413:' Centre against Apartheid began compiling a "Register of Sports Contacts with South Africa". This was a list of sportspeople and officials who had participated in events within South Africa. It was compiled mainly from reports in South African newspapers. Being listed did not itself result in any punishment, but was regarded as a moral pressure on athletes. Some sports bodies would discipline athletes based on the register. Athletes could have their names deleted from the register by giving a written undertaking not to return to apartheid South Africa to compete. The register is regarded as having been an effective instrument. A consolidated list running to 56 pages was published in 1991.
46:
5611:
1199:
meeting strongly rejected a Soviet proposal to expel South Africa, and passed two resolutions: one prohibiting racial discrimination at international tournaments, and the other prohibiting unauthorised withdrawal from tournaments except for "reasons of health or bereavement". Despite the ILTF rule
866:. Sanctions for rebel tourists more severe in the West Indies and Sri Lanka than England and Australia. In the 1980s, up to 80 English players spent the English winter playing South African domestic cricket. In 1989, the ICC agreed that playing in South Africa would carry a minimum 4-year ban on
397:, although South Africans competed in individual events in some, mainly professional, sports through the 1980s. Although from the mid-1970s the National Party relaxed the application of segregation provisions in relation to sport, this failed to alleviate the boycott, which continued until the
590:
Maggy Jones for distributing anti-apartheid leaflets at the 1979 ISMG. Swimmer
Bernard Leach withdrew from the 1981 ISMG and founded Disabled People Against Apartheid, which picketed ISMGs until 1983. In 1985 the ISMGF voted to discontinue invitations to South Africa.
679:
The extent of boycotting varied between different sports, in the degree of contact permitted and the severity of punishment of "rebels" who defied the sanctions. This reflected the different political and social composition of each sport's IF.
1523:
A 1999 academic paper argues that "sport fulfilled an important symbolic function in the anti-apartheid struggle and was able to influence the other policy actors, but generally to a far less significant extent than is usually asserted".
670:
in
Vancouver pledged to enforce the Gleneagles Agreement and exclude South Africa; this contributed to the foundation of the Gay Games Federation in 1989, which took over the SFAA's responsibility and endorsed the Vancouver position.
775:
for doing business in South Africa, King did so himself in 1984. In 1986 the WBA voted to suspend the SABBC until the end of apartheid. South
African boxers remained eligible for WBA rankings and fights outside the country. The
3014:
696:
was defeated in 1966, but had been passed by 1970. The suspension was renewed year‐to‐year until South Africa was formally expelled in 1976. After the end of the apartheid system, South Africa officially rejoined IAAF in 1992.
1895:
Register of Sports
Contacts with South Africa, 1 January 1988 - 31 December 1990 and Consolidated List of Sportsmen and Sportswomen Who Participated in Sports Events in South Africa, 1 September 1980 - 31 December
377:, including on sporting contacts. There was some debate about whether the aim of the boycott was to oppose segregation in sport or apartheid in general, with the latter view prevailing in later decades. While the
204:
1306:, said "We do not support or agree with the apartheid policy of the South African government .... But we have entered the draw and, unfortunately, we have to play South Africa — and in the United States." During
798:, a number of players and teams protested against South Africa's inclusion, some withdrawing themselves, and the Albanian team forfeited its match against the South African team. South Africa was expelled from
1921:
353:
5420:
299:
1318:
in
Tennessee, attendance was low and there were "more police (150) than protesters (40) outside the gym." In 1979, South Africa was banned from the Davis Cup until the end of the apartheid regime.
389:(IFs) governing various sports began to sanction South Africa, both in response to the new restrictions and in reflection of the broader anti-racism of national federations in newly independent
3568:
2158:
Mallett, Cam; Sikes, Michelle M. (8 August 2021). "Paralympic protest: athlete activism, apartheid South Africa, and the international sport boycott in
British para sport, 1979–1981".
1266:
refused to travel to South Africa for the final. While Ashe criticised India at the time, he later felt he had misread progress in tennis as broader progress in South
African society.
1037:. This tour was highly controversial due to the difference of opinions. Though contacts were restricted after the Gleneagles Agreement in 1977, there were controversial tours in 1980
859:
1492:, which vehemently opposed South Africa's apartheid policy and was at the forefront of isolating the country internationally at all levels, ended its boycott in 1991 by inviting the
1417:
1092:, FIFA's President, flying to South Africa in 1963 to negotiate its reinstatement with the South African Government. The South African FA proposed entering an all-white team in the
4987:
459:, the IOC was prepared to readmit South Africa after assurances that its team would be multi-racial; but a threatened boycott by African nations and others forestalled this. The
1192:
1180:
1423:
By 1978, sports in which South Africa remained a member of the IF while being excluded from the world championships included fencing, field hockey, rowing, and water-skiing.
346:
3254:
1505:
1497:
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4149:
1538:
186:
32:
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1034:
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1209:
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of 1969 and 1973 were intended to allow
Olympic-level competition for South Africans against foreign athletes. South Africa was formally expelled from the IOC in 1970.
5597:
1409:
1227:
tour was split into two groups playing parallel tournaments. Group B included a tournament in
Johannesburg while Group A included anti-apartheid players Metreveli and
1163:
in 1957, team members were immediately refused passports by the government. It ruled that no black could compete internationally except through the white sports body.
1451:, who acquired Australian eligibility in the 1980s through residency, before returning to South Africa, for whom he played after the end of apartheid. The 1994 film
1004:, was under pressure from African American employees. Some drivers said they were competing reluctantly and only out of contractual obligation to their constructor.
5092:
4365:
4156:
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114:
1155:
The South
African Table Tennis Board (SATTB), a body founded in contravention to the white South African table tennis board, was substituted for the latter by the
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2106:
South African apartheid and the 1976 Torontolympiad: A historical analysis of influential actions and events affecting the 5th Paralympic Games (Ontario)
747:(WBA) in 1974. It was soon well represented on the WBA executive, and the 1978 conference was held there. Many WBA title fights were held there, some in
722:
582:
Paralympics acceded to their governments' demands not to invite South Africa, but through to 1983 it continued to compete in the non-Paralympic ISMGs at
4034:
385:, it added sport-specific restrictions from the late 1950s, on interracial sport within South Africa and international travel by nonwhite athletes. The
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Downes, Aviston D. (2002). "Sport and International Diplomacy: The Case of the Commonwealth Caribbean and the Anti-Apartheid Campaign, 1959–1992".
1217:
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85:
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1959:
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1621:
1596:
1156:
479:
2374:
Seidel, Gill (1988). "'We condemn apartheid, BUT …': a discursive analysis of the European Parliamentary debate on sanctions (July 1986)1".
5552:
5343:
5253:
4875:
2740:
1196:
1100:, but this proposal was ultimately rejected. The South African FA was suspended by FIFA in September 1965, and expelled from FIFA in 1976.
508:
314:
1484:. In parallel with this transition, sports ended their boycotts and each sport's IF admitted a nonracial South Africa governing body. The
1033:
was established in New Zealand in 1969 to oppose continued tours to and from South Africa. Apartheid South Africa's last foreign tour was
5489:
5434:
5350:
5197:
4861:
4424:
4091:
4061:
1481:
1401:
1081:
1008:
523:. From 1965, South Africa alternated white and nonwhite ISMG teams respectively in even- and odd-numbered years. Beginning in 1975, its
382:
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5448:
5413:
5357:
4882:
4847:
4536:
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3004:
1493:
1144:
612:
520:
4251:
4244:
2574:"South Africa Track Gets Approval for Games: Olympics: IAAF's backing leaves all the country's sports in good standing for Barcelona"
5232:
5099:
5078:
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3371:
3159:
3054:
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2475:
2278:
2255:
1573:
1112:
914:
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1250:, after Ashe reported that the country's tennis organisation was sufficiently integrated, it was reinstated, but was placed in the
5162:
5001:
4170:
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1533:
1377:
1303:
1058:
965:
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777:
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161:
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60:
1147:
and 1987 ISA Women's World Championship as South Africans and later competed with acquired American and Australian nationality.
