225:
403:, the first of the future Union-wide national sports societies, dates from 1935. The society united the workers of local industries, communal economy, culture, automobile transportation, civil aviation, and others. In the following years numerous other sport societies were set up throughout the Soviet Union. Some societies were closely associated with a single industry; others had associations with a combination of several. For example, athletes from factory schools and vocational schools were united into VSS
372:
33:
150:. The Spartak sports society was mimicking a voluntary sports society claiming its heritage from the trade unions of either "industrial cooperation" or food suppliers. Following the Soviet Union expansion and occupation of neighboring territories Spartak was one of the sports societies that were established instantaneously along with Dynamo.
308:
293:
217:
423:
The main structural units of VSS were physical culture collectives by the enterprises, public-service institutions, collective farms (kolkhoz), state farms (sovkhoz), educational institutions, etc. These collectives were primary organizations of VSS and numbered 114 thousands (including 105 thousands
1466:
According to the
Olympic rules of the 20th century, only amateur athletes were eligible to participate. Top Soviet athletes were funded by the state and trained full-time but were listed in different VSS what allowed them to retain their amateur status. That created a disbalance in the international
1408:
The SKA and Dynamo associations, which were manned by athletes in uniformed service in the armed forces and police, and the volunteer DOSAAF organization were under the direct supervision of the
Ministries of Defense and Internal Affairs and were thus independent from the unions' sports societies.
256:
states that usually those sports clubs and unions were chartered and financed by representatives of the bourgeoisie and of the nobility, and that access to them for students and working youth "was extremely limited". At the end of the 19th and start of the 20th centuries there appeared workers'
208:), which numbered 1,350 in the 1970s and 7,500 in 1987. Later some of them were reformed into more elite Olympic reserve schools. There were also specialized sport clubs, groups of improvement athletes' skills, etc. More than 50,000 trainers and instructors worked there in these institutions.
1256:
and sports). According to Soviet sources (which are questionable), these eight VSS united 48.365 million members. VSS that did not belong to the Trade Unions were not reorganized. Two national societies from athletes from all the Union
Republics had already been formed on the basis of the 15
1243:
reorganized 33 Trade Unions' VSS. None were abolished, just the governing organization of most of them was changed from VTsSPS to another one. The eight largest Trade Unions' VSS remained under VTsSPS leadership: Burevestnik, Vodnik, Zenit, Lokomotiv, Spartak, Trud, Urozhai, FiS
267:
432:) and 30 republican VSS – 15 united physical culture collectives of industrial enterprises and other 15 united rural collectives. Those were the standard societies. In 1982 all republican societies merged under the two Russian republican societies.
348:. Sportsmen of the Russian Empire participated in the 1908 Olympics (5 members) and in the 1912 Olympics (174 members). In 1914 the Russian Empire had 1,200 sports unions involving some 45,000 participants out of some 332 cities and other settlements.
317:
involving over 1,000 participants. The program of those
Olympics consisted of light athletics, gymnastics, fencing, association football, tennis, heavy athletics, swimming, rowing, sailing, modern pentathlon, shooting, equestrian, and cycling.
249:
and other cities of the
Russian Empire. The yacht clubs of Moscow and Saint-Petersburg figured among the first such societies. Along with the development of the sport societies, official sports competitions started. The
165:, and various other sports. Their goals were to develop mass physical culture and sports and to provide facilities and conditions for sports training and improvement in athletes' skills. Most of the VSS were governed by
385:)was established in 1920. In 1923 such VSFKs were set up for every Executive Committee of each Soviet region. In 1936 the council was reformed into the All-Union committee for fitness culture and sports affairs for the
283:(1837–1909), opened in Petersburg the courses of educators and leaders of physical education that eventually became a prototype of the higher-learning institutions in physical education established in the
443:, represented the security services of the USSR, and were sponsored by them. The society had a special status. Another sports society was the "Sports club of the Armed Forces" (usually abbreviated as
1748:
1421:
in 1970). There were a lot of sports facilities constructed throughout the country using this means by 1970: 2,490 stadiums, 59,000 football grounds, 14,400 complex sports grounds, 10,200
224:
474:
which was a volunteer society in cooperation with the Army, Air Force, and Navy (notice the combination of the last three letters) and a sister club to the SKA organization.
