45:. These instruments are made of a resonator and string bearer that are physically united, with strings in parallel to the sound table and a handle which is also the string bearer and which passes diametrically through the resonator. The shape of the resonator divides the instrument into one of three subcategories:
1288:
320:
282:
248:
216:
164:
1262:
107:
gourd. Non-griot lutes are not restricted by heredity, and are used for many social purposes, most commonly hunting. It is likely that one or more of these instruments is the ancestor of the
144:
805:
1223:
916:
124:
1066:
632:
442:
von
Hornbostel, Erich M.; Curt Sachs (March 1961). "Classification of Musical Instruments: Translated from the Original German by Anthony Baines and Klaus P. Wachsmann".
609:
324:: Instrument in which the handle passes diametrically through the walls of a tube (where the depth of the body exceeds the radius of the membrane) (
188:
70:
refers to the fact that the handle passes through the resonator, often forming a spike after it emerges from it. In instruments like the
Chinese
1267:
432:
94:, instruments in which the handle does not extend all the way through the resonator. A hereditary class of West African musicians,
169:
666:
602:
424:
618:
100:, play only tanged lutes; but non-griot performers in West Africa play a mixture of both spike lutes and tanged lutes.
595:
103:
The resonator of these West
African lutes may be made of wood, metal (such as a discarded can), hide, or a half-
1174:
32:
1293:
1239:
1105:
342:
These instruments may be classified with a suffix, based on how the strings are caused to vibrate.
152:
and string bearer are physically united and can not be separated without destroying the instrument
725:
564:
524:
459:
193:
1200:
1162:
507:
Stock, Jonathan (March 1993). "A Historical
Account of the Chinese Two-Stringed Fiddle Erhu".
428:
133:
1188:
643:
556:
516:
451:
400:
108:
54:
46:
472:
1194:
774:
761:
325:
253:
50:
1233:
1180:
287:
220:: Instruments in which the handle passes diametrically through or over the resonator (
1282:
984:
798:
697:
1218:
1085:
990:
831:
682:
547:
Charry, Eric (March 1996). "Plucked Lutes in West Africa: An
Historical Overview".
291:
91:
1168:
967:
953:
940:
911:
825:
746:
736:
377:
129:
168:: Instruments in which the strings run in a plane parallel to the sound table (
1021:
837:
221:
1061:
1046:
751:
627:
149:
128:: Instruments in which sound is produced by one or more vibrating strings (
587:
252:: Instrument with a resonator made from a bowl, either natural or carved (
17:
1247:
1015:
945:
362:
104:
858:
568:
528:
463:
1154:
929:
560:
520:
455:
1145:
708:
111:
96:
78:
1032:
1009:
72:
591:
286:: Instruments in which the resonator is in the form of a box (
192:: Instruments in which the string bearer is a plain handle (
76:, the spike is vestigial, but in many instruments, like the
1289:
Lists of musical instruments by
Hornbostel–Sachs number
41:
under that system. These instruments are also known as
37:, covering those instruments that are classified under
1263:
List of musical instruments by
Hornbostel–Sachs number
1215:
1135:
1075:
1059:
999:
925:
908:
887:
867:
851:
814:
796:
772:
723:
680:
641:
625:
90:Spike lutes are common in West Africa, as are
603:
8:
473:"Banjo Ancestors: The Lutes of West Africa"
1072:
922:
811:
638:
610:
596:
588:
82:, it acts as support during performances.
542:
540:
538:
490:
421:The Cambridge Companion to the Guitar
7:
497:Sachs and von Hornbostel, pg. 6–25
86:West African griot and spike lutes
25:
1268:Musical instrument classification
427:. Cambridge University Press.
1:
425:Cambridge Companions to Music
419:Coelho, Victor Anand (2003).
148:: Instruments in which the
1310:
549:The Galpin Society Journal
515:. Galpin Society: 83–113.
509:The Galpin Society Journal
444:The Galpin Society Journal
408:: Using a mechanical drive
1258:
555:. Galpin Society: 3–37.
450:. Galpin Society: 3–29.
355:: Bare hands and fingers
1095:412.1. Idiophonic/reed
619:Hornbostel–Sachs system
471:Shlomo Pestcoe (2005).
