529:
and the rest with head, neck and extremity symptoms. (p. 219) Also the article "Chiropractic: A Profession at the
Crossroads of Mainstream and Alternative Medicine" states that, “chiropractic was to be a revolutionary system of healing based on the premise that neurologic dysfunction caused by ‘impinged’ nerves at the spinal level was the cause of most dis-ease”. (p. 218) The mechanisms that are claimed to alter nervous system function and affect overall health are seen as speculative in nature, however, clinical trials have been conducted that include “placebo-controlled comparisons comparisons with other treatments”. (p. 220) The American Chiropractic Association promotes chiropractic care of infants and children under the theory that “poor posture and physical injury, including birth trauma, may be common primary causes of illness in children and can have a direct and significant impact not only on spinal mechanics, but on other bodily functions”.
589:. A scoping review found that benign (mild-moderate) adverse events such as musculoskeletal pain, stiffness, and headache were common and transient (i.e., resolved within 24 hours), and affected 23–83% of adults. Serious outcomes are thought to be very rare, yet remain less studied than mild-moderate adverse events. One retrospective study examining 960,140 sessions of chiropractic spinal manipulation found two severe adverse events, both being rib fractures in older women with osteoporosis (incidence of 0.21 per 100,000 sessions). There are several contraindications to chiropractic spinal manipulation, including poor bone integrity, cervical arterial pathology, spinal metastasis, and spinal instability.
275:– is a method of analyzing and correcting the chiropractic upper cervical subluxation complex based on vertebral alignment measurements on neck x-rays taken from three different directions. The adjustment can be delivered by hand, hand-held or table mounted instruments along a pre-calculated vector using approximately 1 to 7 pounds of force. The patient is in a side-lying posture with a solid mastoid support. The procedure is based on the work of the late John F. Grostic, D.C.
27:
121:
from spinal manipulation in that the adjustment can only be applied to a vertebral malposition with the express intent to improve or correct the subluxation, whereas any joint, subluxated or not, may be manipulated to mobilize the joint or to put the joint through its range of motion. Chiropractic is a specialized field in the healing arts, and by prior rights, the spinal adjustment is distinct and singular to the chiropractic profession.
542:
subluxations of the spine and other joints. With time, fewer chiropractors hold this view, with "a small proportion of chiropractors, osteopaths, and other manual medicine providers use spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) to manage non-musculoskeletal disorders. However, the efficacy and effectiveness of these interventions to prevent or treat non-musculoskeletal disorders remain controversial."
233:– utilizes a diagnostic system for subluxation analysis consisting of gentle challenging and a unique leg check allowing the body to indicate the directions of misalignment of structures that are producing nerve interference. A gentle but directionally specific thumb impulse provides a long lasting correction to bony and soft tissue structures.
209:– a framework for understanding the body's response to force dynamics. Can be utilized with many techniques. Focuses on the body's full integration of forces and on assessment for choosing the most appropriate adjustive force application, ranging from light pressure to traditional joint cavitation, for each particular case presentation.
221:– a technique which aims to correct improper curvatures of the spine with traditional chiropractic manipulation (SMT), focused rehabilitation exercises, and a unique form of spinal traction which utilizes mechanically assisted and focused stretching to stretch and remodel the ligaments and related tissues of the spine.