1266:Всесоюзное добровольное физкультурно-спортивное общество профсоюзов, ВДФСО профсоюзов, Vsesoyuznoe Dobrobolvolne Fiykultura-Sportivne Obshestvo Profsoyzhov, VDFSO Profsoyzhov
1260:
In
February 1987 all remaining VSS were abolished by the VTsSPS. On the basis of eight Trade Unions' VSS, one All-Union Volunteer Fitness and Sports Society of Trade Unions (
104:
between 1935 and 1991. The word "voluntary" in the Soviet system carried special meaning indicating that those societies were not "departmental" and had nothing to do with a
1741:
2022:
237:
Already in the first half of 19th century sports schools, clubs, societies (sailing and rowing, fencing, swimming, ice skating, cycling, and others) appeared in
1734:
2017:
1268:) was created to serve as a unified organization encompassing athletes countrywide. Trud and Urozhai societies remained independent of the new organization.
1405:
Reporting under the
Council were federations of various sports disciplines, Coach Councils, and Judging Boards which functioned to assist its duties.
261:. Prominent roles in the development of the Russian sport were played by the "Petersburg's Circle of Sports Enthusiasts" (established in 1889), the "
1490:
412:
447:- Sports Club of the Army). Like Dynamo, SKA also carried a special status, as they represented the athletes in their military service duty in the
1574:
1444:
The most represented VSS at the
Olympics usually were Spartak, Burevestnik, Trud, Zenit, Avangard. For example, from 409 competitors for the
276:(1883, Moscow), the "Petersburg Society of Skating Enthusiasts" (1877), the "Circle of Athletic Enthusiasts" (1885, Petersburg), and others.
287:
and abroad. In the beginning of the 20th century All-Russian unions on sports emerged and organized the first championships. In 1913 the
143:
407:
in 1943. The formation of the kernel of the system was complete in the 1950s, when village VSS were established in all 16 of the then
53:
1608:"The Olympic Ideal and the Winter Games Attitudes Towards the Olympic Winter Games in Olympic Discourses—from Coubertin to Samaranch"
42:
75:
386:
166:
454:
Beside those, there were also numerous other sport societies that preceded the above mentioned or were less represented such as
1468:
345:
197:
1683:
1640:
1771:
408:
135:
1816:
496:
367:
1519:
303:
100:) were the main structural parts of the universal sports and physical education (fitness) system, that existed in the
1607:
288:
1432:
Each VSS had its own flag, emblem, sports uniform and pin. Societies, which were awarded orders (e.g. VSS Spartak -
424:
under Trade Unions), united into 36 VSS (29 of them were of Trade Unions) as of 1971. There were six All-Union VSS (
1821:
535:
1896:
1668:
252:
262:
46:
1826:
1471:
was prompted to drop outdated amateur rules and open the
Olympics to all athletes, regardless of their status.
548:
400:
216:
1705:
1836:
1480:
509:
193:), with industries being state-funded. Twenty five million athletes were members of such societies in 1970.
123:
1900:
1841:
1348:
522:
170:
1561:
360:
of late 1917 state oversight of the workers' physical training was assigned to the Main
Department of
1721:
1449:
1584:
117:Ведомственное спортивное общество (BCO) CCCP, Vedomstvennoye Sportivnoye Obshchestvo SSSR (VSO SSSR)
1422:
1372:
448:
178:
1783:
745:
436:
357:
325:, the Russian Gymnastics Society was officially renamed as RGO Sokol and joined the Pan-Slavic
273:
98:Добровольные спортивные общества (ДСО) СССР, Dobrobolvolnye Sportivye Obshestva SSSR (DSO SSSR)
877:
440:
174:
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58 were from Spartak, 48 from Burevestnik, 28 from Trud, 13 from Zenit and 11 from Avangard.