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4177:
4121:
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222:
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70:
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1405:
1393:
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855:
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378:
176:
45:
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held in South Africa were boycotted by Australia, though individual Australians competed in the latter event. Australian
666:, but the few (white) South Africans considering entry decided to withdraw. The SFAA objected when the organisers of the
17:
5559:
5503:
5329:
5218:
5190:
5127:
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1334:
1330:
1315:
1307:
1291:
1283:
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1172:
493:
The IOC adopted a declaration against "apartheid in sport" on 21 June 1988, for the total isolation of apartheid sport.
4344:
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5496:
5399:
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5183:
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4388:
2022:
1917:
1501:
1345:
1239:
922:
568:
3422:
2316:
1808:
736:(WBC) in 1975. The WBC remained vocal in opposition to apartheid, and refused to include South African boxers in its
1995:
1655:
1431:
Some elite South African sportspeople competed internationally for another country, after becoming eligible through
4966:
4487:
4395:
4351:
4128:
4006:
3905:
1255:
993:
706:
544:
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515:
supported South African participation until his death in 1980. Every fourth ISMG was recognised as the quadrennial
80:
2905:
5510:
5148:
4980:
4973:
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4592:
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1322:
1026:
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863:
826:
excluded from provincial and national teams from the 1890s. However, the cricketing boycott was prompted by the "
689:
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548:
325:
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4585:
4237:
2045:
973:
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744:
564:
556:
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386:
3877:
1656:"Sport for People with Disabilities as Factor in Reshaping the Post-Apartheid South African Sporting Society"
1135:, having competed since 1981 in South African events, became in 1985 the first professional to boycott them.
571:'s promised funding. The associated controversy increased public awareness of, and attendance at, the games.
4959:
4854:
4721:
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156:
75:
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in Ireland, caused it to be cancelled. South Africa did not reappear until the post-apartheid era in 1992.
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977:
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2110:
1513:
1287:
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1030:
867:
789:
171:
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to allow an all-white team. South Africa's presence in Toronto caused the withdrawal of the teams from
4812:
4698:
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4402:
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483:
467:
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448:
319:
126:
95:
1840:"Sports and the liberation struggle: a Tribute to Sam Ramsamy and others who fought apartheid sport"
5267:
5239:
5113:
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3042:
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1453:
1373:
1213:
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1097:
1093:
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were instigated by San Francisco Arts and Athletics (SFAA), and South Africans participated in the
460:
132:
3015:"Australian F1 legend Alan Jones reveals untold story about his unusual absence from a grand prix"
1969:
1871:
1520:
was a powerful boost to post-apartheid South Africa's return to the international sporting scene.
1188:
619:'s refusal to enforce the Gleneagles Agreement in the UK led Nigeria to initiate a boycott of the
3960:
2435:
2399:
2363:
2226:
2183:
1899:
1898:. Notes and Documents. Vol. 91/11. United Nations Centre against Apartheid. pp. 39–95.
1751:
1694:
1485:
910:
607:, was moved to London after the South African government refused to allow nonwhite participants.
482:: when the IOC declined to do so, the African teams boycotted the Games. This contributed to the
120:
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2892:
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2467:
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2000:
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2542:
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1947:
1608:
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2505:
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2391:
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2218:
2175:
1640:
1617:
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1128:
1115:(ISA) and professional surf tours had events in South Africa in the 1970s and 1980s, at which
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879:
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1543:
981:
818:
Cricket had been organised on racial lines in South Africa from its earliest days with the "
663:
583:
398:
1903:
1698:
635:, which governs many North American university sports, permitted South Africans to receive
4791:
4705:
4599:
4267:
4191:
4112:
3836:
3720:
3712:
3704:
3680:
1964:
1866:
1116:
1062:
942:
764:
737:
640:
512:
390:
2847:
94–95; Gemmell 2004 [https://archive.org/details/politicsofsoutha0000gemm/page/155 p. 155
2286:
780:
withdrew from the WBA for a time in 1987, citing its lax apartheid policy as one reason.
1558:
1053:. In 1986, though a Lions tour was cancelled, South Africans played in all-star matches
854:, run outside the auspices of the ICC in 1977–79, included South African players in its
5538:
5260:
5134:
4777:
4691:
4374:
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4309:
4302:
4020:
3946:
3792:
3752:
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2978:
2387:
1813:
1734:(2003). "Hitting Apartheid for Six? The Politics of the South African Sports Boycott".
1633:
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4230:
4223:
3932:
2403:
2367:
2230:
2187:
1782:
1755:
1458:
925:
included South African Tour events in its calculations from its instigation in 1986.
902:
760:
748:
394:
3546:
5120:
4729:
4550:
4501:
3664:
3578:
1674:
1509:
1369:
1361:
1338:
1311:
1201:
1136:
1108:
1089:
644:
604:
452:
366:
3531:
3089:. Sport in World History. Vol. 1. Univ of California Press. pp. 91–130.
2171:
1159:. While the SATTB team was able to participate in the world championships held in
3399:
Midfielder's Moment: Coloured Literature and Culture in Contemporary South Africa
2214:
842:
in 1968. The 1970 South African tour of England was called off and replaced by a
527:
teams were racially integrated, impelled by the refusal of the organisers of the
393:
states. By the early 1970s, South African national teams were excluded from most
4713:
3656:
3485:
Keech, Marc; Houlihan, Barrie (January 1999). "Sport and the end of apartheid".
2410:
Booth, Douglas (1995). "Sports Policy in Australia: Right, Just and Rational?".
1839:
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954:
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471:
304:
181:
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3939:
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3744:
3728:
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2351:
1731:
1352:) remained a recognised ILTF event. From 1972 the men's event was part of the
767:
in 1979, the stadium had a desegregated audience for the first time. Although
524:
3506:
2431:
2395:
2359:
2222:
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2598:
1565:
1440:
1235:
1184:
1160:
997:
819:
752:
698:
651:
474:
be suspended by the IOC for continued contacts with South Africa, including
370:
37:
1925:
1439:, or other criteria applicable by the relevant IF. Examples include runner
890:. The prospect of their appearing in the 1981 edition, due to be staged at
887:
2201:
Brittain, Ian (2011). "South Africa, apartheid and the Paralympic Games".
5517:
5015:
4660:
3784:
3641:
1388:
By the end of 1970 South Africa had either been expelled or suspended by
1357:
1349:
1061:
marking the IRB centenary. South Africa was excluded from the first two
898:
772:
768:
511:(ISMG) after it joined the ISMGF (ISMG Federation) in 1962. ISMG founder
2439:
882:, the Greek government banned South Africa from the 1979 competition in
3925:
2104:
1326:
532:
374:
1635:
The politics of race and international sport: the case of South Africa
1488:
announced its member governments' ending of the boycott in June 1991.
1246:, in part thanks to campaigning by Ashe, and was banned indefinitely.
4652:
3808:
3587:
2423:
1262:
saw the final scratched and South Africa awarded the Davis Cup after
883:
1443:, whose UK nationality application was fast-tracked in time for the
897:
South African golfers continued to play around the world, including
732:
South African Boxing Board of Control (SABBC) was expelled from the
3800:
2463:
The Brawn Drain: Foreign Student-athletes in American Universities
1489:
1298:
after a vote to suspend boycotting teams narrowly failed. In 1977
1893:
Apartheid, United Nations Centre Against (May 1991). "Annex II".
976:, the last held before the end of apartheid. French constructors
1769:
Merrett, Christopher (21 December 2005). "Sport and apartheid".
1389:
1364:. South African players continued to compete on the pro tours;
1085:
799:
693:
3550:
3248:
3246:
3119:"Soviet Tennis Star Withdraws Rather Than Play South African,"
1516:
series in late 1992. The country's hosting and winning of the
3147:
Blacks at the Net: Black Achievement in the History of Tennis
2458:"Interpreting the Brawn Drain; The South African connection"
996:
later admitted that he had feigned illness to withdraw his
662:
were rejected by SFAA as inconsistent with its message of
2741:"A Hollow Sporting Footnote in Apartheid-Era South Africa"
1212:; in contrast, Metreveli played and lost to South African
3452:"India vs. Pakistan in a tense test of cricket diplomacy"
921:
regularly attracted some of the world's top golfers. The
18:
Sporting boycott of South Africa during the Apartheid era
1461:
to a South African swimmer seeking Olympic eligibility.