528:
The effects of spinal adjustment vary depending on the method performed. All techniques claim effects similar to other manual therapies, ranging from decreased muscle tension to reduced stress. Studies show that most patients go to chiropractors for musculoskeletal problems: 60% with low back pain,
138:
As the chiropractic profession grew, individual practitioners and institutions proposed and developed various proprietary techniques and methods. While many of these techniques did not endure, hundreds of different approaches remain in chiropractic practice today. Not all of them involve HVLA thrust
532:
The effects of spinal manipulation have been shown to include: temporary relief of musculoskeletal pain, increased range of joint motion, changes in facet joint kinematics, increased pain tolerance and increased muscle strength. (p. 222) Common side effects of spinal manipulative therapy (SMT)
125:
One author claims that this concept is now repudiated by mainstream chiropractic. The definition of this procedure describes the use of a load (force) to specific body tissues with therapeutic intent. This "load" is traditionally supplied by hand, and can vary in its velocity, amplitude, duration,
120:
Chiropractic spinal adjustment is unique and singular to the chiropractic profession ... characterized by a specific thrust applied to the vertebra utilizing parts of the vertebra and contiguous structures as levers to directionally correct articular malposition. Adjustment shall be differentiated
84:
as "a lesion or dysfunction in a joint or motion segment in which alignment, movement integrity and/or physiological function are altered, although contact between joint surfaces remains intact. It is essentially a functional entity, which may influence biomechanical and neural integrity." This
545:
A 2019 global summit of "50 researchers from 8 countries and 28 observers from 18 chiropractic organizations" conducted a systematic review of the literature, and 44 of the 50 "found no evidence of an effect of SMT for the management of non-musculoskeletal disorders including infantile colic,
541:
Historically, the profession has falsely claimed that spinal adjustments have physiological effects on inner organs and their function, and thus affect overall health, not just musculoskeletal disorders, a view that originated with Palmer's original thesis that all diseases were caused by
245:– Developed by an automotive engineer turned chiropractor, this technique uses a very specific method of analysis by the use of nervoscopes, full spine x-rays and precise adjusting techniques that condemns "torquing" of the spine, which may harm the Intervertebral disc.
164:– The patient lies on a special table with sections that drop down. The chiropractor applies a quick thrust at the same time the section drops. The dropping of the table allows for a lighter adjustment without the twisting positions that can accompany other techniques.
170:– often the gentlest methods of adjusting the spine. The patient lies on the table face down while the chiropractor uses a spring-loaded activator instrument to perform the adjustment. This technique is often used to perform adjustments on animals as well.
146:– this is when the chiropractor, using crossed hands, presses down firmly on a particular area of the spine. Then, with a quick and precise thrust, the chiropractor adjusts the spine. This is done to improve mobility in the vertebral joints.
560:
There has been limited research on the safety of chiropractic spinal manipulation, making it difficult to establish precise estimates of the frequency and severity of adverse events. Adverse events are increasingly reported in
546:
childhood asthma, hypertension, primary dysmenorrhea, and migraine. This finding challenges the validity of the theory that treating spinal dysfunctions with SMT has a physiological effect on organs and their function."
100:
Coverage of chiropractic services is specifically limited to manual manipulation of the spine to correct a subluxation... Medicare will not pay for treatment unless it is 'manual manipulation of the spine to correct a
197:– uses the Activator Adjusting Instrument instead of by-hand adjustments to give consistent mechanical low-force, high-speed impulses to the body. Utilizes a leg-length analysis to determine segmental aberration.
239:– the classic chiropractic technique, developed by D.D. Palmer, DC. Uses specific manual thrusts focused on restoring normal biomechanical function. Has been developed to adjust extremity joints as well.
227:– a decompression focused procedure which utilizes specialized adjusting tables with movable parts; these tables stretch and decompress the facets and ligaments of the spine in a gentle rocking motion.
109:, although chiropractors much prefer to use the term spinal "adjustment", a term which reflects "their belief in the therapeutic and health-enhancing effect of correcting spinal joint abnormalities."
152:(aka side posture) – the chiropractor positions the patient on his or her side, then applies a quick and precise manipulative thrust to the misaligned vertebra, returning it to its proper position.
659:
942:"The global summit on the efficacy and effectiveness of spinal manipulative therapy for the prevention and treatment of non-musculoskeletal disorders: a systematic review of the literature"
853:
Lisi, Anthony J.; Bhardwaj, Mukesh K. (2004). "Chiropractic High-Velocity Low-Amplitude Spinal
Manipulation in the Treatment of a Case of Postsurgical Chronic Cauda Equina Syndrome".
64:, the founder of chiropractic. Claims made for the benefits of spinal adjustments range from temporary, palliative (pain relieving) effects to long term wellness and preventive care.