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1793:
1547:
1364:
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1253:
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970:
651:
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404:
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378:
341:
238:
201:
182:
93:
1911:
1579:
17:
1363:
The governing body of Trade Unions' VSS was the All-Union Council of Trade Unions' VSS (
1946:
1939:
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258:
186:
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2011:
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1904:
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1418:
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950:
781:
767:
631:
280:
1673:(in Russian) (3rd ed.). Moscow: Sovetskaya Enciklopediya. 1972. vol. 8, p. 372.
1995:
1981:
1932:
1890:
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1223:
1181:
1032:
930:
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611:
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57:
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to control functioning of Children and Youth Sport Schools and other institutions
1988:
1960:
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1501:
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1203:
1117:
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to support the participation of VSS in All-Union and international competitions
1967:
1925:
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1383:
1196:
1174:
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1025:
1010:
807:
691:
190:
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Fitness culture and sport (USSR) in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia (1969–1978)
1974:
1918:
1713:
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990:
823:
671:
362:
105:
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to maintain relations with foreign workers' and students' sports unions
162:
1800:
1417:
VSS were financed mostly by trade unions and state (e.g. 355 million
1240:
471:
395:Всесоюзный комитет по делам физической культуры и спорта при СНК СССР
344:
in Paris in 1894, decided to revive the Olympics and established the
242:
154:
129:
1398:
to award the best physical culture collectives the title Sport Club
1369:Всесоюзный совет ДСО профсоюзов, Vsesoyuznyi Sovet DSO Profsoyzhov
329:(Sokolskoe dvizhennie). By 1910 it accounted for 60 cities in the
223:
215:
142:
A special sports society was "Spartak" that was controlled by the
1534:(in Russian). Moscow: Sovetskaya Enciklopediya. 1983. p. 17.
340:
figured among the 12 countries, representatives of which, at the
279:
In 1896 the founder of a scientific system of fitness education,
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314:
299:
246:
101:
1730:
302:
where some 600 people - including females - participated. The
1641:"PROTESTING AMATEUR RULES, CANADA LEAVES INTERNATIONAL HOCKEY"
26:
1548:
Interview of the chairman of the Ukrainian Voluntary Society
220:
The 25th Anniversary of the Russian Gymnastics Society, 1908
169:
and often were closely associated with a certain ministry (
128:
Voluntary society in support of Army, Aviation, and Fleet (
1613:. Comité International Pierre De Coubertin. Archived from
113:
Departmental Sports Societies (DSS) of the USSR (DSS-USSR)
321:
In 1907 on decree of the Imperial Russian Prime Minister
1386:
of Trade Unions, to arrange sports and fitness holidays
366:(Universal Military Training) in 1918, following this
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Torpedo (automobile and truck manufacture industries)
1882:
1850:
1809:
1764:
1462:
Olympic Games § Amateurism and professionalism
1436:) had their images on the flag and other symbols.
138:sports societies (CSKA, SKA, VO, DKA, DO, others).
430:Всесоюзное добровольное спортивное общество, ВДСО
1323:Sudostroitel (Ship manufacture and construction)
1335:Tekstilschik (Textiles and clothing production)
1320:Chernomorets (Merchant marine and port workers)
1314:Krilya Sovietov (Aircraft production factories)
196:One of the most important features of VSS were
257:sports organizations across the cities of the
1742:
8:
228:The First Russian Gymnastics Society "Sokol"
90:Voluntary Sports Societies (VSS) of the USSR
462:(Sea transportation) combined into Vodnik,
333:that had their Sokol gymnastics societies.
1749:
1735:
1727:
1341:Monolit (Painters and paint manufacturers)
1326:Pishchevik (Food distribution and tobacco)
470:, and others. There even was a society of
56:. Please do not remove this message until
1532:Yearbook of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia
1395:to lead construction of sports facilities
153:The VSS united sporting people, offering
76:Learn how and when to remove this message
1562:History of the Ukrainian Spartak Society
1520:Lesgaft at the Great Soviet Encyclopedia
1491:Ready for Labour and Defence of the USSR
898:
579:
576:Republican VSS of industrial enterprises
481:
52:Relevant discussion may be found on the
1512:
206:Детско-юношеские спортивные школы, ДЮСШ
1354:Iskusstvo (visual and performing arts)
1293:Energia (energy and power industries)
1280:Traktor (Tractor manufacture industry)
2023:Multi-sport clubs in the Soviet Union
1682:(in Russian) (2nd ed.). Moscow:
7:
1758:Sports Societies of the Soviet Union
1378:The Council's main activities were:
342:first international Olympic Congress
2018:Sport societies in the Soviet Union
1429:, 270,000 grounds for sport games.
144:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
1382:to hold competitions between VSS,
368:Supreme Council of Fitness Culture
25:
1573:Benjamin, Daniel (27 July 1992).
1413:Financing, facilities and symbols
313:followed the next year (1914) in
1359:Governing body and its functions
1338:Krasnoe Znamya (Cotton industry)
383:Высший совет физической культуры
304:Second Russian Sporting Olympiad
198:Children and Youth Sport Schools
31:
1698:Sport flags of the Soviet Union
1371:), established and governed by
1329:Stalinets (Electrical machines)
466:(Mining industry) changed into
346:International Olympic Committee
289:First Russian Sporting Olympiad
1308:Krasnaya Zvezda (Armed Forces)
1296:Stroitel (building industries)
1283:Strela (Subway workers of the
387:Council of People's Commissars
1:
1305:Metallurg (metals industries)
1239:In 1982 the Presidium of the
1910:Сhervony stsyah / Uradzhai (
1575:"Traditions Pro Vs. Amateur"
1302:Khimik (Chemical Industries)
1235:Reorganization in the 1980s
530:Defense Industry (weapons)
458:(River transportation) and
58:conditions to do so are met
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1344:Medik (Medical profession)
1311:Shakhter (Mining industry)
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18:Sports in the Soviet Union
1670:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
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1299:Start (transport drivers)
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1250:ФиС - физкультура и спорт
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429:
394:
382:
253:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
205:
97:
1317:Samolet (civil aviation)
1290:Neftyanik (Oil industry)
517:Waterways communication
1973:Tajikistan / Khosilot (
1706:Sport Flags of the USSR
1680:All about Olympic Games
1349:State-owned enterprises
569:Professional Education
543:Railways communication
146:through its youth wing
119:) were only very few:
1987:Zakhmet / Kolkhozchi (
1952:Moldova / Kolkhoznik (
1931:Gantiadi / Kolmeurne (
1714:History of VSS Spartak
1425:halls, 950 artificial
229:
221:
1917:Mekhnat / Pakhtakor (
1678:Boris Khavin (1979).
903:Name/Translit/Meaning
584:Name/Translit/Meaning
439:, founded in 1923 by
227:
219:
1980:Ashkhatank / Sevan (
1945:Žalgiris / Nemunas (
1883:Volunteer Republican
1587:on September 2, 2009
1450:1976 Summer Olympics
1272:Other important VSSs
895:Republican rural VSS
1966:Alga / Kolkhozchi (
1938:Neftchi / Mekhsul (
1810:Volunteer All-Union
1440:VSS at the Olympics
1423:artistic gymnastics
1257:societies in 1982.
449:Soviet Armed Forces
45:of this article is
1684:Fizkultura i sport
1660:Coffey, p. 59
746:Battle of Žalgiris
644:(Сhervony stsyah,
437:Dynamo Sports Club
413:Karelo-Finnish SSR
358:October Revolution
230:
222:
2005:
2004:
1959:Daugava / Vārpa (
1232:
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892:
891:
573:
572:
504:Higher Education
441:Felix Dzerzhinsky
171:aircraft industry
86:
85:
78:
16:(Redirected from
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1924:Enbek / Kairat (
1889:Trud / Urozhai (
1832:Trudovye Rezervy
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1583:. Archived from
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1467:sports, and the
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1676:
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1666:
1665:
1657:
1654:
1642:
1639:IIHF (2008).