933:
South African world champions during apartheid included
806:, finally returning to international competition in the
3366:. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 256–272: 256.
2715:
Beyond the Ring: The Role of Boxing in American Society
455:
insisted the team would not be racially integrated. In
3047:
Rugby - A Way of Life, An Illustrated History of Rugby
1918:"International Convention Against Apartheid in Sports"
623:
in Edinburgh, which involved 32 of 59 eligible teams.
3362:. In Reid, Heather Lynne; Austin, Michael W. (eds.).
1689:
United Nations Centre against Apartheid (July 1978).
447:(IOC) withdrew its invitation to South Africa to the
3348:
United Nations Centre against Apartheid 1978 pp. 2–3
2997:
AJ: How Alan Jones Climbed to the Top of Formula One
422:
International Convention against Apartheid in Sports
5573:
5479:
5312:
4767:
4758:
4616:
4412:
4051:
3996:
3915:
3853:
3826:
3819:
3585:
3281:"Deep South's Slew Hester: A Canny Tennis Maverick"
2247:
The Emergence of International Society in the 1920s
2153:
2151:
3524:"Historical documents: Boycotts against Apartheid"
1632:
1607:
1584:
1557:
1539:Foreign relations of South Africa during apartheid
3069:United Nations Centre against Apartheid 1978 p. 8
2624:United Nations Centre against Apartheid 1978 p. 6
1616:. Manchester University Press. pp. 118–148.
1560:The Race Game: Sport and Politics in South Africa
1111:traditionally self-identified as apolitical. The
709:because it was outside the auspices of the IAAF.
3177:"The future shines bright in the Parisian gloom"
2822:"Boxing Notebook; Title Picture Now In Disarray"
1922:Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
1410:International Federation of Netball Associations
4366:Storming of the Kempton Park World Trade Centre
3255:"USTA: No Choice On Davis Clash With S. Africa"
3087:Empire in Waves: A Political History of Surfing
2315:. Commonwealth Games Federation. Archived from
2285:. Commonwealth Games Federation. Archived from
886:. South Africa competed in the 1980 edition in
3227:
3225:
2789:
2787:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2086:
2084:
2074:
2072:
1691:South Africa's Standing in International Sport
1231:. Both groups included South African players.
3562:
3392:
3390:
2718:. University of Illinois Press. p. 231.
2687:"South Africa Aims For Eminence in Boxing By"
2537:
2535:
2533:
1996:"Apartheid: The political influence of sport"
1376:finals, with both later becoming naturalised
850:(ICC) imposed a moratorium on tours in 1970.
846:featuring several South African players. The
347:
8:
3423:"Europeans Lift South Africa Sports Boycott"
2995:Jones, Alan; Clarke, Andrew (31 July 2017).
2098:
2096:
692:, a motion to suspend South Africa from the
373:was subjected to a variety of international
2620:
2618:
2451:
2449:
2250:. Cambridge University Press. p. 170.
1726:
1724:
1609:"The politicisation of South African sport"
1472:began with the 1990 release from prison of
909:events. Outside golfers competed freely in
439:Apartheid-era South Africa and the Olympics
4764:
3823:
3569:
3555:
3547:
3360:"Sport, patriotism, and the Olympic Games"
3358:Hardman, Alan R.; Iorwerth, Hywel (2012).
3082:"When Surfing Discovered It was Political"
2999:. Australia: Ebury; Penguin Random House.
2796:"Boxing Association Suspends South Africa"
2594:Running Cultures: Racing in Time and Space
1989:
1987:
1258:where other African countries played. The
870:, with an amnesty for previous instances.
354:
340:
28:
3095:10.1525/california/9780520279100.003.0005
2466:. University of Illinois Press. pp.
2283:Commonwealth Countries - Results by Games
1809:"U.N. Reports Contacts With South Africa"
4439:Reconstruction and Development Programme
3307:"U.S. Davis Cup Team Beats South Africa"
1994:auf der Heyde, Peter (16 January 2007).
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1457:recounts a fictional 1980s Australian's
1348:(South African Championships before the
984:acceded to pressure to boycott from the
633:National Collegiate Athletic Association
507:South Africa participated in the annual
4035:1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike
2767:"King Angers Ashe On South Africa Deal"
2635:"WBC votes to keep ban on South Africa"
1833:
1831:
1711:
1314:"hit two protestors with a racket". At
1204:withdrew from his quarterfinal against
1187:, and the Hungarian government ordered
519:, and the ISMGF later evolved into the
31:
4516:2012 Western Cape farm workers' strike
2279:"South Africa - Medals Tally by Games"
1225:1973 World Championship Tennis circuit
1191:to withdraw as Segal's partner in the
1025:South Africa remained a member of the
743:The SABBC had affiliated to the rival
705:in January 1984 was not ratified as a
205:1964 Conference for Economic Sanctions
187:UN Special Committee against Apartheid
3332:"South Africa Expelled from Cup Play"
2556:"South Africa Expelled by Track Body"
2313:Commonwealth Countries - Introduction
1842:. Gandhi-Luthuli documentation centre
1591:. London ; New York: Routledge.
1587:The politics of South African cricket
1157:International Table Tennis Federation
643:were white; one exception was runner
639:and compete in its events. Most such
609:South Africa continued to participate
7:
2904:Gilleece, Dermot (3 December 2006).
2658:"Tate Ducks Prefight Political Hits"
1294:all threatened to withdraw from the
1197:International Lawn Tennis Federation
1029:(IRB) throughout the apartheid era.
1000:from the race, because its sponsor,
974:South African Formula One Grand Prix
860:several "private" tours in the 1970s
509:International Stoke Mandeville Games
315:Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute
210:1978 World Conference against Racism
5646:Sport and apartheid in South Africa
4446:Truth and Reconciliation Commission
4092:Coloured-vote constitutional crisis
3175:Clarey, Christopher (3 June 2008).
1402:International Gymnastics Federation
1009:South African motorcycle Grand Prix
647:, who later became a U.S. citizen.
586:. The ISMGF gave a lifetime ban to
5636:Boycotts of apartheid South Africa
2656:Murphy, Caryle (14 October 1979).
2498:Symons, Caroline (26 April 2010).
2388:10.1111/j.1467-954X.1988.tb03333.x
1924:. 10 December 1985. Archived from
1344:Throughout the apartheid era, the
1145:International Professional Surfers
721:association was expelled from the
521:International Paralympic Committee
86:International anti-apartheid music
25:
5598:Pan Africanist Congress of Azania
5233:South African Party (Cape Colony)
3144:Djata, Sundiata A. (1 May 2008).
2765:Katz, Michael (8 November 1984).
2739:Sacks, Trevor (20 October 2012).
2554:Trumbull, Robert (23 July 1976).
1631:Lapchick, Richard Edward (1975).
1113:International Surfing Association
5610:
5609:
3450:Thakur, Ramesh (May–June 2004).
3431:. Associated Press. 30 June 1991
3253:Lorge, Barry (1 February 1978).
3204:"Metreveli to Join Pro Net Tour"
3202:Amdur, Neil (12 December 1972).
3181:The International Herald Tribune
3079:Laderman, Scott (3 March 2014).
2961:Paskman, Ken (24 October 1985).
2906:"Irish duo set World Cup record"
2794:Gardner, Tom (31 October 1986).
2580:. Associated Press. 30 May 1992.
1807:Rogers, Thomas (15 April 1988).
1783:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2005.00165.x
1663:Journal for Contemporary History
1534:Academic boycott of South Africa
1304:United States Tennis Association
1175:, the Soviet government ordered
848:International Cricket Conference
778:Nevada State Athletic Commission
613:it left the Commonwealth in 1961
603:, originally awarded in 1930 to
470:, African nations demanded that
162:Artists United Against Apartheid
139:Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act
44:
5247:South African Party (1977–1980)
5240:South African Party (1911–1934)
5156:Progressive Party (Cape Colony)
4953:Genootskap van Regte Afrikaners
3401:. Westview Press. p. 139.
3233:"U.S. withdraws from Davis Cup"
3125:. UPI. 26 June 1964. p. 21
2685:Murphy, Caryle (15 July 1979).