1173:
Gorrell, LM; Engel, RM; Brown, B; Lystad, RP (September 2016). "The reporting of adverse events following spinal manipulation in randomized clinical trials-a systematic review".
72:
The intention of a chiropractic adjustment is to affect or correct the alignment, motion and/or function of a vertebral joint. Specifically, adjustments are intended to correct "
251:– Synonyms for the upper cervical technique developed by B.J. Palmer which utilizes a quick thrust and release, and later incorporated a drop table as seen in modern practice.
1654:
1680:
215:– an objective upper cervical technique focusing primarily on misalignments in the first bone of the spine (Atlas) as it comes into contact with the head (Occiput).
76:", a non-scientific term given to the signs and symptoms that are said by chiropractors to result from abnormal alignment of vertebrae. In 2005, the chiropractic "
281:– uses a precision adjusting table with a weighing mechanism which adds only enough tension to hold the patient in the "up" position before the thrust is given.
179:– this is performed by a chiropractor certified in this technique in a hospital outpatient setting when the patient is unresponsive to traditional adjustments.
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815:
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differs from the medical definition of subluxation as a significant structural displacement, which can be seen with static imaging techniques such as
751:
269:– manual method of adjusting the atlas subluxation complex based on 3D x-ray studies which determine the correct line of drive or vector of force.
257:– gentle technique which utilizes a special adjusting table that helps adjust and stabilize the upper cervical region surrounding the brain stem.
1562:
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285:
Over the years, many variations of these techniques have been delivered, most as proprietary techniques developed by individual practitioners.
188:
There are many techniques which chiropractors can specialize in and employ in spinal adjustments. Some of the most notable techniques include:
1208:
Ernst E, Posadzki P (2012). "Reporting of adverse effects in randomised clinical trials of chiropractic manipulations: a systematic review".
837:
764:
139:
manipulation. Most cite case studies, anecdotal evidence, and patient testimonials as evidence for effectiveness. These techniques include:
498:
1305:
Senstad O, Leboeuf-Yde C, Borchgrevink C (February 1997). "Frequency and characteristics of side effects of spinal manipulative therapy".
263:– a light touch technique that works to "level the foundation" or sacrum. Its concept employs the use of heel lifts and specific contacts.
533:
are characterized as mild to moderate and may include: local discomfort, headache, tiredness, or radiating discomfort. (p. 222).
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105:
Chiropractic authors and researchers Meeker and
Haldeman write that the core clinical method that all chiropractors agree upon is
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1638:
1381:"A retrospective analysis of the incidence of severe adverse events among recipients of chiropractic spinal manipulative therapy"
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633:
174:
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203:– soft tissue system/movement based technique that treats problems with muscles, tendons, ligaments, fascia and nerves.
694:
Meeker WC, Haldeman S (2002). "Chiropractic: A Profession at the
Crossroads of Mainstream and Alternative Medicine".
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57:. Despite anecdotal success, there is no scientific evidence that spinal adjustment is effective against disease.
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1446:"Chiropractic Management of Neck Pain Complicated by Symptomatic Vertebral Artery Stenosis and Dizziness"
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77:
73:
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guidelines. Chiropractic spinal manipulation is frequently associated with mild to moderate temporary
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812:
ADJUSTMENT AND SPINAL MANIPULATION ICA Policy
Statements: Spinal Adjustment and Spinal Manipulation
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158:– the chiropractor applies gentle pressure using his or her fingertips to separate the vertebrae.
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577:, and also serious outcomes which can result in permanent disability or death, which include
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Chu, Eric Chun-Pu; Trager, Robert J.; Lee, Linda Yin-King; Niazi, Imran Khan (2023-01-23).
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Spinal adjustments were among many chiropractic techniques invented in the 19th century by
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Côté, Pierre; Hartvigsen, Jan; Axén, Iben; Leboeuf-Yde, Charlotte (February 17, 2021).
1116:"What are the risks of manual treatment of the spine? A scoping review for clinicians"
660:"The first chiropractor was a Canadian who claimed he received a message from a ghost"
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This intention forms the legal and philosophical foundation of the profession, which
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The
Chiropractic Profession: Its Education, Practice, Research and Future Directions
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Chu, Eric Chun-Pu; Trager, Robert J; Tao, Cliff; Lee, Linda Yin-King (2022-10-01).
