632:
834:
668:
656:
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year for one-year-olds, 10 cm (3.9 in) per year for adolescents, and 5 cm (2.0 in) per year for adults. In the northwestern
Atlantic, males mature at 1.3 m (4.3 ft) long and females at 1.5–1.6 m (4.9–5.2 ft) long, corresponding to ages of 4–5 years and 7–8 years, respectively. Off South Africa, males mature at 1.8 m (5.9 ft) and females at 2.1 m (6.9 ft). Spinner sharks generally do not reproduce until they are 12–14 years old. The
810:. This species employs an unusual tactic when feeding on schools of small fish; the shark charges vertically through the school, spinning on its axis with its mouth open and snapping all around it. The shark's momentum at the end of these spiraling runs often carries it into the air, giving it its common name. The blacktip shark also performs this behavior, though not as often. Off Madagascar, spinner sharks follow migrating schools of mackerel, tunas, and jacks. Like blacktip sharks, they congregate around
31:
605:
has a slim, streamlined body with a distinctive, long, pointed snout. The eyes are small and circular. Prominent, forward-pointing furrows occur at the corners of the mouth. The tooth rows number 15–18 in each half of the upper jaw and 14–17 in each half of the lower jaw, with two and one tiny symphysial (central) teeth, respectively. The teeth have long, narrow central cusps and are finely serrated in the upper jaw and smooth in the lower jaw. The five pairs of
221:
644:
75:
50:
897:
417:. The tooth shape and coloration of this species varies significantly with age and between geographical regions, which caused much taxonomic confusion. Other common names include black-tipped shark, great blacktip shark, inkytail shark, large blacktip shark, long-nose grey shark, longnose grey whaler, and smoothfang shark.
879:
relative to the fully developed embryo of any viviparous shark known. Females give birth to three to 20 (usually seven to 11) pups every other year, after a gestation period of 11–15 months. Mating occurs from early spring to summer, and parturition in August off North Africa, from April to May
940:
products. Spinner sharks are an important catch of the US commercial shark fisheries operating in the northwestern
Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico. The meat is marketed under the name "blacktip shark" in the United States, due to that species being considered superior in quality by consumers. It is
587:
The spinner shark has been reported from the ocean surface to a depth of 100 m (330 ft), though it prefers water less than 30 m (98 ft) deep, and occupies all levels of the water column. This species may be found from coastal waters to well offshore, over continental and insular
883:
The length at birth is 66–77 cm (26–30 in) in the northwestern
Atlantic, 61–69 cm (24–27 in) off Tunisia, and 60 cm (24 in) off South Africa. Spinner sharks are relatively fast-growing sharks: 30 cm (12 in) per year for newborns, 25 cm (9.8 in) per
604:
The average spinner shark is 2 m (6.6 ft) long and weighs 56 kg (123 lb); this species attains a maximum known length and weight of 3 m (9.8 ft) and 90 kg (200 lb). Indo-Pacific sharks are generally larger than those from the northwest
Atlantic. This species
624:
with seven (rarely five) shallow horizontal ridges. The coloration is gray above, sometimes with a bronze sheen, and white below, with a faint white band on the sides. Young individuals have unmarked fins; the tips of the second dorsal fin, pectoral fins, anal fin, and lower caudal fin lobe (and
625:
sometimes the other fins, as well) are black in larger individuals. The spinner shark differs from the blacktip shark in that its first dorsal fin is slightly more triangular in shape and is placed further back on the body. Adults can also be distinguished by the black tip on the anal fin.
353:, with females bearing litters of three to 20 young every other year. The young are born in shallow nursery areas near the coast, and are relatively fast-growing. This species is not usually dangerous to humans, but may become belligerent when excited by food. Spinner sharks are valued by
687:, segregated by age and sex. Young individuals prefer cooler water temperatures than adults. Off South Africa, females are found close to shore year-round, while males only appear during the summer. Smaller spinner sharks may be preyed upon by larger sharks. Known
941:
likely also caught by other fisheries across its range, going unreported owing to confusion with the blacktip shark. The spinner shark is also highly regarded by recreational fishers, being described as a "spectacular fighter" that often leaps out of the water.