2504:. Routledge. pp. 112–114.
2244:Gorman, Daniel (31 July 2012).
1870:. 30 March 1981. Archived from
1736:Journal of Contemporary History
503:South Africa at the Paralympics
445:International Olympic Committee
4565:2019 service delivery protests
4551:#FeesMustFall student protests
4296:1983 constitutional referendum
3049:. Lennard Books. p. 186.
2934:"First issue of Sony rankings"
1968:. 8 March 1968. Archived from
1654:Rademeyer, Cobus (June 2017).
658:. Calls to ban them from the
1:
5641:International sports boycotts
5023:Johannesburg Reform Committee
4252:Israel–South Africa Agreement
3645:
3630:
3607:
3600:
3305:Amdur, Neil (20 March 1978).
3279:Amdur, Neil (20 March 1977).
2172:10.1080/17460263.2021.1963827
2109:(Masters in Human Kinetics).
2046:"From Montreal to Gleneagles"
1693:. United Nations (New York).
1649:– via Internet Archive.
1639:. Westport, Conn: Greenwood.
1626:– via Internet Archive.
1612:. In Allison, Lincoln (ed.).
1601:– via Internet Archive.
1578:– via Internet Archive.
1500:and subsequently allowed the
1470:Negotiations to end apartheid
1406:International Judo Federation
1274:refused to play South Africa
1096:and an all-black team in the
273:(South-West Africa ceasefire)
177:Organisation of African Unity
121:Crime of Apartheid Convention
4678:Black Consciousness Movement
4432:Government of National Unity
3338:. 17 April 1978. p. 11.
2932:Greer, Tony (6 April 1986).
2820:Berger, Phil (5 June 1987).
2712:Sammons, Jeffrey T. (1990).
2215:10.1080/17430437.2011.614773
1675:10.18820/24150509/JCH42.v1.5
1478:Government of National Unity
1310:in California, U.S. manager
1173:1964 Wimbledon Championships
1119:competitors were treated as
1011:likewise lapsed after 1985.
281:(arms embargo strengthening)
257:(arms embargo strengthening)
4389:Saint James Church massacre
4275:Weapons of mass destruction
3364:The Olympics and Philosophy
2941:Royal and Ancient Golf Club
1904:al.sff.document.nuun1991_11
1748:10.1177/0022009403038003008
1699:al.sff.document.nuun1978_20
1181:his 3rd-round singles match
923:Official World Golf Ranking
802:while participating in the
771:criticised Tate's promoter
751:, a putatively independent
588:1976 table tennis medallist
569:Canadian federal government
108:Instruments and legislation
5662:
4129:1957 Alexandra bus boycott
4007:South West Africa campaign
3906:Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814
3871:French Huguenot settlement
3239:. 1 July 1976. p. 24.
2023:"On This Day 17 July 1976"
1494:South African cricket team
1143:respectively won the 1977
1018:
864:"rebel" tours in the 1980s
787:
500:
436:
322:television programming ban
81:Free South Africa Movement
5607:
5584:African National Congress
5044:Liberal Party (1953–1968)
4382:1992 apartheid referendum
3528:African National Congress
3460:United Nations University
3164:– via Google Books.
3152:Syracuse University Press
2352:10.1080/17460260209443382
2025:. bbc.co.uk. 17 July 1976
1960:"Boycotting South Africa"
1329:(now Fed Cup) through to
1323:South Africa women's team
1210:1965 French Championships
1027:International Rugby Board
1021:Rugby union and apartheid
690:track and field athletics
601:1934 British Empire Games
387:international federations
326:Rugby union and apartheid
300:Elimination of Racism Day
38:apartheid in South Africa
5037:Labour Party (1969–1994)
5030:Labour Party (1910–1958)
4586:2020 Phala Phala Robbery
4544:#RhodesMustFall protests
4143:1960 republic referendum
2637:. UPI. 24 September 1991
2501:The Gay Games: A History
2412:The Australian Quarterly
2131:Rademeyer 2017 pp. 84–85
1480:formed by Mandela after
1195:. The following month's
1123:by organisers. The 1978
915:Million Dollar Challenge
856:"Rest of the World" team
844:"Rest of the World" tour
745:World Boxing Association
599:Prior to apartheid, the
428:Multisport organisations
265:(mandatory arms embargo)
241:(voluntary arms embargo)
33:International opposition
5482:terrorist organisations
4572:2019 Johannesburg riots
4185:Constructive engagement
4150:International isolation
3968:Witwatersrand Gold Rush
3499:10.1080/003585399108306
2857:Gemmell 2004 Chapter 11
2376:The Sociological Review
1606:Guelke, Adrian (1986).
1556:Booth, Douglas (1998).
868:international selection
621:1986 Commonwealth Games
529:1976 Summer Paralympics
517:Summer Paralympic Games
451:when interior minister
249:(sanctions feasibility)
167:Commonwealth of Nations
157:Anti-Apartheid Movement
91:International sanctions
76:Constructive engagement
4495:Attack on Kennedy Road
4106:Congress of the People
3697:South African Republic
3530:. 2001. Archived from
3397:Farred, Grant (2000).
1476:and culminated in the
1333:, hosting and winning
1278:, as did Mexico again
1183:against South African
1125:ISA World Championship
1035:to New Zealand in 1981
574:The organisers of the
476:a tour of South Africa
233:(Sharpeville massacre)
5065:Natal Indian Congress
4785:Afrikaner Broederbond
4639:Afrikaner nationalism
4425:1994 general election
4396:Bophuthatswana crisis
4289:Church Street bombing
4069:Apartheid legislation
4062:1948 general election
3982:South Africa Act 1909
3777:Union of South Africa
3597:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
3577:Political history of
2663:The Washington Poston
2111:University of Windsor
2103:Greig, David (2005).
1614:The Politics of sport
1583:Gemmell, Jon (2004).
1242:was ejected from the
1031:Halt All Racist Tours
838:" South African, for
790:Chess in South Africa
637:athletic scholarships
611:in every Games until
486:being adopted by the
424:on 10 December 1985.
381:introduced apartheid
172:Halt All Racist Tours
4699:Greater South Africa
4537:2014 platinum strike
4403:Shell House massacre
4331:Transkei coup d'état
4136:Sharpeville massacre
3899:Battle of Blaauwberg
3892:Battle of Muizenberg
3844:Battle of Salt River
3627:Mthethwa Paramountcy
3183:. The New York Times
3043:Starmer-Smith, Nigel
2967:The Orlando Sentinel
2340:The Sports Historian
2145:Rademeyer 2017 p. 85
2090:Rademeyer 2017 p. 84
2078:Rademeyer 2017 p. 86
2066:Rademeyer 2017 p. 83
1518:1995 Rugby World Cup
1445:1984 Summer Olympics
1416:(weightlifting) and
1362:world ranking points
1325:participated in the
1039:by the British Lions
945:(two titles each in
941:) and motorcyclists
852:World Series Cricket
734:World Boxing Council
656:first (1982) edition
484:Gleneagles Agreement
449:1964 Summer Olympics
127:Gleneagles Agreement
96:Milton King boycotts
5591:Democratic Alliance
4768:Civic and political
4632:Afrikaner Calvinism
4625:African nationalism
4474:African Renaissance
4164:UNSC Resolution 591
4085:Internal resistance
3986:National Convention
3954:Transvaal Civil War
3878:Khoikhoi–Dutch Wars
3761:Orange River Colony
3259:The Washington Post
2591:Bale, John (2004).
2456:Bale, John (1991).
