermion
67:is a particle that follows
2714:
1036:10.1103/physrevd.87.055003
911:The quasiparticles of the
849:
372:Standard Model mathematics
29:
27:Type of subatomic particle
2643:
2580:Canonical quantum gravity
2390:
2239:
1924:
1071:Notes on Dirac's lecture
981:, a hypothetical particle
111:Pauli exclusion principle
2585:Superfluid vacuum theory
2167:mathematical formulation
1762:Eta and eta prime mesons
210:probability distribution
147:Bose–Einstein statistics
30:Not to be confused with
2367:Quantum electrodynamics
2357:Electroweak interaction
1829:Double-charm tetraquark
360:Electroweak interaction
232:for charged particles.
170:spin-statistics theorem
141:. Fermions differ from
2345:Quantum chromodynamics
1138:
1118:Listen to this article
962:Kogut–Susskind fermion
364:Quantum chromodynamics
308:
129:of these, such as all
69:Fermi–Dirac statistics
56:
2461:Cosmological constant
2226:Wave–particle duality
2216:Relativistic particle
1353:Electron antineutrino
1137:
394:Neutrino oscillations
314:of the Standard Model
307:
109:, etc.) and obey the
42:
2693:Quantum field theory
2570:Loop quantum gravity
2509:Theory of everything
2504:Grand Unified Theory
2478:Neutrino oscillation
2325:Quantum field theory
1456:Faddeev–Popov ghosts
1206:Particles in physics
1169:More spoken articles
942:Fermionic condensate
780:), and six leptons (
334:Quantum field theory
312:Elementary particles
177:quantum field theory
154:elementary particles
2537:Split supersymmetry
2499:Kaluza–Klein theory
2372:Fermi's interaction
2231:Particle chauvinism
2174:Subatomic particles
1028:2013PhRvD..87e5003W
957:Identical particles
936:Chirality (physics)
932:, 2D quasiparticles
258:Elementary fermions
194:spin are fermions.
162:composite particles
123:composite particles
2565:Superstring theory
2335:Strong interaction
1139:
917:composite fermions
915:are also known as
846:Composite fermions
808:of each of these.
309:
222:Weakly interacting
152:Some fermions are
57:
47:, the other being
45:subatomic particle
18:Spin 1/2 particles
2675:
2674:
2598:
2597:
2473:Strong CP problem
2451:Hierarchy problem
2255:
2254:
2211:Massless particle
2019:
2018:
2015:
2014:
1980:
1979:
1843:
1842:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1603:Magnetic monopole
1551:
1550:
1442:
1441:
1383:
1382:
1363:Muon antineutrino
1348:Electron neutrino
1135:
1100:978-981-279-560-1
1006:Physical Review D
870:The nucleus of a
828:Majorana fermions
786:electron neutrino
742:
741:
390:Hierarchy problem
386:Strong CP problem
230:superconductivity
179:, particles with
16:(Redirected from
2705:
2663:
2662:
2651:
2650:
2441:
2396:
2395:
2377:Weak hypercharge
2362:Weak interaction
2303:Particle physics
2282:
2275:
2268:
2259:
2245:
2221:Virtual particle
1992:Mesonic molecule
1926:
1922:
1767:Bottom eta meson
1675:
1666:
1638:W′ and Z′ bosons
1628:Sterile neutrino
1613:Majorana fermion
1480:
1471:
1394:
1373:Tau antineutrino
1228:
1219:
1199:
1192:
1185:
1176:
1159:
1157:
1146:
1145:
1136:
1126:
1124:
1119:
1105:
1104:
1091:World Scientific
1082:
1076:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1021:
1012:(5): 055003–05.