1635:
1632:
1620:on 5 May 2013
1616:
1609:
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1599:
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1234:
1227:
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1215:
1212:
1207:
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1202:
1199:
1198:
1194:(Kolkhozchi,
1193:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1171:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1155:
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1143:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1130:(Kolkhozchu,
1129:
1126:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1098:Moldavian SSR
1096:
1093:
1092:
1086:
1083:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1068:Nemunas River
1064:
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986:
985:Cotton farmer
982:
979:
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969:
966:
962:
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954:
952:
951:Ukrainian SSR
949:
946:
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836:(Ashkhatank,
835:
832:
827:
825:
822:
819:
816:
811:
809:
806:
803:
799:
796:
791:
789:
786:
783:
782:Daugava River
779:
776:
771:
769:
768:Moldavian SSR
766:
763:
760:
755:
753:
750:
747:
743:
740:
735:
733:
730:
727:
723:
720:
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635:
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632:Ukrainian SSR
630:
627:
626:Advance Guard
623:
620:
615:
613:
610:
607:
603:
600:
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581:
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520:
516:
513:
511:
508:
507:
503:
500:
498:
495:
494:
490:
487:
484:
483:
478:All-Union VSS
477:
475:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
433:
427:
418:
416:
415:until 1956).
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
392:
389:of the USSR (
388:
380:
374:
369:
365:
364:
359:
351:
349:
347:
343:
339:
334:
332:
328:
324:
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305:
301:
295:
290:
286:
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281:Pyotr Lesgaft
277:
275:
269:
264:
260:
255:
254:
248:
244:
240:
232:
226:
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211:
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127:
125:
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107:
103:
95:
91:
80:
77:
69:
66:December 2017
59:
55:
49:
48:
44:
38:
29:
28:
19:
1772:Armed Forces
1757:
1719:(in Russian)
1711:(in Russian)
1703:(in Russian)
1679:
1669:
1656:
1645:. Retrieved
1634:
1624:13 September
1622:. Retrieved
1615:the original
1601:
1589:. Retrieved
1585:the original
1578:
1568:
1554:
1540:
1531:
1526:
1515:
1465:
1443:
1431:
1416:
1407:
1404:
1377:
1375:since 1957.
1362:
1285:Moscow Metro
1259:
1238:
1224:Estonian SSR
1217:
1213:
1195:
1191:
1182:Armenian SSR
1173:
1169:
1153:
1149:
1131:
1127:
1111:
1107:
1088:
1084:
1066:
1062:
1046:
1042:
1033:Georgian SSR
1024:
1023:(Kolmeurne,
1020:
1004:
1000:
984:
983:(Pakhtakor,
980:
964:
960:
944:
940:
931:Russian SFSR
924:
920:
913:
908:
902:
884:Estonian SSR
873:
857:
853:
844:Armenian SSR
837:
833:
820:(Tajikistan)
817:
801:
797:
777:
761:
741:
725:
721:
712:Georgian SSR
705:
701:
685:
681:
665:
661:
645:
642:Чырвоны сцяг
641:
625:
621:
612:Russian SFSR
605:
601:
594:
589:
583:
467:
464:Stakhanovets
463:
459:
455:
453:
444:
434:
422:
399:
361:
355:
352:Soviet sport
335:
320:
285:Soviet Union
278:
251:
236:
195:
175:food workers