1572:
880:
off South Africa, and from March to April in the northwestern
Atlantic. Young are birthed in coastal nursery areas such as bays, beaches, and high-salinity estuaries in water deeper than 5 m (16 ft).
908:
as prey, as their small, narrow teeth are adapted for grasping rather than cutting. However, they can become excited by the presence of food, so caution is warranted if this species is encountered while
956:
1999 Fishery
Management Plan for Atlantic Tunas, Swordfish, and Sharks. For the purposes of commercial quotas and recreational bag limits, the spinner shark is categorized as a "large coastal shark".
620:. No ridge exists between the first and second dorsal fins. The pectoral fins are moderately short, narrow, and falcate (sickle-shaped). The body is densely covered with diamond-shaped
306:
Carcharhinidae, named for the spinning leaps it makes as a part of its feeding strategy. This species occurs in tropical and warm temperate waters worldwide, except for in the eastern
1569:
2762:
310:. It is found from coastal to offshore habitats to a depth of 100 m (330 ft), though it prefers shallow water. The spinner shark resembles a larger version of the
2757:
2686:
2518:
349:, they speed vertically through the school while spinning on their axis, erupting from the water at the end. Like other members of its family, the spinner shark is
2742:
366:
2557:
806:. Groups of spinner sharks are often found pursuing schools of prey at high speed. Individual prey are seized and swallowed whole, as this shark lacks cutting
488:
Some uncertainty exists in the distribution data for the spinner shark due to confusion with the blacktip shark. In the
Western Atlantic Ocean, it occurs from
1543:
1083:
1402:
Capape, C.; Hemida, F.; Seck, A.A.; Diatta, Y.; Guelorget, O. & Zaouali, J. (2003). "Distribution and reproductive biology of the spinner shark,
2492:
1608:
2699:
2531:
1147:"The phylogenetic relationships among requiem and hammerhead sharks: inferring phylogeny when thousands of equally most parsimonious trees result"
867:. When the embryo grows to around 19 cm (7.5 in) long, the supply of yolk has been exhausted and the empty yolk sac develops into a
2583:
1282:
1104:
2673:
1446:
Fowler, S.L.; Cavanagh, R.D.; Camhi, M.; Burgess, G.H.; Cailliet, G.M.; Fordham, S.V.; Simpfendorfer, C.A. & Musick, J.A. (2005).
631:
1492:
1455:
1355:
1322:
1257:
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953:
318:), with a slender body, long snout, and black-marked fins. This species can be distinguished from the blacktip shark by the first
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2619:
2752:
914:
1206:
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667:
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The meat of the spinner shark is of high quality and sold fresh or dried and salted. In addition, the fins are used for
390:
210:
74:
2453:
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1473:. International Shark Attack File, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida. Retrieved on May 7, 2009.
2405:
2562:
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1841:
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1958:
596:; in spring and summer, they are found in warm inshore waters, and in winter, they move south into deeper water.
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1080:
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386:
206:
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listed 16 unprovoked attacks and one provoked attack attributable to the spinner shark, none of them fatal.
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424:, tooth shape, and behavior, the closest relatives of the spinner shark were originally believed to be the
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1868:
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342:
30:
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1450:. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. pp. 106–109, 287–288.
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220:
39:
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Ordinarily, spinner sharks do not pose a substantial danger to humans; they do not perceive large
2013:
1187:
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Rigby, C.L.; Carlson, J.; Smart, J.J.; Pacoureau, N.; Herman, K.; Derrick, D.; Brown, E. (2020).