2001:Mail & Guardian
1502:Indian cricket team
1496:to the country for
1427:Foreign eligibility
1302:, president of the
1084:was suspended from
808:1992 Chess Olympiad
804:1974 Chess Olympiad
796:1970 Chess Olympiad
730:professional boxing
617:Thatcher government
461:South African Games
418:UN General Assembly
223:UN Security Council
133:Sullivan principles
4338:Ciskei coup d'état
4157:UN Resolution 1761
4122:Women's March 1956
3975:South African Wars
3961:Mineral Revolution
3311:The New York Times
3285:The New York Times
3208:The New York Times
3123:The New York Times
2826:The New York Times
2771:The New York Times
2745:The New York Times
2560:The New York Times
2319:on 25 January 2016
2289:on 25 January 2016
2048:. nzhistory.net.nz
1874:on 14 January 2009
1718:Guelke 1986 p. 145
1486:European Community
1354:Grand Prix circuit
1346:South African Open
968:withdrew from the
911:South African Tour
595:Commonwealth Games
115:UN Resolution 1761
5623:
5622:
5576:political parties
5569:
5568:
5546:Orde van die Dood
5163:Progressive Party
4869:Congress Alliance
4685:Cape Independence
4617:Political culture
4612:
4611:
4579:COVID-19 pandemic
4509:Marikana massacre
4345:Venda coup d'état
4099:Defiance Campaign
3689:Orange Free State
3619:Dutch Cape Colony
3466:on 21 August 2008
3104:978-0-520-27911-7
2911:Irish Independent
2866:Gemmell 2004 pp.
2725:978-0-252-06145-5
2511:978-1-134-02790-3
1646:978-0-8371-7691-8
1623:978-0-7190-2334-7
1598:978-0-203-50580-9
1506:tour South Africa
1482:the 1994 election
1240:South Africa team
1179:to withdraw from
1129:World Surf League
828:D'Oliveira affair
364:
363:
16:(Redirected from
5653:
5613:
5612:
5600:
5593:
5586:
5562:
5555:
5548:
5541:
5534:
5527:
5520:
5513:
5506:
5499:
5492:
5480:Paramilitary and
5472:
5470:Umkosi Wezintaba
5465:
5458:
5451:
5444:
5437:
5430:
5423:
5416:
5409:
5402:
5395:
5388:
5381:
5374:
5367:
5360:
5353:
5346:
5339:
5332:
5325:
5315:social movements
5313:Trade unions and
5305:
5298:
5291:
5284:
5277:
5270:
5263:
5256:
5249:
5242:
5235:
5228:
5221:
5214:
5207:
5200:
5193:
5186:
5179:
5172:
5165:
5158:
5151:
5144:
5137:
5130:
5123:
5116:
5109:
5102:
5095:
5088:
5081:
5074:
5067:
5060:
5053:
5046:
5039:
5032:
5025:
5018:
5011:
5004:
4997:
4990:
4983:
4976:
4969:
4962:
4955:
4948:
4941:
4934:
4927:
4920:
4913:
4906:
4899:
4892:
4885:
4878:
4871:
4864:
4857:
4850:
4843:
4836:
4834:Boerestaat Party
4829:
4822:
4815:
4808:
4801:
4794:
4787:
4780:
4765:
4751:
4742:
4733:
4724:
4717:
4708:
4701:
4694:
4687:
4680:
4673:
4664:
4655:
4648:
4641:
4634:
4627:
4605:
4595:
4588:
4581:
4574:
4567:
4560:
4553:
4546:
4539:
4532:
4525:
4518:
4511:
4504:
4497:
4490:
4483:
4476:
4469:
4462:
4455:
4448:
4441:
4434:
4427:
4405:
4398:
4391:
4384:
4377:
4368:
4361:
4354:
4347:
4340:
4333:
4326:
4324:Dakar Conference
4319:
4312:
4305:
4298:
4291:
4284:
4277:
4270:
4263:
4254:
4247:
4245:Israeli alliance
4240:
4233:
4226:
4215:
4208:
4201:
4199:Sporting boycott
4194:
4187:
4180:
4173:
4171:Academic boycott
4166:
4159:
4152:
4145:
4138:
4131:
4124:
4115:
4108:
4101:
4094:
4087:
4078:
4071:
4064:
4044:
4037:
4030:
4028:Great Depression
4023:
4016:
4014:Maritz rebellion
4009:
3989:
3977:
3970:
3963:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3908:
3901:
3894:
3887:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3864:Dutch settlement
3846:
3839:
3837:Bantu migrations
3824:
3812:
3804:
3796:
3788:
3780:
3772:
3769:Transvaal Colony
3764:
3756:
3748:
3740:
3737:Nieuwe Republiek
3732:
3724:
3716:
3708:
3700:
3692:
3684:
3676:
3673:Natalia Republic
3668:
3660:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3642:Ndwandwe Kingdom
3637:
3635:
3632:
3622:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3605:
3602:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3548:
3543:
3541:
3539:
3511:
3510:
3493:(349): 109–121.
3482:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3462:. Archived from
3447:
3441:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3394:
3385:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3355:
3349:
3346:
3340:
3339:
3328:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3317:
3302:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3250:
3241:
3240:
3237:The Deseret News
3229:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3084:
3076:
3070:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3039:
3033:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3010:
2989:
2983:
2982:
2976:
2974:
2958:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2938:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2901:
2895:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2864:
2858:
2855:
2849:
2843:
2837:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2817:
2811:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2791:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2709:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2682:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2631:
2625:
2622:
2613:
2612:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2551:
2545:
2539:
2528:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2495:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2453:
2444:
2443:
2424:10.2307/20635800
2407:
2371:
2335:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2209:(9): 1165–1181.
2203:Sport in Society
2198:
2192:
2191:
2160:Sport in History
2155:
2146:
2143:
2132:
2129:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2113:. pp. 91–92
2100:
2091:
2088:
2079:
2076:
2067:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2044:Watters, Steve.
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2019:
2013:
2012:
2010:
2008:
1991:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1928:on 27 March 2008
1914:
1908:
1907:
1890:
1884:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1835:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1804:
1787:
1786:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1728:
1719:
1716:
1702:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1660:
1650:
1638:
1627:
1611:
1602:
1590:
1579:
1563:
1544:Sports diplomacy
1465:End of apartheid
1454:Muriel's Wedding
1447:; and cricketer
1356:(since 1990 the
1335:the 1972 edition
1316:the 1978 rematch
1218:1969 French Open
1063:Rugby World Cups
992:administration.
939:1979 Formula One
840:the England team
832:Basil D'Oliveira
701:'s time for the
641:student athletes
584:Stoke Mandeville
399:end of apartheid
356:
349:
342:
282:
274:
266:
258:
250:
242:
234:
66:Sporting boycott
61:Academic boycott
48:
29:
21:
5661:
5660:
5656:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5651:
5650:
5626:
5625:
5624:
5619:
5603:
5596:
5589:
5582:
5575:
5565:
5558:
5551:
5544:
5537:
5530:
5523:
5516:
5509:
5502:
5495:
5488:
5481:
5475:
5468:
5461:
5454:
5447:
5440:
5433:
5426:
5419:
5412:
5405:
5398:
5391:
5384:
5377:
5370:
5363:
5356:
5349:
5342:
5335:
5328:
5321:
5314:
5308:
5301:
5294:
5287:
5280:
5273:
5266:
5259:
5252:
5245:
5238:
5231:
5224:
5217:
5210:
5203:
5196:
5189:
5182:
5175:
5168:
5161:
5154:
5147:
5140:
5133:
5126:
5119:
5112:
5105:
5098:
5091:
5084:
5077:
5070:
5063:
5056:
5049:
5042:
5035:
5028:
5021:
5014:
5007:
5000:
4993:
4986:
4981:HNP (Herstigte)
4979:
4974:HNP (Herenigde)
4972:
4965:
4958:
4951:
4944:
4937:
4930:
4923:
4916:
4909:
4902:
4895:
4888:
4881:
4874:
4867:
4860:
4853:
4846:
4839:
4832:
4825:
4818:
4811:
4804:
4797:
4792:Afrikaner Party
4790:
4783:
4776:
4769:
4760:
4754:
4745:
4736:
4727:
4720:
4711:
4706:Honorary whites
4704:
4697:
4690:
4683:
4676:
4667:
4658:
4651:
4644:
4637:
4630:
4623:
4608:
4598:
4591:
4584:
4577:
4570:
4563:
4556:
4549:
4542:
4535:
4528:
4521:
4514:
4507:
4500:
4493:
4486:
4479:
4472:
4467:Soweto bombings
4465:
4458:
4451:
4444:
4437:
4430:
4423:
4415:
4408:
4401:
4394:
4387:
4380:
4373:
4364:
4357:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4308:
4301:
4294:
4287:
4280:
4273:
4268:Soweto Uprising
4266:
4259:
4250:
4243:
4236:
4229:
4222:
4211:
4204:
4197:
4192:Tar Baby Option
4190:
4183:
4176:
4169:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4141:
4134:
4127:
4120:
4113:Freedom Charter
4111:
4104:
4097:
4090:
4083:
4074:
4067:
4060:
4047:
4040:
4033:
4026:
4019:
4012:
4005:
3992:
3980:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3952:
3945:
3938:
3931:
3924:
3911:
3904:
3897:
3890:
3883:
3876:
3869:
3862:
3849:
3842:
3835:
3815:
3807:
3799:
3791:
3783:
3775:
3767:
3759:
3751:
3743:
3735:
3727:
3719:
3713:Griqualand West
3711:
3705:Griqualand East
3703:
3695:
3687:
3679:
3671:
3663:
3655:
3648:
3640:
3633:
3625:
3617:
3610:
3603:
3595:
3581:
3575:
3537:
3535:
3522:
3519:
3514:
3487:The Round Table
3484:
3483:
3479:
3469:
3467:
3449:
3448:
3444:
3434:
3432:
3421:
3420:
3416:
3409:
3396:
3395:
3388:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3343:
3330:
3329:
3325:
3315:
3313:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3289:
3287:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3263:
3261:
3252:
3251:
3244:
3231:
3230:
3223:
3213:
3211:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3186:
3184:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3162:
3150:. Vol. 2.