167:trade Unions
152:
141:
136:Armed Forces
116:
112:
110:
89:
87:
72:
63:
41:
1817:Burevestnik
1502:Sports club
1456:Controversy
1384:Spartakiads
1332:Zapolyarnik
1252:; English:
1204:Turkmen SSR
1152:(Khosilot,
1118:Latvian SSR
1085:Колхозникул
963:(Uradzhai,
864:Turkmen SSR
788:Latvian SSR
780:(after the
744:(after the
704:(Gantiadi,
624:(Avanhard,
497:Burevestnik
488:Foundation
401:VSS Spartak
371: [
307: [
292: [
266: [
2012:Categories
1869:Pishchevik
1647:2017-08-25
1643:. IIHF.com
1508:References
1197:Kolkhoznik
1175:Lake Sevan
1140:Kyrgyz SSR
1133:Kolkhoznik
1091:Kolkhoznik
1045:(Mekhsul,
1026:Kolkhoznik
1011:Kazakh SSR
923:(Urozhai,
914:Foundation
856:(Zakhmet,
818:Тоҷикистон
808:Kyrgyz SSR
692:Kazakh SSR
664:(Mekhnat,
646:Red Banner
595:Foundation
356:After the
233:Background
115:(Russian:
43:neutrality
1872:Shakhtyor
1866:Neftyanik
1863:Metallurg
1822:Lokomotiv
1497:Vsevobuch
1160:Tajik SSR
1112:Grain ear
1021:კოლმეურნე
1003:(Kairat,
991:Uzbek SSR
945:Grain ear
824:Tajik SSR
764:(Moldova)
726:Petrolman
724:(Neftçi,
672:Uzbek SSR
536:Lokomotiv
491:Industry
419:Structure
363:Vsevobuch
274:RGO Sokol
106:free will
54:talk page
1897:Avanhard
1591:18 March
1475:See also
1347:Rekord (
1218:Strength
1192:Колхозчы
1172:(Sevan,
1128:Колхозчу
1005:Strength
981:Пахтакор
943:(Kolos,
909:Republic
834:Աշխատանք
742:Žalgiris
702:განთიადი
684:(Enbek,
622:Авангард
590:Republic
468:Shakhter
377:(VSFK) (
187:Red Army
148:Komsomol
47:disputed
1875:Torpedo
1857:Energia
1827:Spartak
1794:Ukraine
1448:at the
1419:roubles
1365:Russian
1262:Russian
1254:fitness
1246:Russian
1154:Harvest
1150:Хосилот
1063:Nemunas
1047:Harvest
965:Harvest
961:Ураджай
925:Harvest
876:(after
802:Forward
800:(Alga,
778:Daugava
762:Молдова
604:(Trud,
556:Others
549:Spartak
426:Russian
391:Russian
379:Russian
212:History
202:Russian
163:boating
94:Russian
1989:TurSSR
1982:ArmSSR
1975:TajSSR
1968:KyrSSR
1961:LatSSR
1947:LitSSR
1940:AzeSSR
1926:KazSSR
1919:UzbSSR
1905:UkrSSR
1860:Khimik
1837:Vodnik
1801:DOSAAF
1789:Moscow
1784:Dynamo
1777:Moscow
1481:Dynamo
1373:VTsSPS
1241:VTsSPS
1043:Мәһсул
1001:Қайрат
921:Урожай
858:Labour
854:Захмет
838:Labour
722:Нефтчи
686:Labour
666:Labour
662:Мехнат
606:Labour
510:Vodnik
472:DOSAAF
460:Moryak
456:Vympel
243:Moscow
155:hiking
130:DOSAAF
124:Dinamo
1901:Kolos
1891:RSFSR
1842:Zenit
1618:(PDF)
1611:(PDF)
1493:(GTO)
1228:1946
1208:1956
1186:1956
1170:Սևանա
1164:1956
1144:1958
1122:1956
1108:Vārpa
1102:1956
1079:1956
1057:1956
1037:1956
1015:1956
995:1956
975:1956
955:1956
941:Колос
935:1956
888:1944
878:Kalev
874:Kalev
868:1958
848:1958
828:1958
812:1958
792:1944
772:1958
756:1944
736:1958
716:1958
696:1958
682:Енбек
676:1958
656:1958
636:1958
616:1957
566:1943
553:1935
540:1936
527:1936
523:Zenit
514:1938
501:1957
485:Name
375:]
311:]
296:]
270:]
1996:ESSR
1954:MSSR
1933:GSSR
1912:BSSR
1626:2008
1593:2009
1580:Time
1486:CSKA
1446:USSR
1214:Jõud
1089:The
798:Алга
706:Dawn
602:Труд
435:The
336:The
315:Riga
300:Kiev
247:Kiev
111:The
102:USSR
88:The
40:The
1469:IOC
445:SKA
397:).
183:KGB
2014::
1899:/
1577:.
1367::
1264::
1248::
451:.
428::
393::
381::
373:ru
309:ru
294:ru
268:ru
245:,
241:,
204::
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185:,
181:,
177:,
173:,
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1991:)
1984:)
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1970:)
1963:)
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1949:)
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