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Gouveia, Liliana Olim; Castanho, Pedro; Ferreira, Joaquim J. (2009-05-15).
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889:
Manipulation of the spine, thorax, and pelvis: an osteopathic approach
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1288:"Spinal Manipulation Should Not Be Routinely Used, New Study Warns"
902:
286:
25:
279:
Thompson
Terminal Point Technique (Thompson Drop-Table Technique)
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19:
For the generic approach to manipulation of spinal joints, see
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frequency, and body location and is usually abbreviated HVLA (
1237:"Adverse effects of spinal manipulation: a systematic review"
1001:"Adverse effects of spinal manipulation: a systematic review"
292:
1058:"Safety of chiropractic interventions: a systematic review"
753:
WHO guidelines on basic training and safety in chiropractic
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A chiropractor performs an adjustment on a patient.
952:(1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 8.
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249:Hole-in-one Technique/Toggle Recoil Technique
8:
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658:Kirkey, Sharon; Hall, Brice (July 2, 2019).
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914:American Chiropractic Association (1994).
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1005:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
114:International Chiropractor's Association
1349:"Safety and regulation of chiropractic"
718:10.7326/0003-4819-136-3-200202050-00010
625:
255:Kale Technique (Specific Chiropractic)
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1372:
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1286:Nordqvist, Christian (July 2, 2007).
1114:Swait, Gabrielle; Finch, Rob (2017).
1109:
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7:
1450:The American Journal of Case Reports
795:"Coverage for Chiropractic Services"
569:despite recommendations in the 2010
1120:Chiropractic & Manual Therapies
946:Chiropractic & Manual Therapies
750:World Health Organization (2005).
585:, vertebral and rib fractures and
565:of spinal manipulation but remain
14:
1765:Chiropractic treatment techniques
556:Spinal manipulation § Safety
303:Advanced BioStructural Correction
1319:10.1097/00007632-199702150-00017
457:Sacral Occipital Technique (SOT)
45:to describe their approaches to
1313:(4): 435–40, discussion 440–1.
231:Directional Non-Force Technique
96:law summarizes in this manner:
916:"Infant and child care policy"
417:NeuroEmotional Technique (NET)
213:Blair Upper Cervical Technique
1:
887:Peter Gibbons, Philip Tehan.
759:. World Health Organization.
537:Non-musculoskeletal disorders
467:Spinal Biomedical Engineering
414:Neural Organization Technique
349:Chiropractic Biophysics (CBP)
321:Bio-Energetic Synchronization
219:Chiropractic Biophysics (CBP)
175:Manipulation under anesthesia
1187:10.1016/j.spinee.2016.05.018
1074:10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181a16d63
832:. NCMIC Group. p. 160.
828:David Chapman-Smith (2000).
1669:International organizations
128:high velocity low amplitude
1781:
1405:10.1038/s41598-023-28520-4
1255:10.1177/014107680710000716
1017:10.1177/014107680710000716
959:10.1186/s12998-021-00362-9
900:Chiropractic Applications.
867:10.1016/j.jmpt.2004.10.002
634:"Sense about Chiropractic"
563:randomized clinical trials
553:
429:Nutrition Response Testing
337:Body Restoration Technique
18:
1732:
1563:Controversy and criticism
1133:10.1186/s12998-017-0168-5
524:Musculoskeletal disorders
324:Bio-Geometric Integration
289:has made a partial list:
207:Bio-Geometric Integration
201:Active Release Techniques
82:World Health Organization
1616:Torque release technique
1596:Koren Specific Technique
614:Osteopathic manipulation
423:Neuro Vascular Technique
420:Neuro Muscular Technique
273:Orthospinology Procedure
1558:Veterinary chiropractic
999:Ernst, E. (July 2007).