997:
968:Majorana fermion
734:
727:
720:
326:Particle physics
279:
270:particle physics
262:
160:), and some are
107:
105:
104:
101:
98:
88:
86:
85:
82:
79:
61:particle physics
21:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2678:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2639:
2594:
2552:Quantum gravity
2546:
2513:
2482:
2435:
2428:
2419:Higgs mechanism
2397:
2393:
2388:
2291:
2286:
2256:
2251:
2235:
2189:Nuclear physics
2138:
2102:
2038:Davydov soliton
2011:
1976:
1950:
1911:
1839:
1811:
1738:
1647:
1547:
1506:
1460:
1438:
1420:
1379:
1299:
1208:
1203:
1173:
1172:
1161:
1155:
1153:
1150:This audio file
1147:
1140:
1131:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1101:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1070:
1066:
1056:
1054:
999:
998:
994:
989:
984:
952:Fermionic field
925:
854:
848:
840:Weyl semimetals
738:
709:
708:
409:
401:
400:
396:
392:
388:
383:
375:
374:
370:
366:
362:
357:
349:
348:
346:Higgs mechanism
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
323:
315:
306:
277:
260:
241:everyday matter
199:quantum numbers
102:
99:
96:
95:
93:
83:
80:
77:
76:
74:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2711:
2709:
2701:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2680:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2670:
2669:
2657:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2592:
2590:Twistor theory
2587:
2582:
2577:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2556:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2523:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2458:
2453:
2447:
2445:
2438:
2436:Standard Model
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2398:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2385:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2354:
2353:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2321:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2289:Standard Model
2287:
2285:
2284:
2277:
2270:
2262:
2253:
2252:
2248:Physics portal
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2202:
2201:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2162:Standard Model
2159:
2158:
2157:
2146:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2129:Quasiparticles
2126:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2025:Quasiparticles
2021:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1958:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1932:
1930:
1919:
1913:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1862:
1857:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1821:
1819:
1817:Exotic hadrons
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1748:
1746:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1683:
1681:
1672:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1643:X and Y bosons
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1514:
1512:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1488:
1486:
1477:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1452:
1450:
1444:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1430:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1416:W and Z bosons
1413:
1408:
1402:
1400:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1309:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1270:Strange (quark
1267:
1262:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1236:
1234:
1225:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1194:
1187:
1179:
1162:
1148:
1141:
1129:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1112:External links
1110:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1077:
1064:
991:
990:
988:
985:
983:
982:
976:
974:Parastatistics
971:
965:
959:
954:
949:
947:Weyl semimetal
944:
939:
933:
926:
924:
921:
887:
886:
875:
868:
847:
844:
832:
831:
825:
824:(massive), and
822:Dirac fermions
819:
802:tauon neutrino
746:Standard Model
740:
739:
737:
736:
729:
722:
714:
711:
710:
707:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
661:
656:
651:
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
501:
496:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
410:
407:
406:
403:
402:
384:
381:
380:
377:
376:
358:
355:
354:
351:
350:
330:Standard Model
324:
321:
320:
317:
316:
310:
273:
272:
266:Standard Model
259:
256:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2710:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2668:
2667:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2646:
2645:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2560:String theory
2558:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2519:Supersymmetry
2516:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2485:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2355:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2278:
2276:
2271:
2269:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2206:Exotic matter
2204:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2194:Eightfold way
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2184:Antiparticles
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2151:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1855:Atomic nuclei
1853:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1787:Upsilon meson
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1719:Lambda baryon
1717:
1715:
1712:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1578:Dual graviton
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1554:
1543:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1485:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1475:Superpartners
1472:
1469:
1467:
1463:
1457:
1454:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1358:Muon neutrino
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1290:Bottom (quark
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1200:
1195:
1193:
1188:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1170:
1166:
1151:
1111:
1102:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1068:
1065:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
996:
993:
986:
980:
977:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
928:
927:
922:
920:
918:
914:
909:
907:
903:
899:
898:superfluidity
894:
890:
884:
880:
876:
873:
869:
866:
865:
864:
861:
859:
853:
845:
843:
841:
837:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
816:Weyl fermions
814:
813:
812:
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
794:muon neutrino
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
735:
730:
728:
723:
721:
716:
715:
713:
712:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
670:
667:
665:
662:
660:
657:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
640:
637:
635:
632:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
505:
502:
500:
497:
495:
492:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
411:
405:
404:
399:
395:
391:
387:
379:
378:
373:
369:
365:
361:
353:
352:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
319:
318:
313:
275:
274:
271:
267:
263:
257:
255:
253:
249:
244:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
226:superfluidity
223:
219:
218:force carrier
215:
211:
207:
206:quantum state
202:
200:
195:
193:
189:
185:
182:
178:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
150:
148:
145:, which obey
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
89:
70:
66:
62:
54:
50:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2698:Enrico Fermi
2664:
2652:
2542:Supergravity
2402:Constituents
2382:Weak isospin
2340:Color charge
2330:Gauge theory
2307:
2246:
1917:Hypothetical
1865:Exotic atoms
1734:Omega baryon
1724:Sigma baryon
1714:Delta baryon
1466:Hypothetical
1448:Ghost fields
1434:Higgs boson
1368:Tau neutrino
1260:Charm (quark
1222:
1086:
1080:
1072:
1067:
1055:. Retrieved
1009:
1005:
995:
910:
906:Cooper pairs
895:
891:
888:
862:
855:
833:
810:
806:antiparticle
743:
356:Constituents
338:Gauge theory
252:Enrico Fermi
245:
234:
203:
196:
192:half-integer
174:relativistic
151:
64:
58:
36:
2603:Experiments
2494:Technicolor
2456:Dark matter
2350:Quark model
2318:Higgs boson
2313:Gauge boson
2199:Quark model
1967:Theta meson
1870:Positronium
1782:Omega meson
1777:J/psi meson
1707:Antineutron
1618:Dark photon
1583:Graviphoton
1542:Stop squark
1250:Down (quark
818:(massless),
534:Chamberlain
382:Limitations
125:made of an
2682:Categories
2610:Gran Sasso
2434:Beyond the
2409:CKM matrix
2296:Background
1941:Heptaquark
1902:Superatoms
1835:Pentaquark
1825:Tetraquark
1807:Quarkonium
1697:Antiproton
1598:Leptoquark
1533:Neutralino
1295:antiquark)
1285:antiquark)
1280:Top (quark
1275:antiquark)
1265:antiquark)
1255:antiquark)
1245:antiquark)
1214:Elementary
1165:Audio help
1156:2021-07-11
904:, forming
850:See also:
504:Iliopoulos
414:Rutherford
408:Scientists
368:CKM matrix
322:Background
248:Paul Dirac
127:odd number
2179:Particles
2124:Particles
2083:Polariton
2073:Plasmaron
2043:Dropleton
1936:Hexaquark
1907:Molecules
1895:Protonium
1772:Phi meson
1757:Rho meson
1729:Xi baryon
1661:Composite
1497:Gravitino
1240:Up (quark
1052:118571314
1044:1550-7998
1019:1302.0969
883:deuterium
877:The atom
872:carbon-13
836:neutrinos
694:de Mayolo
639:Schwinger
579:Kobayashi
469:Gell-Mann
434:Sudarshan
164:(such as
158:electrons
156:(such as
133:and many
2688:Fermions
2654:Category
2635:Tevatron
2487:Theories
2444:Evidence
2308:Fermions
2155:timeline
2007:R-hadron
1962:Glueball
1946:Skyrmion
1880:Tauonium
1593:Inflaton
1588:Graviton
1568:Curvaton
1538:Sfermion
1528:Higgsino
1523:Chargino
1484:Gauginos
1343:Neutrino
1328:Antimuon
1318:Positron
1313:Electron
1223:Fermions
1167: ·
1057:28 March
979:Skyrmion
923:See also
879:helium-3
782:electron
684:Guralnik
629:Politzer
604:'t Hooft
559:Weinberg
554:Majorana
544:Schwartz
509:Lederman
494:Anderson
484:Friedman
444:Anderson
439:Davis Jr
424:Chadwick
237:neutrons
121:and all
2666:Commons
2630:Super-K
2466:problem
2143:Related
2114:Baryons
2088:Polaron
2078:Plasmon
2053:Fracton
2048:Exciton
2002:Diquark
1997:Pomeron
1972:T meson
1929:Baryons
1890:Pionium
1875:Muonium
1802:D meson
1797:B meson
1702:Neutron
1687:Nucleon
1679:Baryons
1670:Hadrons
1633:Tachyon
1608:Majoron
1573:Dilaton
1502:Photino
1338:Antitau
1305:Leptons
1154: (
1125:minutes
1024:Bibcode
902:phonons
858:hadrons
766:strange
754:leptons
669:Englert
644:Wilczek
609:Veltman
584:Maskawa
539:Cabibbo
499:Glashow
474:Kendall
459:Feynman
419:Thomson
181:integer
166:protons
131:baryons
119:leptons
106:
94:
87:
75:
65:fermion
32:fermium
2119:Mesons
2068:Phonon
2063:Magnon
1985:Others
1955:Mesons
1848:Others
1744:Mesons
1692:Proton
1556:Others
1511:Others
1492:Gluino
1426:Scalar
1406:Photon
1389:Bosons
1232:Quarks
1097:
1050:
1042:
774:bottom
750:quarks
699:Lattes
689:Kibble
649:Cronin
634:Reines
599:Yukawa
514:Maiani
489:Powell
479:Taylor
464:Rubbia
214:matter
188:bosons
143:bosons
139:nuclei
115:quarks
53:hadron
49:bosons
2532:NMSSM
2107:Lists
2098:Trion
2093:Roton
2033:Anyon
1860:Atoms
1623:Preon
1563:Axion
1518:Axino
1411:Gluon
1398:Gauge
1048:S2CID
1014:arXiv
987:Notes
930:Anyon
798:tauon
770:charm
704:Zweig
679:Hagen
674:Brout
664:Higgs
659:Vleck
654:Fitch
624:Pauli
614:Gross
589:Mills
574:Salam
529:Nambu
524:Cowan
454:Dirac
449:Fermi
135:atoms
92:spin
73:spin
2527:MSSM
2058:Hole
1885:Onia
1792:Kaon
1752:Pion
1323:Muon
1095:ISBN
1059:2022
1040:ISSN
800:and
790:muon
776:and
762:down
752:and
744:The
619:Pais
594:Yang
569:Ward
549:Perl
519:Meer
429:Bose
186:are
184:spin
137:and
117:and
63:, a
2625:SNO
2620:LHC
2615:INO
1333:Tau
1032:doi
778:top
564:Lee
268:of
172:in
59:In
2684::
1093:.
1089:.
1046:.
1038:.
1030:.
1022:.
1010:87
1008:.
1004:.
842:.
796:,
792:,
788:,
784:,
772:,
768:,
764:,
760:,
758:up
254:.
243:.
149:.
90:,
2281:e
2274:t
2267:v
1831:)
1827:(
1544:)
1540:(
1198:e
1191:t
1184:v
1171:)
1163:(
1158:)
1127:)
1123:9
1120:(
1103:.
1061:.
1034::
1026::
1016::
733:e
726:t
719:v
103:2
100:/
97:3
84:2
81:/
78:1
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.