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worldwide; its frequent use of coastal habitats renders it vulnerable to human exploitation and
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572:. Parasitological evidence suggests that Indian Ocean spinner sharks have passed through the
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Sharks of the World: An
Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date
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1090:. Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department. Retrieved on May 7, 2009.
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connection through which the mother provides nutrients for the remainder of
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509:
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86:
1234:
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is relatively small and usually originates behind the free rear tip of the
2575:
1371:
952:. The Northwest Atlantic fishery for this species is managed under the US
900:
The spinner shark is valued by both commercial and recreational fisheries.
2645:
2479:
2384:
1637:
1518:
1174:
1113:
868:
864:
837:
791:
763:
688:
589:
437:
436:). However, this interpretation was not supported by Gavin Naylor's 1992
330:
326:(in adults only). It attains a maximum length of 3 m (9.8 ft).
323:
106:
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1510:
937:
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751:
747:
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The spinner shark is a fast, active swimmer that sometimes forms large
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860:
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analysis, which suggested that these similarities are the product of
96:
2361:
1448:
Sharks, Rays and
Chimaeras: The Status of the Chondrichthyan Fishes
397:, based on the mounted skin of a 79-cm-long specimen collected off
1655:
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832:
799:
735:
723:
557:
541:
136:
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conditions. The northwest
Atlantic subpopulation is known to be
545:
501:
398:
2365:
1590:
1046:. Rome: Food and Agricultural Organization. pp. 466–468.
970:
968:
1564:
1485:
Coastal Fishing in the Carolinas: From Surf, Pier, and Jetty
1406:(Muller and Henle, 1841) (Chondrichthyes: Carcharhinidae)".
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
734:
Spinner sharks feed primarily on small bony fish, including
588:
shelves. Juveniles have been known to enter bays, but avoid
1250:
Biological Invasions in Europe and the Mediterranean Basin
444:
and that the closest relative of the spinner shark is the
859:; each uterus is divided into compartments, one for each
361:, and skin. They are also esteemed as strong fighters by
1552:
Florida Museum of Natural History Ichthyology Department
1570:
Chicago Tribune video - Spinner shark jumps over surfer
460:
of all the requiem shark species examined save for the
1248:
Castri, F.; Hansen, A.J. & Debussche, M. (1990).
1273:
Compagno, L.J.V; Dando, M. & Fowler, S. (2005).
401:. This species was subsequently moved to the genera
2635:
2374:
2335:
2302:
2224:
2200:
2167:
2143:
2119:
2086:
2062:
2002:
1978:
1670:
1582:
Carcharhinus brevipinna at www.shark-references.com
1309:
A Guide to the Common Sea Fishes of Southern Africa
456:study, the spinner shark was found to be the most
888:has been estimated at 15–20 years or more.
1277:. Princeton University Press. pp. 293–294.
1207:"The phylogenetic relationship within the genus
847:Like other requiem sharks, the spinner shark is
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1487:(third ed.). John F. Blair. p. 129.
512:. In the Eastern Atlantic, it occurs from off
381:The spinner shark was originally described as
367:International Union for Conservation of Nature
1602:
1471:ISAF Statistics on Attacking Species of Shark
1000:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-3.RLTS.T39368A2908817.en
8:
1305:Van der Elst, R. & Borchert, P. (1993).
840:(external male copulatory parts) of a young
1037:
944:The IUCN has assessed the spinner shark as
863:. The embryos are initially sustained by a
395:Systematische Beschreibung der Plagiostomen
2763:Taxa named by Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle
2362:
1609:
1595:
1587:
1252:(second ed.). Springer. p. 300.
1035:
1033:
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1027:
1025:
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29:
20:
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851:. Adult females have a single functional
357:across their range for their meat, fins,
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
895:
329:Spinner sharks are swift and gregarious
1135:. NOAA Technical Report, NMFS CIRC-445.