492:Total Body Modification
480:Thompson Terminal Point
461:Soft Tissue Orthopedics
358:Contact Reflex Analysis
225:Cox Flexion-Distraction
39:chiropractic adjustment
583:spinal disc herniation
168:Instrument adjustments
123:
103:
74:vertebral subluxations
31:
16:Chiropractic technique
1709:Joseph C. Keating Jr.
1581:Cervical manipulation
1177:(Systematic Review).
639:. Sense About Science
587:cauda equina syndrome
374:Diversified technique
371:Directional Non-Force
261:Logan Basic Technique
80:" was defined by the
29:
1462:10.12659/ajcr.937991
599:Chiropractic history
503:Vector Point Therapy
368:Craniosacral Therapy
352:Clinical Kinesiology
1586:Activator technique
1553:Sports chiropractic
1397:2023NatSR..13.1254C
464:Spinal Biomechanics
377:Flexion-Distraction
306:Applied Kinesiology
299:Activator technique
107:spinal manipulation
62:Daniel David Palmer
53:, who use the term
47:spinal manipulation
21:Spinal manipulation
1648:Accrediting bodies
1606:Myofascial release
1591:Gonstead technique
1385:Scientific Reports
609:Joint manipulation
243:Gonstead Technique
134:Adjustment methods
49:, as well as some
41:are terms used by
32:
1747:
1746:
1719:Clarence Gonstead
1611:Spinal adjustment
1175:The Spine Journal
839:978-1-892734-02-0
766:978-92-4-159371-7
515:
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470:Spinal Biophysics
447:Pierce Stillwagon
194:Activator Methods
162:Table adjustments
35:Spinal adjustment
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408:Motion Palpation
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309:Atlas Orthogonal
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604:Cracking joints
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355:Concept Therapy
267:NUCCA Technique
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1541:Chiropractic
1534:Chiropractic
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1357:. Retrieved
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450:Pro-Adjuster
386:Hole in one
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1699:D.D. Palmer
1639:Credentials
1456:: e937991.
1391:(1): 1254.
1353:NHS Choices
1242:J R Soc Med
920:Dyn Chiropr
643:31 December
395:Logan Basic
237:Diversified
150:Lumbar Roll
144:Toggle Drop
94:US Medicare
78:subluxation
68:Description
1754:Categories
1724:Tedd Koren
1573:Techniques
780:2008-02-29
620:References
554:See also:
506:Versendaal
184:Techniques
130:) thrust.
55:adjustment
51:osteopaths
1626:Education
1470:1941-5923
1413:2045-2322
1210:N Z Med J
1142:2045-709X
1082:1528-1159
1025:0141-0768
968:2045-709X
704:CiteSeerX
312:Auricular
1738:Category
1488:36258651
1431:36690712
1273:17606755
1222:22522273
1195:27241208
1160:29234493
1098:21279308
1090:19444054
1043:17606755
986:33596925
875:15614245
799:Medicare
734:16782086
726:11827498
593:See also
495:Traction
483:Toftness
477:Thompson
440:Pettibon
380:Gonstead
1660:CCE-USA
1634:Schools
1548:History
1479:9597265
1422:9870863
1393:Bibcode
1335:7482895
1327:9055373
1264:1905885
1151:5719861
1034:1905885
977:7890602
579:strokes
571:CONSORT
519:Effects
411:Network
392:Leander
383:Grostic
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1331:S2CID
1307:Spine
1094:S2CID
1062:Spine
926:(17).
903:WebMD
774:(PDF)
757:(PDF)
730:S2CID
637:(PDF)
426:Nimmo
405:Meric
334:Blair
287:WebMD
177:(MUA)
1681:FICS
1655:CCEI
1484:PMID
1466:ISSN
1427:PMID
1409:ISSN
1361:2016
1323:PMID
1269:PMID
1218:PMID
1191:PMID
1156:PMID
1138:ISSN
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1078:ISSN
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1021:ISSN
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964:ISSN
871:PMID
834:ISBN
761:ISBN
722:PMID
645:2012
389:Kale
112:The
37:and
1676:WFC
1474:PMC
1458:doi
1417:PMC
1401:doi
1315:doi
1259:PMC
1251:doi
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