31:list of instruments by
1115:412.2. Non-idiophonic
349:: Hammers or beaters
1110:412.14. Band/Ribbon
671:112.2. Scraped/rasp
1244:53. Radioelectric
1101:412.12. Percussive
1098:412.11. Concussive
1092:412. Interruptive
1082:411. Displacement
134:string instruments
1276:
1275:
1211:
1210:
1150:421.1. Non-fipple
1055:
1054:
904:
903:
792:
791:
657:111.2. Percussion
654:111.1. Concussion
16:(Redirected from
1301:
1121:412.21. Whirling
1118:412.21. Rotating
1073:
923:
897:242. Tube/vessel
812:
662:112. Indirectly
639:
612:
605:
598:
589:
582:
579:
573:
572:
544:
533:
532:
504:
498:
495:
480:
467:
438:
391:: Using a ribbon
326:spike tube lutes
254:spike bowl lutes
109:African American
55:spike tube lutes
47:spike bowl lutes
33:Hornbostel–Sachs
21:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1254:
1221:
1217:
1207:
1137:
1131:
1064:
1051:
1001:
995:
937:311. Bar/stick
927:
914:
910:
900:
883:
863:
847:
803:
800:
788:
768:
762:Glass harmonica
719:
676:
630:
621:
616:
586:
585:
580:
576:
546:
545:
536:
506:
505:
501:
496:
492:
487:
470:
441:
435:
418:
415:
385:: Using a wheel
288:spike box lutes
120:
88:
51:spike box lutes
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1307:
1305:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1281:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1265:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1242:
1236:
1229:
1227:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1197:
1185:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1159:
1158:
1157:
1151:
1141:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1102:
1099:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1079:
1077:
1070:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1018:
1005:
1003:
997:
996:
994:
993:
987:
981:
978:
977:
976:
973:
964:
963:
962:
959:
950:
949:
948:
943:
934:
932:
920:
906:
905:
902:
901:
899:
898:
895:
891:
889:
885:
884:
882:
881:
878:
875:
871:
869:
865:
864:
862:
861:
855:
853:
849:
848:
846:
845:
842:
841:
840:
834:
828:
821:211. Directly
818:
816:
809:
794:
793:
790:
789:
787:
786:
783:
779:
777:
770:
769:
767:
766:
765:
764:
756:
755:
754:
749:
741:
740:
739:
730:
728:
721:
720:
718:
717:
716:
715:
714:122.2. Cut out
712:
702:
701:
700:
694:
687:
685:
678:
677:
675:
674:
673:
672:
669:
665:112.1. Shaken/
660:
659:
658:
655:
651:111. Directly
648:
646:
636:
623:
622:
617:
615:
614:
607:
600:
592:
584:
583:
581:Coelho, pg. 45
574:
561:10.2307/842390
534:
521:10.2307/842349
499:
489:
488:
486:
483:
482:
481:
479:. ShlomoMusic.
468:
456:10.2307/842168
439:
433:
414:
411:
410:
409:
403:
394:
393:
392:
386:
380:
365:
356:
350:
340:
339:
338:
337:
336:
335:
334:
333:
332:
331:
330:
329:
306:
305:
304:
303:
302:
301:
300:
299:
298:
297:
296:
295:
268:
267:
266:
265:
264:
263:
262:
261:
260:
259:
258:
257:
234:
233:
232:
231:
230:
229:
228:
227:
226:
225:
204:
203:
202:
201:
200:
199:
198:
197:
178:
177:
176:
175:
174:
173:
156:
155:
154:
153:
138:
137:
119:
118:Classification
116:
87:
84:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1306:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1260:
1257:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1240:Amplification
1237:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1220:
1214:
1202:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1134:
1127:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1048:
1044:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1006:
1004:
998:
992:
988:
986:
982:
979:
974:
971:
970:
969:
965:
960:
957:
956:
955:
951:
947:
944:
942:
939:
938:
936:
935:
933:
931:
924:
921:
918:
913:
907:
896:
893:
892:
890:
886:
879:
876:
873:
872:
870:
866:
860:
857:
856:
854:
850:
843:
839:
835:
833:
829:
827:
823:
822:
820:
819:
817:
813:
810:
807:
802:
795:
784:
781:
780:
778:
776:
771:
763:
760:
759:
757:
753:
750:
748:
745:
744:
742:
738:
735:
734:
732:
731:
729:
727:
722:
713:
710:
707:122.1. Lace (
706:
705:
703:
699:
695:
692:
691:
689:
688:
686:
684:
679:
670:
668:
664:
663:
661:
656:
653:
652:
650:
649:
647:
645:
640:
637:
634:
629:
624:
620:
613:
608:
606:
601:
599:
594:
593:
590:
578:
575:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
543:
541:
539:
535:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
503:
500:
494:
491:
484:
478:
474:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
440:
436:
434:0-521-00040-8
430:
426:
422:
417:
416:
412:
407:
404:
402:
398:
395:
390:
387:
384:
381:
379:
375:
372:
371:
369:
366:
364:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
344:
343:
327:
323:
322:
318:
317:
316:
315:
314:
313:
312:
311:
310:
309:
308:
307:
293:
292:spike guitars
289:
285:
284:
280:
279:
278:
277:
276:
275:
274:
273:
272:
271:
270:
269:
255:
251:
250:
246:
245:
244:
243:
242:
241:
240:
239:
238:
237:
236:
235:
223:
219:
218:
214:
213:
212:
211:
210:
209:
208:
207:
206:
205:
195:
191:
190:
186:
185:
184:
183:
182:
181:
180:
179:
171:
167:
166:
162:
161:
160:
159:
158:
157:
151:
147:
146:
142:
141:
140:
139:
135:
131:
127:
126:
122:
121:
117:
115:
113:
110:
106:
101:
99:
98:
93:
85:
83:
81:
80:
75:
74:
69:
65:
64:
58:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
34:
27:
19:
1219:Electrophone
1128:413. Plosive
1040:322.2. Frame
1026:321.3.Handle
946:Stick zither
868:23. Friction
758:133. Vessel
743:132. Plaque
693:121.1. Clack
577:
552:
548:
512:
508:
502:
493:
476:
447:
443:
420:
405:
396:
388:
382:
373:
367:
358:
352:
346:
341:
319:
281:
247:
215:
194:handle lutes
187:
163:
143:
130:chordophones
123:
102:
95:
92:tanged lutes
89:
77:
71:
67:
66:in the name
62:
61:
59:
42:
38:
30:
28:
26:
1294:Spike lutes
1175:Single reed
1169:Double reed
1037:322.1. Open
975:Heterochord
941:Musical bow
912:Chordophone
888:24. Singing
852:22. Plucked
844:212. Shaken
785:142. Plaque
747:Musical saw
737:Nail violin
733:131. Stick
690:121. Frame
477:Griot Lutes
222:spike lutes
43:spike lutes
1283:Categories
980:314. Board
926:31. Simple
874:231. Stick
815:21. Struck
782:141. Stick
704:122. Comb
413:References
376:: Using a
68:spike lute
29:This is a
18:Spike lute
1201:Chromatic
1106:Free reed
1062:Aerophone
1047:Harp lute
1002:Composite
972:Idiochord
894:241. Free
880:233. Hand
877:232. Cord
752:Daxophone
698:Guimbarde
628:Idiophone
370:: Bowing
150:resonator
1248:Theremin
1181:Reedpipe
1138:Non-free
1104:412.13.
1076:41. Free
799:Membran-
726:Friction
401:Keyboard
363:Plectrum
105:calabash
1195:Natural
1179:422.3.
1173:422.2.
1167:422.1.
1153:421.2.
1020:321.2.
1014:321.1.
859:Nyatiti
836:211.3.
832:Tubular
830:211.2.
824:211.1.
696:121.2.
683:Plucked
321:321.313
283:321.312
249:321.311
1234:Action
1199:423.2
1193:423.1
1155:Fipple
985:Trough
930:zither
801:ophone
667:rattle
644:Struck
569:842390
567:
529:842349
527:
464:842168
462:
431:
217:321.31
97:griots
39:321.31
35:number
1189:Brass
1187:423.
1161:422.
1146:Flute
1144:421.
1045:323.
1031:322.
1008:321.
991:Frame
989:316.
983:315.
966:313.
958:Whole
952:312.
838:Frame
775:Blown
709:Mbira
565:JSTOR
525:JSTOR
485:Notes
460:JSTOR
189:321.3
170:lutes
112:banjo
79:rebab
63:spike
1238:52.
1232:51.
1224:list
1163:Reed
1086:Whip
1067:list
1033:Harp
1022:Yoke
1010:Lute
968:Raft
961:Half
954:Tube
917:list
826:Bowl
806:list
773:14.
724:13.
681:12.
642:11.
633:list
429:ISBN
73:erhu
60:The
53:and
1136:42.
1060:4.
1016:Bow
1000:32.
797:2.
626:1.
557:doi
517:doi
452:doi
378:bow
165:321
1285::
1216:5.
928:/
909:3.
563:.
553:49
551:.
537:^
523:.
513:46
511:.
475:.
458:.
448:14
446:.
423:.
399::
389:73
383:72
374:71
361::
290:,
145:32
136:).
132:,
114:.
57:.
49:,
1226:)
1222:(
1069:)
1065:(
919:)
915:(
808:)
804:(
711:)
635:)
631:(
611:e
604:t
597:v
571:.
559::
531:.
519::
466:.
454::
437:.
406:9
397:8
368:7
359:6
353:5
347:4
328:)
294:)
256:)
224:)
196:)
172:)
125:3
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.