964:
627:
2743:IUCN Red List near threatened species
413:before being placed within the genus
333:that feed on a wide variety of small
7:
2758:Taxa named by Johannes Peter Müller
986:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
790:. They have also been known to eat
1313:(third ed.). Struik. p.
1166:10.1111/j.1096-0031.1992.tb00073.x
1081:Biological Profiles: Spinner Shark
726:and the rear margins of the fins.
706:, which infest the shark's gills,
14:
1342:Coastal Fishes of Southern Africa
954:National Marine Fisheries Service
691:of the spinner shark include the
875:. This species has the smallest
666:
654:
642:
630:
73:
915:International Shark Attack File
468:), being less related to other
714:, which infests the mouth and
383:Carcharias (Aprion) brevipinna
1:
369:has assessed this species as
2281:Australian sharpnose shark (
1842:Smoothtooth blacktip shark (
936:, and the skin is made into
391:Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle
2272:Caribbean sharpnose shark (
2245:Brazilian sharpnose shark (
1959:Australian blacktip shark (
1420:10.1560/DHHM-A68M-VKQH-CY9F
228:Range of the spinner shark
2779:
2290:Atlantic sharpnose shark (
1346:. NISC (PTY) LTD. p.
1227:10.1016/j.crvi.2008.04.001
1205:Dosay-Akbulut, M. (2008).
821:, and may be incited into
710:, which infests the skin,
2323:Pacific spadenose shark (
2254:Pacific sharpnose shark (
1772:Pacific smalltail shark (
1626:
1408:Israel Journal of Zoology
1042:Compagno, L.J.V. (1984).
817:to feed on the discarded
420:Based on similarities in
263:Isogomphodon maculipinnis
239:
232:
227:
218:
195:
188:
70:Scientific classification
68:
46:
37:
28:
23:
1869:Oceanic whitetip shark (
1483:Goldstein, R.J. (2000).
1215:Comptes Rendus Biologies
1127:Garrick, J.A.F. (1982).
1103:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.).
484:Distribution and habitat
434:C. amblyrhynchoides
259:Müller & Henle, 1839
24:Carcharhinus brevipinna
2446:carcharhinus-brevipinna
2433:Carcharhinus_brevipinna
2420:Carcharhinus_brevipinna
2406:Carcharhinus brevipinna
2376:Carcharhinus brevipinna
2179:Sicklefin lemon shark (
2107:Borneo broadfin shark (
2050:Irrawaddy river shark (
1559:Carcharhinus brevipinna
1539:Carcharhinus brevipinna
1526:Carcharhinus brevipinna
1513:Carcharhinus brevipinna
1404:Carcharhinus brevipinna
1374:Carcharhinus brevipinna
1145:Naylor, G.J.P. (1992).
1107:Carcharhinus brevipinna
979:Carcharhinus brevipinna
842:Carcharhinus brevipinna
544:and nearby islands, to
295:Carcharhinus brevipinna
199:Carcharhinus brevipinna
2753:Fish described in 1839
2263:Grey sharpnose shark (
2032:Northern river shark (
1905:Caribbean reef shark (
901:
844:
478:Negaprion brevirostris
377:Taxonomy and phylogeny
2637:Carcharias brevipinna
2347:Whitetip reef shark (
1887:Blacktip reef shark (
1338:Heemstra, E. (2004).
1129:"Sharks of the genus
899:
836:
458:genetically divergent
387:Johannes Peter Müller
256:Carcharias brevipinna
249:Carcharhinus johnsoni
2014:Borneo river shark (
993:: e.T39368A2908817.
722:, which infests the
504:, and from southern
442:convergent evolution
363:recreational fishers
355:commercial fisheries
1824:Pondicherry shark (
1711:C. amblyrhynchoides
1275:Sharks of the World
1117:. May 2009 version.