3143:
3142:
3138:
3128:
3126:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3105:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3057:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3023:
3021:
3013:
3007:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2972:
2970:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2945:
2943:
2936:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2916:
2914:
2903:
2902:
2898:
2890:
2886:
2878:
2874:
2865:
2861:
2856:
2852:
2845:Booth 1998 pp.
2844:
2840:
2830:
2828:
2819:
2818:
2814:
2804:
2802:
2793:
2792:
2785:
2775:
2773:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2749:
2747:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2726:
2711:
2710:
2701:
2691:
2689:
2684:
2683:
2679:
2669:
2667:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2640:
2638:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2601:. p. 141.
2590:
2589:
2585:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2540:
2531:
2523:
2519:
2512:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2455:
2454:
2447:
2409:
2382:(S1): 222–249.
2373:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2322:
2320:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2292:
2290:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2243:
2242:
2238:
2200:
2199:
2195:
2157:
2156:
2149:
2144:
2135:
2130:
2126:
2116:
2114:
2102:
2101:
2094:
2089:
2082:
2077:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2051:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2028:
2026:
2021:
2020:
2016:
2006:
2004:
1993:
1992:
1985:
1975:
1973:
1972:on 7 March 2008
1958:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1877:
1875:
1862:"Boycott Blues"
1860:
1859:
1855:
1845:
1843:
1837:
1836:
1829:
1819:
1817:
1806:
1805:
1790:
1771:History Compass
1768:
1767:
1763:
1730:
1729:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1688:
1679:
1677:
1658:
1653:
1647:
1630:
1624:
1605:
1599:
1582:
1576:
1555:
1552:
1530:
1467:
1429:
1386:
1254:instead of the
1169:
1153:
1121:honorary whites
1117:Native Hawaiian
1106:
1079:
1023:
1017:
943:Kork Ballington
931:
919:Sun City resort
876:
816:
792:
786:
765:Loftus Versfeld
717:South Africa's
715:
686:
677:
629:
597:
513:Ludwig Guttmann
505:
499:
441:
435:
430:
407:
360:
331:
330:
295:
287:
286:
280:
279:Resolution 591
272:
271:Resolution 435
264:
263:Resolution 418
256:
255:Resolution 282
248:
247:Resolution 191
240:
239:Resolution 181
232:
231:Resolution 134
226:
215:
214:
200:
192:
191:
152:
144:
143:
109:
101:
100:
56:
36:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5659:
5657:
5649:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5628:
5627:
5621:
5620:
5608:
5605:
5604:
5602:
5601:
5594:
5587:
5579:
5577:
5571:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5563:
5556:
5549:
5542:
5539:Ossewabrandwag
5535:
5528:
5521:
5514:
5507:
5500:
5493:
5485:
5483:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5473:
5466:
5459:
5452:
5445:
5438:
5431:
5424:
5417:
5410:
5403:
5396:
5389:
5382:
5375:
5368:
5361:
5354:
5347:
5340:
5333:
5326:
5318:
5316:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5306:
5299:
5292:
5285:
5282:Unionist Party
5278:
5271:
5264:
5261:Torch Commando
5257:
5250:
5243:
5236:
5229:
5222:
5215:
5208:
5201:
5194:
5187:
5180:
5173:
5166:
5159:
5152:
5145:
5138:
5135:Orde Boerevolk
5131:
5124:
5117:
5110:
5103:
5096:
5089:
5082:
5075:
5068:
5061:
5054:
5047:
5040:
5033:
5026:
5019:
5012:
5005:
4998:
4991:
4984:
4977:
4970:
4963:
4956:
4949:
4942:
4935:
4928:
4921:
4914:
4911:DP (1989–2000)
4907:
4904:DP (1973–1977)
4900:
4897:Dominion Party
4893:
4886:
4879:
4872:
4865:
4858:
4851:
4844:
4837:
4830:
4823:
4816:
4809:
4802:
4795:
4788:
4781:
4778:Afrikaner Bond
4773:
4771:
4762:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4752:
4743:
4734:
4725:
4718:
4709:
4702:
4695:
4692:Day of the Vow
4688:
4681:
4674:
4665:
4656:
4649:
4642:
4635:
4628:
4620:
4618:
4614:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4606:
4596:
4589:
4582:
4575:
4568:
4561:
4554:
4547:
4540:
4533:
4526:
4519:
4512:
4505:
4498:
4491:
4484:
4477:
4470:
4463:
4460:Floor crossing
4456:
4449:
4442:
4435:
4428:
4420:
4418:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4406:
4399:
4392:
4385:
4378:
4375:Bisho massacre
4371:
4370:
4369:
4355:
4348:
4341:
4334:
4327:
4320:
4317:Operation Vula
4313:
4310:Rubicon speech
4306:
4303:Langa massacre
4299:
4292:
4285:
4278:
4271:
4264:
4257:
4256:
4255:
4241:
4234:
4227:
4220:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4209:
4195:
4188:
4181:
4174:
4167:
4160:
4146:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4102:
4095:
4088:
4081:
4080:
4079:
4065:
4057:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4038:
4031:
4024:
4021:Rand Rebellion
4017:
4010:
4002:
4000:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3978:
3971:
3964:
3957:
3950:
3947:Boer Republics
3943:
3936:
3929:
3921:
3919:
3913:
3912:
3910:
3909:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3859:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3848:
3847:
3840:
3832:
3830:
3821:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3813:
3805:
3797:
3793:Bophuthatswana
3789:
3781:
3773:
3765:
3757:
3753:Klein Vrystaat
3749:
3741:
3733:
3725:
3717:
3709:
3701:
3693:
3685:
3677:
3669:
3661:
3653:
3638:
3623:
3615:
3592:
3590:
3583:
3582:
3576:
3574:
3573:
3566:
3559:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3534:on 4 July 2008
3518:
3517:External links
3515:
3513:
3512:
3477:
3456:UNU newsletter
3442:
3428:New York Times
3414:
3407:
3386:
3372:
3350:
3341:
3323:
3297:
3271:
3242:
3221:
3194:
3167:
3160:
3154:. p. 63.
3136:
3110:
3103:
3071:
3062:
3055:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3011:
3006:978-0143783831
3005:
2991:
2984:
2979:Newspapers.com
2953:
2924:
2896:
2884:
2872:
2859:
2850:
2838:
2812:
2783:
2757:
2731:
2724:
2699:
2677:
2648:
2626:
2614:
2607:
2583:
2565:
2546:
2529:
2517:
2510:
2490:
2476:
2445:
2418:(1): 1–10: 3.
2330:
2309:"South Africa"
2300:
2270:
2256:
2236:
2193:
2166:(3): 347–365.
2147:
2133:
2124:
2092:
2080:
2068:
2059:
2036:
2014:
1983:
1951:
1939:
1909:
1885:
1853:
1827:
1814:New York Times
1788:
1761:
1742:(3): 477–493.
1732:Booth, Douglas
1720:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1686:
1651:
1645:
1628:
1622:
1603:
1597:
1580:
1574:
1551:
1548:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1529:
1526:
1474:Nelson Mandela
1466:
1463:
1449:Kepler Wessels
1433:naturalization
1428:
1425:
1392:(basketball),
1385:
1382:
1327:Federation Cup
1308:the 1977 match
1300:William Hester
1206:Cliff Drysdale
1177:Alex Metreveli
1168:
1165:
1152:
1149:
1105:
1102:
1098:1970 World Cup
1094:1966 World Cup
1088:in 1961, with
1078:
1075:
1049:, and in 1984
1019:Main article:
1016:
1013:
1002:Beatrice Foods
935:Jody Scheckter
930:
927:
875:
872:
824:Krom Hendricks
815:
812:
785:
782:
719:amateur boxing
714:
711:
703:women's 5,000m
685:
682:
676:
673:
628:
625:
596:
593:
498:
495:
437:Main article:
434:
431:
429:
426:
411:United Nations
406:
405:United Nations
403:
395:Olympic sports
379:National Party
362:
361:
359:
358:
351:
344:
336:
333:
332:
329:
328:
323:
317:
312:
307:
302:
296:
293:
292:
289:
288:
285:
284:
276:
268:
260:
252:
244:
236:
227:
221:
220:
217:
216:
213:
212:
207:
201:
198:
197:
194:
193:
190:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
153:
150:
149:
146:
145:
142:
141:
135:
129:
123:
117:
110:
107:
106:
103:
102:
99:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
57:
54:
53:
50:
49:
41:
40:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5658:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5618:
5617:
5606:
5599:
5595:
5592:
5588:
5585:
5581:
5580:
5578:
5572:
5561:
5557:
5554:
5550:
5547:
5543:
5540:
5536:
5533:
5529:
5526:
5522:
5519:
5515:
5512:
5508:
5505:
5501:
5498:
5494:
5491:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5478:
5471:
5467:
5464:
5460:
5457:
5456:Die Spoorbund
5453:
5450:
5446:
5443:
5439:
5436:
5432:
5429:
5425:
5422:
5418:
5415:
5411:
5408:
5404:
5401:
5397:
5394:
5390:
5387:
5383:
5380:
5376:
5373:
5369:
5366:
5362:
5359:
5355:
5352:
5348:
5345:
5341:
5338:
5334:
5331:
5327:
5324:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5311:
5304:
5300:
5297:
5296:Workers Party
5293:
5290:
5286:
5283:
5279:
5276:
5272:
5269:
5265:
5262:
5258:
5255:
5251:
5248:
5244:
5241:
5237:
5234:
5230:
5227:
5223:
5220:
5216:
5213:
5209:
5206:
5202:
5199:
5195:
5192:
5188:
5185:
5181:
5178:
5177:Radio Freedom
5174:
5171:
5167:
5164:
5160:
5157:
5153:
5150:
5146:
5143:
5139:
5136:
5132:
5129:
5128:Oranjewerkers
5125:
5122:
5118:
5115:
5111:
5108:
5104:
5101:
5097:
5094:
5090:
5087:
5083:
5080:
5076:
5073:
5069:
5066:
5062:
5059:
5055:
5052:
5048:
5045:
5041:
5038:
5034:
5031:
5027:
5024:
5020:
5017:
5013:
5010:
5006:
5003:
4999:
4996:
4992:
4989:
4985:
4982:
4978:
4975:
4971:
4968:
4964:
4961:
4957:
4954:
4950:
4947:
4943:
4940:
4936:
4933:
4929:
4926:
4922:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4908:
4905:
4901:
4898:
4894:
4891:
4887:
4884:
4880:
4877:
4873:
4870:
4866:
4863:
4859:
4856:
4852:
4849:
4845:
4842:
4838:
4835:
4831:
4828:
4824:
4821:
4817:
4814:
4810:
4807:
4803:
4800:
4796:
4793:
4789:
4786:
4782:
4779:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4770:organisations
4766:
4763:
4761:organisations
4757:
4750:
4749:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4732:
4731:
4726:
4723:
4719:
4716:
4715:
4710:
4707:
4703:
4700:
4696:
4693:
4689:
4686:
4682:
4679:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4657:
4654:
4650:
4647:
4643:
4640:
4636:
4633:
4629:
4626:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4604:
4602:
4597:
4594:
4590:
4587:
4583:
4580:
4576:
4573:
4569:
4566:
4562:
4559:
4558:Tshwane riots
4555:
4552:
4548:
4545:
4541:
4538:
4534:
4531:
4527:
4524:
4520:
4517:
4513:
4510:
4506:
4503:
4499:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4485:
4482:
4478:
4475:
4471:
4468:
4464:
4461:
4457:
4454:
4450:
4447:
4443:
4440:
4436:
4433:
4429:
4426:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4417:
4411:
4404:
4400:
4397:
4393:
4390:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4376:
4372:
4367:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4353:
4349:
4346:
4342:
4339:
4335:
4332:
4328:
4325:
4321:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4307:
4304:
4300:
4297:
4293:
4290:
4286:
4283:
4282:Project Coast
4279:
4276:
4272:
4269:
4265:
4262:
4261:Mafeje affair
4258:
4253:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4239:
4235:
4232:
4231:Durban Moment
4228:
4225:
4224:Rivonia Trial
4221:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4193:
4189:
4186:
4182:
4179:
4178:Disinvestment
4175:
4172:
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3934:
3933:1820 Settlers
3930:
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3408:9780813335148
3404:
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3373:9780813136486
3369:
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3161:9780815608981
3157:
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3114:
3111:
3106:
3100:
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3075:
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3066:
3063:
3058:
3056:0-7126-2662-X
3052:
3048:
3044:
3038:
3035:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3002:
2998:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2980:
2969:. p. B-2
2968:
2964:
2963:"Auto Racing"
2957:
2954:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2925:
2913:
2912:
2907:
2900:
2897:
2894:
2891:Gemmell 2004
2888:
2885:
2882:
2879:Gemmell 2004
2876:
2873:
2869:
2863:
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2615:
2610:
2608:0-7146-5535-X
2604:
2600:
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2477:9780252017322
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2257:9781107021136
2253:
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2018:
2015:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1971:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1955:
1952:
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1575:0-7146-4799-3
1571:
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1532:
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1527:
1525:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1498:an ODI series
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1459:sham marriage
1456:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1420:(wrestling).