950:habitat degradation
855:and two functional
720:Perissopus dentatus
712:Nesippus orientalis
679:Biology and ecology
582:Lessepsian migrants
568:, and possibly the
524:, it is found from
270:Longmania calamaria
40:Conservation status
2074:Daggernose shark (
2041:Speartooth shark (
1788:Whitecheek shark (
1575:2012-02-04 at the
1546:2010-04-16 at the
1086:2010-04-16 at the
913:. As of 2008, the
902:
892:Human interactions
845:
708:Alebion carchariae
450:C. brachyurus
341:. When feeding on
242:Aprionodon caparti
181:C. brevipinna
2728:
2727:
2597:Open Tree of Life
2368:Taxon identifiers
2359:
2358:
2314:Spadenose shark (
2155:Whitenose shark (
1950:Spot-tail shark (
1932:Blackspot shark (
1923:Smalltail shark (
1833:Finetooth shark (
1815:Galapagos shark (
1718:Grey reef shark (
1693:C. albimarginatus
1691:Silvertip shark (
1682:Blacknose shark (
1662:Carcharhiniformes
1284:978-0-691-12071-3
932:is processed for
704:N. atlantica
578:Mediterranean Sea
472:species than the
466:Galeocerdo cuvier
286:
285:
281:
274:
267:
260:
253:
246:
147:Carcharhiniformes
63:
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2707:
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2408:
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2394:
2393:
2363:
2325:S. macrorhynchos
2098:Broadfin shark (
1878:Hardnose shark (
1860:Blacktip shark (
1817:C. galapagenisis
1720:C. amblyrhynchos
1709:Graceful shark (
1611:
1604:
1597:
1588:
1499:
1498:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
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1424:
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1399:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1376:, Spinner Shark"
1368:
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1007:
1002:
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886:maximum lifespan
823:feeding frenzies
670:
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622:dermal denticles
556:, it occurs off
496:, including the
492:to the northern
279:
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251:
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201:
78:
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52:
51:
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16:Species of shark
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2571:Observation.org
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2298:
2220:
2196:
2190:N. brevirostris
2163:
2139:
2131:Sliteye shark (
2115:
2082:
2058:
1998:
1974:
1914:Sandbar shark (
1889:C. melanopterus
1808:C. fitzroyensis
1763:Nervous shark (
1754:Spinner shark (
1700:Bignose shark (
1666:
1622:
1615:
1577:Wayback Machine
1557:Spinner shark (
1548:Wayback Machine
1537:Spinner shark (
1524:Spinner shark (
1511:Spinner shark (
1507:
1502:
1495:
1482:
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1477:
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1444:
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1378:. MarineBio.org
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300:requiem shark
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278:
277:Uranga nasuta
273:Whitley, 1944
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133:Subdivision:
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2748:Carcharhinus
2730:
2636:
2375:
2348:
2336:
2324:
2315:
2303:
2291:
2282:
2273:
2265:R. oligolinx
2264:
2255:
2246:
2237:
2236:Milk shark (
2225:
2213:
2212:Blue shark (
2201:
2189:
2181:N. acutidens
2180:
2168:
2156:
2144:
2132:
2120:
2109:L. tephrodes
2108:
2099:
2087:
2075:
2065:Isogomphodon
2063:
2052:G. siamensis
2051:
2042:
2033:
2024:
2015:
2003:
1991:
1979:
1968:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1924:
1915:
1906:
1897:
1888:
1879:
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1861:
1852:
1851:Bull shark (
1843:
1834:
1825:
1816:
1807:
1798:
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1773:
1764:
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1746:
1737:
1728:
1719:
1710:
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1692:
1684:C. acronotus
1683:
1673:Carcharhinus
1671:
1654:Subdivision
1558:
1538:
1525:
1512:
1484:
1478:
1466:
1447:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1380:. Retrieved
1373:
1366:
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1308:
1274:
1268:
1249:
1243:
1218:
1214:
1209:Carcharhinus
1208:
1200:
1157:
1153:
1140:
1131:Carcharhinus
1130:
1123:
1112:
1106:
1095:
1043:
1004:. Retrieved
990:
984:
978:
943:
919:
911:spearfishing
903:
882:
846:
841:
829:Life history
788:tongue-soles
733:
719:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
682:
611:
603:
586:
538:Gulf of Aden
526:South Africa
522:Indian Ocean
514:North Africa
487:
477:
470:Carcharhinus
469:
465:
449:
446:copper shark
433:
419:
415:Carcharhinus
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410:
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328:
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207:J. P. Müller
198:
196:
180:
179:
168:Carcharhinus
167:
18:
2506:iNaturalist
2400:Wikispecies
2256:R. longurio
2247:R. lalandii
2034:G. garricki
2016:G. fowlerae
1961:C. tilstoni
1943:C. signatus
1916:C. plumbeus
1898:C. obscurus
1862:C. limbatus
1826:C. hemiodon
1079:Bester, C.
1006:19 November
752:sea catfish
736:tenpounders
716:gill arches
673:Lower teeth
661:Upper teeth
600:Description
580:, becoming
570:Philippines
474:lemon shark
462:tiger shark
373:worldwide.
347:forage fish
339:cephalopods
335:bony fishes
316:C. limbatus
252:Smith, 1951
2737:Categories
2652:Q106446141
2338:Triaenodon
2283:R. taylori
2274:R. porosus
2043:G. glyphis
1981:Galeocerdo
1969:C. tjutjot
1925:C. porosus
1880:C. macloti
1844:C. leiodon
1782:C. coatesi
1774:C. cerdale
1702:C. altimus
1154:Cladistics
960:References
946:Vulnerable
849:viviparous
796:cuttlefish
756:lizardfish
637:Gill slits
614:dorsal fin
612:The first
609:are long.
607:gill slits
574:Suez Canal
530:Madagascar
422:morphology
411:Aprionodon
371:Vulnerable
351:viviparous
320:dorsal fin
266:Poey, 1865
245:Poll, 1951
123:Subclass:
2349:T. obesus
2305:Scoliodon
2238:R. acutus
2214:P. glauca
2170:Negaprion
2146:Nasolamia
2089:Lamiopsis
1992:G. cuvier
1952:C. sorrah
1934:C. sealei
1907:C. perezi
1853:C. leucas
1835:C. isodon
1765:C. cautus
1648:Subclass
930:liver oil
926:East Asia
873:gestation
869:placental
808:dentition
792:stingrays
748:anchovies
689:parasites
594:migratory
576:into the
566:Australia
552:. In the
532:, to the
520:. In the
510:Argentina
359:liver oil
331:predators
302:, in the
175:Species:
93:Kingdom:
87:Eukaryota
2692:10581262
2646:Wikidata
2524:11164526
2480:FishBase
2391:Q1480630
2385:Wikidata
2203:Prionace
2157:N. velox
1656:Selachii
1638:Chordata
1632:Animalia
1630:Kingdom
1573:Archived
1544:Archived
1519:FishBase
1235:18558373
1192:39697113
1184:34929961
1114:FishBase
1084:Archived
934:vitamins
865:yolk sac
838:Claspers
815:trawlers
784:mojarras
776:croakers
764:bluefish
740:sardines
693:copepods
590:brackish
536:and the
438:allozyme
428:and the
324:anal fin
234:Synonyms
153:Family:
107:Chordata
103:Phylum:
97:Animalia
83:Domain:
60:IUCN 3.1
2612:2291210
2498:2417983
2122:Loxodon
2005:Glyphis
1636:Phylum
1621:species
1617:Extant
938:leather
906:mammals
819:bycatch
804:octopus
760:mullets
744:herring
730:Feeding
685:schools
562:Vietnam
550:Sumatra
534:Red Sea
518:Namibia
498:Bahamas
407:Squalus
343:schools
213:, 1839)
163:Genus:
143:Order:
113:Class:
58: (
2718:298626
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