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1371:
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1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1292:United States
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1252:Americas Zone
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1193:men's doubles
1190:
1189:István Gulyás
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1150:
1148:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
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1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1103:
1101:
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1014:
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1005:
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987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
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962:
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952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
928:
926:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
903:European Tour
900:
895:
893:
889:
885:
881:
873:
871:
869:
865:
861:
858:. There were
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
836:Cape Coloured
833:
829:
825:
821:
813:
811:
809:
805:
801:
797:
791:
783:
781:
779:
774:
770:
766:
762:
761:Gerry Coetzee
758:
754:
750:
749:Boputhatswana
746:
741:
739:
735:
731:
726:
724:
720:
712:
710:
708:
704:
700:
695:
691:
683:
681:
674:
672:
669:
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661:
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653:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
626:
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
594:
592:
589:
585:
581:
577:
572:
570:
567:, and of the
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
504:
496:
494:
491:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
464:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
440:
433:Olympic Games
432:
427:
425:
423:
419:
414:
412:
409:In 1980, the
404:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
357:
352:
350:
345:
343:
338:
337:
335:
334:
327:
324:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
305:"Biko" (song)
303:
301:
298:
297:
294:Other aspects
291:
290:
283:
277:
275:
269:
267:
261:
259:
253:
251:
245:
243:
237:
235:
229:
228:
224:
219:
218:
211:
208:
206:
203:
202:
196:
195:
188:
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
154:
151:Organisations
148:
147:
140:
136:
134:
130:
128:
124:
122:
118:
116:
112:
111:
105:
104:
97:
94:
92:
89:
87:
84:
82:
79:
77:
74:
72:
71:Disinvestment
69:
67:
64:
62:
59:
58:
52:
51:
47:
43:
42:
39:
34:
30:
27:
19:
5614:
5574:Histories of
5275:United Party
5184:Reform Party
5121:Orangia Unie
4746:
4737:
4730:Swart gevaar
4728:
4712:
4668:
4659:
4600:
4502:Blikkiesdorp
4198:
3828:Pre-colonial
3681:Natal Colony
3665:Zulu Kingdom
3579:South Africa
3536:. Retrieved
3532:the original
3490:
3486:
3480:
3468:. Retrieved
3464:the original
3455:
3445:
3433:. Retrieved
3426:
3417:
3398:
3377:. Retrieved
3363:
3353:
3344:
3336:Toledo Blade
3335:
3326:
3314:. Retrieved
3310:
3300:
3288:. Retrieved
3284:
3274:
3262:. Retrieved
3258:
3236:
3212:. Retrieved
3210:. p. 65
3207:
3197:
3185:. Retrieved
3180:
3170:
3146:
3139:
3127:. Retrieved
3122:
3113:
3086:
3074:
3065:
3046:
3037:
3022:. Retrieved
3018:
2996:
2987:
2977:– via
2971:. Retrieved
2966:
2956:
2944:. Retrieved
2927:
2915:. Retrieved
2909:
2899:
2887:
2875:
2862:
2853:
2841:
2829:. Retrieved
2825:
2815:
2803:. Retrieved
2799:
2774:. Retrieved
2770:
2760:
2748:. Retrieved
2744:
2734:
2714:
2690:. Retrieved
2680:
2668:. Retrieved
2661:
2651:
2639:. Retrieved
2629:
2593:
2586:
2577:
2568:
2559:
2549:
2520:
2500:
2493:
2481:. Retrieved
2462:
2415:
2411:
2379:
2375:
2346:(2): 23–45.
2343:
2339:
2333:
2321:. Retrieved
2317:the original
2312:
2303:
2291:. Retrieved
2287:the original
2282:
2273:
2261:. Retrieved
2246:
2239:
2206:
2202:
2196:
2163:
2159:
2127:
2115:. Retrieved
2105:
2062:
2050:. Retrieved
2039:
2027:. Retrieved
2017:
2005:. Retrieved
1999:
1974:. Retrieved
1970:the original
1963:
1954:
1942:
1930:. Retrieved
1926:the original
1912:
1894:
1888:
1876:. Retrieved
1872:the original
1865:
1856:
1844:. Retrieved
1838:Reddy, E.S.
1818:. Retrieved
1812:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1739:
1735:
1714:
1690:
1678:. Retrieved
1669:(1): 81–98.
1666:
1662:
1634:
1613:
1586:
1559:
1522:
1468:
1452:
1435:, length of
1430:
1422:
1387:
1370:Kevin Curren
1343:
1339:Johannesburg
1320:
1312:Tony Trabert
1296:1977 edition
1260:1974 edition
1244:1970 edition
1233:
1222:
1202:Toomas Leius
1170:
1154:
1151:Table tennis
1137:Shaun Tomson
1109:Surf culture
1107:
1090:Stanley Rous
1082:South Africa
1080:
1024:
1006:
970:1985 edition
966:constructors
963:
932:
913:events. The
896:
877:
822:" cricketer
817:
793:
742:
727:
716:
707:world record
687:
678:
649:
645:Sydney Maree
630:
605:Johannesburg
598:
573:
506:
492:
488:Commonwealth
465:
453:Jan de Klerk
442:
421:
420:adopted the
415:
408:
391:postcolonial
367:South Africa
365:
65:
26:
4714:Rooi gevaar
4593:2021 unrest
4523:Nkandlagate
4352:Third Force
4213:Rugby union
3811:(1981–1994)
3803:(1979–1994)
3795:(1977–1994)
3787:(1976–1994)
3779:(1910–1961)
3771:(1902–1910)
3763:(1902–1910)
3755:(1886–1891)
3747:(1885–1887)
3739:(1884–1888)
3731:(1882–1885)
3723:(1882–1883)
3715:(1870–1873)
3707:(1861–1879)
3699:(1856–1902)
3691:(1854–1902)
3683:(1843–1910)
3675:(1839–1843)
3667:(1816–1897)
3659:(1795–1910)
3657:Cape Colony
3649: 1780
3634: 1780
3621:(1652–1806)
3611: 1220
3604: 1075
3538:23 November
3470:23 November
3435:23 November
3019:news.com.au
2946:23 November
2917:23 November
2541:Booth 1998
2524:Booth 1998
2007:23 November
1976:23 November
1946:Booth 1998
1932:23 November
1878:23 November
1846:23 November
1820:23 November
1400:(fencing),
1396:(cycling),
1378:US citizens
1366:Johan Kriek
1360:) awarding
1256:Europe Zone
1229:Arthur Ashe
1141:Wendy Botha
1133:Tom Carroll
1015:Rugby union
955:Jon Ekerold
664:inclusivity
472:New Zealand
225:Resolutions
199:Conferences
182:TransAfrica
5630:Categories
5525:Greyshirts
5289:Volksparty
4827:Black Sash
4488:Xenophobia
4481:Travelgate
4238:Border War
4042:Bantustans
3940:Great Trek
3885:Xhosa Wars
3745:Upingtonia
3729:Stellaland
2578:L.A. Times
2029:17 January
1374:Grand Slam
1290:, and the
1214:Terry Ryan
1055:in Cardiff
1051:by England
1047:by Ireland
1045:, in 1981
994:Alan Jones
986:Mitterrand
959:1980 350cc
929:Motorsport
907:Grand Slam
892:Waterville
788:See also:
668:1990 games
660:1986 games
553:Yugoslavia
525:parasports
501:See also:
480:All Blacks
4748:Volkstaat
4739:Uitlander
4670:Boerehaat
4646:Anarchism
4453:Arms Deal
4416:apartheid
4076:Pass laws
4053:Apartheid
3998:1910–1948
3917:1815–1910
3855:1652–1815
3507:0035-8533
2599:Routledge
2432:0005-0091
2404:145118176
2396:0038-0261
2368:145152124
2360:1351-5462
2231:144007206
2223:1743-0437
2188:238770187
2180:1746-0263
1777:(1): **.
1756:145730533
1707:Citations
1566:Routledge
1441:Zola Budd
1437:residency
1236:Davis Cup
1185:Abe Segal
1161:Stockholm
1127:and 1982
1059:in London
1043:by France
998:Haas Lola
880:World Cup
757:John Tate
753:bantustan
725:in 1968.
699:Zola Budd
684:Athletics
652:Gay Games
497:Parasport
490:in 1977.
371:apartheid
310:Activists
55:Campaigns
5616:Category
5518:Boeremag
5016:Jeugkrag
4967:Het Volk
4661:Baasskap
4603:incident
4206:Olympics
3785:Transkei
3588:polities
3586:Defunct
3379:16 April
3045:(1986).
3024:5 August
2483:18 April
2440:20635800
1528:See also
1372:reached
1358:ATP Tour
1350:open era
1272:Colombia
1077:Football
964:Several
899:PGA Tour
820:Coloured
773:Bob Arum
769:Don King
738:rankings
675:By sport
375:boycotts
5421:SAAPAWU
4759:Defunct
4722:Slavery
3926:Mfecane
3316:10 July
3290:10 July
3264:10 July
2973:5 April
2831:6 April
2805:6 April
2800:AP News
2776:6 April
2750:6 April
2692:6 April
2670:6 April
2641:6 April
2117:6 April
2052:14 June
1680:6 April
1550:Sources
1284:Britain
1280:in 1976
1276:in 1975
1248:In 1973
1234:In the
1216:at the
1208:in the
1171:At the
1104:Surfing
978:Renault
972:of the
953:) and
917:at the
878:In the
814:Cricket
794:In the
755:. When
545:Hungary
537:Jamaica
533:Toronto
478:by the
383:in 1948
5372:FOSATU
5226:SAYRCO
5198:SADECO
5114:Occupy
4653:Azania
4601:Lady R
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